ProbabilityMathematics S & T

PPROBABILITY
At the end of the lesson, students should be able to: 1 $ ' ./ Techniques of counting %&ents and #robabilities Mutually e clusi&e e&ents 0nde#endent and conditional e&ents a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) use the counting rules for finiite sets, including the inclusion-e clusion rule, for t!o or three sets" use the formulae for #ermutations and combinations" understand the conce#t of sam#le s#aces, e&ents, and #robabilities" understand the meaning of com#lementary and e clusi&e e&ents" calculate the #robability of an e&ent" understand the meaning of mutually e clusi&e e&ents" use the formula P(A ) *) + P(A) , P(*) - P(A n *) understand the meaning of inde#endent and conditional e&ents" use the formula PA n *) + P(A) P(* 1 A)

Techniques of counting

Question ! 6rom the !ord @DATS)EA, find a) the number of different !ords that can be formed by using all the al#habets / b) the number of !ords formed if the al#habets S)E must al!ays together/ c) the number of !ords that can be formed if the ' al#habets S)E must al!ays se#arated/ d) the number of !ords formed !hich begin !ith the al#habet D and end !ith the al#habet E/ e) the number of ' al#habets !ords !hich can be formed/ Question " Co! many . digits numbers can be formed by using =, 1, $, ',F, G if re#etition is not allo!ed/ 6ind, ho! many of these numbers (i) are greater than .===/ (ii) start !ith the digit ' (iii) can be di&ided com#letely by </ Question # 6our girls and t!o boys are sitting in a straight line/ Co! many different arrangements can be formed, a) if no limitation in the !ays of sitting/ b) if the $ boys must sit ne t to each other, c) if the $ boys must not sit together/

Permutations and combinations:

1/ Multi#lication 2ule : 0f an o#eration can ha##en in r !ays, and the follo!ing o#eration can ha##en in s !ays, then the total number of different !ays for these t!o o#eration to ha##en is r s/

Question 1 0f there are ' different routes !hich lin3 to!n A to to!n * and there are 4 different routes !hich lin3 to!n * to to!n 5/ 6ind the total number of different !ays !here a #erson can tra&el from to!n A to 5/ 7189 Question 2 There are 8 contestants ta3ing #art in a com#etition/ 6ind the total number of !ays !here the first, second and third #ri:es can be !on by the contestants/ 7''49 Permutations $/ '/ A #ermutation of a set of different ob;ects is an arrangement of all or #art of the ob;ects in a s#ecific order !ithout re#etition/ The total arrangement of n different ob;ects by ta3ing r ob;ects at a time is nPr , !here
n

Pr +

n! / (n r )!
<

% am#les: (a) (b) ./ </

5! 5.4.3! P' + 3! + + $= 3! 8 P8 +

Permutation $ith identica% ob&ects H/ The number of arrangements of n ob;ects, of !hich # of one ty#e are ali3e, q of a second ty#e are ali3e, r of a third ty#e are ali3e, and son, is n> p > q > r >////

The total number of #ermutation of all the n different ob;ects is nPn + n >/ ?uestions in&ol&ing #ermutations, normally use the !ord: @arrange or arrangementsA, @#ermutationsA and @formedA/

Question ' Question 0n ho! many !ays, the ' al#habets A, * and 5 can be arrangedB 749 4/ 0n #ermutations, the order of arrangements is im#ortant/ Cence, A*5 and A5* is regarded as different arrangements/ The letters of the !ord MATC%MAT05S are !ritten, one on each of 11 se#erate cards/ The cards are laid on a line/ 5alculate the number of different arrangements of these letters/ 6ind the number of arrangements, !here the &o!els are all #laced together/ 7(a). G8G 4==, (b)1$= G4=9

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ProbabilityMathematics S & T Question ( 6ind the total number of four digits numbers formed by using the digits 1, $, $, ' and <, if re#etition are not allo!ed/ Co! many of these are greater than '===B numbers of arrangements if the red and !hite beads are ne t to each other/ 71$9

,ombinations

Permutation $ith re)etition a%%o$ed 8/ The total number of arrangements of n distinct ob;ects, by ta3ing r ob;ect at a time !ith re#etition allo!ed is n / Question * Se&en digits numbers are formed by using the digits K=, 1, $, F/, GL / Determine the total number of H digits numbers formed/ Co! many of these numbers begin !ith the digit H/ Co! many are there if no re#etition are allo!ed/
r

11/

A combination is a selection of one or more ob;ects from a grou# of ob;ects, !ithout ta3ng into consideration their order/ % am#les: (i) 6ind the total number of !ays to select $ letters from the letters A, *, and 5/ A* A5 *5 There are ' !ays/ Eote : the order of selection is not im#ortant/ Cence selection of A* or *A is consider as one selection only/ *ut in #ermutations, A* and *A are consider as se#arate arrangements/

Arrangements in a circ%e G/ The number of arrangements of n different ob;ects in a circle !here cloc3!ise and anticloc3!ise arrangements are different , is (n-1)>/ Mhen students sit in a circle, the anticloc3!ise or cloc3!ise sitting are consider as different/

1$/

The number of combinations of r ob;ects from n different ob;ects is n5r or , !here

n

n r

5r +

n> r >(n r )>

Question 1+ 6our boys and four girls are required to sit in a circle/ a) Determine the number of !ays !hich they can do so/ b) 6ind the total number of !ays !here they can be sit if they ha&e to sit boys and girls alternately/ c) 0f the most senior boy and girl must sit together/ 6ind the total number of !ays !here they can do so/ d) 6ind also the total number of !ays !here the most senior boy and girl must sit se#arately/ e) 0f $ boys, A and * and a girl 5 cannot sit together, find the total number of !ays !here they can sit if all the boys and girls must sit alternately/ 1=/ The number of arrangements of n different ob;ects in a circle !here cloc3!ise and anticloc3!ise

<> </./'> </. + + +1= '>$> '>$> 1/$ 8.7 8 5$ + + $8 1. 2 9.8 G 5H + + '4 7 Eote: n5r + n5r - 1 9 1.2
<

5' +

1'/

?uestions in&ol&ing combinations, normally use the !ord: @chooseA, @selectA , @formedA, or @combinationA/

Question 1 A delegation of ' students are to be chosen from ten students/ 0n ho! many !ays can this be doneB Question 1! %ight #oints are mar3ed on a #lane such that no three #oints are on a straight line/ 6ind the total number of triangle that can be formed by dra!ing lines connecting any three #oints/ Question 1" Ten students are di&ided into ' grou#s !ith grou# A consists of $ students, grou# * consists of ' students and remaining students ;oin grou# 5/ 6ind the total number of !ays to di&ide the students into ' grou#s/ Question 1# A committee of si is chosen from H males and . females/

(n 1)> arrangements are the same, is / $

6or e am#le if beads !hich are threaded on a ring, then the cloc3!ise and anticloc3!ise arrangements are the same/ Question 11 Si bulbs are #lanted in a ring and t!o do not gro!/ 6ind the total arrangements !here these t!o bulbs are together/ 7.89 Question 12 Nne !hite, one blue, one red and t!o yello! beads are threaded on a ring to ma3e a bracelet/ 6ind the total

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ProbabilityMathematics S & T a) Determine ho! many !ays can the committee be chosen/ b) Co! many of these committee chosen, consist of e actly . males/ c) 0f the committee formed, must consists at least one female/ Determine the total number of committee that can be formed/ d) The most senior male or female, but not both, must be chosen/ Co! many committee can be chosen/ e) 0f $ males, A and * and a female, 5 must be selected, ho! many of these committee can be formed/ % am#le A coin is tossed ' times consecuti&ely/ An e&ent A is defined as the heat a##ears t!ice/ A + KCCT, CTC, TCCL 1H/ The #robability of an e&ent A ha##ens is denoted n ( A) as P(A), and is defined as / n( S ) !here = P(A) 1 The #robability of e&ent A not ha##ening is: P( A ) + 1 - P(A) !here A or AP is read as @not AA Question 1* State ho! to read each of the follo!ing notations: P(A *) P(A *) P(AP ) P(AP *P ) P(A *P )

-e%ection of at %east one ob&ect from n ob&ects. 1./ The number of selections of at least one ob;ect from n different ob;ects is $n - 1 %&ery ob;ect has t!o o#tions, that is to be selected or not selected at all, hence the total number of combinations for the n ob;ects is

$ x ////// x 1x 4$4 4$ 2x4 44 3$

$n

*ut this !ill include the case !here all the ob;ects are re;ected/ Cence !e ha&e to minus this case out/ $n - 1 Question 1' Co! many !ays can a boy in&ites at least one of his si friends to his #arty/ Question 1( 0n ho! many !ays can a student select at least a boo3 from < different boo3s/

)seful result relating t!o e&ents A and * (a) Probability A but not * P(A *P ) + P(A) - P( A *)

* A ,1

Probabi%it/ 1</ -am)%e s)ace0Ruang -am)e%1, often denoted by S, is the set of all #ossible outcomes of a e #eriment/ % am#les: a) A coin is thro! ' times, list all the sam#el s#ace/ S + K (TTT, TTC, TCT, CTT, TCC, CTC, CCT, CCC) ,!here C stands for #icture(Cead) and T stands for number(Tail)/ n(S) + 4 b) c) A dice is thro!n t!ice consecuti&ely/ Oists all the #ossible outcomes/ 7'49

P (A

B ' )

P (A

B )

(b) Probability neither A nor * P(AP *P ) + 1 - P (A ) *)

AA
A A,1 1

Question 2+ 0n a sur&ey, 1<Q of the #artici#ants said that they had ne&er bought lottery tic3ets or a #remium bonds, H'Q had bought lottery tic3ets and .GQ had bought #remium bonds/ 6ind the #robability that a #erson chosen at random from those ta3ing #art in the sur&ey a) had bought lottery tic3ets or #remium bonds, b) had bought lottery tic3ets and #remium bonds, c) had bought lottery tic3et only, d) had bought either lottery tic3ets or #remium bonds but not both/ 7a9 =/8<, b) =/'H, c) =/'49 *y JJC

6our digit numbers are formed by using digits from K=, 1, $, ', ., <, 4, H, 8, GL/ 6ind the si:e of sam#el s#ace if (i) no re#etition is allo!ed/ (ii) re#etition is allo!ed, and the number can begin !ith :ero/ 71====9 14/ An e&ent(#eristi!a) is a subset of the sam#el s#ace/ -'-

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ProbabilityMathematics S & T

Question 21 A bo contain 1= identical red balls, H identical blac3 balls, and . identical green balls a) A ball is dra!n randomly from the bo , find the #robability that i) the ball is blac3 in colour, ii) the ball is neither red nor green, iii) the ball is not green/ b) Three balls is dra!n randomly from the bo , find the #robability that, i) all the three balls are different in colour, i i) the first ball is red, the second ball is blac3 and the third ball is green/ iii) all the three balls are the same colour/ i&) the third ball is green in colour c) 6ind the ans!ers for b(i) until b(i&) if the ball is re#laced bac3 to the bo before the ne t ball is dra!n/ 3utua%%/ 45c%usi2e 42ents $=/ T!o e&ents A and * are said to be mutually e clusi&e if A * + , that is P (A * ) + =/ Cence, for e clusi&e e&ents : P(A *) + P(A) , P(*)

$1/

,ombine e2ents 18/ 0f A and * are $ e&ents such that P(A) P(*) =, then P(A ) *) + P(A) , P(*) - P(A n *)

Mutually e clusi&e e&ents are e&ents that cannot occur at the same time/ % am#les Oet say A stands for e&ent that you are standing and * stands for e&ent that you are sitting/ *oth A and * can ha##en, but not at the same time/

= and

Question 2! Ri&en P(S) + T and P(U) + V / 0f S and U are mutually e clusi&e, find i) P(S ) U) ii) P(U n SP ) $$/ To sho! t!o e&ents A and * are mutually e clusi&e, !e need to sho! one of the follo!ing statements is true: a) P (A * ) + P(A) , P(*), or b) P(A *) + = or A * + /

AA
A A,1 1

1G/

0f A , * and 5 are ' e&ents such that P(A) =, P(*) =, and P(5) = then P(A * 5) + P(A) , P(*) , P(5) - P(A *) - P( A 5) - P(* 5) , P(A * 5)

Question 2" T!o dice, one red and one blue, are to be rolled once/ a) 6ind the #robabilities of the follo!ing e&ents: %&ent A: the number sho!ing on the red dice !ill be a < or a 4 %&ent *: the total of the numbers sho!ing on the t!o dice !ill be H, %&ent 5: the total of the numbers sho!ing on the t!o dice !ill be 8/ b) State, !ith reason, !hich t!o of the e&ents A, * and 5 are mutually e clusi&e/

Question 22 %&ents A and * are such that P(A) + P(A*) + i) ii) iii)
3 5 17 25

, P(*) +

1 5

, and

/ 6ind

P(A *) P(A *P) P( A or * but not both)

,onditiona% )robabi%it/ and inde)endent e2ents Question 2 A grou# of <= #eo#le !as as3ed !hich of three ne!s#a#ers, A, * or 5 they read/ The results sho!ed that $< read A, 14 read *, 1. read 5, < read both A and *, . read both * and 5, 4 read both 5 and A, and $ read all '/ 6ind the #robability that a #erson selected at random from these grou# reads i) at least 1 of the ne!s#a#ers, 7=/8.9 ii) only one of the ne!s#a#ers, 7=/4$9 iii) only A 7=/'$9 $'/ 6rom the tree diagram, P(A *) + P(A) P(* A) !here P(* A) is the conditional #robability and is read as P( *, gi&en A) or @#robability * ha##ens gi&en A has ha##enedA/ 6rom P(A *) + P(A) P(* A)

P(* A) +

P( A B) P ( A)

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ProbabilityMathematics S & T Similarly, P(A *) + P(A) P(*1A) or P(A *) + P(*) P(A1*) * P(A *) + P(A) P(* A) Question 2' The e&ents A and * are inde#endent and are such that P(A) + , P(*) + , =/$ and (A *) + =/1</ a) 6ind the &alue of / 6or this &alue of , find b) P(A ) *), c) P(AP 1 *P) 7=/'" =/4<" =/H9 $4/ To test !hether $ e&ents A and * are inde#endent !e need to &erify that one of the follo!ing statements is true: a) P(S U) + P(S) P(U) b) P(S) + P(S 1 U) or P(U) + P(U1S) 3utua%%/ e5c%usi2e e2ents P (A * ) + P(A) , P(*), P(A *) + = or A * + /

P(* A) P(A) P(AP) AP

A P(*P A) *P

* *P

P(A *) +

P( A B) P( B)

Question 2# A bag P contains < blac3 balls and ' !hite balls/ A bag ? contains . blac3 balls and H !hite balls/ A ball is remo&ed randomly from bag P and #laced into bag ?, and a ball is then remo&ed randomly from bag ?/ The e&ents M1, *1, M$, *$ are defined as M1 : The ball dra!n from bag P is !hite/ *1 : The ball dra!n from bag P is blac3/ M$ : The ball remo&ed from bag ? is !hite/ *$: The ball remo&ed from bag ? is blac3 6ind P(M1), P(*1), P(*$ *1), P(M$) and P(*1 M$)/ 7'W8" <W8" <W1$" <GWG4" '<W<G9 Inde)endent e2ents P(S U) + P(S) P(U) P(S) + P(S 1 U) or P(U) + P(U1S

1 $

Question 2( 0f A and * are $ e&ents such that P(A) + 8W1< , P(A and *) + 1W', P(A *) + .WH, calculate P(*), P(* A) and P(* A ) !here A is the e&ent X Eot A ha##ensX/ State, !ith reasons !hether e&ents A and * are inde#endent, mutually e clusi&e/ 7HW1$" <W8" 1<W$8" (i) inde#endent" (ii) Eot mutually e clusi&e9

Inde)endent 42ents $./ 0f either of the e&ents A and * can occur !ithout being affected by the other, then the t!o e&ents are inde#endents/ % am#les of inde#endent e&ents: 1) A coin is tossed t!ice/ 0f e&ents C1 and T$ are defined as: C1: getting a head in the first thro! T$: getting a tail in the second thro! $</ 0f A and * are inde#endent e&ents, then P(A, gi&en * has occured) is #recisely the same as P(A), since A is not affected by */ P(A 1 *) + P(A) 0t is also true that, P(* 1 A) + P(*) *ut from abo&e, P(A *) + P(A 1 *) P(*), if A and * are inde#endent e&ents, then P(A *) + P(A) P(*) 5onclusion, if A and * are inde#endent e&ents, then (A *) + P(A) P(*) if A and * are de#endent e&ents, then

Miscellaneous Problems Question 2*06enn 7iagram1 A committee has $$ members of !hich H ha&e dar3 hair, are non-smo3ers, and do not !ear glasses" < ha&e grey hair, are non-smo3ers, and do not !ear glasses" . ha&e grey hair, smo3e and !ear glasses" ' ha&e dar3 hair, smo3e and do not !ear glasses" $ ha&e grey hair, !ear glasses and do not smo3e" 1 has dar3 hair, smo3es and !ear glasses/ a) A member of the committee is chosen randomly/ Oet P be the e&ent that the chosen member has grey hair, 5 is the e&ent that this member !ear glasses, and 2 is the e&ent that this member smo3es/ 6ind i) P(P), ii) P(P02), 71W$9 iii) P(P05), 74WH9 i&) the #robability that this memberhas grey hair or !ear glasses (but not both), gi&en that it is 3no!n that his member smo3es/ 71W89

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ProbabilityMathematics S & T Are the e&ents P and 2 inde#endent of each otherB Are the e&ents P and 5 inde#endent of each otherB Ri&e your reasons for each ans!er/ T!o members of the committee are chosen randomly/ Oet P$ be the e&ent that both members ha&e grey hair and 2$ is the e&ent that both smo3es/ 6ind i) P(P$), 7<W$19 ii) P(P$ 1 2$)/ 7'W1.9 </ Question +08sing Tab%e1 During 1GG4, a &et sa! 1$< dogs each sus#ected of ha&ing a #articular disease/ Nf the 1$< dogs, 4= !ere female of !hom $< actually had the disease and '< did not/ Nnly $= of the males had the disease, the rest did not/ The case history of each dog !as documented on a se#arate record card/ a) A record card from 1GG4 is selected at random/ Oet A re#resent the e&ent that the dog referred to on the record card !as female and * re#resent the e&ent that the dog referred to !as suffering from the disease/ (i) P(A) 7=/.89 (ii) P(A *) 7=/4.9 (iii) PA *), 7=/$9 (i&) P(A 1 *) 7<WG9 b) 0f three different record cards are selected at random, !ithout re#lacement, find the #robability that i) all three record cards related to dogs !ith disease, 7=/=.<9 ii) e actly one of the three record cards related to a dog !ith the disease, 7=/..9 iii) one record card relates to a female dog !ith the disease, one to a male dog !ith the disease and one to a female dog not suffering from the disease/ 7=/=<<9 Question 19using nPr: A number com#rising three digits is formed from the set of integers K=, 1, $, ', ., <, 4, H, 8, GL The e&ents A, *, 5 are defined as follo!s: A : The number does not contain the digit 4/ * : The number com#rises three different digits/ 5 : The number starts !ith the digit '/ 6ind P (A), P (*), P (5), P (A *), P (A 5) and P(A ) 5)/ State, !ith reason, !hether e&ent A and e&ent * are inde#endent of each other/ 11/ '/ 0n ho! many !ays can 1< marbles can arrange in a straight line if 1= of them is red colour, $ are green, $ are yello! and 1 is blue colourB 7G==G=9 6ind the total number of arrangements for each of the follo!ing !ords:: a) MATC%MAT05S 7.G8G4==9 b) PA2AM%T%2 7.<'4=9 c) STAT0ST0J 71<1$=9 Sailors arrange colour flags in a line to re#resent instruction codes/ Co! many different instruction codes can be formed by using to $ identical blue flags and ' identical red flagsB 7''9 Co! many . digits numbers !hich are greater than $=== can be formed by using digits 1, $, ', < if re#etition is allo!ed/ 71G$9 6ind the number of !ays !here G students can sit in a circle/ 7.='$=9 6ind the number of different !ays !here ' red balls, . !hite balls and 1 blue can be arranged in a straight line if i) all the ' red balls must together, ii) all the ' red balls must se#erated/ 7(i)'=" (ii)$<=9 Co! many four and fi&e digits numbers can be formed by using the digits 1, $, ', ., < (re#etition is not allo!ed)B 7$.=9/ (i) Co! many of these numbers are (ii) greater than <===, 71..9 (iii) e&en numbersB 7G49 There are < seats including the dri&erPs seat in a Proton Saga car/ 6ind ho! many !ays < #ersons can be seated inside the car if only t!o of them can dri&eB 7.89 6ind the total number of fi&e digits e&en numbers that can be formed by using digits 1, $, ', ., < if re#etition is allo!ed/ 71$<=9 6ind the total number of !ays !here the !ord MALAYSIA can be arranged/ Co! many of these arrangements !here the three al#habets A must be togetherB 74H$=9 7H$=9 0n ho! many !ays the letters in the !ord MINERAL can be arranged such that the three &o!els must in e&en #lacing B 71..9 6ind the number of 4-digits numbers that can be formed by using the digits ., ', ', ', 8, 8/ Co! many of these numbers are e&en numbersB 74=" '=9 0n ho! many !ays can a soccer team !hich consists of 11 #layers can be selected from 14 #layersB 7.'489 %ight #layers in a game sha3e hand !ith each other before the game started/ Co! many times a #layer has to sha3e hands !ith other #layersB 7$89 *y JJC

b)

./

4/

H/ 8/

G/

1=/

1$/

1'/

45ercise 1 0 Permutations and ,ombinations 1 1/ 0n ho! many !ays the letters in the !ord KERUSI can be arrangedB Co! many of these arrangements end !ith the letter K B 7H$="1$=9 A grou# of 11 boys are required to line u# in a straight line such that the tallest boy must be at the end of the line/ 6ind the number of !ays they can do so/ 7'4$88==9 -4-

1./

1</

$/

14/

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ProbabilityMathematics S & T 1H/ The committee of the Teachers and Parents Association of a school consists of 4 member and is selected from H #arents, . teachers and the schoolPs #rinci#al/ 0n ho! many !ays this committee can be formed such that it consists of not more than ' #arentsB 7.4$9 A delegation consists of < member is selected from < males and . females/ Co! many different delegation can be formed if it must consists of at least 1 femaleB 71$<9 A bag contain $ !hite balls and ' red balls/ 0n ho! many !ays can ' balls be selected from the bag if, (i) it must has at least one !hite ball, 7G9 (ii) it must has at least one red ballB 71=9 $H/ $=/ A committee of Parents and Teachers Association !hich consists of 4 member is formed by selecting its member from H #arents, . teachers and a school #rinci#al/ 0n ho! many !ays can this committee be formed if it must consists of (i) the school #rinci#al, 7.4$9 (ii) e actly . #arents, 7'<=9 (iii) not more than . #arentsB781$9 6ind ho! many ' al#habets !ord-code can be formed from $4 al#habets if (i) no re#etition is allo!ed, (ii) re#etition is allo!ed, (iii) e&ery !ord-code must consists of 1 &o!el and re#etition is not allo!ed/ 7(i) 1<4==" (ii) 1H<H4" (iii)4'==9 0n ho! many !ays can ' different boo3s be di&ided among 1= students if, i) no limitation in the number of boo3s gi&en to the students, 71===9 ii) no student is allo!ed to get more than a boo3, 7H$=9 iii) no students can get more than $ boo3s/ 7GG=9 Co! many numbers can be formed by using . of the < digits 1, $, ', ., < i) if re#etition is not allo!ed, ii) if re#etition is allo!edB 0f re#etition is not allo!ed, ho! many of these . digits numbers iii) begin !ith $, i&) end !ith $<B 7(i)1$=" (ii) 4$<" (iii) $." (i&) 49 T!o #oints, A and * are mar3ed on a straight line/ Another line, !hich is #arallel to the first line is dra!n/ Eine different #oint are then mar3ed on the second line/ i) 5alculate the total number of triangles !hich can be dra!n by ;oining any three #oints as the &ertices of the triangle/ 7819 ii) Co! many of these triangles are ha&ing #oint A as its &erte B 7.<9 0n ho! many !ays can a committee of ' men and ' !omen be chosen from a grou# of H men and 4 !omenB The oldest of the H men is A and the oldest of the 4 !omen is */ 0t is decided that the committee can -Hinclude at most one of A and */ 0n ho! many !ays can the 1 committee no! be chosenB 7H==" <<=9 7E$==1WP1WH9 $4/ a) %ight #eo#le go to the theatre and sit in a #articular grou# of eight ad;acent reser&ed seats in the front ro!/ Three of the eight belong to one family and sit together/ i) 0f the other fi&e #eo#le do not mind !here they sit, find the number of #ossible seating arrangements for all eight #eo#le/ 7.'$=9 ii) 0f the other fi&e #eo#le do not mind !here they sit , e #ect that t!o of them refuse to sit together, find the number of #ossible seating arrangements for all eight #eo#le/ 7$88=9 6our men, t!o !omen and a child sit at a round table/ 6ind the number of arranging the se&en #eo#le if the child is seated a) bet!een the t!o !omen, b) the bet!een t!o men/ 7(a) .8, (b) $889 7H.WP1W19

18/

1G/

$1/

45ercise 2: Probabi%it/ 1/ A boy has three bags P, ?, R, each of !hich contains $= balls/ P contains < blac3 balls, ? contains 1= blac3 balls and R contains 1< blac3 balls/ The rest of the balls are !hite/ 0f he dra!s a blac3 ball from P his ne t dra!s from ?, other!ise he dra!s from R. 0f he dra!s a blac3 ball from ? his ne t dra!s from R, other!ise he dra!s from P/ 0f he dra!s a blac3 ball from R his ne t dra!s from P, other!ise he dra!s from ?/ Mhene&er a ball is dra!n it is al!ays re#laced before another ball is dra!n/ 0f he al!ays starts !ith bag P, find a) the #robability that the first four balls he dra!s are blac3, 7'W1$89 b) the #robability that, after fi&e dra!s, he has not dra!n from bag 2/ 71W4.9 7YH'WP$W19 0 ha&e a choice of t!o routes to get to !or3/ The #robability that 0 choose the first route on any day is =/4, and the #robabilities of my being delayed on the ;ourney are =/1 for the first route and =/$ for the second/ 5alculate the #robability that 0 get to !or3 !ithout being delayed, and hence sho! that the #robability of my being delayed #recisely once in three days is ;ust o&er =/'1/ 7=/84" =/'1=49 7EH'WP$W$9 Three men A, *, clan 5 agree to meet at a cinema/ A cannot remember if it is the 5athay or Ndeon cinema, and tosses a fair coin to decide/ * also tosses a coin to decide !hether to go the Ndeon or 2e / 5 tosses a coin to decide if he should go to 5athay or not, and in the latter case, he !ould toss a coin again to choose bet!een Ndeon and 2e / 6ind the #robability that i) A and * !ill meet, 71W.9 ii) * and 5 !ill meet, 71W.9 iii) A, * and 5 !ill all meet, 71W149 *y JJC

$$/

$'/

$/

$./

'/

$</

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ProbabilityMathematics S & T i&) &) ./ A, * and 5 !ill go to different cinemas/ at least t!o of the men meet/ 7(i&) V" (&) Z9 i) ii) iii) 7(i) 1=/ P(21 2$), P(21 ) 2$) and P(21 *$ R3)" P(all the three balls are different colour)" P(the 1st and $nd ball is not red)

0f A and * are e&ents and P(*) + 1W4, P(A and *) + 1W1$, P(* 0 A) + 1W', calculate P(A), P(A 0 *) and P(A 1 *P ) !here *P is the e&ent * does not occur/ State, !ith reasons, if A and * are i) inde#endent of each other, ii) mutually e clusi&e/ 7CS5XH'9 71W." T" 1W< " not inde#endent " not mutually e clusi&e9 </ %ight trees are #lanted randomly in a circle/ 0f t!o of the trees are attac3ed by &irus and died, find the #robability that these t!o tree are ;ust ne t to each other/ 0f . of the trees are attac3ed by &irus and died, find the #robability that i) at least t!o of these trees are ne t to each other, ii) all the . trees are ne t to each other/ 7$WH" '.W'<" .W'<9 A bag contains . red and 4 blac3 balls/ Nne ball is dra!n at random" if it is blac3 it is re#laced in the bag, but if it is red it is not re#laced/ A second ball is then dra!n/ S denotes the e&ent XThe first ball is redX and U denotes the e&ent XThe second ball is redX/ 6ind the #robabilities a) P(S), 7$W<9 b) P(U gi&en S), 71W'9 c) P(U), 7$8WH<9 d) P(either S or U but not both)/ 7'8WH<9 7YH<WP1W$9 H/ 0f A and * are e&ents and P (A) + +

25 75 20 $ 9 " " (ii) (iii) 9 406 29 8H 29 812

4/

A regular octahedron, !hich has its eight triangular faces numbered from 1 to 8, is to be used as a dice/ The score for a thro! is the number on the face that comes u##ermost !hen the dice is thro!n on a hori:ontal table/ 0f t!o such dice are thro!n, find the #robability that a) the total score on the t!o dice is at least 1., 'W'$9 b) the difference bet!een the scores is $/ T!o Players, A and *, ta3e turn to thro! dice !ith A starting first/ The first #layer to obtain a difference of $ bet!een the scores on the dice !ins the game/ 6ind the #robability that c) A !in at his first thro!, d) * !ins at his first thro!, e) A !in at his third thro!/ 7(a) 'W'$" b9'W14" c) 'W14" d)'GW$<4" e) (' 1'.)W14<9 7EH<WP1W19 Three dice, one red, one green and one blue are rolled simultaneously/ The e&ents R$, 2', S and T are defined as follo!s: R$ : the green dice sho!s the number $/ 2' : the red dice sho!s the number '/ S : the sum of the numbers on the red dice and the green dice is ./ T : the total of the numbers on the three dices is </ 6ind P(2' R$), P(S 1 2'), P(2' 1 S), P(2' R$), P(T) and P(S 1 T)/ 7

11/

8 , P(A and *) 1<

1 . , P(A 1 *) + , ' H
1$/

1 1 1 11 1 1 , ; ; ; ; 9 36 6 3 36 36 2

7CS5 XH49

calculate P(*), P(* 0 A) and P(* 0 AP ), !here AP is the e&ent A does not occur/ State !ith reasons, if A and * are i) inde#endent, ii) mutually e clusi&e/ 7HW1$" <W8" 1<W$8" (0) not inde#endent" (ii) not mutually e clusi&e9 8/ A buc3et A contains < blac3 balls and ' !hite balls/ A buc3et * contains . blac3 balls and H !hite balls/ A ball is remo&ed randomly from buc3et A and #laced into buc3et *, and a ball is remo&ed randomly from buc3et */ The e&ents P1, C1, P$, C$ are defined as P1 : The ball #laced into buc3et * is !hite/ C1 : The ball #laced into buc3et * is blac3/ P$ : The ball remo&ed from buc3et * is !hite/ C$: The ball remo&ed from buc3et * is blac3/ 6ind P(P1), P(C1), P(C$ 1 C1), P(P$) and P(C1 1 P$)/ 7'W8" <W8" <W1$" <GWG4" '<W<G9 7CS5 XH<9 A bag contains < red ball, 1= blue balls and 1< green balls/ Three balls is selected randomly from the bag, one by one !ithout re#lacing/ %&ents 21, 2$, *$, R' are defined as belo!: 21 : the first ball dra!n is red" 2$ : the second ball dra!n is red" *$ : the second ball dra!n is blue" R' : the third ball dra!n is red/ 6ind -8-

G/

0n *altra&ia, there are three shi##ing com#anies A, * and 5/ These com#anies o!n shi#s of three ty#es" oil tan3ers, cargo shi#s, and #assenger liners/ The ty#es of shi# are described belo!/ Nil Passenger 5om#any 5argo shi# Tan3er shi# A 8= $= $= * .= .= $= 5 1= '= .= a) 6ind the #robability that a *altra&ia shi# chosen randomly is o!ned by 5om#any A/ 7=/.9 b) 6ind the #robability that a *altra&ia oil tan3er chosen randomly is o!ned by 5om#any A/ 7=/41<9 c) A shi# is #ic3ed randomly from each com#any/ 6ind the #robability that the three shi#s chosen are i) all oil tan3ers, 7=/=''9 ii) all of the same ty#e, 7=/=H<9 iii) all oil tan3ers, if it is 3no!n that they are of the same ty#e/ 7=/...9 T!o bags each contain ten discs !hich are indistinguishable a#art from their colour/ The first bag contains . red and 4 blac3 discs and the second, H red and ' blac3 discs/ A disc is chosen at random from the first bag and #laced in the second, Then, after thoroughly mi ing, a disc is *y JJC

1'/

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ProbabilityMathematics S & T ta3en from the second bag and #laced in the first/ 6ind the #robability that the first bag still contains e actly . red discs/ 7$8W<<9 7EH4WP1W19 1./ A man thro!s three dice and obser&es the number on the to# face of each/ 6ind the #robabilities that a) all the three numbers are different, b) all the three numbers are the same, c) only t!o of the three numbers are the same, d) the sum of the three numbers is greater than 1</ 7EHHWP l W$9 7a9 <WG" (b) 1W'4, c) <W1$, d) <W1=89 0f A and * are e&ents and ' $ H P(*) + , P(* 1 A) + P(not A or *) + / < ' $< 5alculate, P(A), P(A 1 *), P(A 1 B ), and State if A and * are: i) 0nde#endent, ii) Mutually e clusi&e/ 7 Are the e&ents P and 2 inde#endent of each otherB Are the e&ents P and 5 inde#endent of each otherB Ri&e your reasons for each ans!er/ T!o members of the committee are chosen randomly/ Oet P$ be the e&ent that both members ha&e grey hair and 2$ is the e&ent that both smo3es/ 6ind &) P(P$), 7<W$19 &i) P(P$ 1 2$)/ 7'W1.9 18/ A and B are e&ents, and AX denotes the com#lementary e&ent to A (i/e/ AX is the e&ent that occurs !hene&er A does not occur)/ The follo!ing #robabilities are gi&en: P(A) + =/., P(B | A) + =/H, P(AX B) = =/'/ 6ind the #robabilities i) P(A *), 7=/$89 ii) P(*), 7=/<89 iii) P(A *), 7=/H9 i&) P(A 1 *)/ 7=/.89 State, !ith a reason, !hether or not A and B are inde#endent e&ents/ 7YHGWP 1W$9 7de#endent e&ents9 6our-figure numbers are to be formed from the digits ., <, 4, H, 8, G/ 6or each of the three cases belo!, find ho! many different four-figure numbers can be formed/ a) Any digit may a##ear u# to four times in the number/ 71$G49 b) Eo digit may a##ear more than once in the number/ 7'4=9 c) There is at least one re#eated digit, but no digit a##ears more than t!ice in the number/ 781=9 d) 6ind the #robability that a four-figure number chosen at random from the set of numbers in case (a) abo&e contains at least one 4/ 74H1W1$G49 (EHGWP l W') The e&ents A and * are such that P (A) + 1W$ P(*) + 1W. P(A or * but not both A and *) + 1W' / 5alculate P(A *), P(AX *), P(A 0 *) and P(* 0 AX ), !here AX is the e&ent A does not occurX/ State, gi&ing your reasons, if A and * are i) inde#endent, ii) mutually e clusi&e/ 7<W$." 1W$." <W4" 1W1$ (i )not inde#endent (ii) not mutually e clusi&e9 There are three families, A, * and 5" family A consists of 1 boy and ' girls, family * has ' boys and ' girls, family 5 has H boys and < girls/ A child is selected by selecting one family randomly, and then selecting a child randomly from the family/ a) 6ind the #robability that a girl is selected/ 7<WG9 b) Ri&en that a girl is selected, sho! that the #robability that she comes from family 5 is 1W. / (CS5XHG) A bo contains 1= ob;ects consisting of a red ball, $ !hite balls, ' red cubes and . !hite cubes/ Three ob;ects are dra!n randomly from the bo , one by one !ithout re#lacement/ The e&ents *$ and 21, are defined as follo!s: *$ : % actly t!o of the ob;ects dra!n are balls"

1</

9 2 3 ; ; " (i) not inde#endent (ii) not 25 5 10

mutually e clusi&e9 71GHH9

1G/

14/

0n 5amelot, the rain does not fall on 6ridays, Saturdays, Sundays, and Mondays/ The #robability that rain falls on a Tuesday is 1W</ 6or the other days of the !ee3, Mednesdays and Thursdays, the conditional #robability that there !ill be rain gi&en that it has rained the #re&ious night is , and the conditional #robability that rain !ill fall gi&en that it did not rain the #re&ious night is / i) Sho! that the #robability (unconditional) that it !ill rain one Mednesday is (,.)W< and find the #robability that it !ill rain one Thursday/ ii) 0f S is the e&ent that, in a randomly selected !ee3, rain falls on Thursday, U is the e&ent that rain falls on Tuesday, and Y is the e&ent that rain does not fall on Tuesday, sho! that P(S 0 U) - P(S 0 Y ) + ( - )$ iii) % #lain the im#lications of the case +/ 7(i)

$=/

1 5

( + 4 )( ) , 9

1H/

A committee has $$ members of !hich H ha&e dar3 hair, are non-smo3ers, and do not !ear glasses" < ha&e grey hair, are non-smo3ers, and do not !ear glasses" . ha&e grey hair, smo3e and !ear glasses" ' ha&e dar3 hair, smo3e and do not !ear glasses" $ ha&e grey hair, !ear glasses and do not smo3e" 1 has dar3 hair, smo3es and !ear glasses/ A member of the committee is chosen randomly/ Oet P be the e&ent that the chosen member has grey hair, 5 is the e&ent that this member !ear glasses, and 2 is the e&ent that this member smo3es/ 6ind i) P(P), ii) P(P02), 71W$9 iii) P(P05), 74WH9 i&) the #robability that this member has grey hair or !ear glasses (but not both), gi&en that it is 3no!n that his member smo3es/ 71W89

$1/

$$/

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-G-

*y JJC

ProbabilityMathematics S & T 21 : % actly one of the ob;ects dra!n is red in colour/ Sho! that P(*$) + HW.= and calculate P(21 ), P(*$ 21), P(*$ ) 21), and P(*$ 1 21)/ 7 $'/ State !ith reasons, !hether e&ents A and * are (i) inde#endent, (i) mutually e clusi&e 7=/', =/G, =/H, =/4" (i) inde#endent (ii) not mutually e clusi&e 9 $H/ 0n *robdignag, the !eather each day is either fine or rainy/ 0f the !eather is fine, then the #robability that the follo!ing day !ill also ha&e fine !eather is =/H/ 0f the !eather is rainy, then the #robability that the follo!ing day !ill also be rainy is =/8/ i) Su##ose that it is 3no!n that the !eather on 1 August !ill be fine/ Sho! that the #robability that the !eather on ' August !ill be fine is =/<<, and find the #robability that the !eather on < August !ill be fine/, ii) Ri&en that there is a #robability of =/. that the !eather on 1 Se#tember is fine, find the #robability that there !ill be fine !eather on $ Se#tember, and find also the #robability that there !ill be fine !eather on ' Se#tember/ 7(i) =/.'H< (ii) =/.9 71G8'A/1$9 At an underground station, trains can arri&e from t!o directions, either from the !est or the east/ Assume that, at any instant, the ne t train !ill arri&e from either one of these directions, and all arri&als are inde#endent of one another/ The e&ents A, * and 5 are defined as follo!s: A : The ne t three trains all arri&e from the east/ * : The ne t fi&e trains consist of e actly three from the east and t!o from the !est/ 5 : The ne t fi&e trains arri&e alternately from the t!o directions/ 6ind P(A), P(*), P(5), P(A *), P(A 5), and P(* 1 5)/ State, gi&ing your reasons in each case, !hether the e&ents a) A and * are mutually e clusi&e/ b) the e&ents * and 5 are inde#endent of one another/ 7 $G/

1 11 H 11 9 " " " $ 1$= 1$ 4=

At the ninth hole on a golf course, there is a #ond/ A golfer hits a grade * ball into the #ond/ 0ncluding this ball, there are 4 grade 5 balls, 1= grade * balls, and . grade A balls in the #ond/ The golfer uses a net to XcatchX four balls/ The e&ents S, U, and [ are defined as follo!s: S : the catch consists of t!o grade A balls and t!o grade 5 balls/ U : the catch consists of t!o grade * balls and t!o other balls/ [ : the catch includes the golferXs ball/ *y assuming that the catch is a random selection of balls from the #ond, find (i) P(S)" (iii) P([)" (ii) P(U)" (i&) P([ 1 U) 6or each of the #airs S and U, U and [, state !ith brief reasons, if the e&ents are mutually e clusi&e, inde#endent/ 7(i)

$8/

1'< 4 (ii) (iii) 1W<" (i&) 1W< '$' '$'

(a) mutually e clusi&e/" not inde#endent" (b) not mutually e clusi&e/" inde#endent9 71GHG9 $./ A com#etition bet!een t!o boats, A and *, consists of a series of inde#endent races and the com#etition !ill be !on by the first boat that !ins three races/ %ach race !ill be !on by either A or *, and their #robabilities of !inning are influenced by the !eather/ 0n bad !eather, the #robability that A !ins is =/G, !hile in fine !eather, the #robability that A !ins is =/./ 6or each race, the !eather is either fine or bad, and the #robability of bad !eather is =/$/ Sho! that the #robability of A !inning the first race is =/</ Ri&en that the first race is !on by A, find the conditional #robability that a) the !eather during the first race is bad" b) A !ill !in the com#etition/ 7(i) =/'4, (ii) =/48H<9 (CS5 X8=) (a) (i)6ind the total number of different selections of . a##les from 1$ a##les/ (ii) 0f ' of these 1$ a##les are bruised, and a random selection of . a##les is made, find the #robability that the selection !ill contain #recisely one bruised a##le/ 7(i) .G<" (ii) $8W<<9 (b) S and U are inde#endent e&ents such that P(S) + =/H and P(U) + =/./ 5alculate i) P(S ) U), 7=/8$9 ii) P7(S n U) | (S )U)9/ 7=/'.1<9 7(EHGWP$W1) 0f A and * are t!o e&ents and P(A) +

1 < 1 ' ' 1 " " " " " 9 8 14 14 '$ 14 $

$</

At a dinner, 1< bottled drin3s !ere o#ened/ There !ere H bottles of orange ;uice, ' of !hich are bro!n bottles, and the remaining !ere green bottles/ There !ere 8 bottles of lemonade, $ of !hich are bro!n !hile the rest !ere green/ These bottles !ere o#ened, one by one, in random order/ The e&ents A, * and 5 are defined as follo!s: A : The first $ bottles o#ened are bro!n/ * : The first $ bottles o#ened contain lemonade/ 5 : The last $ bottles o#ened are green and contain orange ;uice/ 6ind the &alues of P(A), P(5), P(* 1 A), P(5 1 A) and P(A *X ), !here *X is the e&ent @not *A / 7 '=/

$ $ 1 1 ' " " " " 9 $1 '< 1= 1' '<

71G8<A$/1$9

$4/

1 , P(A $

*)+

$ ' and P(A *) + !here * is the ' H

e&ent X not * ha##eningX/ 6ind P(A *), P(A ) *), P(*) and P(* A)/ IAll rights reser&ed - 1= -

A tetrahedron dice, !hich has its four faces numbered as 1, $, ' and ., is tossed ' times/ The score, S, for each thro!n is the sum of the numbers !hich are sho!n on the ' u##ermost faces of the dice !hen it is thro!n on a hori:ontal table/ %&ents A, B and 5 are defined as belo!:

*y JJC

ProbabilityMathematics S & T A * : The &alue of S on the first thro!n is H/ : The sum of scores for $ thro!n is less than 1</ 5 :Product of scores for the first three thro!n is a multi#le of '/ Determine P(A), P(*), P(* A), P(5 A), P(A ) 5) and P(5 AP ), !here AX is the e&ent \Eot A ha##ens\/ 7 '1/ A : The chosen digit is odd/ * : The chosen digit is bigger than ./ 6ind P(A), P(*) and P(A *)/ State, !ith reasons, if the e&ents A and * are de#endent e&ents/ b) A bo contains 1< !hite balls and 1= yello! balls/ *y assuming that selection is made randomly, one by one, !ithout re#lacement, find i) the #robability that the first ball chosen is !hite/ 7'W<9 ii) the #robability that the second ball #ic3ed is yello! gi&en that the first ball is !hite/ 7<W1$9 iii) the #robability that the first t!o balls #ic3ed are both !hite/ 7HW$=9 i&) the #robability that the third ball #ic3ed is !hite/ 7'W<9 7(a) T " T 'W1=" inde#endent9 71G8GA$/1$9 '</ A sur&ey on the interest in reading entertainment maga:ines and no&els among the student in a secondary school !as conducted/ The results of the sur&ey sho! that $GQ of the students li3e reading entertainment maga:ines, including 1HQ !ho do not en;oy reading no&els/ The results also sho!ed that 'Q of the students do not li3e reading either entertainment maga:ines or no&els/ A student is #ic3ed randomly from the students in the school/ The e&ents A, * and 5 are defined as follo!s: A : The selected student li3es to read entertainment maga:ines/ * : The selected student li3es to read no&els/ 5 : The selected student li3es to read entertainment maga:ines or no&els but not both/ 6ind P(A), P(*), P(5), P(* 1 AX), P(* n 5)/ State, gi&ing a reason, if the e&ents * and 5 are de#endent e&ents/ 7=/$G" =/8=, =/8<" =/G<HH" =/48" * & 5 are inde#endent 9 71GG=A$/1$9 %&eryday, a fisherman has the choice of fishing at sea, in a ri&er, or a la3e/ The #robability that he fishes at sea, in the ri&er, and at a la3e are 1W$ , 1W. , and 1W. res#ecti&ely/ 0f he goes out to sea, his chances of catching some fish is 8=Q, !hile his chances at the ri&er and the la3e are .=Q and 4=Q res#ecti&ely/ i) 6ind the #robability that the fisherman catches fish on a randomly-selected day/ ii) 0f one day, the fisherman does not catch any fish, determine the #lace he most #robably !ent to fish/ Another fisherman !ho also goes fishing e&eryday #ic3s one of the three #laces !ith a #robability of 1W' / 6ind the #robability that the t!o fisherman meet on a day #ic3ed randomly/ 7(i) 1'W$=" (ii) ri&er" 1W'9 71GG1A$/1$9 (a) The e&ents A and * occur !ith the #robabilities P(A) + $W< and P(*) +1W$ res#ecti&ely/ Determine !hether the e&ents A and * are mutually e clusi&e or not, and determine also if A and * are inde#endent e&ents, if i) P(A *) + GW1=, ii) P(A *) + HW1=/ (b) A qui: contestant needs to ans!er three @true or falseA questions consecuti&ely/ 0f the contestant guess the ans!er randomly, find *y JJC

1 4

3 8

1 2

3 4

15 16

11 12

There are $. stam#s inside an en&elo#/ The details of the stam#s are sho!n belo!:

2ed *lue Uello! Rreen )sed Stam#s ' $ < = )nused $ 4 $ . Stam#s Three stam#s from the en&elo# !ere dro# and lost/ %&ents A, * and 5 are defined as: A :Eo green stam#s !as lost/ *: Stam#s that lost, consists of e actly one red and unused stam#s/ 5 :At least one used stam#s !as lost/ 6ind P(A), P(*), P(A *) and sho! that P(A ) *) + 14$W$<' i) 6ind P(5) and sho! that P(5 A) + 1HW1G/ ii) State, by #ro&iding reasons, !hether e&ents A and 5 are inde#endent or not/ 7(i)$8<W<=4 (ii)$1WG$" (ii) 1<'W1=1$" 14$W$<' .1<W<=4 A & 5 not inde#endent9 71G84A$/1$9 '$/ A man has the follo!ing #airs of soc3s in his dra!er/ chocola Rrey !ith Pattern te Ee! ' . < Nld < 4 H Ce ta3es ' #airs of soc3s randomly from the dra!er/ 6ind, correct to ' decimal #laces, the #robability of the follo!ing e&ents A : Ce ta3es $ #airs of ne! soc3s and 1 old #air/ * :Ce ta3es at least 1 grey #air/ 5 : Ce ta3es e actly $ ne! #airs of bro!n soc3s/ D : Ce ta3es e actly $ ne! #airs of bro!n soc3s or e actly 1 old #air of #atterned soc3s (or both)/ 6ind also P(5 1 D)/ 7=/$G'" =/4$1" =/='8" =/.4." =/=8$9 71G8HA$/1$9 A '-digits number is formed from the integer set K=, 1, $, ', ., <, 4, H, 8, GL/ %&ents A, * and 5 are defined as: A: the numbers do not has the digit 4/ *: the numbers contain ' different digits/ 5: The number begin !ith digit '/ 6ind the &alues of P(A), P(*), P(5), P(A n *), P(A 5) and P(A ) 5)/ State, !ith a reason, !hether or not e&ents A and * are de#endent on each other/ 7=/H$G" =/H$" =/1" =/<=." =/=81" =/H.8" A & * are de#endent9 71G88A$/1$9 (a) A digit is chosen randomly from a set of integers K=, 1, $, ', ., <, 4, H, 8, G)/ The e&ents A and * are described as follo!s: - 11 -

'4/

''/

'H/

'./

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ProbabilityMathematics S & T iii) the #robability that e actly t!o ans!ers are correct, i&) the #robability that at least t!o are correct/ 7a9(i) mutually e clusi&e" de#endent" (ii) not mutually e clusi&e, inde#endent" (b)(i) 'W8" (ii) T 9 71GG$A$/1$9 '8/ %&ents A and * occur !ith the #robabilities P(A) + $W< and P(*) + V res#ecti&ely/ 5alculate P(A *) if i) the e&ents A and * are mutually e clusi&e, ii) e&ents A and * are inde#endent/ 7(a) 1'W$=" bHW$= 9 71GG'S$/$9 T!el&e out of t!enty agricuture #roducts in an e #o are from MA2D0/ 0f t!o of these #roduct are selected randomly from this agriculture % #o, find the #robability that i) both of these t!o #roduct are from MA2D0, 7''WG<9 ii) only one #roduct is from MA2D0/ 7.8WG<9 71GG'T$/$9 .</ .'/ i) ii) the #robability that a ne! !or3ers of the com#any can com#lete his tas3s satisfactorily/ 7Y: =/H.9 the #robability that a ne! !or3er of the com#any has not undergone training gi&en that he is able to com#lete his tas3s satisfactorily/ 7=/=819 71GG.S/$9

%&ents A and * are such that P(A) + $W<, P(*1A) + .W<, and P(A 1 *) + 'W</ 6ind P(A *)/ 7 .4WH<9 71GG.T$/$9 6rom the '== 6orm si students in a school, 1== read ne!s#a#er A and 8= read ne!s#a#er */ '= read both ne!s#a#er A and */ i) 5alculate the #robability that a form 4 student selected randomly from the school read either ne!s#a#er A or */ ii) 6ind the #robability that a 6orm 4 student in the school, !ho is selected randomly from the grou# of students !ho read ne!s#a#er *, also read ne!s#a#er A/ 7(i) =/< (ii) 'W89 71GG<S$/$9 A and * are $ e&ents !ith/ P(A) + Z and P(*) + $W' and P(A *) + T / 5alculate the #robability that a) P(AP *P) 71W$9 b) P(AP *P)/ 71W1$9 71GG<T$/$9 %&ents A, *, 5 and D are mutually e clusi&e !ith P(A) + P(*) + P(5) +P(D) + 1W4/ 0f % + A * 5 and e&ent 6 + 5 D, find P(% 6) and P(% 6)/ 71W4" $W'9 71GG4S$/$9 %&ents A and * are such that P(A) + T, P(A| *) + 'W1=, and P(A *) + HW1=/ 6ind P(*), P(A *), and P(AP *)/ 7 $WH" 'W'<" 1W<9 71GG4T$/$9 A family of ' members A,* and 5 stay in a house !hich has a tele#hone line/ Mhene&er the tele#hone ring, the #robability that the call is for A, * and 5 are =/1, =/' and =/4 res#ecti&ely/ The #robability that A, * and 5 is at home !hen the #hone ring =/H, =/< and =/G res#ecti&ely/ Assume that all the #robabilities mentioned abo&e are inde#endent, find the #robabilities that !hen the #hone ring, a) no one is at home, b) the #erson !anted by the call is at home, c) the call is for A and only A is not at home/ 7(a) =/=1<" (b) =/H4 (c) =/=1'<9 71GG4T$/11(i)9 There are fi&e bottles filled !ith grains/ Among the fi&e bottles, three are filled !ith grade A grains and the remainder filled !ith grade * grains/ 0f three bottles are selected randomly, find the #robability that i) both grade of grains are selected, ii) at least $ bottles filled !ith grade A grains are selected/ 7(i) GW1= (ii) HW1=9 71GGHT$/$9 (a) T!o digits and y are randomly selected from the set S + K=, 1, $, ', ., <, 4, H, 8, GL/ The e&ents A and * are defined as: *y JJC

../

'G/

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6rom the #ast e #erience, a com#uter center in a uni&ersity estimated 1=Q of the com#uter system brea3do!n in the center is due to the #roblems in the hard!ares only, <Q due to the #roblems in both the soft!are and hard!ares simultaneously, and .=Q in&ol&ing #roblems in soft!are/ Nn one day, this com#uter center e #erience a com#uter system brea3do!n/ i) 6ind the #robability that the brea3do!n is due to #roblems in the hard!are/ ii) 6ind the #robability that the brea3do!n !as due to either hard!ares or soft!are #roblems/ iii) 6ind the #robability that it is not due to both hard!are and soft!are simultaneously/ i&) Determine !hether the follo!ing statement is true or false: @The brea3do!n in soft!are does not influence by the brea3do!n in hard!are, and the brea3do!n in hard!are is not influence by the brea3do!n in soft!are/A 7(i) =/1< (ii) =/<=" (iii) =/G< (i&) 6alse 71GG'T$/1=9 .1/ A set is gi&en by S + K=, 1, $, ', . <, 4, H, 8, GL/ A three digit number is formed from the digits in S/ The e&ents A and * are defined as follo!s: A : %&ent !here the number formed does not contain the digit =/ * : %&ent !here the number formed begin !ith =/ 6ind P(A), P(*), P(A *), P(A *P ), P(AP *) and P(AP *P (ii) T!o digits and y are ta3en from S/ The e&ents 5 and D are defined as follo!s: 5 :%&ent !here y + $ / D : %&ent !here both and y are less than $/ 6ind P(5), P(D), P(5 D), P(5 D), and P(5 1 D)/ 7:i) =/H$G, =/1, =, =/H$G, =/1, 1H1W1=== (ii) =/=<, =/=., =/=1, =/=8, =/$<9 71GG.S$/1=9 6rom the #ast e #erience, the #robability that a ne! !or3er 0n a com#any can com#lete , his tas3s satisfactorily is =/8 if he has undergone the com#anyXs in-house training, and =/. if he has not undergone the training/ 0f 8<Q of the !or3ers undergo the training, find

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.$/

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ProbabilityMathematics S & T A : the digits and y satisfy the relation $ * : both and y are greater than 4/ 6ind P(A), P(*), P7(A *)P 9 and P(A *)/ +y, <./ A Personal 0dentification Eumber (P0E) consists of . digits in order, each of !hich is one of the digits =, 0, $, ///, G/ Susie has difficulty remembering her P0E/ She tries to remember her P0E and !rites do!n !hat she thin3s it is/ The #robability that the first digit is correct is =/8 and the #robability that the second digit is correct is =/84/ The #robability that the first t!o digits are both correct is =/H$/ 6ind a) the #robability that the second digit is correct gi&en that the first digit is correct, 7=/G9 b) the #robability that the first digit is incorrect and the second digit is incorrect, 7=/=49 c) the #robability that the first digit is incorrect and the second digit is correct, 7=/1.9 d) the #robability that the second digit is incorrect gi&en that the first digit is incorrect/ 7=/'9 e) The #robability that all four digits are correct is =/H/ Nn 1$ se#arate occasions Susie !rites do!n inde#endently !hat she thin3s is her P0E/ 6ind the #robability that the number of occasions on !hich all four digits are correct is less than 1=/ 7=/H.H9(EG8WP$W4) (a) %&ents A and * are such that P(A) + =/', P(*P 1 A) + =/8, and P(*1 AP) + =/., find P(A n *) and P(A ) *)/ 7=/=4,=/<89 (b) %&ents 5 and D are $ inde#endent e&ents/ Sho! that, 5 and DP are inde#endent e&ents/ Sho! also e&ents 5P and DP are also inde#endent e&ents/ 71GG8T$/1=9 A comm#uter #rogram has errors and cause the #rogram fail to run smoothly/ To debug the errors, n #rogrammers are assigned and !or3 indi&idually to detect the errors/ The #robability that each #rogrammer can detect the errors is =/8H</ 6ind the &alue for n such that the #robability that at least one #rogrammer manage to detect the errors is =/GG8/ 71GGGT$/$9 7'9 %&ents A and * are such that P(A) + $W<, P(*) + V, and P(A n *P) ) P(AP n *) + 1W4/ 6ind P(A n *), and determine !hether A and * are inde#endent/ 7$GW1$=" de#endent971GGGS$/$9 A factory !hich #roduce electronic equi#ment, obtain its .=Q su##ly of electronic com#onents from su##lier A, $<Q of its electronic com#onents from su##lier *, and the balance '<Q from the su##lier 5/ The #ercentage of defected electronic com#onents su##lied by the su##liers A, * and 5 are <Q, $Q and 1Q res#ecti&ely/ a) 6ind the #robability that an electronic com#onent selected randomly from all the com#onents su##lied by the su##liers are defect/ 7=/=$8<9 b) 6ind the #robability that, t!o electronic com#onents !hich are selected randomly from all the com#onents su##lied by the su##liers i) at least one com#onent is found to be defected" ii) both the com#onents are defect and are su##lied by su##lier A// 7a9=/=<41G" (b)=/.G$<9 71GGGS$/1=9

(b) A bo is filled !ith < balls and the balls are labeled !ith numbers 1, $, ', ., and </ A #layer, dra!s a ball randomly from the bo / 0f the number on the ball is $, ' or ., the score of the #layer is the number on the ball itself/ Nn the other hand, if the number on the ball is 1 or <, the #layer is required to dra! randomly, a second ball from the bo !ithout re#lacing the first ball into the bo , and his score !ill be the sum of the numbers on the $ balls/ %&ents 5 and D are defined as belo!: 5 : the score of the #layer are ., <, 4, or H D : a #layer has dra!n t!o balls from the bo / 6ind P(5), P(D), P(5 D) and P(5 D) 7(a) $W$<" GW1==" GGW1==" 1WG (b) GW$="$W<" V" 'W<9 71GGHT$/1=9 <1/ A certain disease is #resent in 1 in 200 of the #o#ulation/ 0n a mass screening #rogramme a quic3 test for the disease is used, but the test is not totally reliable/ 6or someone !ho does ha&e the disease there is a #robability of 0.9 that the test !ill #ro&e #ositi&e, !hereas for someone !ho does not ha&e the disease there is a #robability of 0.02 that the test !ill #ro&e #ositi&e/ a) Nne #erson is selected at random and tested/ i) 6ind the #robability that the #erson has the disease and the test is #ositi&e/ 7GW$===9 ii) 6ind the #robability that the test is negati&e/ 7$.'GW$<==9 i&) Ri&en that the test is #ositi&e, find the #robability that the #erson has the disease/ 7.<W$..9 b) Peo#le for !hom the test #ro&es #ositi&e are recalled and re-tested/ 6ind the #robability that a #erson has the disease if the second test also #ro&es #ositi&e/ 7=/G1=<9 7EGHWP$W'9(EGHWP.W' <$/ A housing de&elo#er has order sand, cement and bric3s from three different su##liers/ The #robabilities that the sand, cement and bric3s !hich he has ordered arri&e at the #ro;ectPs site before or at the date agreed on are =/., =/H, and =/8/ 6ind the #robability that i) all the things ordered arri&e in time at the site,/ ii) at least one thing arri&e late to the site/ 7(i) =/$$. (ii) =/HH49 71GG8S$/$9 A husband and !ife sit for dri&ing test/ 0f the #robability that, one of them, husband or !ife, #asses the dri&ing test for each time they sit for it is =/8, i) 6ind the #robability that the husband or the !ife #asses the test after sitting for the test e actly t!o times" ii) 6ind the #robability that both husband and !ife #ass the test after sitting for the test more than t!o times/ 7(i) =/$G.. (ii) =/=H8.9 71GG8T$/$9

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ProbabilityMathematics S & T <G/ 0n a #robability e #eriment, three containers ha&e the follo!ing contents/ A ;ar contains $ !hite dice and ' blac3 dice/ A !hite bo contains < red balls and ' green balls/ A blac3 bo contains . red balls and ' green balls/ Nne dice is ta3en at random from the ;ar/ 0f the dice is !hite, t!o balls are ta3en from the !hite bo , at random and !ithout re#lacement/ 0f the dice is blac3, t!o balls are ta3en from the blac3 bo , at random and !ithout re#lacement/ %&ents M and M are defined as follo!s/ M : A !hite dice is ta3en from the ;ar M : Nne red ball and one green ball are obtained/ Sho! that P(M 1 M) + 1<W$8 6ind, gi&ing each of your ans!ers as an e act fraction in its lo!est terms, i) P(M M), 7'W1.9 ii) P(M 0 M) , 7<W1'9 iii)P(M ) M)/ 7$4W'<9 All the dice and balls are no! #laced in a single container, and four ob;ects are ta3en at random, each ob;ect being re#laced before the ne t one is ta3en/ 6ind the #robability that one ob;ect of each colour is obtained/ 7$.'W<===9 7E$===WP$W119 A light bulbs factory used three ty#e of machines A, *, and 5 to #roduce the bulbs/ Machines A, *, and 5, each contribute $<Q, '<Q and .=Q of the bulbs #roduced by the factory/ 0t is 3no!ns that <Q of the bulbs #roduced by machine A, .Q of the bulb from machine *, and $Q of the bulbs #roduced by machine 5 are defect/ 6ind the #robability that a bulb selected randomly from the factory is defect/ 7=/='.<9 7$===T$/$9 A and * are t!o e&ents !ith P(A) + =/<, P(*) + =/4, and P(A ) *) + =/8</ 6ind P(A n *), P(A n *P), P(AP *) and P(AP *P)/ 7=/$<" =/$<" =/'<" =/H<9 7$===S/$/$9 According to a sur&ey 4=Q of the house!i&es ha&e !atch the ad&ertisement of a ne! #roduct in the tele&ition/ The #robability that an house!ife that has seen the ad&ertisement buy the #roduct is =/G, !hereas, an house!ife !ho has not seen the ad&ertisement buys the #roduct is =/'/ i) 6ind the #robability that an house!ife !ill buys this ne! #roduct// ii) 6ind the #robability that an house!ife that bought this #roduct has seen the ad&ertisement// iii) *y using a suitable a##ro imation, find the #robability that out of <= house!i&es, less than 1= house!i&es has bought the #roduct !ithout !atching the ad&ertisement// 7$===S$/1=9 7(i)=/44" (ii)=/81819 The #robability that Mimi ta3es u# Statistics tuition is =/'/ 0f she ta3es u# the tuition, the #robability that she #ass the Statistics #a#er is =/8/ 0f she does not ta3es u# the tuition, the #robability that she #ass the Statistics #a#er is =/4/ i) 6ind the #robability that Mimi #ass her Statistics #a#er/ ii) 6ind the #robability that Mimi ta3es u# tuition if she #assed her Statistics #a#er/ - 1. 4H/ 7$==1S$/.9 4./ (a) %&ents A and * are such that P(A) + 1W' , P(* 0A) + 1W. and P(AP *P ) + 1W4 / 6ind i) P(A ) *), 7<W49 ii) P(*)/ 7HW1$9 (b) A man !rites < letters, one each to A, *, 5, D and %/ %ach letter is #laced in a se#arate en&elo#e and sealed/ Ce then addresses the en&elo#es, at random, one each to A, *, 5, D and %/ iii) 6ind the #robability that the letter to A is in the correct en&elo#e and the letter to * is in an incorrect en&elo#e/ 7'W$=9 i&) 6ind the #robability that the letter to A is in the correct en&elo#e, gi&en that the letter to * is in an incorrect en&elo#e/ &) 6ind the #robability that both of the letters to A and * are in incorrect en&elo#es/ 7(ii) 'W14" (iii) 1'W$=99 (E$==1WP$W11) 4</ Three balls are selected randomly from one blue ball, three red balls and si !hite balls/ 6ind the #robability that all the three balls selected are of the same colour/ 7$==$T$/H9 7HW.=9 A factory has '4 male !or3ers and 4. female !or3ers, !ith 1= male !or3ers earning less than 2M1===/== a month and 1H female !or3ers earning at least 2M1===/== a month/ At the end of the year, !or3ers earning less than 2M1===/== are gi&en a bonus of 2M1===/== !hereas the others recei&e a monthPs salary/ i) 0f t!o !or3ers are randomly chosen, find the #robability that e actly one !or3er recei&es a bonus of one monthPs salary/ ii) 0f a male !or3er and a female !or3er are randomly chosen, find the #robability that e actly one !or3er recei&e a bonus of one monthPs salary/ 7i) 81HW14<=" (ii) $GW.89 7$=='T$/G9 The follo!ing table, based on a sur&ey, sho!s the numbers of male and female &ie!ers !ho #refer either documentary or drama #rogrammes on tele&ision/ Documentary Drama Male G4 .< 6emale .< 8< A tele&ision &ie!er in&ol&ed in the sur&ey is selected at random/ A is the e&ent that a female &ie!er is selected, and * is the e&ent that a &ie!er #refers documentary #rogrammes/ i) 6ind P(A n *) and P(A ) *) ii) Determine !hether A and * are inde#endent and !hether A and * are mutually e clusi&e/ 7$=='S$/49 T!o transistors are chosen at random from a batch of transistors containing ninety good and ten defecti&e ones/ i) 6ind the #robability that at least one out of t!o transistors chosen is defecti&e/ ii) 0f at least one out of the t!o transistors chosen is defecti&e, find the #robability that both transistors are defecti&e/ 7i) $1W11=" (ii) 1W$19 7$==.T$/G9

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ProbabilityMathematics S & T 4G/ According to a sur&ey conducted in a com#any on ;ob satisfaction, salary and #ension benefits are t!o im#ortant issues/ 0t is found that H.Q of the em#loyees are of the o#inion that salary is im#ortant !hereas 4<Q thin3 that #ension benefits are im#ortant/ Among those !ho thin3 that #ension benefits are im#ortant, 4=Q thin3 that salary is also im#ortant/ Determine the #ercentage of em#loyees !ho are of the o#inion that salary and #ension benefits are im#ortant/ 7$==.S$/19 7'GQ9 7=/'G9 The letters in the !ord *AEAEA are to be arranged/ A !ord can be considered formed !ithout being meaningful/ The e&ents 2, S and T are defined as follo!s/ 2: The !ord starts and ends !ith an A/ S: All the EPs in the !ord are 3e#t together/ T: All the APs in the !ord are 3e#t together/ i) 6ind P(2), P(S), P(T) ii) 6ind P(2 n S), P(2 ) S), P(2 n T) and P(2 ) T)/ 7$==.S$/G9 7(i) 1W<" 1W'" 1W< ii)1W1=" 1'W'="" =" $W<9 A four-digit number, in the range ==== to GGGG inclusi&e, is formed/ 6ind the #robability that i) the number begins or ends !ith =, ii) the number contains e actly t!o non-:ero digits/ 7$==<T$/89 7(i)=/1G" =/=G189 The #robability that an em#loyee of a com#any is late for !or3 is =/1< in any !or3ing day and =/'< if it rains/ The #robability that it rains is =/$./ 5alculate , Ka) the #robability that it rains and the em#loyee is late, 7=/=8.9 (b) the #robability that it rains if the em#loyee is late, 71.W''9 (c) the #robability that the em#loyee is late on at least $ out of < consecuti&e !or3ing days/ 7=/$<G497$==<S$/89 T!o archers A and * ta3e turns to shoot, !ith archer A ta3ing the first shot/ The #robabilities of archers A and * hitting the bullPs-eye in each shot are ta is are #ar3ed there, find the #robability that t!o red ta is are #ar3ed ne t to each other/ 7' mar3s9 7Assume that a ta i may be #ar3ed at any of the #ar3ing bays/9 7$==HT$/H971W.9 H4/ A study on 1== &isitors to a boo3 fair sho!s that 4= &isitors ha&e seen the ad&ertisement about the fair/ Nut of .= &isitors !ho ma3e #urchases, '= ha&e seen the ad&ertisement/ 6ind the #robability that a &isitor !ho has not seen the ad&ertisement ma3es a #urchase/ 7. mar3s97$==HS$/$97=/$<9 T!o e&ents A and B are such that P(A) + + 3 , P(*) 8

H=/

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1 1 and P(A 1 *) + / 4 6 a) Sho! that the e&ents A and * are neither inde#endent nor mutually e clusi&e/ 7$ marks b) 6ind the #robability that at least one of the e&ents A and B occurs/ 7HW1$97' marks c) 6ind the #robability that either one of the e&ents A and B occurs/ 7. marks !"#$%& !%''()%."'

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1 1 and res#ecti&ely/ Sho! that the 6 5

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#robability of archer A hitting the bullPs-eye first is

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The #robability that it rains in a certain area is The #robability that an accident occurs at a #articular corner of a road in that area is rains and

1 / 5

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1 if it does not rain/ 6ind the 50

#robability that it rains if an accident occurs at the corner/ 7< mar3s9 7$==4P$/897<W1'9 H</ There are eight #ar3ing bays in a ro! at a ta i stand/ 0f one blue ta i, t!o red ta is and fi&e yello!

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