DSP Slides Module9 0

P
ing
i
cess Vetterl Signal Processing
ro in Digital
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 1Module 9: Digital Communication Systems
3
Pran 20
aolo
Module Overview:
Module 9.1: The analog channel
ng erli
o
ett
al Pr artin V
Meeting the power constraint
Sign
ital ni and M
Dig do
Modulation and demodulation 013
an 2
lo Pr
Receiver design
Pao
Module 9.3:
Module 9.4:
Module 9.5:
Module 9.2: Meeting the bandwidth constraint cessi
Module 9.6: ADSL
ing
i
ro in Digital
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a Module 9.1: Digital Communication Systems
13
Pran 20
aolo
Overview:
9.1
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
Analog channel constraints
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
Satisfying the constraints
an 20
lo Pr
Pao
The many incarnations of a signal
Overview:
9.1
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an 20
lo Pr
Pao
Overview:
9.1
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an 20
lo Pr
Pao
Digital data throughputs
Transatlantic cable:
1866: 8 words per minute (5 bps)
ing
i
cess Vetterl
o
r1012 bps)
2005: Alcatel Tera10, ber, 8.4 Tbpsnal P
(8.4
rtin
l Sig nd Ma
a
2012: ber, 60 Tbps Digit
ni a
ndo 2013
a
Voiceband modems
lo Pr
aobps
P
1950s: Bell 202, 1200
1956: AT&T, coax, 48 voice channels (3Mbps)
1990s: V90, 56Kbps

2008: ADSL2+, 24Mbps
9.1
Digital data throughputs
Transatlantic cable:
1866: 8 words per minute (5 bps)
ing
i
cess Vetterl
o
r1012 bps)
2005: Alcatel Tera10, ber, 8.4 Tbpsnal P
(8.4
rtin
l Sig nd Ma
a
2012: ber, 60 Tbps Digit
ni a
ndo 2013
a
Voiceband modems
lo Pr
aobps
P
1950s: Bell 202, 1200
1956: AT&T, coax, 48 voice channels (3Mbps)
1990s: V90, 56Kbps

2008: ADSL2+, 24Mbps
9.1
Success factors for digital communications
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
integers are easy to regenerate
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
good phase control
Digi doni a 13
an 20
adaptive algorithms
lo Pr
Pao
1) power of the DSP paradigm:
9.1
Regenerating signals
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an 20
lo Pr
ao
x(t)
9.1
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an 20
lo Pr
ao
x(t)/G + (t)
9.1
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an 20
lo Pr
ao
G [x(t)/G + (t)] = x(t) + G (t)
9.1
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an 20
lo Pr
ao
x1 (t) = G sgn[x(t) + (t)]
9.1
g
2) algorithmic nature of DSP is a perfect match with information theory:
rli
ssin
9.1
oce
ette
al Pr artin V
Sign
ital ni and M
CDs and DVDs error correction
Dig do
n
013
trellis-coded modulation and Pra
Viterbi decoding
2
lo
Pao
JPEGs entropy coding
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
miniaturization
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
general-purpose platforms igita
D
ni a
ndo 2013
Pra
power eciency
aolo
P
3) hardware advancement
9.1
The many incarnations of a conversation
air
copper
copper
Switch
9.1
Switch
ng
rli
ssi
roce in Vette
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an 20
lo Pr
ao
Base Station
coax
ber
Network
CO
The analog channel
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
bandwidth constraint
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
power constraint
Digi doni a 13
an
20
lo r
both constraintsPwill aect nal capacity of the channel
the
Pao
unescapable limits of physical channels:
9.1
The analog channel
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
power constraint
Digi doni a 13
an
20
lo r
the
Pao
9.1
The analog channel
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
power constraint
Digi doni a 13
an
20
lo r
the
Pao
9.1
The analog channels capacity
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro reliably delivered over a channel
maximum amount of information that lcan be rtin
a P a
Sign nsecond)
tal(bits per d M
Digi doni a 13
an 20
lo Pr
Pao
9.1
10
Bandwidth vs capacity
simple thought experiment:
9.1
we want to transmit information encoded as a sequence of digital samples over a

rli
ssin
roce in Vette
continuous-time channel
al P
n
rt
l Sig withdaMa Ts
we interpolate the sequence iofita
D g samples i an 1period
don 0 3
ranmore 2per unit of time...
info
if we make Ts small we can send
lo P
Pao
... but the bandwidth of the signal will grow as 1/Ts
11
9.1

rli
ssin
roce in Vette
al P
n
rt
l Sig withdaMa Ts
don 0 3
info
lo P
Pao
11
9.1

rli
ssin
roce in Vette
al P
n
rt
l Sig withdaMa Ts
don 0 3
info
lo P
Pao
11
9.1

rli
ssin
roce in Vette
al P
n
rt
l Sig withdaMa Ts
don 0 3
info
lo P
Pao
11
Power and capacity
sing
li
al P
tin V
Sign nd Mar
suppose noise variance is 1
tal i a
Digi dobetween 13 10: lots of guessing errors
n
suppose we are transmitting integers
ran 20 1 and
lo P
Pao
transmit only odd numbers: fewer errors but less information
another thought experiment:
9.1
r
s
all channels introduce noise; at the receiver we have to guess what was transmitted
ette
roce
12
Power and capacity
sing
li
al P
tin V
Sign nd Mar
tal i a
n
ran 20 1 and
lo P
Pao
9.1
r
s
ette
roce
12
Power and capacity
sing
li
al P
tin V
Sign nd Mar
tal i a
n
ran 20 1 and
lo P
Pao
9.1
r
s
ette
roce
12
Power and capacity
sing
li
al P
tin V
Sign nd Mar
tal i a
n
ran 20 1 and
lo P
Pao
9.1
r
s
ette
roce
12
Example: the AM radio channel
x(t)
ing
i
cos(
cess c t) etterl
ro in V
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an 20
lo Pr
ao
9.1
13
from 530kHz to 1.7MHz
ing
i
cess Vetterl
each channel is 8KHz
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
power limited by law:
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
daytime/nighttime
an 20
lo Pr
interference
Pao
health hazards
9.1
14
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
daytime/nighttime
an 20
lo Pr
interference
Pao
health hazards
9.1
14
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
daytime/nighttime
an 20
lo Pr
interference
Pao
health hazards
9.1
14
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
daytime/nighttime
an 20
lo Pr
interference
Pao
health hazards
9.1
14
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
daytime/nighttime
an 20
lo Pr
interference
Pao
health hazards
9.1
14
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
daytime/nighttime
an 20
lo Pr
interference
Pao
health hazards
9.1
14
Example: the telephone channel
CO
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
CO
Network
Digi doni a 13
an 20
lo Pr
ao
9.1
15
9.1
sing terli
et
al P artin V
Si n
power limited by law to 0.2-0.7V rmsg
ital ni and M
Dig
noise is rather low: SNR usually ndo or more 3
a30dB 201
lo Pr
Pao
one channel from around 300Hz to around 3000Hzs
roce
16
9.1
sing terli
et
al P artin V
Si n
ital ni and M
Dig
a30dB 201
lo Pr
Pao
roce
16
9.1
sing terli
et
al P artin V
Si n
ital ni and M
Dig
a30dB 201
lo Pr
Pao
roce
16
The all-digital paradigm
keep everything digital until we hit the physical channel
..01100
01010...
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign s[n] Mar
l
d
ta
Digi TXdoni an 13 D/A
an 20
lo Pr
ao
9.1
s(t)
Fs = 1/Ts
17
Lets look at the channel constraints
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13 constraint
an 20 power
lo Pr
ao
9.1
Fmin
Fmax
18
Converting the specs to a digital design
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an 20
lo Pr
ao
9.1
Fmin
Fmax
19
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an 20
lo Pr
ao
9.1
Fmin
Fmax
Fs /2
19
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an 20
lo Pr
ao
9.1
min
max
20
Transmitter design
some working hypotheses:
9.1
convert the bitstream into a sequence of symbols a[n] via a mapper
ng the
model a[n] as a white random sequence (add a scrambler on erli bitstream to make sure)
essi
oc n Vett
al Pr artisignal within the constraints
now we need to convert a[n] into a continuous-time
Sign
ital ni and M
Dig do
13
Pran 20
lo
Pao
21
Transmitter design
9.1
ng the
essi
oc n Vett
Sign
ital ni and M
Dig do
13
Pran 20
lo
Pao
21
Transmitter design
9.1
ng the
essi
oc n Vett
Sign
ital ni and M
Dig do
13
Pran 20
lo
Pao
21
Transmitter design
9.1
ng the
essi
oc n Vett
Sign
ital ni and M
Dig do
13
a[n]
Pran 20
..01100
aolo
Mapper
?
s(t)
P Scrambler
01010...
21
First problem: the bandwidth constraint

2
Pa (e j ) = a
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an 20
lo Pr
ao
2
a
9.1
min
max
22
First problem: the bandwidth constraint

2
Pa (e j ) = a
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an 20
lo Pr
ao
2
a
9.1
min
max
22
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an 20
lo Pr
ao
END OF MODULE 9.1

P
ing
i
ro in Digital
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13 Module 9.2: Controlling the Bandwidth
an 20
lo Pr
ao
Overview:
9.2
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
Upsampling
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Fitting the transmitters spectrum ni a
Digi do
13
Pran 20
lo
Pao
23
Overview:
9.2
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
Upsampling
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Fitting the transmitters spectrum ni a
Digi do
13
Pran 20
lo
Pao
23
Shaping the bandwidth
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro spectral support of a signal
bandwidth constraint requires us to control P
al the tin
Sign nd Mar
al
we need to be able to shrink tthe support of a full-band signal
Digi doni a 13
an 20
the answer is multirate techniques
lo Pr
Pao
Our problem:
9.2
24
ing
i
cess Vetterl
al the tin
Sign nd Mar
al
Digi doni a 13
an 20
lo Pr
Pao
Our problem:
9.2
24
ing
i
cess Vetterl
al the tin
Sign nd Mar
al
Digi doni a 13
an 20
lo Pr
Pao
Our problem:
9.2
24
Multirate signal processing
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro discrete-time signal
increase or decrease the number of samplesP a tin
al in
Sign nd Mar
tal
equivalent to going to continuous time iand resampling
Digi don a 13
0
an
staying in the digital worldoisPcleaner 2
l r
Pao
In a nutshell:
9.2
25
ing
i
cess Vetterl
al in
Sign nd Mar
tal
Digi don a 13
0
an
l r
Pao
In a nutshell:
9.2
25
ing
i
cess Vetterl
al in
Sign nd Mar
tal
Digi don a 13
0
an
l r
Pao
In a nutshell:
9.2
25
Upsampling via continuous time
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
P
Int gnal
x [n]
art
Si
dM
tal
Digi doni an 13
Ts
an 20 Ts /K
lo Pr
ao
xc (t)
x[n]
9.2
26
Upsampling (K = 3)
x[n]
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an
20
lo Pr 0
ao
9.2
27
Upsampling (K = 3)
xc (t)
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an
20
lo Pr 0
ao
9.2
27
Upsampling (K = 3)
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an
20
lo Pr 0
ao
9.2
27
Upsampling (K = 3)
x [n]
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an
20
lo Pr 0
ao
9.2
27
Upsampling
As per usual, we can choose Ts = 1...
g
rli
c
ro in Vette
m= l P
na
rt
l Sig nd Ma
ta
Digi doni a 13
x [n] =n c (n/K ) 20
ax
lo Pr
o
xc (t) =
Pa
x[m] sinc
m=
9.2
x[m] sinc(t sin

es m)
n
m
K
28
Upsampling
As per usual, we can choose Ts = 1...
g
rli
c
ro in Vette
m= l P
na
rt
l Sig nd Ma
ta
Digi doni a 13
x [n] =n c (n/K ) 20
ax
lo Pr
o
xc (t) =
Pa
x[m] sinc
m=
9.2
x[m] sinc(t sin

es m)
n
m
K
28
X (e j )
Upsampling (frequency domain)

1
0
ing/2 3/4
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an 20
lo Pr
ao
/2
9.2
29
X (e j )

1
0
ing/2 3/4
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13 = /T
an
20
lo Pr 0
ao
X (j)
/2
9.2
29
X (e j )

1
0
ing/2 3/4
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13 = /(T /K )
an 20
lo Pr
0
ao
X (j)
/2
9.2
29
X (e j )

1
0
ing/2 3/4
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13 = /(T /K )
an 20
lo Pr
0
ao
X (j)
/2
X (e j )
9.2
1
0
/2
/4
/2
29
Upsampling in the digital domain
what can we do purely digitally?
we need to increase the number of samples by K
ing
i
cess Vetterl
K
obviously xU [m] = x[n] when m multiple ofPro
l
n
igna d Marti
for lack of a better strategy, putal S elsewhere
zeros
t
Digi doni an 13
example for K = 3:
an 20
lo Pr
Pao [m] = . . . x[0], 0, 0, x[1], 0, 0, x[2], 0, 0, . . .
x
U
9.2
30
ing
i
cess Vetterl
K
l
n
igna d Marti
zeros
t
Digi doni an 13
example for K = 3:
an 20
lo Pr
Pao [m] = . . . x[0], 0, 0, x[1], 0, 0, x[2], 0, 0, . . .
x
U
9.2
30
ing
i
cess Vetterl
K
l
n
igna d Marti
zeros
t
Digi doni an 13
example for K = 3:
an 20
lo Pr
Pao [m] = . . . x[0], 0, 0, x[1], 0, 0, x[2], 0, 0, . . .
x
U
9.2
30
ing
i
cess Vetterl
K
l
n
igna d Marti
zeros
t
Digi doni an 13
example for K = 3:
an 20
lo Pr
Pao [m] = . . . x[0], 0, 0, x[1], 0, 0, x[2], 0, 0, . . .
x
U
9.2
30
Upsampling in the Time Domain
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an
20
lo Pr 0
ao
9.2
31
Upsampling in the Time Domain
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an
20
lo Pr 0
ao
9.2
31
in the frequency domain
ing
V
l Pr
m=
gna Martin
Si nd
tal
Digi doni a x[n]e jnK
=
13
Pran n=0
2
aolo
XU (e ) =
9.2
xUcessjmetterl
o [m]e
= X (e jK )
32
ing
V
l Pr
m=
gna Martin
Si nd
tal
=
13
Pran n=0
2
aolo
XU (e ) =
9.2
xUcessjmetterl
o [m]e
= X (e jK )
32
ing
V
l Pr
m=
gna Martin
Si nd
tal
=
13
Pran n=0
2
aolo
XU (e ) =
9.2
xUcessjmetterl
o [m]e
= X (e jK )
32
X (e j )

1
0
ing/2 3/4
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an 20
lo Pr
ao
/2
9.2
33
X (e j )

1
X (e j )
1
0
5
9.2
ing/2 3/4
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
20
Pran
lo 2 0 2 3 4
4 ao
P3
/2
33
X (e j )

1
X (e j )
XU (e j )
0
5
9.2
ing/2 3/4
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
20
Pran
lo 2 0 2 3 4
4 ao
P3
/2
1
0
/2
/2
33
X (e j )

1
X (e j )
XU (e j )
0
5
9.2
ing/2 3/4
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
20
Pran
lo 2 0 2 3 4
4 ao
P3
/2
1
0
/2
/2
33
X (e j )

1
X (e j )
XU (e j )
0
5
9.2
ing/2 3/4
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
20
Pran
lo 2 0 2 3 4
4 ao
P3
/2
1
0
/2
/2
33
X (e j )

1
X (e j )
XU (e j )
0
5
9.2
ing/2 3/4
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
20
Pran
lo 2 0 2 3 4
4 ao
P3
/2
1
0
/2
/4
/2
33

back in time domain...
insert K 1 zeros after every sample
ideal lowpass ltering with c = /K
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
lP
t
gna sinc(n/K
SxiU (n) d Mar )

l
x [n] =
ta
Digi doi an 13
n
ran x20] sinc n i
U [i
olo P =
Pa
i =
x[m] sinc
=
m=
9.2
n
m
K
34

back in time domain...
insert K 1 zeros after every sample
ideal lowpass ltering with c = /K
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
lP
t
gna sinc(n/K
SxiU (n) d Mar )

l
x [n] =
ta
Digi doi an 13
n
ran x20] sinc n i
U [i
olo P =
Pa
i =
x[m] sinc
=
m=
9.2
n
m
K
34
Downsampling
9.2
ing
l Pr r Ve
gna = xU [nK tin
l Si x[n] Ma ]
igita oni and 3
D
d
1
downsampling of generic signals more complicated (aliasing)
Pran 20
lo
Pao
given an upsampled signal we can always recoveress original: rl

tte
oc the
35
Downsampling
9.2
ing
l Pr r Ve
gna = xU [nK tin
l Si x[n] Ma ]
igita oni and 3
D
d
1
downsampling of generic signals more complicated (aliasing)
Pran 20
lo
Pao
given an upsampled signal we can always recoveress original: rl

tte
oc the
35
Remember the bandwidth constraint?
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an 20
lo Pr
ao
9.2
Fmin
Fmax
Fs /2
36
Heres a neat trick
let W = Fmax Fmin ; pick Fs so that:
9.2
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
Fs = KW , K N
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
0
W
2 Pran
2
max min = 2
= olo
Fs Pa K
Fs > 2Fmax (obviously)
we can simply upsample by K
37
Heres a neat trick
9.2
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
Fs = KW , K N
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
0
W
2 Pran
2
max min = 2
= olo
Fs Pa K
37
Heres a neat trick
9.2
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
Fs = KW , K N
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
0
W
2 Pran
2
max min = 2
= olo
Fs Pa K
37
Heres a neat trick
9.2
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
Fs = KW , K N
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
0
W
2 Pran
2
max min = 2
= olo
Fs Pa K
37
Data rates
9.2
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
we produce (and transmit) W symbolsn secondrt
Sig pernd Ma
l
igita o of the 3
DBaud rate ni a system and is equal to the available
W is sometimes called the
d
1
Pran 20
bandwidth
lo
Pao
upsampling does not change the data rate
38
Data rates
9.2
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
Sig pernd Ma
l
igita o of the 3
d
1
Pran 20
bandwidth
lo
Pao
38
Data rates
9.2
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
Sig pernd Ma
l
igita o of the 3
d
1
Pran 20
bandwidth
lo
Pao
38
Transmitter design, continued
..01100
01010...
9.2
Mapper
ing
a[n]
rli
ss
roce in Vette
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ita
s[n]
Digb[n] doni a 13
n 20
D/A
a
lo Pr
ao
Scrambler
s(t)
cos c n
39
Meeting the bandwidth constraint
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an 20
lo Pr
ao
9.2
min
max
40
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an 20
lo Pr
ao
9.2
min
max
40
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an 20
lo Pr
ao
9.2
min
max
40
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an 20
lo Pr
ao
9.2
min
max
40
Raised Cosine
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an 20
lo Pr
ao
P
0
9.2
/2
/2
41
Raised Cosine
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an 20
lo Pr
ao
P
0
9.2
/2
/2
41
Raised Cosine
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an 20
lo Pr
ao
P
0
9.2
/2
/2
41
Raised Cosine
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an 20
lo Pr
ao
P
0
9.2
/2
/2
41
Raised Cosine
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an 20
lo Pr
ao
0
18
9.2
12
12
18
42
Spectral shaping with raised cosine
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an 20
lo Pr
ao
9.2
min
max
43
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an 20
lo Pr
ao
END OF MODULE 9.2

P
ing
i
ro in Digital
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Module 9.3: Controlling the Power
Digi doni a 13
n
0
Pra
2
aolo
Overview:
9.3
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
Signaling alphabet and power tal
Digi doni a 13
QAM signaling
an 20
lo Pr
Pao
Noise and probability of error
44
Overview:
9.3
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
Digi doni a 13
QAM signaling
an 20
lo Pr
Pao
44
Overview:
9.3
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
Digi doni a 13
QAM signaling
an 20
lo Pr
Pao
44
Transmission reliability
9.3
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
P
t
receiver obtaines a sequence [n] ignal
a
S
Mar
l
d
ta
even if no distortion we cant avoid oni a [n] = a[n] + [n]
a
Digi dnoise: n 13
an
20
lo Pr
when noise is large, weamake an error
P o
transmitter sends a sequence of symbols a[n]
45
9.3
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
P
t
a
S
Mar
l
d
ta
a
Digi dnoise: n 13
an
20
lo Pr
P o
45
9.3
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
P
t
a
S
Mar
l
d
ta
a
Digi dnoise: n 13
an
20
lo Pr
P o
45
9.3
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
P
t
a
S
Mar
l
d
ta
a
Digi dnoise: n 13
an
20
lo Pr
P o
45
Probability of error
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
power of the noise wrt power of the signall P
na
rt
l Sig nd Ma
ta
decoding strategy
Digi doni a 13
an 20
alphabet of transmission symbols
lo Pr
Pao
depends on:
9.3
46
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
na
rt
l Sig nd Ma
ta
decoding strategy
Digi doni a 13
an 20
lo Pr
Pao
depends on:
9.3
46
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
na
rt
l Sig nd Ma
ta
decoding strategy
Digi doni a 13
an 20
lo Pr
Pao
depends on:
9.3
46
Signaling alphabets
9.3
sing terli
et
al P artin V
Sign
we want to send some upsampledl and interpolated samples over the channel
ita ni and M
Dig
13
how do we go from bitstream rando
P to samples? 20
lo
Pao
we have a (randomized) bitstream coming in roces
47
Signaling alphabets
9.3
sing terli
et
al P artin V
Sign
ita ni and M
Dig
13
P to samples? 20
lo
Pao
47
Signaling alphabets
9.3
sing terli
et
al P artin V
Sign
ita ni and M
Dig
13
P to samples? 20
lo
Pao
47
Mappers and slicers

mapper:
split incoming bitstream into chunks
assign a symbol a[n] from a nite alphabet A oces chunk er

to each ett
slicer:
sing
V
l Pr
gna Martin
Si
d
tal
Digi doni an 13
an 20
lo Pr
ao
decide which symbol from A is closest to [n]

a
9.3
receive a value [n]

a
li
piece back together the corresponding bitstream
48
Example: two-level signaling
mapper:
ing
i
cess Vetterl
o
ris 0 in
a[n] = G if the bit is 1, a[n] = G if the bit
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an 20
slicer:
lo Pr
1 if [n] ao0
a P>
n-th bit =
split incoming bitstream into single bits
0 otherwise
9.3
49
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an 20
lo Pr
ao
1
0
1
2
0
9.3
10
15
20
25
30
50
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an 20
lo Pr
ao
1
0
1
2
0
9.3
10
15
20
25
30
50
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an 20
lo Pr
ao
1
0
1
2
0
9.3
10
15
20
25
30
50
lets look at the probability of error after making some hypotheses:

g
9.3
rli
ssin
roce in Vette
nal P Mart
bits in bitstream are equiprobable l Sig
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
noise and signal are independent n
0
a
2
lo Pr
o
P Gaussian noise with zero mean and variance 0
noise is additive white a
[n] = a[n] + [n]

a
51
Perr = P[ [n] < G | n-th bit is 1 ] P[ n-th bit is 1 ]+

P[ [n] > G | n-th bit is 0s] P[ g
sin n-th bitliis 0 ]
r
roce
g
a
a Si
itG l] ni and M
= P[ [n] g
i> o
D
d
13
P1ran 20
= Paolo
d
e
2
G
ette
V
= (P[ [n] < G ] +al P
t ])/2
n P[ [n] >rGin
2
2 2
0
20
= Q(G /0 ) =
9.3
1
erfc((G /0 )/ 2)
2
52

r
roce
g
a
a Si
itG l] ni and M
= P[ [n] g
i> o
D
d
13
P1ran 20
= Paolo
d
e
2
G
ette
V
= (P[ [n] < G ] +al P
t ])/2
n P[ [n] >rGin
2
2 2
0
20
= Q(G /0 ) =
9.3
1
erfc((G /0 )/ 2)
2
52

r
roce
g
a
a Si
itG l] ni and M
= P[ [n] g
i> o
D
d
13
P1ran 20
= Paolo
d
e
2
G
ette
V
= (P[ [n] < G ] +al P
t ])/2
n P[ [n] >rGin
2
2 2
0
20
= Q(G /0 ) =
9.3
1
erfc((G /0 )/ 2)
2
52

r
roce
g
a
a Si
itG l] ni and M
= P[ [n] g
i> o
D
d
13
P1ran 20
= Paolo
d
e
2
G
ette
V
= (P[ [n] < G ] +al P
t ])/2
n P[ [n] >rGin
2
2 2
0
20
= Q(G /0 ) =
9.3
1
erfc((G /0 )/ 2)
2
52

r
roce
g
a
a Si
itG l] ni and M
= P[ [n] g
i> o
D
d
13
P1ran 20
= Paolo
d
e
2
G
ette
V
= (P[ [n] < G ] +al P
t ])/2
n P[ [n] >rGin
2
2 2
0
20
= Q(G /0 ) =
9.3
1
erfc((G /0 )/ 2)
2
52
transmitted power
2
g
0]
s = G 2 P[n-th bit is 1] + G 2 P[n-th bit isrli
ssin
oce
ette
al Pr artin V
Sign
ital ni and M
Dig do
13
Pran 20
aolo
= G2
9.3
Perr = Q(s /0 ) = Q( SNR)
53
transmitted power
2
g
0]
ssin
oce
ette
al Pr artin V
Sign
ital ni and M
Dig do
13
Pran 20
aolo
= G2
9.3
53
transmitted power
2
g
0]
ssin
oce
ette
al Pr artin V
Sign
ital ni and M
Dig do
13
Pran 20
aolo
= G2
9.3
53
Perr
100
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an 20
lo Pr
ao
1010
1020
P
0
9.3
10
SNR (dB)
20
54
Lesson learned:
9.3
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
increasing G increases the power l
ta
Digi doni a 13
we cant go above the channels n
constraint!
apower 20
lo Pr
Pao
to reduce the probability of error increase G
55
Lesson learned:
9.3
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
ta
Digi doni a 13
constraint!
apower 20
lo Pr
Pao
55
Lesson learned:
9.3
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
ta
Digi doni a 13
constraint!
apower 20
lo Pr
Pao
55
Multilevel signaling
9.3
sing terli
et
al P artin V
n
to increase the throughput we can Sig multilevel signaling
ital use i and M
Dig
n
13
many ways to do so, we will just ndo
ra scratch the0surface
P
2
lo
Pao
binary signaling is not very ecient (one bit at ces
ro a time)
56
9.3
sing terli
et
al P artin V
n
ital use i and M
Dig
n
13
P
2
lo
Pao
ro a time)
56
9.3
sing terli
et
al P artin V
n
ital use i and M
Dig
n
13
P
2
lo
Pao
ro a time)
56
PAM
mapper:
ing e i
ce.s.s , 2M ett1}rl
chunks dene a sequence of integers k[n] Pro 1, .
V
l {0,
gna Martin
l Si
a[n] = G ((2M + 1) + 2k[n]) i(odd integersd
ig ta oni an around zero)
D
d
13
Pran 20
lo
Pao
slicer:
split incoming bitstream into chunks of M bits
a [n] = arg min[|[n] a|]

a
aA
9.3
57
PAM, M = 2, G = 1
9.3
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro 1 in
l
3
1
3
a0 P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
0
distance between points is 2G ran
2
lo P
Pao
using odd integers creates a zero-mean sequence
58
PAM, M = 2, G = 1
9.3
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro 1 in
l
3
1
3
a0 P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
0
2
lo P
Pao
58
PAM, M = 2, G = 1
9.3
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro 1 in
l
3
1
3
a0 P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
0
2
lo P
Pao
58
From PAM to QAM
9.3
sing
al P
tin V
Sign nd Mar
can we increase the throughputtal further?
even
Digi doni a 13
heres a wild idea, lets use complex numbers
an 20
lo Pr
Pao
r
error analysis for PAM along the lines of binary ces
ro signaling ette
li
59
From PAM to QAM
9.3
sing
al P
tin V
Sign nd Mar
even
Digi doni a 13
an 20
lo Pr
Pao
r
ro signaling ette
li
59
From PAM to QAM
9.3
sing
al P
tin V
Sign nd Mar
even
Digi doni a 13
an 20
lo Pr
Pao
r
ro signaling ette
li
59
QAM
mapper:
split incoming bitstream into chunks of M bits, M even
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
use the remaining M/2 bits to denegn independent PAM sequence ai [n]
Si an nd Mar
l
igita oni a
a[n] = G (ar [n] + jai [n]) D
d
13
Pran 20
lo
Pao
use M/2 bits to dene a PAM sequence ar [n]
slicer:
a [n] = arg min[|[n] a|]

a
aA
9.3
60
QAM, M = 2, G = 1
Im
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
1
an1 20
Re
lo Pr
o
1
Pa
9.3
61
QAM, M = 4, G = 1
Im
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign1 nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
3 n
3
a 1 20 1
Re
lo Pr
1
ao
3
9.3
62
QAM, M = 8, G = 1
Im
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an 20
Re
lo Pr
ao
9.3
63
QAM
Im
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an 20
Re
lo Pr
ao
9.3
64
QAM
Im
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an 20
Re
lo Pr
ao
9.3
64
QAM
Im
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P t
Sign nd Mar
tal
Digi doni a 13
an 20
Re
lo Pr
ao
9.3
64
QAM
Im
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an 20
Re
lo Pr
ao
9.3
64
QAM
Im
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 3
an 201
Re
lo Pr
ao
9.3
64
QAM
Im
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an 20
Re
lo Pr
ao
9.3
64
QAM, probability of error
ing e li
cess Vett> rG ]
Perr = P[| Re([n])| > G P+ P[| Im([n])|
l ] ro in
gna < G r|tIm([n])| < G ]
a
l Si
= 1 P[| Re([n])|nd M
igita oni a
D
d
13
= 1 ra f (z) dz 20
P n
lo D
Pao
9.3
65
ing e li
cess Vett> rG ]
Perr = P[| Re([n])| > G P+ P[| Im([n])|
l ] ro in
a
l Si
= 1 P[| Re([n])|nd M
igita oni a
D
d
13
= 1 ra f (z) dz 20
P n
lo D
Pao
9.3
65
ing e li
cess Vett> rG ]
Perr = P[| Re([n])| > G P+ P[| Im([n])|
l ] ro in
a
l Si
= 1 P[| Re([n])|nd M
igita oni a
D
d
13
= 1 ra f (z) dz 20
P n
lo D
Pao
9.3
65
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a G13
an 20
lo Pr
ao
9.3
66
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
lP
t
i a d
SPgn e Mar
l err n
ta
Digi doni a 13
an 20
lo Pr
o
G2
2
0
Pa
9.3
67

transmitted power (all symbols equiprobable and independent):
1
2M
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
rt
Sign2 2ndMMa1)
l = G 3 (2
ta
Digi doni a 13
an 20
lo Pr
ao
2
s = G 2
aA
|a|2
Perr e
9.3
G2
(M+1)
e 32
SNR
68

1
2M
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
rt
Sign2 2ndMMa1)
l = G 3 (2
ta
Digi doni a 13
an 20
lo Pr
ao
2
s = G 2
aA
|a|2
Perr e
9.3
G2
(M+1)
e 32
SNR
68

1
2M
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
rt
Sign2 2ndMMa1)
l = G 3 (2
ta
Digi doni a 13
an 20
lo Pr
ao
2
s = G 2
aA
|a|2
Perr e
9.3
G2
(M+1)
e 32
SNR
68
Perr
100
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi d a 13
4-point QAM oni
20
16-pointan
QAM
lo Pr
64-point QAM
o
1010
Pa
1020
9.3
10
20
SNR (dB)
30
69
Perr
100
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi d a 13
4-point QAM oni
20
16-pointan
QAM
lo Pr
64-point QAM
o
1010
Pa
1020
9.3
10
20
SNR (dB)
30
69
Perr
100
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi d a 13
4-point QAM oni
20
16-pointan
QAM
lo Pr
64-point QAM
o
1010
Pa
1020
9.3
10
20
SNR (dB)
30
69
QAM, the recipe
9.3
pick a probability of error you can live with (e.g. 106 )g

in
rli
ss
ett
roce constraint e
nd out the SNR imposed by the channels P
al power tin V
Sign nd Mar
tal
3 SNR
Digi doni a 13
M = log2 1
2 ln(pe )
an 20
lo Pr
nal throughput will Pao
be MW
70
QAM, the recipe
9.3

in
rli
ss
ett
roce constraint e
al power tin V
Sign nd Mar
tal
3 SNR
Digi doni a 13
M = log2 1
2 ln(pe )
an 20
lo Pr
be MW
70
QAM, the recipe
9.3

in
rli
ss
ett
roce constraint e
al power tin V
Sign nd Mar
tal
3 SNR
Digi doni a 13
M = log2 1
2 ln(pe )
an 20
lo Pr
be MW
70
QAM, the recipe
9.3

in
rli
ss
ett
roce constraint e
al power tin V
Sign nd Mar
tal
3 SNR
Digi doni a 13
M = log2 1
2 ln(pe )
an 20
lo Pr
be MW
70
QAM
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
with QAM, we know how many bits iper symbol we can use given the power constraint
S gn nd Mar
l
ta
ia
Digi donthe transmitter
we know the theoretical throughput of
n
013
Pra
2
lo
Pao
where we stand:
we know how to t the bandwidth constraint
but how do we transmit complex symbols over a real channel?
9.3
71
QAM
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
S gn nd Mar
l
ta
ia
n
013
Pra
2
lo
Pao
where we stand:
9.3
71
QAM
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
S gn nd Mar
l
ta
ia
n
013
Pra
2
lo
Pao
where we stand:
9.3
71
QAM
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
S gn nd Mar
l
ta
ia
n
013
Pra
2
lo
Pao
where we stand:
9.3
71
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an 20
lo Pr
ao
END OF MODULE 9.3

P
ing
i
ro in Digital
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Module 9.4: Modulation and Demodulation
Digi doni a 13
n
0
Pra
2
aolo
Overview:
sing terli
et
al P artin V
Sign
ital ni and M
Dig do
13
Pran 20
aolo
Trasmitting and recovering the complex passband s

roce signal
Design example
Channel capacity
9.4
72
Overview:
sing terli
et
al P artin V
Sign
ital ni and M
Dig do
13
Pran 20
aolo

roce signal
Design example
Channel capacity
9.4
72
Overview:
sing terli
et
al P artin V
Sign
ital ni and M
Dig do
13
Pran 20
aolo

roce signal
Design example
Channel capacity
9.4
72
QAM transmitter design
a[n]
..01100
01010...
Scrambler
Mapper
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l b[n]
ta
Digi doni a . 1.3
.
ran 20
P
aolo
b[n] = br [n] + jbi [n] is a complex-valued baseband signal
9.4
73
QAM transmitter design
a[n]
..01100
01010...
Scrambler
Mapper
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l b[n]
ta
Digi doni a . 1.3
.
ran 20
P
aolo
b[n] = br [n] + jbi [n] is a complex-valued baseband signal
9.4
73
Complex baseband signal
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an 20
lo Pr
ao
9.4
min
max
74
The passband signal
ing
i
cess Vetterl
j n
ro in
s[n] = Re{b[n] e
} lP
igna d M t
S+ jbi [n])(cos ar n + j sin c n)}
= Re{(bral
c
t [n]
Digi doni an 13
= br [n] cos c n b20 sin c n
an i [n]
lo Pr
Pao
c
9.4
75
The passband signal
ing
i
cess Vetterl
j n
ro in
s[n] = Re{b[n] e
} lP
igna d M t
= Re{(bral
c
t [n]
Digi doni an 13
an i [n]
lo Pr
Pao
c
9.4
75
The passband signal
ing
i
cess Vetterl
j n
ro in
s[n] = Re{b[n] e
} lP
igna d M t
= Re{(bral
c
t [n]
Digi doni an 13
an i [n]
lo Pr
Pao
c
9.4
75
Re
Im
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a0 13
an 20
lo Pr
ao
DTFT {br [n]}
9.4
76
Re
Im
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a0 13
an 20
lo Pr
ao
DTFT {br [n]}

DTFT {bi [n]}
9.4
76
Re
Im
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a0 13
an 20
lo Pr
ao
DTFT {bi [n] cos c n}

DTFT {bi [n]}
9.4
76
Re
Im
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a0 13
an 20
lo Pr
ao
DTFT {bi [n] cos c n}

DTFT {bi [n] sin c n}
9.4
76
Recovering the baseband signal
lets try the usual method (multiplying by the carrier, see Module 5.5):
ing
i
cess Vetterl
2
ro[n] sininc n cos c n
s[n] cos c n = br [n] cos cal bi
n P
t
Sign 2dnMar sin 2 n
l
ta1 + cos
= ibr [n] oni a
D gi d 2 n c 1 bi [n] 2 c
3
Pran 1 20
lo
Pao = 1 br [n] + (br [n] cos 2c n bi [n] sin 2c n)
2
9.4
77
ing
i
cess Vetterl
2
n P
t
Sign 2dnMar sin 2 n
l
ta1 + cos
= ibr [n] oni a
3
Pran 1 20
lo
2
9.4
77
ing
i
cess Vetterl
2
n P
t
Sign 2dnMar sin 2 n
l
ta1 + cos
= ibr [n] oni a
3
Pran 1 20
lo
2
9.4
77
ing
i
cess Vetterl
2
n P
t
Sign 2dnMar sin 2 n
l
ta1 + cos
= ibr [n] oni a
3
Pran 1 20
lo
2
9.4
77
DTFT {br [n] cos c n bi [n] sin c n}
Re
9.4
Im
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an 020
lo Pr
ao
78
DTFT {(br [n] cos c n bi [n] sin c n) cos c n}
Re
9.4
Im
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an 020
lo Pr
ao
78
DTFT {(br [n] cos c n bi [n] sin c n) cos c n}
Re
9.4
Im
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an 020
lo Pr
ao
78
DTFT {br [n]}
Re
9.4
Im
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an 020
lo Pr
ao
78
9.4
ing
i
cess Vetterl
roused in upsampling
as a lowpass lter, you can use the same lter
al P
tin
Sign nd Mar
l
matched lter technique Digita
ni a
ndo 2013
Pra
aolo
P
79
9.4
ing
i
cess Vetterl
roused in upsampling
as a lowpass lter, you can use the same lter
al P
tin
Sign nd Mar
l
matched lter technique Digita
ni a
ndo 2013
Pra
aolo
P
79
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
s[n] sin c n = br [n] cos c n sin c Mabi [n] sin2 c n
Sign nd n r
l
ta
i
Digi don1 a 13
1 n
= rbi [n] + (br20 sin 2c n bi [n] cos 2c n)
P2 a
[n]
2
aolo
P
similarly:
9.4
80
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd n r
l
ta
i
Digi don1 a 13
1 n
P2 a
[n]
2
aolo
P
similarly:
9.4
80
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd n r
l
ta
i
Digi don1 a 13
1 n
P2 a
[n]
2
aolo
P
similarly:
9.4
80
QAM transmitter, nal design
..01100
01010...
Mapper
ing
a[n]
rli
ss
roce in Vette
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
a
b[n] igit
D doc[n] 13 s[n]
ni a
Re
D/A
n
0
a
2
lo Pr
ao
Scrambler
s(t)
e jc n
9.4
81
QAM receiver, idealized design
br [n]
[n]
s
(t)
s
cos c n
sin c n
b[n]
ing
i
cess Vetterl j
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
bi [n]
ta
Digi doni a 13
an 20
lo Pr
ao
a
[n]
K
9.4
Slicer
Descrambler
..01100
01010...
82
Example: the V.32 voiceband modem
9.4
g
analog telephone channel: Fmin = 450Hz, Fmax = 2850Hz
ssin
rli
roce in Vette
P
t
usable bandwidth: W = 2400Hz, center al
Sign frequencyrFc = 1650Hz
Ma
l
d
ta
pick Fs = 3 2400 = 7200Hz, so that ni a 3 3
Digi do K =n 1
an 20
lo Pr
c = 0.458
Pao
83
9.4
g
ssin
rli
roce in Vette
P
t
Ma
l
d
ta
Digi do K =n 1
an 20
lo Pr
c = 0.458
Pao
83
9.4
g
ssin
rli
roce in Vette
P
t
Ma
l
d
ta
Digi do K =n 1
an 20
lo Pr
c = 0.458
Pao
83
9.4
g
ssin
rli
roce in Vette
P
t
Ma
l
d
ta
Digi do K =n 1
an 20
lo Pr
c = 0.458
Pao
83
maximum SNR: 22dB
pick Perr = 106
using QAM, we nd
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
22/10
ta
D gi d na3 10 36 4.1865
M i= log2 o1 i
01
an 22ln(10 )
lo Pr
ao
P
so we pick M = 4 and use a 16-point constellation
9.4
nal data rate is WM = 9600 bits per second
84
maximum SNR: 22dB
pick Perr = 106
using QAM, we nd
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
22/10
ta
D gi d na3 10 36 4.1865
M i= log2 o1 i
01
an 22ln(10 )
lo Pr
ao
P
9.4
84
maximum SNR: 22dB
pick Perr = 106
using QAM, we nd
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
22/10
ta
D gi d na3 10 36 4.1865
M i= log2 o1 i
01
an 22ln(10 )
lo Pr
ao
P
9.4
84
maximum SNR: 22dB
pick Perr = 106
using QAM, we nd
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
22/10
ta
D gi d na3 10 36 4.1865
M i= log2 o1 i
01
an 22ln(10 )
lo Pr
ao
P
9.4
84
Theoretical channel capacity
we used very specic design choices to derive the throughput
what is the best one can do?
9.4
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
lP
t
Shannons capacity formula is the upper a
Sign bound ar
M
l
ta
nd
Digi Cd= ni alog2 13+ SNR)
o W 0 (1
an 2
lo Pr
Pao
for instance, for the previous example C 17500 bps
the gap can be narrowed by more advanced coding techniques
85
9.4
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
lP
t
Sign bound ar
M
l
ta
nd
o W 0 (1
an 2
lo Pr
Pao
85
9.4
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
lP
t
Sign bound ar
M
l
ta
nd
o W 0 (1
an 2
lo Pr
Pao
85
9.4
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
lP
t
Sign bound ar
M
l
ta
nd
o W 0 (1
an 2
lo Pr
Pao
85
9.4
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
lP
t
Sign bound ar
M
l
ta
nd
o W 0 (1
an 2
lo Pr
Pao
85
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an 20
lo Pr
ao
END OF MODULE 9.4

P
ing
i
ro in Digital
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Module 9.5: Receiver Design
Digi doni a 13
n
0
Pra
2
aolo
Overview:
9.5
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
Adaptive equalization
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Timing recovery
Digi doni a 13
an 20
lo Pr
Pao
86
Overview:
9.5
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Timing recovery
Digi doni a 13
an 20
lo Pr
Pao
86
A blast from the past
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an 20
lo Pr
ao
9.5
87
A blast from the past
9.5
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro or ain machine
a sound familiar to anyone whos used a al P
modem t fax
Sign nd Mar
tal
whats going on here?
Digi doni a 13
an 20
lo Pr
Pao
87
Graphically
br [n]
[n]
s
(t)
s
cos c n
sin c n
b[n]
ing
i
cess Vetterl j
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
bi [n]
ta
Digi doni a 13
an 20
lo Pr
ao
a
[n]
K
9.5
Slicer
Descrambler
..01100
01010...
88
Pilot tones
if [n] = cos((c + 0 )n):

s
sing
li
nal
rtin
= H{cos(0 n) + cos((2Si+ 0 )n) j a
l c g nd M sin((2c + 0)n) + j sin(0 n)}
ta
Digi0n) doni a 13
= cos(0 n) + j sin( an
0
2
lo Pr
= e j n Pao
s tter
b[n] = H{cos((c + 0 )n) cos(c n) Proce c +Ve)n) sin(c n)}

j cos((
0
9.5
89
Pilot tones
if [n] = cos((c + 0 )n):

s
sing
li
nal
rtin
= H{cos(0 n) + cos((2Si+ 0 )n) j a
ta
Digi0n) doni a 13
0
2
lo Pr
= e j n Pao
s tter

j cos((
0
9.5
89
Pilot tones
if [n] = cos((c + 0 )n):

s
sing
li
nal
rtin
= H{cos(0 n) + cos((2Si+ 0 )n) j a
ta
Digi0n) doni a 13
0
2
lo Pr
= e j n Pao
s tter

j cos((
0
9.5
89
Pilot tones
if [n] = cos((c + 0 )n):

s
sing
li
nal
rtin
= H{cos(0 n) + cos((2Si+ 0 )n) j a
ta
Digi0n) doni a 13
0
2
lo Pr
= e j n Pao
s tter

j cos((
0
9.5
89
In slow motion
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an 20
lo Pr
ao
9.5
90
Its a dirty job...
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an 20
lo Pr
ao
but a receiver has to do it:
propagation delay
linear distortion
9.5
interference
clock drifts
91
Its a dirty job...
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an 20
lo Pr
ao
propagation delay
linear distortion
9.5
interference
clock drifts
91
Its a dirty job...
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an 20
lo Pr
ao
propagation delay
linear distortion
9.5
interference
clock drifts
91
Its a dirty job...
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an 20
lo Pr
ao
propagation delay
linear distortion
9.5
interference
clock drifts
91
Its a dirty job...
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an 20
lo Pr
ao
propagation delay
linear distortion
9.5
interference handshake and line probing
clock drifts
91
Its a dirty job...
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
propagation delay delay estimation
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
linear distortion
an 20
lo Pr
Pao
clock drifts
9.5
91
Its a dirty job...
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
linear distortion adaptive equalization 20
an
lo Pr
Pao
clock drifts
9.5
91
Its a dirty job...
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
linear distortion adaptive equalization 20
an
lo Pr
Pao
clock drifts timing recovery
9.5
91
The two main problems
(t)
s
s(t)
ing A/D i
cess Vetterl
l Pro
gna Martin
l Si
Ts
Ts
igita oni and 3
D
d
1
Pran 20
channel distortion D(j) lo
Pao
s[n]
9.5
D/A
D(j)
[n]
s
(time-varying) discrepancies in clocks Ts = Ts
92
(t)
s
s(t)
ing A/D i
cess Vetterl
l Pro
gna Martin
l Si
Ts
Ts
igita oni and 3
D
d
1
Pran 20
Pao
s[n]
9.5
D/A
D(j)
[n]
s
92
(t)
s
s(t)
ing A/D i
cess Vetterl
l Pro
gna Martin
l Si
Ts
Ts
igita oni and 3
D
d
1
Pran 20
Pao
s[n]
9.5
D/A
D(j)
[n]
s
92
Delay compensation
Assume the channel is a simple delay: (t) = s(t d ) D(j) = e jd

s
9.5
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
lP
i na Ma t
SgN andd| | <r1/2
we can write d = (b + )Ts with lb
ta
Digi doni an 13
b is called the bulk delay
an 20
lo Pr
Pao
is the fractional delay
channel introduces a delay of d seconds
93
Delay compensation

s
9.5
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
lP
i na Ma t
SgN andd| | <r1/2
ta
Digi doni an 13
an 20
lo Pr
Pao
93
Delay compensation

s
9.5
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
lP
i na Ma t
SgN andd| | <r1/2
ta
Digi doni an 13
an 20
lo Pr
Pao
93
Delay compensation

s
9.5
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
lP
i na Ma t
SgN andd| | <r1/2
ta
Digi doni an 13
an 20
lo Pr
Pao
93
Osetting the bulk delay (Ts = 1)

s[n]
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an
20
lo Pr 0
ao
9.5
94

s(t)
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an
20
lo Pr 0
ao
9.5
94

(t)
s
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an
20
lo Pr 0
ao
9.5
94

[n]
s
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an
20
lo Pr 0 b
ao
9.5
b+
94
Estimating the fractional delay
transmit b[n] = e j0 n (i.e. s[n] = cos((c + 0 )n))
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
after demodulation and bulk delay oset: l P
na
rt
l Sig nd Ma
ta i
(n
Digi dob[n]a= e j 3 )
n
n
01
Pra
2
multiply by known frequency
aolo
P
j n
j
receive [n] = cos((c + 0 )(n b ))

s
b[n] e
9.5
=e
95
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
na
rt
l Sig nd Ma
ta i
(n
n
n
01
Pra
2
aolo
P
j n
j

s
b[n] e
9.5
=e
95
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
na
rt
l Sig nd Ma
ta i
(n
n
n
01
Pra
2
aolo
P
j n
j

s
b[n] e
9.5
=e
95
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
na
rt
l Sig nd Ma
ta i
(n
n
n
01
Pra
2
aolo
P
j n
j

s
b[n] e
9.5
=e
95
Compensating for the fractional delay
9.5
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
P
t
we need to compute subsample values nal
Sig nd Mar
l
ita ni a
in theory, compensate with ag
Di sinc fractional delay h[n] = sinc(n + )
o
and 2013
Prapproximation
lo
in practice, use local Lagrange
Pao
[n] = s(n )Ts (after osetting bulk delay)

s
96
9.5
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
P
t
Sig nd Mar
l
ita ni a
o
and 2013
Prapproximation
lo
Pao

s
96
9.5
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
P
t
Sig nd Mar
l
ita ni a
o
and 2013
Prapproximation
lo
Pao

s
96
9.5
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
P
t
Sig nd Mar
l
ita ni a
o
and 2013
Prapproximation
lo
Pao

s
96
2
1
0
1
9.5
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an n20
n 1 lo Pr
n+1
Pao
97
2
1
0
1
9.5
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an n20 n +
n 1 lo Pr
n+1
Pao
97
Lagrange approximation (see Module 6.2)

as per usual, choose Ts = 1
we want to compute x(n + ), with | | < 1/2
local Lagrange approximation around n
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
N
nal P (N) t
Sigx[n d Mar
xL (n; t) = al
k]Lk (t)
t
Digi k=N ni an 13
do
PranN 20
ti
aolo
PL(N) (t) =
k = N, . . . , N
k
i =N
i =n
9.5
k i
x(n + ) xL (n; )
98

ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
N
nal P (N) t
Sigx[n d Mar
xL (n; t) = al
k]Lk (t)
t
Digi k=N ni an 13
do
PranN 20
ti
aolo
PL(N) (t) =
k = N, . . . , N
k
i =N
i =n
9.5
k i
x(n + ) xL (n; )
98

ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
N
nal P (N) t
Sigx[n d Mar
xL (n; t) = al
k]Lk (t)
t
Digi k=N ni an 13
do
PranN 20
ti
aolo
PL(N) (t) =
k = N, . . . , N
k
i =N
i =n
9.5
k i
x(n + ) xL (n; )
98
Lagrange interpolation (N = 1)
2
1
0
1
9.5
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an n20
n 1 lo Pr
n+1
Pao
99
2
1
0
1
9.5
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an n20 n +
n 1 lo Pr
n+1
Pao
99
2
1
0
1
9.5
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an n20 n +
n 1 lo Pr
n+1
Pao
99
2
1
0
1
9.5
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an n20 n +
n 1 lo Pr
n+1
Pao
99
2
1
0
1
9.5
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an n20 n +
n 1 lo Pr
n+1
Pao
99
2
1
0
1
9.5
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an n20 n +
n 1 lo Pr
n+1
Pao
99
2
1
0
1
9.5
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an n20 n +
n 1 lo Pr
n+1
Pao
99
Lagrange interpolation as an FIR
9.5
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
P
(N)
t
dene d [k] = Lk ( ), k = N, . . . ignal
S, N nd Mar
l
ita ni a
d [k] form a (2N + 1)-tapDig
FIR
do
13
Pran 20
xL (n; ) = (x d )[n] aolo
P
x(n + ) xL (n; )
100
9.5
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
P
(N)
t
S, N nd Mar
l
ita ni a
FIR
do
13
Pran 20
P
x(n + ) xL (n; )
100
9.5
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
P
(N)
t
S, N nd Mar
l
ita ni a
FIR
do
13
Pran 20
P
x(n + ) xL (n; )
100
9.5
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
P
(N)
t
S, N nd Mar
l
ita ni a
FIR
do
13
Pran 20
P
x(n + ) xL (n; )
100
Example (N = 1, second order approximation)
(1)
L1 (t) = t
t1
ing
i
cess Vetterl
2ro
lP
gna
artin
Digi (1) doni at + 1 3
1
an
t 20
lo PrL1 (t) = 2
o
i
L0 l (t) = (1nd t)(1 + t)
M
ta S
(1)
Pa
9.5
101
Example (N = 1, second order approximation)
sing
li
0.08 oces 1 etter
n=
al P
in V
0.96
n rt
Sign nd Ma= 0
d0.2tal =
[n]
n
a
Digi doi0.12 13 = 1
n
n 0 20 otherwise
o Pr
Pao
9.5
102
Delay compensation algorithm
9.5
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
compute the 2N + 1 Lagrangianacoecients
l
t
Digi doni a 13
lter with the resulting FIR ran
0
2
lo P
Pao
estimate the delay
103
9.5
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
t
Digi doni a 13
0
2
lo P
Pao
estimate the delay
103
9.5
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
t
Digi doni a 13
0
2
lo P
Pao
estimate the delay
103
Compensating for the distortion
g
i
s in
ss
ce(t) Vetterl
ro in A/D
D/A
D(j)
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an 20
lo Pr
Pao
s(t)
s[n]
9.5
[n]
s
104
Compensating for the distortion
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
s[n]
[n]
s
SignD(z) Mar
l
ita ni and
Dig do
13
Pran 20
lo
Pao
9.5
105
Example: adaptive equalization
s[n]
ing
i
cess Vetterl
[n] Pro
s
D(z)
se [n] = s[n]
nal E (z) rtin

l Sig nd Ma
ita ni a
Dig do
13
Pran 20
olo
Pa
9.5
106
9.5
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
but we dont know D(z) in advance
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
D(z) may change over time ran
0
2
lo P
Pao
in theory, E (z) = 1/D(z)
107
9.5
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
0
2
lo P
Pao
107
9.5
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
0
2
lo P
Pao
107
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
e[n]
an 20 s[n]
lo Pr
ao
e [n]
s
[n]
s
E (z)
9.5
108
Adaptive equalization: bootstrapping via a training sequence

s[n]
at [n]
TX
...
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an 20
lo Pr
ao
9.5
109
Adaptive equalization: bootstrapping via a training sequence

s[n]
at [n]
[n]
s
TX
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
s [n]
Signe nd Mar
l
E (z)gita
Di
ni a
ndo 2013
Pra
aolo
P
e[n]
s[n]
-
9.5
...
Modulator
at [n]
109
Adaptive equalization: online mode
g
rli
Slicer
ro in Vette
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi s [n] ni a 13
do
P-ran 20
Modulator
aolo
e [n]
s
[n]
s
E (z)
e[n]
Demod essin
c
a
[n]
9.5
110
So much more to do...
how do we perform the adaptation of the coecients?
how do we compensate for dierences in clocks? es

roc
sing terli
et
al P artin V
Si n
how do we recover from interference?g
ital ni and M
Dig do
13
how do we improve resilience to noise?
Pran 20
lo
Pao
adaptive signal processing
9.5
111

roc
sing terli
et
al P artin V
Si n
ital ni and M
Dig do
13
Pran 20
lo
Pao
9.5
111

roc
sing terli
et
al P artin V
Si n
ital ni and M
Dig do
13
Pran 20
lo
Pao
9.5
111

roc
sing terli
et
al P artin V
Si n
ital ni and M
Dig do
13
Pran 20
lo
Pao
9.5
111

roc
sing terli
et
al P artin V
Si n
ital ni and M
Dig do
13
Pran 20
lo
Pao
9.5
111

roc
sing terli
et
al P artin V
Si n
ital ni and M
Dig do
13
Pran 20
lo
Pao
9.5
111
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an 20
lo Pr
ao
END OF MODULE 9.5

P
ing
i
ro in Digital
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Module 9.6: ADSL
Digi doni a 13
n
0
Pra
2
aolo
Overview:
9.6
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
Signaling strategy
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
Discrete Multitone Modulation an
(DMT)
0
2
lo Pr
Pao
Channel
112
Overview:
9.6
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
Signaling strategy
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
(DMT)
0
2
lo Pr
Pao
Channel
112
Overview:
9.6
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
Signaling strategy
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
(DMT)
0
2
lo Pr
Pao
Channel
112
The telephone network today
voice
network
CO
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ita ni a
CO Dig
do
13
Pran 20
lo
Pao
DSLAM
internet
9.6
113
The telephone network today
voice
network
CO
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ita ni a
CO Dig
do
13
Pran 20
lo
Pao
DSLAM
last mile
internet
9.6
113
The last mile
9.6
sing
al P
tin V
Sign nd Mar
very large bandwidth (well overtal
1MHz)
Digi doni a 13
very uneven spectrum: noise, attenuation, 20
an interference, etc.
lo Pr
Pao
copper wire (twisted pair) between home and oces COetter

r nearest
li
114
The last mile
9.6
sing
al P
tin V
Sign nd Mar
1MHz)
Digi doni a 13
lo Pr
Pao

r nearest
li
114
The last mile
9.6
sing
al P
tin V
Sign nd Mar
1MHz)
Digi doni a 13
lo Pr
Pao

r nearest
li
114
The ADSL channel

POTS
upstream
downstream
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an 20
lo Pr
ao
9.6
1MHz
115
The ADSL channel
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an 20
lo Pr
ao
9.6
1MHz
116
Idea: split the band into independent subchannels
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an 20
lo Pr
ao
9.6
1MHz
117
Subchannel structure
9.6
sing
li
al P
tin V
Sign nd Mar
equal subchannel bandwidth Fmaxl
ta /N
Digi doni a 13
equally spaced subchannels with n
frequency
a center 20 kFmax /N, k = 0, . . . , N 1
lo Pr
Pao
r
allocate N subchannels over the total positiveoces
r bandwidth ette
118
9.6
sing
li
al P
tin V
Sign nd Mar
ta /N
Digi doni a 13
frequency
lo Pr
Pao
r
r bandwidth ette
118
9.6
sing
li
al P
tin V
Sign nd Mar
ta /N
Digi doni a 13
frequency
lo Pr
Pao
r
r bandwidth ette
118
The digital design
9.6
ing e i
cess/N Vet2 rl
kF
ro max in = t k
center frequency for each subchannel kal P
= 2
rt
gn
2N
MaFs
l Si
a
igit2 oni and 3
D
bandwidth of each subchannelrand
01
2
lo P 2N
ao
to send symbols overP subchannel: upsampling factor K 2N
a
pick Fs = 2Fmax (Fmax is high now!)
119
The digital design
9.6
ing e i
cess/N Vet2 rl
kF
ro max in = t k
= 2
rt
gn
2N
MaFs
l Si
a
igit2 oni and 3
D
01
2
lo P 2N
ao
a
119
The digital design
9.6
ing e i
cess/N Vet2 rl
kF
ro max in = t k
= 2
rt
gn
2N
MaFs
l Si
a
igit2 oni and 3
D
01
2
lo P 2N
ao
a
119
The digital design
9.6
ing e i
cess/N Vet2 rl
kF
ro max in = t k
= 2
rt
gn
2N
MaFs
l Si
a
igit2 oni and 3
D
01
2
lo P 2N
ao
a
119
The digital design (N = 3)
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an 20
lo Pr
ao
9.6
120
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an 20
lo Pr
ao
9.6
0 = 0
1 = 2/6 2 = 4/6
120
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an 20
lo Pr
ao
9.6
0 = 0
1 = 2/6 2 = 4/6
120
The digital design
9.6
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
decide on constellation size independently
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
noisy or forbidden subchannelsran zeros 20
send
lo P
Pao
put a QAM modem on each channel
121
The digital design
9.6
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
send
lo P
Pao
121
The digital design
9.6
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
send
lo P
Pao
121
The subchannel modem
ak [m]
ing erli
cess e j(2/2N)kn
o
ett
in
al Pr abkt[n] V
r
ck [n]
Sign
i l ni and M
2Nta
ig
D
do
13
Pran 20
aolo
9.6
122
The bank of modems

e j(2/2N)(0n)
a0 [m]
2N
b0 [n]
c0 [n]
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Siegn nd Mar
l b [n]
c[n]
a
igita oni c [n] 3
+
2N D
d
an 201
.
lo .P.r
e
Pao
e j(2/2N)(1n)
a1 [m]
2N
b1 [n]
c1 [n]
j(2/2N)(2n)
2
a2 [m]
Re
s[n]
j(2/2N)(N2)n
cN2 [n]
bN2 [n]
aN2 [m]
2N
e j(2/2N)(N1)n
cN1 [n]
bN1 [n]
aN1 [m]
9.6
2N
123
If it looks familiar...
check back Module 4.3, the DFT reconstruction formula:
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
A
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ita ni a
A Dig
x[n]
o
3+
rand 201
P ...
aolo
A0
0
1
1
2
2
PA
N2
N2
AN1
N1
9.6
N2
N1
124
DMT via IFFT
9.6
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro eciently via an IFFT
we will show that transmission can be nal P
implementedtin
r
l Sig nd Ma
ita ni a
Discrete Multitone Modulation
Dig do
13
Pran 20
lo
Pao
125
DMT via IFFT
9.6
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro eciently via an IFFT
we will show that transmission can be nal P
implementedtin
r
l Sig nd Ma
ita ni a
Discrete Multitone Modulation
Dig do
13
Pran 20
lo
Pao
125
The great ADSL trick
instead of using a good lowpass lter, use the i2N-tap interval indicator:
s ng
rli
es
te
Proc tin Vet
al
n
r
l Sig for 0 a
ita= 1 i and M n < 2N
g
Dih[n] do0 otherwise
n
3
ran 201
P
aolo
9.6
126
Interval indicator signal (Module 4.7)
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an 20
lo Pr
ao
9.6
2N 1
127
DTFT of interval signal (Module 4.7)
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an 20
lo Pr
ao
|H(e j )|
P
0
9.6
/N
128
DTFT of interval signal (Module 4.7)
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an 20
lo Pr
ao
|H(e j )|
P
0
9.6
/N
128
Back to the subchannel modem
eg
ssin tterli
oce k [n] e c [n]
b
al Pr artin V k
2N Sign
ak [m]
dM
tal
Digi doni an 13
an 20
lo Pr
2NB samples/sec
symbols/sec
Pao
j(2/2N)kn
rate: B
9.6
129
eg
ssin tterli
oce k [n] e c [n]
b
al Pr artin V k
2N Sign
ak [m]
dM
tal
Digi doni an 13
an 20
lo Pr
2NB samples/sec
symbols/sec
Pao
j(2/2N)kn
rate: B
9.6
129
by using the indicator functionsas ng

si a lowpass:i
rl
oce
ette
al Pr artin V
Sign j(2/2N)nk
ital ni eand M
Dig do
n
013
aklo Pra
[n/2N]
ck [n]
2
Pao
9.6
130
The bank of modems, revisited
e j(2/2N)(0n)
a0 [n/2N]
ing
i
cess Vetterl
a [n/2N]
ro in
al P
t
e
Sign nd Mar c[n]
l
ta
Re
a [n/2N] ig
D . . .i doni a 13 +
n
0
Prea
2
aolo
a P
[n/2N]
e j(2/2N)(1n)
j(2/2N)(2n)
s[n]
j(2/2N)(N2)n
N2
e j(2/2N)(N1)n
aN1 [n/2N]
9.6
131
The complex output signal
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
k=0
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
n
0
= 2N IDFT2N o Pra
2
l a0[m] a1[m] . . . aN1 [m] 0 0
Pao
(m = n/2N)
N1
c[n] =
9.6
ak [n/2N]e j 2N nk
... 0
[n]
132
The complex output signal
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
k=0
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
n
0
= 2N IDFT2N o Pra
2
l a0[m] a1[m] . . . aN1 [m] 0 0
Pao
(m = n/2N)
N1
c[n] =
9.6
ak [n/2N]e j 2N nk
... 0
[n]
132
We can do even better!
we are interested in s[n] = Re{c[n]} = (c[n] + c [n])/2
it is easy to prove (exercise) that:
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro
IDFT x0 x1 x2 . . . xN2 xN1 al P IDFTtinx0 xN1
=
Sign nd Mar
l
igita . . . a
c[n] = 2N IDFT a0 [m] Da1 [m] doni aN1 [m] 0 0 . . . 0
13
Pran 20
lo
therefore
Pao
s[n] = N IDFT
9.6
xN2 . . . x2 x1
[n]
2a0 [m] a1 [m] . . . aN1 [m] aN1 [m] aN2 [m] . . . a1 [m]
[n]
133
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro
=
Sign nd Mar
l
igita . . . a
13
Pran 20
lo
therefore
Pao
s[n] = N IDFT
9.6
xN2 . . . x2 x1
[n]
[n]
133
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro
=
Sign nd Mar
l
igita . . . a
13
Pran 20
lo
therefore
Pao
s[n] = N IDFT
9.6
xN2 . . . x2 x1
[n]
[n]
133
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro
=
Sign nd Mar
l
igita . . . a
13
Pran 20
lo
therefore
Pao
s[n] = N IDFT
9.6
xN2 . . . x2 x1
[n]
[n]
133
ADSL transmitter
s[2Nm]
2a0 [m]
s[2Nm + 1]
a1 [m]
s[2Nm + 2]
a2 [m]
s[2Nm + 3]
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an 20
lo Pr
ao
s[2Nm + 4]
IFFT
aN2[m]
parallel to serial
s[2Nm + 5]
aN1[m]
s[n]
s[2Nm + N 4]
s[2Nm + N 3]
9.6
s[2Nm + N 2]
s[2Nm + N 1]
134
ADSL specs
Fmax = 1104KHz
N = 256
9.6
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
lP
each QAM can send from 0 to 15 bits na symbol rt
Sig pernd Ma
tal
Digi doni a 13
forbidden channels: 0 to 7 (voice)
Pran 20
lo data
channels 7 to 31: upstream
Pao
max theoretical throughput: 14.9Mbps (downstream)
135
ADSL specs
Fmax = 1104KHz
N = 256
9.6
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
lP
Sig pernd Ma
tal
Digi doni a 13
Pran 20
lo data
Pao
135
ADSL specs
Fmax = 1104KHz
N = 256
9.6
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
lP
Sig pernd Ma
tal
Digi doni a 13
Pran 20
lo data
Pao
135
ADSL specs
Fmax = 1104KHz
N = 256
9.6
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
lP
Sig pernd Ma
tal
Digi doni a 13
Pran 20
lo data
Pao
135
ADSL specs
Fmax = 1104KHz
N = 256
9.6
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
lP
Sig pernd Ma
tal
Digi doni a 13
Pran 20
lo data
Pao
135
ADSL specs
Fmax = 1104KHz
N = 256
9.6
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
lP
Sig pernd Ma
tal
Digi doni a 13
Pran 20
lo data
Pao
135
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an 20
lo Pr
ao
END OF MODULE 9.6

P
ing
i
cess Vetterl
ro in
al P
t
Sign nd Mar
l
ta
Digi doni a 13
an 20
lo Pr
ao
END OF MODULE 9
P

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Module 9.1: The analog channel

Module 9.2: Meeting the bandwidth constraint cessi

Module 9.6: ADSL

Digital data throughputs

1990s: V90, 56Kbps

Digital data throughputs

1990s: V90, 56Kbps

Success factors for digital communications

1) power of the DSP paradigm:

G [x(t)/G + (t)] = x(t) + G (t)

x1 (t) = G sgn[x(t) + (t)]

Success factors for digital communications

Success factors for digital communications

The many incarnations of a conversation

The analog channel

unescapable limits of physical channels:

The analog channel

unescapable limits of physical channels:

The analog channel

unescapable limits of physical channels:

The analog channels capacity

simple thought experiment:

we want to transmit information encoded as a sequence of digital samples over a

simple thought experiment:

we want to transmit information encoded as a sequence of digital samples over a

simple thought experiment:

we want to transmit information encoded as a sequence of digital samples over a

simple thought experiment:

we want to transmit information encoded as a sequence of digital samples over a

Power and capacity

another thought experiment:

Power and capacity

another thought experiment:

Power and capacity

another thought experiment:

Power and capacity

another thought experiment:

Example: the AM radio channel

Example: the AM radio channel

from 530kHz to 1.7MHz

Example: the AM radio channel

from 530kHz to 1.7MHz

Example: the AM radio channel

from 530kHz to 1.7MHz

Example: the AM radio channel

from 530kHz to 1.7MHz

Example: the AM radio channel

from 530kHz to 1.7MHz

Example: the AM radio channel

from 530kHz to 1.7MHz

Example: the telephone channel

Example: the telephone channel

Example: the telephone channel

Example: the telephone channel

The all-digital paradigm

keep everything digital until we hit the physical channel

Lets look at the channel constraints

Converting the specs to a digital design

Converting the specs to a digital design

Converting the specs to a digital design

convert the bitstream into a sequence of symbols a[n] via a mapper

convert the bitstream into a sequence of symbols a[n] via a mapper