Appendix

/ Costs and Relative Costs for Selected Engineering Materials

his appendix contains price information for the same set of materials for which the properties are included in Appendix B. The collection of valid cost data for materials is an extremely difcult task, which explains the dearth of materialspricing information in the literature. One reason for this is that there are three pricing tiers: manufacturer, distributor, and retail. Under most circumstances, we have cited distributor prices. For some materials (e.g., specialized ceramics such as silicon carbide and silicon nitride), it was necessary to use manufacturers prices. In addition, there may be signicant variation in the cost for a specic material. There are several reasons for this. First, each vendor has its own pricing scheme. Furthermore, cost will depend on quantity of material purchased and, in addition, how it was processed or treated. We have endeavored to collect data for relatively large ordersi.e., quantities on the order of 900 kg (2000 lbm) for materials that are ordinarily sold in bulk lotsand, also, for common shapes/treatments. When possible, we obtained price quotes from at least three distributors/manufacturers. This pricing information was collected between May and August of 1998. Cost data are in U.S. dollars per kilogram; in addition, these data are expressed as both price ranges and single-price values. The absence of a price range (i.e., when a single value is cited) means that either the variation is small, or that, on the basis of limited data, it is not possible to identify a range of prices. Furthermore, inasmuch as material prices change over time, it was decided to use a relative cost index; this index represents the per-unit mass cost (or average per-unit mass cost) of a material divided by the average per-unit mass cost of a common engineering materialA36 plain carbon steel. Although the price of a specic material will vary over time, the price ratio between that material and another will, most likely, change more slowly.

Material/Condition

Cost ($US/kg) PLAIN CARBON AND LOW ALLOY STEELS

Relative Cost

Steel alloy A36 Plate, hot rolled Angle bar, hot rolled Steel alloy 1020 Plate, hot rolled Plate, cold rolled Steel alloy 1040 Plate, hot rolled Plate, cold rolled

0.500.90 1.15 0.500.60 0.851.45 0.750.85 1.30

1.00 1.6 0.8 1.6 1.1 1.9

469

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Appendix C / Costs and Relative Costs for Selected Engineering Materials

Material/Condition Steel alloy 4140 Bar, normalized H grade (round), normalized Steel alloy 4340 Bar, annealed Bar, normalized

Cost ($US/kg) 1.751.95 2.853.05 2.45 3.30 STAINLESS STEELS

Relative Cost 2.6 4.2 3.5 4.7

Stainless alloy 304 Plate, hot nished and annealed Stainless alloy 316 Plate, hot nished and annealed Round, cold drawn and annealed Stainless alloy 440A Plate, annealed Stainless alloy 17-7PH Plate, cold rolled CAST IRONS Gray irons (all grades) High production Low production Ductile irons (all grades) High production Low production ALUMINUM ALLOYS Alloy 1100 Sheet, annealed Alloy 2024 Sheet, T3 temper Bar, T351 temper Alloy 6061 Sheet, T6 temper Bar, T651 temper Alloy 7075 Sheet, T6 temper Alloy 356 As cast, high production As cast, custom pieces T6 temper, custom pieces COPPER ALLOYS Alloy C11000 (electrolytic tough pitch), sheet Alloy C17200 (berylliumcopper), sheet Alloy C26000 (cartridge brass), sheet Alloy C36000 (free-cutting brass), sheet, rod Alloy C71500 (coppernickel, 30%), sheet Alloy C93200 (bearing bronze) Bar As cast, custom piece

2.153.50 3.004.40 6.20 4.405.00 6.8510.00

4.0 5.3 8.9 6.7 12.0

1.201.50 3.30 1.451.85 3.305.00

1.9 4.7 2.4 5.9

7.2510.00 8.8011.00 11.35 4.406.20 6.10 9.009.70 4.406.60 11.00 11.65 4.007.00 25.0047.00 3.504.85 3.204.00 8.509.50 4.506.50 12.20

12.3 14.1 16.2 7.6 8.7 13.4 7.9 15.7 16.6 7.9 51.4 6.0 5.1 12.9 7.9 17.4

Appendix C / Costs and Relative Costs for Selected Engineering Materials

471

Material/Condition Alloy AZ31B Sheet (rolled) Extruded Alloy AZ91D (as cast)

Cost ($US/kg) MAGNESIUM ALLOYS 11.00 8.80 3.80 TITANIUM ALLOYS

Relative Cost

15.7 12.6 5.4

Commercially pure ASTM grade 1, annealed Alloy Ti-5Al-2.5V Alloy Ti-6Al-4V PRECIOUS METALS Gold, bullion Platinum, bullion Silver, bullion Molybdenum Commercially Tantalum Commercially Tungsten Commercially Commercially

28.0065.00 90.00130.00 55.00130.00 9,50010,250 11,40014,400 170210 REFRACTORY METALS

66.4 157 132 14,100 18,400 271

pure, sheet and rod pure, sheet and rod pure, sheet pure, rod (1/2 3/8 in. dia.)

85.00115.00 390440 77.50 97.00135.00 19.0025.00 20.0029.00 15.5016.50 85.50103.50 17.2519.75 22.0033.00 30.7539.75 1.20 1.551.95 1.50 2.002.70 6.858.85 5.507.50 1.20 1.652.45 44.0048.50

143 593 111 166 31.4 35.0 22.9 135 26.4 39.3 50.4 1.7 2.5 2.1 3.4 11.2 9.3 1.7 2.9 66.1

MISCELLANEOUS NONFERROUS ALLOYS Nickel 200 Inconel 625 Monel 400 Haynes alloy 25 Invar Super invar Kovar Chemical lead Ingot Plate Antimonial lead (6%) Ingot Plate Tin, commercial purity (99.9%), ingot Solder (60Sn-40Pb), bar Zinc, commercial purity Ingot Anode Zirconium, reactor grade 702 (plate)

GRAPHITE, CERAMICS, AND SEMICONDUCTING MATERIALS Aluminum oxide Calcined powder, 99.8% pure, particle size between 0.4 and 5 m 1.401.60 Ball grinding media, 99% pure, 1/4 in. dia. 28.65 Ball grinding media, 96% pure, 1/4 in. dia. 29.75 Ball grinding media, 90% pure, 1/4 in. dia. 15.20

2.1 41 42.5 21.7

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Appendix C / Costs and Relative Costs for Selected Engineering Materials

Material/Condition Concrete, mixed Diamond Natural, 1/3 carat, industrial grade Synthetic, 3040 mesh, industrial grade Natural, powder, 45 m, polishing abrasive Gallium arsenide Mechanical grade, 75 mm dia. wafers, 625 m thick Prime grade, 75 mm dia. wafers, 625 m thick Glass, borosilicate (Pyrex), plate Glass, sodalime, plate Glass ceramic (Pyroceram), plate Graphite Powder, synthetic, 99% pure, particle size 10 m Powder, synthetic, 99.7% pure, particle size 10 m Extruded, high purity, ne (0.75 mm) particle size Isostatically pressed parts, high purity, 20 m particle size Silica, fused, plate Silicon Test grade, undoped, 100 mm dia. wafers, 425 m thick Prime grade, undoped, 100 mm dia. wafers, 425 m thick Silicon carbide -phase sinterable powder, particle size between 1 and 10 m -phase, polishing abrasive -phase sinterable powder, particle size between 1 and 10 m -phase, polishing abrasive, 1200 to 400 mesh -phase ball grinding media, 1/4 in. dia., sintered Silicon nitride Sinterable powder, submicron particle size Balls, unnished, 0.25 in. to 0.50 in. in diameter, hot isostatic pressed Balls, nished ground, 0.25 in. to 0.50 in. diameter, hot isostatic pressed Zirconia, partially stabilized (3 mol% Y2O3) Sinterable powder, submicron particle size Sinterable powder, particle size greater than a micron Ball grinding media, 15 mm dia., sintered

Cost ($US/kg) 0.04 36,00090,000 18,750 5,000

Relative Cost 0.06 90,000 27,000 7,100

16502700 850010,000 8.5017.00 1.752.35 12.2519.25

3100 13,200 18.2 2.9 22.5

5.00 7.50 6.007.00 15.0025.50 315395

7.1 10.7 9.3 29 500

9002000 20752525

2070 3300

22.0058.00 4.5021.50 40.00100.00 8.0022.00 250.00

57.1 18.6 100 21.4 360

100.00 8751100 20004000

143 1400 4300

45.0050.00 22.0033.00 125.00175.00

68 39.3 215

Appendix C / Costs and Relative Costs for Selected Engineering Materials

473

Material/Condition POLYMERS Butadiene-acrylonitrile (nitrile) rubber Raw and unprocessed Extruded sheet (1/4 to 1/8 in. thick) Calendered sheet (1/4 to 1/8 in. thick) Styrene-butadiene (SBR) rubber Raw and unprocessed Extruded sheet (1/4 to 1/8 in. thick) Calendered sheet (1/4 to 1/8 in. thick) Silicone rubber Raw and unprocessed Extruded sheet (1/4 to 1/8 in. thick) Calendered sheet (1/4 to 1/8 in. thick) Epoxy resin, raw form Nylon 6,6 Raw form Extruded Phenolic resin, raw form Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) Raw form Sheet Polycarbonate (PC) Raw form Sheet Polyester (thermoset), raw form Polyetheretherketone (PEEK), raw form Polyethylene Low density (LDPE), raw form High density (HDPE), raw form Ultrahigh molecular weight (UHMWPE), raw form Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) Raw form Sheet Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) Raw form Calendered sheet Cell cast Polypropylene (PP), raw form Polystyrene (PS), raw form Polytetrauoroethylene (PTFE) Raw form Sheet Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), raw form

Cost ($US/kg)

Relative Cost

2.90 9.9010.50 8.40 1.20 7.6012.20 6.80 5.50 12.6026.20 31.5038.50 3.004.00 4.406.00 9.40 6.5012.00 4.00 9.75 4.855.30 7.0010.00 1.504.40 90.00110.00 1.201.35 1.001.70 3.008.50 1.902.10 3.307.70 2.40 4.20 5.85 0.851.65 1.001.10 20.0026.50 38.00 1.402.80 FIBER MATERIALS 31.00 31.5041.50 70.00105.00 175.00225.00 1.903.30

4.1 14.6 12.0 1.7 14.1 9.7 7.9 27.7 50.0 5.0 7.4 13.4 13.2 5.7 13.9 7.3 12.1 4.2 143 1.8 1.9 8.2 2.9 7.9 3.4 6.0 8.4 1.8 1.5 33.2 54 3.0 44.3 52.1 125 285 3.7

Aramid (Kevlar 49), continuous Carbon (PAN precursor), continuous Standard modulus Intermediate modulus High modulus E glass, continuous

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Appendix C / Costs and Relative Costs for Selected Engineering Materials

Material/Condition

Cost ($US/kg) COMPOSITE MATERIALS

Relative Cost

Aramid (Kevlar 49) continuous-ber, epoxy prepreg Carbon continuous-ber, epoxy prepreg Standard modulus Intermediate modulus High modulus E-glass continuous-ber, epoxy prepreg Woods Douglas r Red oak

55.0062.00

84

40.0060.00 100.00130.00 200.00275.00 22.00 0.540.60 2.553.35

71 164 340 31.4 0.8 4.2