BE June 2008

June 2008 June 2008 June 2008
The
The
Building Economist
Building Economist
Celebrating 100 Years of the AIQS Celebrating 100 Years of the AIQS Celebrating 100 Years of the AIQS
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Working and
Surviving
in the
Middle East
Adopting Project
Collaboration
Trends in the Civil
Liability of Building
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The Journal of the Australian
Institute of Quantity Surveyors
Our Cover
9 Working and
Surviving in
the Middle East
COLIN MACLEMAN AAIQS
lives and works in the United
Arab Emirates in the capital,
Abu Dhabi since March 2005.
He filed this report about the
country comprised of
separate Emirates which can
be likened to States in
Australia.
Construction methods there
tend to be slightly on the
older style. Suggestions of
new methods and new
technologies are difficult to
get accepted even when
there could be a possible
saving in cost or time.
19 Adopting Project Collaboration
Australia has fallen well behind Europe in the acceptance and
adoption of Project collaboration systems, and as a result is
trailing in procurement and facilities management
best practice, says JOHN LOWRY.
31 Trends in the Civil Liability of Building
KIM LOVEGROVE and NINA MCLAUGHLIN write that the civil
liability of Building Surveyors is an evolving field with the
jurisprudence developing in VCAT. It has established a wider
responsibility owed by Building Surveyors to owners and others
than may previously have been envisaged upon the
privatisation of the profession.
36 Survey Highlights Green Building Trend
Rising numbers of Victorias building practitioners are actively
encouraging their customers to build green, according to the
latest Building Commission Pulse survey.
PLUS...
From the President
The Conduit Recruitment Report
AIQS Building Cost Index
AIQS Current Construction Costs
Briefings
THE
BUILDING
ECONOMIST
The Journal of the Australian Institute of Quantity Surveyors
JUNE 2008
THE BUILDING ECONOMIST JUNE 2008 2
THE
BUILDING
ECONOMIST
The Journal of the Australian Institute of Quantity Surveyors
JUNE 2008
It has been 50 years since
Thiess made national headlines
as the first Australian company
to ever win a major construction
contract.
On May 1
st
1958 Prime
Minister Menzies announced
Thiess would build the Tooma
Dam and Tooma-Tumut Tunnel
as part of the historic Snowy
Mountains Scheme.
Valued at more than $18
million the contract was the
largest of its kind ever attempted
Briefings.
by an Australian company and
would cost twelve times that
amount to complete today. The
bold decision helped establish
Australia as an independent and
resourceful country with proven,
world-leading construction
capabilities.
Thiess will celebrate the
50
th
anniversary paying homage
to the forward thinking and
innovative Thiess Bros whose
hard work and determination
helped to not only build a
contracting giant but allowed
Australia to shine on the world
stage.
Thiess set a world first
record excavating the Tooma-
Tumut Tunnel. Never before had
anyone been
able to deliver
160 metre gains
in a single week.
To work at this
rate was
unheard of in
those days and
set a new
benchmark that
challenged the
industry on a
global scale.
Thiess
went on to
secure roughly a
quarter of all
contracts let for
the Snowy
Mountains
Scheme, a
testament to
their exceptional
delivery
standards and
innovative work practices.
Abigroup addresses
skills shortages
Todays construction
environment is vastly different to
when many site workers
originally entered the workforce
and as a result, skills
requirements have changed.
Abigroup is addressing
workplace shortages by
Snowy Mountains 50 year
milestone for Thiess
Editor
Ian T Blyth Ph.D
Contributions
Articles relevant to construction
economics and related subjects, pictorial
material, letters etc are welcome. No
responsibility is accepted for unsolicited
material. All contributions should be
addressed to the editor: 9 Mount View
Road Wandong Victoria 3758.
Tel: 0400 978 976.
Fax: (02) 6285 2427.
Email tbeeditor@optusnet.com.au
www.buildingeconomist.netfirms.com
Visit our website for contribution
guidelines.
The Institute does not, as a body, hold
itself responsible for statements made
and opinions expressed in this Journal.
All rights of translation and reproduction
are reserved.
General Manager
Terry L Sanders LFASAE
Subscriptions
Australian Institute of Quantity
Surveyors, National Office, PO Box 301
Deakin West ACT 2600.
Tel: (02) 6282 2222. Fax (02)6285 2427.
Published quarterly $79.00 (including
GST) annual subscription (Airmail rates
on request)
Circulation
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General and Features Advertising
Australian Institute of Quantity
Surveyors, National Office, PO Box 301
Deakin West ACT 2600.
Tel: (02) 6282 2222. Fax (02)6285 2427.
Email: contact@aiqs.com.au
Artwork as a PDF is preferred.
ISSN 0007-3431
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by Union Offset Printers 16 Nyrang St
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BRIEFINGS
providing staff with the chance
to further develop and
strengthen their skills and
experiences with formal training.
Earlier this month
Abigroup foremen and leading
hands working on the Bonville
Upgrade on NSWs North Coast
graduated from a TAFE NSW
computer course.
As a result, the graduates
enhanced computer literacy has
given them the ability to not only
develop in their existing roles
but also to tap into future
training with the company.
The participants received
a Statement of Attainment in the
nationally recognised
competencies of Operate a
personal computer and Send
and retrieve information using
web browsers and email.
The participants
undertook the training as part of
the Workplace English
Language and Literacy (WELL)
Programme, which is funded by
the Department of Education,
Science and Training.
By recognising a skills
gap in Abigroups workforce, we
have taken this as an
opportunity to train valued
employers and arm them with
the necessary skills to
potentially take on greater
responsibility, said Abigroup
Learning and Development
Manager Michael Hall.
Those that completed the
certificate will now be able to
participate in Abigroups
professional development
program to further extend their
skills. Due to the success of the
WELL program at Bonville,
further courses will also shortly
commence on Abigroups
Coolac, K2B and Hume
Highway Southern Alliance
sites.
Six indigenous trainees
from the Bonville Upgrade also
successfully completed the Civil
Construction Certificate II
course. The ability that the
trainees displayed to learn and
develop into competent
construction workers is
exemplified by the fact they
have become an integral part of
their respective work crews.
The trainees have
cemented themselves a career
in the construction industry,
said Abigroups Regional OH&S
Co-ordinator Dan Guthrie.
ISO principles for
construction worldwide
The new ISO 15392:2008
standard establishes
internationally recognised
principles for sustainability in
building construction.
It provides a common
basis for communication
between stakeholders such as
builders and architects, product
manufacturers and designers,
building owners, policy makers
and regulators, housing
authorities, and consumers.
ISO 15392 is based on
the concept of sustainable
development as it applies to
buildings and other construction
works, from "the cradle to the
grave". Over their life cycle,
construction works absorb
considerable resources and
contribute to the transformation
of the environment. As a result,
they can have considerable
economic consequences, and
impacts on both the environment
and human health.
The foundations
elaborated in ISO 15392:2008,
Sustainability in building
construction General
principles, form the basis for a
suite of standards intended to
address specific issues and
aspects of sustainability.
They are applicable to
buildings and other construction
works individually and
collectively, as well as to
building materials, products,
services and processes.
The building and
construction sector is a key
sector in national economies
and the built environment is a
major element in determining
quality of life, as well as
contributing to cultural identity
and heritage.
Addressing sustainability
in buildings and other
construction works includes the
interpretation and consideration
of sustainable development in
terms of its three primary
aspects economic,
BRIEFINGS
have spent their valuable time and
have shared their knowledge and
experience with their colleagues
and the Faculty of Architect at
RMIT University and those
students who have put so much
effort into this guide; their spirit of
innovation and their passion to
solve these new design
challenges in general practice is
inspirational," said Dr Huy Quoc
An.
The workbook is designed
as a scrapbook in which GPs, the
practice team and their architects
can write notes, draw models and
share ideas. Designing and
building a general practice can be
a daunting task and requires
consideration of the spatial
environment and the configuration
of the health care setting, said
Graham Crist, RMIT Architecture
Program Director.
The key message that
comes out of the study is that
design can play a vital role in the
quality of the environment and in
turn the quality of the patient
experience, said Graham Crist.
Rebirth of a clinic suggests
that good design will ensure that:
a general practice is suited to the
particular needs of the community
it serves a general practice is
environmentally aware and
engages design features to
improve building sustainability and
reduce the carbon footprint.
Good design also considers
the current challenges for general
practices: the increasing size of
multidisciplinary teams a focus on
education the streamlining of
chronic and acute care the
importance of safety for patients
and staff.
Australia joins structural
timber consortium
Australia will contribute to an
international research consortium
that aims to revolutionise the
construction of low-rise, multi-
storey building developments for
commercial, educational,
recreational and residential
purposes.
Forest and Wood Products
Australia (FWPA) is one of the
environmental, and social
aspects while meeting the
requirements for technical and
functional performance.
The principles elaborated
in ISO 15392 take into account
that while the challenge of
sustainable development is
global, the strategies for
addressing sustainability in
building construction are
essentially local and differ in
context and content from region
to region.
The standard thus
acknowledges that these
strategies will reflect the context,
the preconditions and the
priorities and needs, not only in
the built environment, but also in
the social environment. This
social environment includes
social equity, culture, traditions,
heritage, health and comfort,
social infrastructure and safe
and healthy environments. It
may, in addition, particularly in
developing countries, include
poverty reduction and job
creation.
ISO 15392:2008,
construction General
principles was prepared by ISO
technical committee ISO/TC 59,
Building construction,
subcommittee SC 17,
construction. It is available from
ISO national member institutes
and from ISO Central
Secretariat
A New Vision for
Practice Design
The Royal Australian College of
General Practitioners (RACGP),
together with the RMIT School
of Architecture and Design, has
launched a new architectural
workbook to guide general
practitioners and architects in
designing safe and effective
workplaces.
Our profession is
evolving, general practice is
welcoming multi-disciplinary
clinicians into our teams; we are
working closely with practice
nurses and other allied health
professionals to deliver care to
our patients. As our workplace
changes, there are new
challenges in how we design our
practices to ensure safety and
effectiveness for patients and
staff, said Dr Vasantha
Preetham, RACGP President
and Perth-based GP.
The new RACGP
resource is called Rebirth of a
clinic an architectural
workbook for general practice
and primary care and is a
practical and innovative
resource that provides a guide
to designing general practices
and primary health care facilities
in a way that meets the needs of
patients and staff into the long
term.
Sadly, workplace
violence is a significant problem
in general practice; with one
recent Australian study
suggesting that as many as two
in three GPs are exposed to
work-related violence in any 12-
month period.
As a profession, we need
general practices to be a haven
where the sick and the frail can
obtain the care they need in a
safe and comfortable
environment. We want general
practice surgeries to remain
hubs of their community, said
Dr Preetham.
We are very pleased that
the RMIT University, through its
School of Architecture and
Design, has recognised the
importance of this task, and
brought its significant
architectural expertise to the
task, Dr Preetham added.
Through the
development of this workbook
we have kept in touch with the
needs of grassroots doctors and
their teams to ensure the design
suggestions reflect the reality on
the ground," said Dr Huy Quoc
An, member of RACGP National
Standing Committee - GP
Advocacy and Support.
I want to thank those
doctors and their teams who
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BRIEFINGS
more quickly. It will increase the
use of timber in construction of
these buildings, and our
capacity to store carbon and
offset emissions, Mr Sinclair
said.
The aim is to develop new
building solutions that will
reduce environmental impacts.
It will also add value to
lower grade wood products by
incorporating them as part of
pre-fabricated components of a
higher-value structural
construction system.
The research largely
relates to plantation timber and
laminated veneer lumber, but
there may be some benefits for
the traditional timber industry.
In announcing the
successful STIC consortium
application Chief Executive of
the New Zealand Wood
Processors Association Peter
Bodeker said buildings making
use of the new construction
technology would have a lower
structural weight, allowing for
partners in the Structural Timber
Innovation Company (STIC)
research consortium announced
in New Zealand last week.
The project has total industry
funding of $1 million a year for five
years, with an annual contribution
from FWPA of $250,000.
The Western Australian
forest industries company
Wesbeam is also a consortium
member. The New Zealand
Government will match the
industry investment on a dollar-
for-dollar basis.
FWPA managing director
Ric Sinclair says contributing to
the project will allow Australia
access to the new technology
being developed for laminated
timber use in wide-span, multi-
storey buildings.
Joining with this
international effort potentially
offers us leadership opportunities
in adopting this new technology
and will speed the research
efforts, so that market
opportunities can be developed
easier transportation of
components, with less expensive
foundations.
They would be easier to
heat and cool, with better acoustic
performance and would be more
resistant to major earthquakes
and extreme weather.
The research will be co-
ordinated through universities in
Canterbury and Auckland and the
University of Technology Sydney.
STIC is expected to formally start
operating from 1 July 2008.
In my editorial for this issue I would like to share with you a speech made by
John Lowry to the CRC for Construction Innovation Conference last month.
The Australian Institute of Quantity Surveyors recognises the importance of
participating in collaborative construction industry research, especially in view of the convergence of knowledge and
technology that is re-shaping the world as we know it.
The CRC has, as always, assembled an impressive array of academic researchers and industry practitioners and it
helps keep Australia in the forefront of construction industry research and practice. The AIQS supports the continued
work of the CRC for construction innovation. The AIQS looks forward to participating with the CRC in it's new live
as the Sustainable Development CRC, and we wish it every success with its new direction and new initiatives.
Enabling innovation through developing standards for business processes and other initiatives is a strength of the
AIQS. It has contributed to the industry in this way for 100 years. The Institute is taking the opportunity to publish a
history of quantity surveying in Australia. Far from being a dissertation on Ethel the Aardvark, it turns out to be a
rollicking tale of the ups and downs of business in the wonderful industry that we all call our life's work.
The AIQS has been singularly successful in establishing measurement standards for Cost Planning (The Australian
Cost management manual), and a sophisticated contractual financial interface (Australian Standard Method of
Measurement). These are the standards that allow practitioners to confidently plan and predict the financial
performance of construction and development projects. They are the enablers that leverage value from new
technologies.
AIQS has also recently commenced the first and only online Authorised Nominating Authority, in Queensland, to
implement security of payments legislation in the most efficient and practical way.
The AIQS also manages the qualifications for quantity surveyors through its Standards of Competence, accreditation
of University degree courses and the increasing demand for vocational training for todays skills, as universities let
these go. We are not standing still on education. Recognising the convergence of demand, technology and the
information explosion, we have commissioned a major research study to determine how quantity surveyors of the
future will be educated, trained and qualified to serve the business of the future.
The AIQS is a leading contributor in the regional and global cost management scenes. AIQS is a founding member of
the Pacific Association of Quantity Surveyors. We have been collaborating with our regional colleagues for 10 years.
It is now one of the most respected and influential groupings of its kind in the region, with members throughout the
Pacific, Asia and North America, including China and the USA.
John Popplewell FAIQS ICECA
National President
FROM THE PRESIDENT
Enabling
Innovation
and
Developing
Standards
THE REGULATORS
COVER STORY
group of companies from 1974
until 1994 in both New South
Wales and Queensland, having
attended University NSW
gaining both undergraduate and
post graduate qualifications in
Building in 1966 and 1972
respectively.
From 1994 until 2005 I
had spent much of my time
living in SE Queensland where I
became a mediator involved in
dispute resolution matters with
the Queensland Building
COLIN MACLEMAN AAIQS
lives and works in the United
Arab Emirates in the capital,
Abu Dhabi since March 2005.
This is his report.
The country is comprised of
separate Emirates which can be
likened to States in Australia. The
capital, Abu Dhabi, is where the
UAE President lives.
Prior to moving to the UAE I
had run my own construction
Authorities, and a member of the
AIQS panel of Expert Witnesses.
In 2003 I undertook some
contract work for Boeing Australia
and indirectly for the
Commonwealth of Australia on a
large defence industry
infrastructure project involving the
aero industry. This defence aero
industry work led to my being
asked by one of Australias largest
multi disciplinary consulting firms
to urgently take on the task of
overseeing the construction of two
Working and
Working and
Surviving
Surviving
in the
in the
Middle East
Middle East
COVER STORY
new airport terminals
for Abu Dhabi
International Airport.
When engaged
from Australia I was
unaware that my task would involve the design
development and overseeing of the construction as
well as certification and financial management of 2
new interim terminals valued at approximately
AUD65 million all to be completed in 16 weeks.
Terminal 2 comprised an almost completely new
facility of 14,000 square metres one kilometre
distance from Terminal One.
This is how projects evolve here. They
commence on a handshake, with only 50% to 65%
design complete and at times are completed with
the Contract still not
signed. Contractors here
in the UAE need deep
pockets. Most contracts
require 10% Performance
Bonds, 10% Bank Guarantee against an advanced
payment and a full 10% retention over the duration
of the contract.
Timeframes for construction and completion
are often totally unrealistic requiring 6 day week
operation and 14 hours per day.
Contrary to perceived ideas of the Middle
East there is a shortage of cash, or it may be that
those who have it do not want to part with it.
Accounts, including progress payments, will run at
anything from 45 days to 120 days. Suppliers are
Members of the AIQS are bound by a strict Code of Conduct and are required
to maintain high standards of ethics and professionalism in their dealings with
clients and each other.
Fellows are members of the AIQS who have been elevated to this highest grade in recognition
of their levels of education, professional service and contribution to the AIQS. [Post nominals
FAIQS - LFAIQS for Life Fellows)]
Associates are members who have appropriate recognised tertiary qualifications, the required
years of practice and passed an Assessment of Professional Competence. [Post nominals
AAIQS]
Affiliates are members of the Institute who have other qualifications and have the required years
of practice. [Post nominals AIQS (Affil)]
Probationers are members of the AIQS who are Graduates or other appropriately qualified peo-
ple (including members of recognised QS Institutes in other countries). They are entered as Pro-
bationary Members until they satisfy certain experience requirements and pass the Assessment
of Professional Competence (APC).
Students are members who are undertaking appropriate full time or part time studies.
Technician membership is provided for persons who have obtained TAFE diplomas from recog-
nised courses who intend making a career in Quantity Surveying or persons with diplomas in
Quantity Surveying and some practical experience.
COVER STORY
often asked to extend payment
terms to 180 days.
On an average contract
here of say AED 1 billion
(approximately AUD350 million),
I have administered projects
where I believe the contractor is
financially committed to 2 x
AED100 million bank
guarantees, has received an
advance payment of 10%
repayable at 1% per month, but
has a full 10% retention sum
retained often with no provision
for payment for materials off site
(MOS) and progress payments
not forthcoming for up to 120
days.
I believe from my contract
and mediation experience in
Australia that most projects
there would be closed if a
progress payment amounting to
several million were more than
30 days late. Not the case here.
Discussions take place behind
closed doors and project
managers are rarely a party to
their outcome which seems to
completely avoid any formal
dispute process.
Most contracts are
undertaken under FIDIC
contract forms. However NEC3
Contracts are becoming
increasingly popular as building
procurers understand that they
need to be pro active, fair and
just with major contractors to get
their large projects completed
under a partnering contractual
environment.
UAE nationals are very
trusting and honourable people.
Generally their deeds are as
good as their word and a
handshake and mutual respect
are more important than a
signed Contract. In my early
days here I experienced some
instances where my
administration of a large
Contract attracted criticism due
to my overzealous quoting of
Contract clauses and
requirements. Verbal
communication can be far more
effective than written work
where western terminology may
be misconstrued, misunderstood
or misinterpreted.
Construction methods
here tend to be slightly on the
older style. Suggestions of new
methods and new technologies
are difficult to get accepted even
when there could be a possible
saving in cost or time.
Many older buildings
(going back only 30 years) are
showing severe signs of poor
construction, with use of
unsatisfactory raw materials in
concrete production and
resultant decay in structural
elements.
COVER STORY
With the current level of
western educated construction
people, well versed and trained
in the production of high quality
in situ concrete structures, the
quality of new construction is at
an acceptable level.
I have been endeavouring
to encourage the introduction of
more multi-storied construction
in steel framed and permanent
formwork to aid the speed of
construction to meet unrealistic
timeframes.
This has been difficult as
there is a resistance to anything
that is not reinforced concrete,
but also because there is a
severe shortage of rolled steel
Most projects of a reasonable
size will have combined site
office staff levels comprised of
some 150 to 200 people.
Much of my work here
has been as Chief Resident
Engineer, Design Manager, or
Senior Construction Manager
engaged on the client side
overseeing and responsible for
ensuring satisfactory delivery by
the contractor of a project to the
owner. In this role of client
representative I have invariably
had a site staff of 15 to 35
people reporting to me and
assisting in drawing approvals.
These comprise
architects, civil and structural
engineers, planning engineers,
services and specialist systems
engineers and quantity
surveyors. All assist with
providing support in the
commercial administration of a
project.
Since 1994 I have been
an author to The Law Book
Company and Thomson
Publishing writing commentary
on the Building Code of
Australia (BCA).
The UAE has no national
building code. The result being
that the tallest buildings in the
world are being built here using
sections. Such structures of
course still leave the problem of
fire protection unanswered just
as they do in Australia and
elsewhere in the world.
My experience in
construction in Australia has
been that a contractor will simply
be provided with sets of
drawings that allow construction
to take place. Practice in the
Middle East has evolved in such
a way that a contractor cannot
build anything based on the
consultant documentation
without first producing a Shop
Drawing.
This then has to be
approved by the Resident
Engineer engaged by the client
who in turn refers it to a client
Project Manager who finally
reviews and approves it and
only then will issue it as a no
objection status for
construction.
This process burns paper
and causes an average 10 days
to 2 weeks to be spent on
internal shop drawing approvals.
COVER STORY
a conglomerate of building codes
from the UK and the USA.
No-one is too sure as to which
regulations apply in a given
circumstance and the resulting
divergence of opinion in matters
such as egress distances, fire
resistance levels and so on create
confusion.
Where I am faced with a
regulatory decision, having
assessed the particular
circumstance, I often rely upon
the BCA.
Further, given the extremes
of climate conditions, there is little
recognition of energy efficiency
thus little consideration for
orientation, window exposure and
shading. Similarly there is scant
regard for recycling of grey water
or waste products.
I am currently involved in
varying capacities in 4 buildings
each of over 35 storeys and up to
88 storeys. Due to regulatory
confusion there is often a dilemma
as to what is required so the
normal attitude is to double it
and add a bit more. The result is
gross over engineering.
Reinforced concrete
elements at 50% to 65% design
stage will nominate weights of
reinforcing steel per cubic metre
of concrete. Such weights in
Australia for 45 to 50 Kn
concrete will vary from possibly
as low as 90 kg/m3 to 120kg/
mm3. Similar elements in the
UAE will vary from 200kg/m3 to
300kg/m3.
On some projects I work
with a structural engineer born in
South Africa who practiced in
Western Australia for 10 years
prior to moving to Dubai in the
UAE. He was recently asked to
do a design check on the
reinforcement design on a
weight per volume basis on a 50
storey building. His western
educated analysis reduced the
nominated volumes of
reinforcing steel for the whole
building structure by 50%.
Due to the poor bearing
value of the building foundation
multi-storied buildings will
invariably be designed on large
bearing area raft slabs of up to
1200mm to 1400mm thickness
which at design stage will
nominate 300kg/m3 of reinforcing
steel.
Last month one such raft
slab was poured continuously and
thus monolithically to a total
volume of 13,000 m3 of concrete.
I recently measured the
basement car park (averaging 2
car parking levels) and raft
structures of a large mixed use
development that had its lowest
level 5,500mm below water table
level over a site of some 50,000
m2.
The total concrete volume
to get to ground floor or podium
level was in the order of 180,000
m3 of concrete and all of the
nominated reinforcing steel
volumes were from 180 to 300 kg/
m3.
As an interesting
comparison I offer the following
information on UAE costs.
The aggregated cost of reinforced
concrete increased by 26% from
August 2006 to August 2007
The percentage of a
reinforced concrete structure in
the overall project cost is as low
as 15% to 18%. (Probably a factor
contributing to this low percentage
of structure cost is that site labour
is cheap. Almost all fitout items,
including services items, are fully
imported from countries with high
labour costs such as Australia,
COVER STORY
Great Britain, USA , Italy, France
etc)
The cost of 1 m3 of
completed structural element
averaged in slabs, beams and
columns is in the order of
AED1,100 to AED1,350 per m3
(AUD 335.00 to 410.00 / m3).
Reinforced concrete beams
cast insitu using 40Kn concrete
with 200kg/m3 of reinforcing steel
and spanning moderate spans of
7 metres or thereabouts are up to
800mm and 900mm deep.
As an untrained and unqualified
structural engineer but from my
experience much of the work is
over designed due to the problem
of undefined regulatory
compliance.
Costs per sq.m of
completed buildings in the UAE,
indicative only, could be:
Multi level car park AED 3,200 /
m2 (AUD 970). Low rise
commercial office AED 4,000 /
m2 (AUD 1215). Low rise high
class villas AED 4,200 / m2
(AUD 1275). High rise
residential and Commercial AED
4,500 /m2 (AUD 1,365)
I am confident that most
of my Australian colleagues will
agree that these costs are
significantly lower than those
which could be expected in
Australia.
An interesting budget
discussed here a few weeks ago
was for the design and
completion of a high quality
1,400 bed oncology hospital for
a budget of GBP 6 billion (AUD
14.5 billion).
I am sure that there would
be agreement that this is a very
serious size project by world
standards. This budget would be
predicated on local UAE
construction costs but obviously
all services, fittings and medical
equipment would be imported
from overseas.
A new waterfront city, Al
Raha Beach, being developed
by Abu Dhabis largest public
listed developer has a budget
over the next 5 years of AED60
billion (AUD18.2 billion).
The project sizes here are
very large. The 2 largest I have
been involved in to date are in
the order of AED 2.5 to 2.7
billion (AUD 800 to 900 million).
Each project employs up
to 6,000 people on site
consisting of varying
capabilities, but generally poorly
skilled and trained tradesmen.
Improvement in productivity and
reduction in employee numbers
could be achieved by training,
even if only by the largest
contractors, but there is not
much initiative shown in this
area.
Most expatriate on site
employees are imported on 3
year contracts from India,
Bangladesh, Nepal, and the
Philippines. A problem I foresee
facing the construction industry
in the Middle East is the
continuing availability of sub
continent labour.
As India particularly
becomes more vibrant and its
economy continues to expand at
7.5% to 9% per annum the
attraction for an unskilled Indian
worker to leave his family to
work in the Middle East on 3
COVER STORY
year contracts for menial wages
will become less attractive and
thus labour will become a more
scarce and more expensive
commodity.
As an example of
employee numbers the new
Terminal 3 building, Etihad
Terminal, at Abu Dhabi
International Airport,
commenced in August 2006 and
due for completion in June 2008
has consumed just over
6,450,000 site labour hours up
until the end of 2007.
Serious and fatal accidents on
site to date are zero. Current
contract value is approximately
AED1.2 billion.
For those of us involved in
overseeing construction,
spending about 2 to 3 hours on
site each day over an 11 day
fortnight, summer conditions can
be fairly arduous. July and
August outdoor temperatures on
construction sites frequently sit
at 48 to 54 degrees for days on
end with humidity at 50% to
70%.
Some of the above may
be seen to portray a bleak
picture of construction here. This
is not the case. The large, fast
track nature of most projects
makes it a very exciting place to
be engaged in construction.
The level of planned
expenditure in construction over
the next 5 to 7 years in Abu
Dhabi alone exceeds AED500
billion (AUD 150 to 160 billion).
This excludes overall Gulf area
projects such as a new rail
system and new power
generation facilities.
There are a large number
of Australian construction
executives here and more being
engaged every month.
Australian tertiary educated
construction executives are
highly regarded by UAE
companies and enjoy a pleasant
lifestyle in senior positions in
exchange for an average 55
hour working week.
Building Economist
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IN THE WORKPLACE
My last article talked about
how difficult it is these
days to find a good QS and
how you need to search
every talent pool, in every
location and with every
method to find them.
After you have spent
valuable time and money finding
them and inducting them to your
systems and methodologies, the
last thing you want is for them to
leave after a short stint! It not
only costs more money to
replace them (amount say $20-
30k) but also disrupts your
business flow and general office
equilibrium.
Maintaining
Maintaining
the
the
Troops
Troops
IN THE WORKPLACE
No what we need to do is to
provide our employees with a
vibrant, supportive and
challenging work environment
that will secure their services for
years.
Before I go through some
strategies on providing this type
of robust culture lets quickly list
the top five reasons why people
leave companies in the first
place.
They are:
Their Manager people
leave to get away from
someone
Their salary underpaid and
their mates in the same role
are getting a better deal
Their career progression
not mapped out for them or
nowhere to go
Their work environment
unstimulating and drab or not
a good fit culturally
Commuting hell too much
of a nightmare to get to work
and back
They just dont enjoy the job
anymore want a career
change
The above points are in
no particular order and
surprisingly salary is somewhere
at the bottom of the list in levels
of importance although I see
this changing as the cost of
living goes through the roof!
So how can we ensure
our highly valued staff stay for
the long term. Here are a few
ways that may help:
Appoint appropriate and
skilled managers this is a
massive topic in itself and I dont
intend to go through how we can
be better managers.
Managing staff is a skill
that very few people have and it
takes years of experience to get
it right. Staff need to respect
their direct reports and want to
perform for them just like a
child wants to show off to his
parents!
Staff should be praised
and encouraged and mentored.
They should also be disciplined
when appropriate but when this
occurs it should be crystal clear
to the staff member as to why
its happening.
Ensure they are paid the
market salary for their position
or slightly above.
There are numerous
salary surveys out there so there
are no excuses for not knowing
what the current level is.
Add in other benefits like
medical insurance, gym
membership, bonus days off and
performance bonuses tied to
measurable KPIs. All this will
ensure you stand out from your
competitors.
Provide a clear career
road map including the
measurable steps needed to
advance. Employees should not
be in the dark as to how they
can progress and they need
regular meetings with their
manager to discuss how they
are doing every 6 months as a
minimum.
These meetings need to
be fixed and not cancelled last
minute because something else
more important has come up
that just gives the impression
that you dont care! And this
treatment should extend from
the Associates to the
receptionist.
Delegate as much
responsibility as possible and as
desired by the employee but
only if they want it.
Some employees are
happy to just bash out those
BoQs and dont want to be
leaders.
Perhaps reward these
guys with days off and late starts
if they worked the graveyard
shift to meet a deadline.
Provide a vibrant, clean and
refreshing environment.
Paint some walls, invest
in some new workstations, put in
a bar and hang up some
pictures! You spend so much
time at work so you want to feel
good in your seat. Working
around dusty furniture and old
coffee stains wont inspire
anyone.
Dont just have a flash
reception to impress your visitors
have a flash office to impress
everyone.
Celebrate successes with
social functions, lunches and
Friday night drinks. You can
combine staff events with
networking events like the AIQS
Lawn Bowls evenings or the now
legendary RICS Curry Night.
Get some T-shirts made
and go ten pin bowling always
good for a laugh. Plan the
Christmas party at a special
venue and have a theme so
everyone is talking about it for
years to come.
A bonded and happy team
is a productive team.
Communicate constantly.
Dont let small issues eat
someone alive until its too late.
We can usually resolve
differences if we want to.
Conduct exit interviews when
people leave and use an
external party to do them.
This way you will get an
honest explanation of why
someone left and you will gain
invaluable knowledge of any
areas of your office operation and
environment that may need
changing.
If employees have a clear
direction, are paid fairly and enjoy
their work environment, then they
will stay.
However if the culture is
weak and they are mismanaged
then they have plenty of other
options which are just a mouse
click away!
Adam Walker MRICS
AAIQS is a Director at
Conduit Recruitment.
Get your copy now! See order form inside this issue.
Australia has fallen well
behind Europe in the
acceptance and adoption
of Project collaboration
systems, and as a result is
trailing in procurement and
facilities management
best practice, says JOHN
LOWRY.
Since the advent of electronic
communications in the mid
1980's, beyond the use of fax
and telephone, the notion of
seamlessly integrated
information flows has been a
tantalizing prospect for the
construction industry, where
information flows are the vital
nerve systems of projects, even
if the fact is less well recognised
or understood by the industry.
There has been any
number of entrants into the
market, offering a variety of
systems and approaches to
electronic collaboration since
about 1990. Some of the early
systems offered exceptionally
PROJECT DELIVERY
thoroughly developed responses
to the technical issues, even if
the technology was clumsy.
Older database technologies
relied on the use of dedicated,
competent and experienced
operators to manage the
relatively complex operations.
They were not user
friendly. Data transfer was
direct-linked through expensive
ISDN or frame relay systems.
As a result they were realistically
only available to the biggest and
most committed businesses and
projects. However, these
systems developed the
knowledge base for those who
followed.
At the same time,
academic and industry groups,
particularly in the UK, were
undertaking research into
construction industry processes,
workflow and supply-chain
integration. This research
resulted in the development of
sophisticated Project
Collaboration Systems such as
BIW Technologies.
The development and
acceptance of collaborative
systems rapidly increased
towards the end of the '90's with
the adoption of graphic user
interfaces (Apple, Windows) that
made access to computer
systems more available to casual
users and industry participants
who are required to multi-task
data storage and manipulation
with professional and
management tasks.
The internet has also
accelerated the development and
adoption of integrated systems by
providing cheap and ready access
to electronic communications. It
has also given everyone the
opportunity to become familiar
and comfortable with
communications and information
gathering using email and the
world wide web.
By 2003, researchers
generally agree that electronic
Project Collaboration (PCS) was a
mature technology and they were
already moving on to 3 and 4 D
Information modelling. the market
Adopting Project
Adopting Project
Collaboration
Collaboration
PROJECT DELIVERY
has settled into three basic
models for delivering information
collaboration. The market will
decide how and when to use the
different models and which will
survive and prosper.
The next phase in the
cycle of this business ecosystem
is the wholesale adoption of
collaborative systems. This
paper examines how and why
we are adopting electronic
collaboration in the construction
sector.
Standards for Electronic
Collaboration
It is obvious that collaboration
between different systems,
using electronic data transfer,
requires IT standards to allow
the seamless transfer of
interpreted data from one
system to another. This is not
such a vital issue where
collaboration is undertaken
using single system models.
At the generic level there
is any number of national and
international standards for data
transfer. Whilst there is still
some competition amongst
proprietary systems to become
the standard, Governments are
leading the way in adopting
open standards.
Examples of this include
Extensible Markup Language
(XML), a simple, very flexible
text format derived from SGML
(ISO 8879). Originally designed
to meet the challenges of large-
scale electronic publishing, XML
is also playing an increasingly
important role in the exchange
of a wide variety of data on the
Web and elsewhere.
The Web Design
Standards Project (WaSP),
developed by W3C, the World
Wide Web consortium, is driving
the push for common web
browser and web design
standards. These standards are
becoming the basis upon which
all web sites are coded.
Recently the US federal
government accepted open
document standards for
productivity suites, effectively
ending Microsoft's push for
wholesale adoption of a
corporate standard.
With respect to the
construction sector, a number of
organisations have attempted to
developed standards, by
agreement amongst vendors,
standards for data transfer.
These include:
CITE (Construction Industry
Trading Electronically) is a
collaborative electronic business
initiative for the UK construction
industry. It was launched in
1995 and formally marked the
start of a major collaborative
undertaking with active
participants from the
professions, contractors, sub-
contractors and suppliers.
CITE has been involved
with UN/CEFACT group TBG6
in developing a Business
Standard for Tendering. The TBG
6 group covers the Architecture
Engineering and Construction
sector and has representatives
from France, Germany, Japan,
Korea, and the UK. Work was
recently completed on the first
draft of the business standard.
The work of TBG 6 has
been carried out according to the
UN/CEFACT Modelling
Methodology which sets out how
business processes and
information exchanges should be
described. The business standard
itself is syntax neutral. It does not
define whether the final exchange
standard is a flat file, XML or
some other format. This means,
that unlike previous standards
work, the analysis work will be
reusable.
IAI, the International
Alliance for Interoperability, has
moved strongly to dominate the
world of data transmission
standards for the construction
sector. Whilst its primary focus
appears to be on the interchange
of CAD data, it is developing a
wide range of data definitions
relating to all aspects of data
exchange, including cost and
quantity data.
The Australian CRC
(Cooperative Research Centre)
for Construction Innovation has
developed prototype
measurement and estimating
systems, based on the IAI
standard Industry Foundation
Classes. This work was led by
PROJECT DELIVERY
professor Robin Drogemuller, of
Queensland University of
Technology.
As recognised by CITE and
IAI, there is another level of
standards that must develop
behind IT standards in order for
collaboration to operate effectively
at an operational level. This is the
level of workflow and business
process standards. This level of
data standards and data
manipulation is still in its infancy.
We are beginning to see a
move towards the development of
business process standards, while
some industries are well
advanced. For example,
standards are emerging around
how payrolls are done, e-
commerce payment and, most
important, how supply chains are
connected. IBM's strategic
planner,
Cawley, says, to deliver the
productivity enhancements we
want, We need more and more
common standards.
These are standards about
how we do business together. The
more we connect everyone
through common communication
standards, like XML, and on top of
this through standardised
business processes, the easier it
is to chop up work and send
pieces of it to be done anywhere
in the world and the more it
increases productivity and
enables my whole digital
ecosystem to collaborate better,
cheaper and faster and the more
energy my employees have to
concentrate on high-touch, high-
value-add, customised
innovation or service that
differentiates one company from
another. Standards don't stop
innovation, they just clear away
a lot of extraneous stuff so you
can focus on what really
matters
Consider that the Pacific
Association of Quantity
Surveyors has only just begun to
discuss the idea of common
standard methods of
measurement and other
business process standards for
contract financial administration.
There is no vision for a
distributed, connected future at
this time.
The Singapore Institute of
Surveyors and Valuers, together
with the Government of
Singapore has started to
address this issue with the
development of a Code of
Practice for Classification of
Construction Cost Information
(Singapore Standard
CP80:1999), it comprises an
elemental classification, a work
section classification, and a
mapping dictionary for elements
and work sections.
The Australian Institute of
Quantity Surveyors has been
working towards an integrated
cost data structure for about ten
years. To date it has developed
classifications for elemental
estimating, sustainability, life
cycle costing and feasibility
analysis (The Australian Cost
Management Manual). The
development of a revised
standard method of
measurement has stalled.
A new, more relevant
method is unlikely to be
developed in the near future.
Some recognition has been
given to integrating data and to
the definition of electronic
measurement standards, but
this area has not gained any
momentum to date. None of this
has been promulgated as an
integrated business process
standard within the construction
industry.
To my knowledge there
are no other integrated national
international standards for
defining construction data at an
operational level, that allow data
not only to be exchanged, but to
be meaningfully manipulated
and used to add value to the
construction and facilities
management processes. This is
the end game and it is some
way off.
As with IT standards, data
definition standards are less
important in closed, single
system environments in the
short term, but to succeed in
national and international
environments, these standards
will be essential.
I propose that quantity
surveyors, world wide, will be
required to develop standards
PROJECT DELIVERY
and methodologies for the
integrated definition of cost data
that will include standards for
electronic measurement and cost
definition at object level and the
respective rolled-up datafor a
range of functional and
contractual operations.
The Key Features of
Collaborative Systems
Collaborative systems, at a
relatively simple level, do not
require sophisticated data
exchange standards, except
perhaps for translating CAD and
some office productivity data into
commonly readable formats.
This is because, for the
most part, they are single, closed
systems that do not require a high
degree of interoperability beyond
that which alreadyexists.
Lack of data standards is
not seen as a serious impediment
in the short term, since
documents are exchanged in 2-D
drawing formats and document
formats such as .pdf and open
document (OpenOffice.org) and
Microsoft Office (TM) that are
commonplace, typically as
attachments to email.
However, there are
compelling reasons for adopting
collaborative systems. The
relative importance to clients and
users is discussed later, but for
now, the advantages are
generally recognised as:
24/7 capability The ability to
update and access data, either
regularly batched or in real time at
any time regardless of access to
the creators of the information.
Improved information
exchange, coordination and
communications flow. It has
long been recognised that
informal communications methods
(telephone, letter, fax and email)
are limited by their informality.
They rely on the sender to
include all the required
information correctly and the
recipient to accurately receive and
record the same information and
act appropriately, in sufficient time
to maintain the program.
Structured systems, driven by
workflow analysis, assist these
communications to ensure that
they include all the required
information in both (or all)
directions, and that they are
delivered and responded to at
the appropriate time.
Time saving.
Collaborative systems allow for
significant time savings,
because they allow many parties
to access and act on the same
information at the same time,
thereby significantly
compressing the time between
an idea or an instruction and its
implementation.
Informed decision
making. For the first time,
complex decisions, such as
design decisions may be made
with full knowledge of the
implications, because of the
ability to disseminate information
to and receive responses from
many sources at one time. The
implications of a typical design
decision may now include
functionality, aesthetics, capital
cost, availability, life cost,
embodied energy, energy rating,
maintenance, and more. In the
near past, decisions of this
nature were made on one or two
criteria at most, with the rest
being either intuitional or not
considered at all.
Timely forecasting.
Project decisions are always
made within a constrained time
frame. Real-time (or near real-
time) recorded data allows
informed decisions to be made
within tight time frames, thereby
allowing more and better
analysis and decision-making
capability.
Reduced risk. Because
of the ready availability of
accurate data, risks may be
identified and managed at the
earliest time. Design, cost, time
and scope risks are significantly
reduced by readily accessible
early-warning systems. Real-
time construction information
leads to significant reductions in
errors and re-work that result
from the use of superseded
information.
Reduced capital costs.
Using structured systems; cost
management processes can be
iterative, allowing designers much
more freedom to explore design
and selection options.
Collaborative systems also reduce
variations by delivering accurate
design information to relevant
parties in real-time.
Reduced life costs. For
the first time, apart from intuitive
and fairly gross judgements, we
have the ability to design for the
expected life of facilities. Equally
clients may make capital cost
decisions with the knowledge of
the cost effect of their decisions
over time.
Increased construction
process efficiency. Very
significant savings are available
(either now or in the near future)
right across the supply chain, from
the manufacture of components,
through design, construction and
operation) from improving
processes as a result of accurate
timely information and
management.
Collaborative systems generate
efficiencies in supply,
manufacturing, design,
documentation, construction and
operational activities. Full
management oversight
Management at all levels is more
comfortable and more informed to
make timely decisions for
designers and contractors.
Project management process
monitoring and management.
Superintendents, supervisors,
project managers and
construction manager can, for the
first time, manage effectively on
the basis of real-time information.
Delays, cost changes and other
damaging risks are identified
quickly and automatically and may
be dealt with as they occur,
avoiding compounding problems
that overwhelm management and
projects.
Types of
Collaborative Systems
Collaborative technologies have
developed in three models,
server / client systems, peer-to-
peer systems and application
service provider (ASP) systems.
PROJECT DELIVERY
closed systems are: - Their
availability and data integrity rely
on the reliability and security of
the servers on which they reside.
They are very expensive to
maintain and upgrade. As a result
it is likely that they tend to delay
the introduction of new
technologies and upgrades.
Project data is owned and
controlled by the owner of the
system. Clients may become tied
to and reliant on particular service
providers for future information,
including information for dispute
resolution and litigation,
operational data and other
valuable information. Cost of
project implementation is high.
Clients, consultants and
subcontractors must learn to
operate multiple corporate
Server / client systems were the
first to appear in the market. A
proprietary (often corporate)
system resides on a private
server, usually at the premises of
the service provider.
Other project participants,
including suppliers and
subcontractors, clients, designers
and management consultants are
given limited access to the system
for the duration of the project.
These systems are usually
provided by a software vendor,
are written in-house or are a
combination of vendor systems,
modified for the client's particular
requirements.
These systems are popular
with large contractors because
they can modify the systems to
suit their corporate downstream
purchasing processes and the
information that they choose to
provide to clients and clients
representatives. They have also
become a powerful marketing
tool, allowing contractors to
control project information and
to offer design and management
services.
The advantages of
closed server / client systems
are: - hey may be modified and
manipulated to suit the purposes
of the owner of the system.
Closed systems can operate
effectively outside a standards-
compliant environment,
therefore they can be readily
adapted and modified at will to
particular project circumstances
and corporate whim.
The disadvantages of Server / client systems
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PROJECT DELIVERY
systems.
Peer-to-peer systems
Peer-to-peer file transfer and file
sharing systems developed on the
back of music-sharing
technologies such as the ill-fated
Napster and Kazaa systems.
Systems such as Groove Virtual
Office are typical of peer-to-peer
(P2P) collaborative systems. P2P
uses internet connectivity,
requiring licenced file sharing
software that allows each
connected PC on a distributed
wide area network to directly
share particular files with other
registered computers on the
network. The power of well
developed P2P networks should
not be understated and this is
demonstrated by the use of such
systems by the US Department of
State, International Red Cross,
Boeing and Dell Computers.
The advantages of P2P
networks are: Flexibility.
Members may share as much or
as little information as they wish,
or as agreed. P2P systems are
inexpensive and operate on any
PC connected to the internet. P2P
introduces some discipline to
communications. ("We view
Groove as more effective than
email for teams working on
projects. There's a lot of
interaction among project teams
in New York, London, and
elsewhere. Groove brings a lot of
disparate project information into
one place."-- Mandeep Singh
Narula, Reuters Strategy
Innovation Group. As with many
collaborative systems, users are
encouraged to add tools that they
have developed. This cooperation
aids rapid development of
practical applications in the P2P
environment.
Disadvantages are:
Networks are based on the
voluntary sharing of information.
Systems are unstructured. They
do not provide for the depth of
auditing or management reporting
that structured systems offer.
Application Service
Provider (ASP) systems
ASP systems are similar to
proprietary server / client systems,
in that they use a central server
with client (user) computers
connected via secure internet
connectivity. Typically ASP's
operate with many clients (as
opposed to single clients with
proprietary systems) each of
which can have many jobs.
These systems are
becoming more popular with
large clients for a number of
reasons. In particular they give
clients the ability to retain all
their own corporate facility
management knowledge in a
single system environment
whilst working with many
contractors and consultants.
ASP vendors are more likely to
invest in research and
development, secure servers
and software upgrades than
other systems. Typically, all ASP
clients share in software
upgrades and the experience
and requirements of other
clients.
Advantages of ASP
systems are: Flexibility to
maintain corporate knowledge
and work with multiple vendors.
The ability to amalgamate
corporate facility data for
portfolio management purposes.
Access to secure data servers
and backup servers. Access to
high bandwidth pipelines.
Access to regular software
upgrades and developments.
Reducing learning / training
curve for contractors and
consultants with generic
systems used by multiple
clients.
Disadvantages are: The
inability to own the system.
Licence fees must be
maintained over time.
The perception that the system
is less secure because it is not
physically located with the
client's business.
Systems in Europe
In my opinion, research into
construction processes in
Australia began to fall behind
work being undertaken in the UK
in the late 1990s, as it became
confused with collaborative
Clients Driving Innovation:
(alliance) contracting amongst
researchers and vested interests
(contractors and consultant/
advisers and client bodies).
As a result of this
misdirected energy, we may have
fallen behind in the adoption of
collaborative systems in Australia.
In 2006, BIW, Britains biggest
PCS vendor turned over nearly
$11.5 million in sales an four of
five of the major vendors have
demonstrated strong growth since
2003.
In Australia, by comparison,
PCS is seen by many as an infant
technology. Many clients
surveyed still regards it as novel
or of little interest. Committed
users struggle to get traction with
their clients and supply chain.
In a recent survey
conducted by the Facility
Management Association and
Australian vendor Aconex, it was
found that:
* Only 25% of respondents can
find the information they require
within 10 minutes
* 70% have worked from out-of-
date data
* A quarter of people regularly
reproduce information because
they cannot find it
* Up to a third of organisations
have suffered financial loss due to
missed deadlines on lease
renewals/agreements or service
contracts
* Only 7% can find all the
information owned by their
predecessor
* 55% of all information a facilities
manager uses is from the design
and construction phases, yet 44%
of facility managers stated that
little of this information was
available to them at handover
* When asked: How useful would
it be to capture documents and
correspondence into a central
archive from the start of the
design and construction phases of
a project? 98% said it would be
useful' or extremely useful'.
However, the research
indicates there is still a large gap
between what FM professionals
need, and their current
information management
practices. Sadly, "Email, phone
and fax are still the most common
,
"
"
PROJECT DELIVERY
Overall Findings
50% of the initial respondents had
no experience with or exposure to
collaboration technologies. These
respondents did not complete the
survey past the first question,
though they contributed an
important statistic. This question
was not taken in the UK and its
respondents were selectively
qualified.
The result indicates that,
whilst collaboration technologies
were slow to take off in Australia,
they are being quickly taken up on
commercial projects. Although
there is still plenty of room in the
marketplace, the absorption rate
in the past few years has been
good, considering the anecdotal
evidence in the past two years.
UK: 74% of construction
clients increasingly favour
contractors with experience of
using web-based collaboration
systems.
AUS: 100% of clients
surveyed either prefer or insist on
contractors or consultants who
are experienced with collaboration
technologies.
UK: 96% of those
interviewed said they had
experienced benefits from using
collaboration technologies.
Several advantages were seen as
substantial by over 80% of users
including:
round-the-clock online
availability of documents,
drawings and other project
data
methods of communication with
external parties".
In this paper, I attempt to
draw some conclusions as to the
relative position of Australia with
respect to the adoption of
collaborative Project Collaboration
(PCS) systems today.
In 2005/6 the Network for
Construction Collaboration
Technology Providers (NCCTP) in
the UK commissioned
independent research to conduct
a survey of customer experiences
and opinions as to the benefits of
collaborative systems.
The aim of the study was to
provide a measure of the benefits
identified by people with first-hand
experience of using collaboration
technology of live projects. The
survey sample included
approximately 45% contractors
and sub-contractors, 30%
designers, 13% quantity
surveyors and 13% clients.
I have compared the results
of this research with private
research from a sample of
respondents in Australia, being
representatives of major
Australian clients and national
contractors and consultants, in
order to determine the state of
adoption and acceptance of
collaborative project Collaboration
systems in Australia. 302
responses to a questionnaire
were received, of which 32 are
clients, 84 are contractors or
subcontractors and 160 are
consultants. Geographically, there
is a reasonable spread of
respondents from the states of
Australia. New South Wales and
Queensland are well
represented, followed by
Victoria, WA and South
Australia.
Surprisingly there are a
number of responses from the
Middle East, specifically Dubai,
which has attracted professional
staff from around the world,
including Australia. Perhaps
these responses indicate an
enthusiasm for and experience
with collaborative systems in the
booming Dubai construction
industry.
Over 50% of respondents
have personal experience using
collaborative systems, with
around 50 regular users. (over 5
projects). Respondents with no
experience of collaborative
systems did not continue with
the survey questions, leaving
approximately 170 qualified
respondents. This is
considerably larger sample than
the British sample of
approximately 200, as a
proportion of population.
It was noted by some
respondents that responses
would be likely to vary widely,
depending on the brand of
system being considered,
because of the significant
variations in functionality,
usability and support of different
systems.
PROJECT DELIVERY
holding all project data in a
single central repository
reduced expenditure on
couriers or post
less chance of losing important
documents or drawings
improved audit trail
AUS: 93.5% of those
interviewed said they had
experienced benefits from using
collaboration technologies.
Several advantages were seen as
substantial by between 30 and
40% of users including:
round-the-clock online
availability of documents,
drawings and other project
data
documents more complete at
handover
costs less to maintain
documents
The indications are that,
once experienced, clients are
enthusiastic about PCS for their
projects. A very high proportion of
respondents see substantial or
significant benefits. This appears
to be a common theme in both the
UK and Australia. Interestingly,
24/7 access to information rated
as the most significant benefit in
both surveys.
UK: 60% - want to use the
technologies on most or all future
projects.
AUS: 43% want to use the
technology again on future
projects, though another 36% are
quite likely to want to use
collaboration.
This result is lower than
would be expected, given the
enthusiasm of clients for PCS
systems, once they have
experienced them. Perhaps the
response indicates a slight
disconnect between the
consultants and contractors
managing and using systems
and clients taking advantage of
the benefits of reporting and
audit control.
Consultants and
contractors should be aware of
client perceptions in this respect,
perhaps proposing adopting
PCS systems to clients for most
or all reasonable sized projects.
Satisfaction with the
Technology
UK: 90% are highly or
moderately satisfied with the
reliability, speed, ease of use,
learning curve and functionality
of systems in the market.
AUS: 90% are satisfied
with the learning curve, 75
85% are satisfied with speed,
functionality and ease of use of
available systems.
Overall satisfaction levels
are slightly lower in Australia.
perhaps this is due to the
varying capability and usability
of the systems on offer, since
this was noted by some
experienced respondents.
Likelihood of
Recommendation
UK: 89% are likely to
recommend the use of PCS
systems. 31% will definitely
recommend PCS systems.
AUS: 76% are likely to
recommend the use of PCS
systems. 18% will definitely
recommend PCS systems.
This result indicates a more
cautious approach to adopting
new technologies, a surprise for
Australia, which is known as an
early adopter of new technology,
although not surprising for the
construction industry, which is
rooted in tradition and slow to
change.
Likelihood of Using Again
UK: 89% will use PCS
again.
AUS: 79% will use PCS
again. QS/Project Managers and
Contractors are committed to the
use of their systems. Clients
accept the PCS is part of the
landscape and will use it if
offered. Clients have little interest
in adopting their own systems.
The major State
Government (Qld) design /
management service provider is
developing an in-house system,
but it is some way off.
Subcontractors and
designers will use PCS as they
are required to. Subcontractors, in
particular, worry about the need to
learn multiple systems.
Perception of Overall
Performance
UK: 88% rate performance
PROJECT DELIVERY
as good to excellent.
AUS: 75% rate
performance as good to excellent,
but it is noted this response
depends on the system offered.
Overall Attitude
UK: 60% prefer or would
like to use on most projects. 30%
find it useful on the right projects.
AUS: 41% prefer or would
like to use on most projects. 45%
find it useful on the right projects.
Depth of Commitment
UK: 98% range from
satisfied to loyal advocates.
AUS: 41% of respondents
are moderate to loyal advocates.
QS/Project Managers and
Contractors are more committed,
but express disappointment with
client response.
Enthusiastic Respondents
UK: 62% QS; 59% Clients;
58% Contractors; 51% Designers;
39% Sub-contractors.
are consultants or contractors.
Most are moderately satisfied to
very satisfied with the technology
and would recommend it for future
use. Those clients who have
experience with collaborations
systems are devotees, with 100%
insisting on or preferring
consultants and contractors with
PCS experience. The problem
appears to be converting clients
who have not experienced
collaboration systems.
An overall positive
attitude, commitment to PCS
and enthusiasm to embrace
collaboration systems in
Australia is low compared to the
UK. This is in contrast to client
perceptions and user
perceptions of the benefits.
Design Process Benefits
UK: 88% agree that
reasonable or substantial
benefits arise from improved
communications. Moderate
benefits were noted for faster
designs and revisions and
reduced design costs.
AUS: 88% agree that
substantial or significant benefits
arise from improved
communications, with 44% citing
savings in re-work as a major
advantage. Across the board
design advantages significant
enough to invite general
investment are thought to be
some way off.
Drawing Approval Times
UK: Drawing approval
times improved by 26%
AUS: The significant
response suggests that drawing
approval cycle improved from 6-
9 days to 3-5 days. This is a
significant improvement in
approval times, averaging
around a 4550% improvement.
This would have a significant
impact on workflow throughout a
project. Surprisingly, one
respondent has experienced
decay in performance with
online collaboration.
Traceability and
Accountability
UK: 93% agree that there
is a better audit trail and better
accountability; though only 68%
agree there is less risk of
disputes. All sectors regard
better audit trail highly. Next
ranked is version control,
followed by faster review/ sign-
off of documents.
AUS: 88% agree that
traceability and accountability are
the major advantage, with version
control and audit trail polling
strongly. Surprisingly, only 37%
agree that these improvements
lead to less disputes. Consultants
and contractors had a stronger
view of this issue, though not
considered as an advantage by
clients.
This is most likely a result
of the predominance of
contractor-controlled systems
where the audit trail is not readily
available to clients. many clients
are not addressing better process
and accountability within their own
organisations or their project
teams.
Faster communications is
seen as an advantage by all
sectors. 60% believe there is
improvement with design change
turnaround, consistent with
drawing turnaround. 75% believe
that design costs are reduced.
Project Management,
Communications, Teamwork
UK: Key benefits are
centralised project information
85%; Cost savings on couriers
and posting 83%; better
collaboration amongst distributed
teams 68%.
AUS: As with the UK, 83%
rate centralised project
information highly. Time and cost
savings, better communications,
better international
communications, better
integration of geographically.
Even so, better
collaboration of distributed teams
is not as well regarded as
physically centrally located teams.
Old habits die hard. Perhaps the
strong response to better
international communications has
come from branch or project
offices in Dubai, Chennai and
other international respondents.
Document management,
Storage and Retrieval
UK: Key benefits are less
chance of losing important
documents 82%; Secure
information 75%; cheaper
distribution and production costs
PROJECT DELIVERY
74%.
AUS: 90% regarded
savings in physical storage space
highly. Better version control and
less loss of documents, searching
and finding documents, document
production and storage costs all
rate well.
Handover, Commissioning and
Operations
UK: Key benefits are 24/7
access to documents; provides a
useable archive of facilities
management data 65%; cheaper
to maintain and amend
documents 60%
AUS: Key benefits, rating
better than 60% include 24/7
access, reduced cost to maintain
documents, better archive data,
better access to operations
manuals and equipment, faster.
Clients appear to be
addressing integrating capital
investment data and operations/
maintenance systems, with strong
responses from clients in relation
to better access to facility
management data (87%), More
accessible operations and
maintenance data (67%), and a
more useable archive for
workplace health and safety
(60%). This is a significant change
from recent anecdotal evidence
that clients believed PCS is of
more benefit to contractors and
consultants.
Client Views
UK: Clients are strongly
attracted to the level of control
offered. 75% of clients give
preference to contractors with
collaborative systems. 67% of
clients would exclude contractors
unwilling to use PCS systems.
AUS: Clients who have
experienced collaborative
systems are very enthusiastic
about their use. 100% would give
preference to or insist on
contractors and consultants who
are experienced users. 63%
believe it offers much better
control over projects.
Consultants and Contractors
Views
UK: Clients are demanding
PCS 81%; better control 68%;
competitive edge 68%.
AUS: 57% of contractors
consider they have better project
control. 50% note that an
increasing number of larger
clients are insisting on
collaboration systems for their
projects. 17 % say that it gives
them a competitive edge and
that clients are prepared to pay
a premium for the extra service.
Key Barriers to Adoption
UK: Getting team
commitment to fully use the
technology 73%; some system
processes are time consuming
73%; time and cost of set-up
and training 67%; training
requirements for multiple
systems 67%; easier
communication results in more
changes 60%.
agree that getting team
commitment to full use of the
technology is the major problem.
43% feel it's just another means
of communication to come to
grips with. Time-consuming
system processes is a problem
for 49% of respondents. Other
issues that rate highly are poor
IT literacy in the industry (37%),
the cost of initial investment
(38%), difficult drawing mark-up
processes (33%), creates more
work (32%), training on multiple
systems (29%).
Conclusions
Approximately 50% of those
surveyed had no experience
with and no exposure to
collaborative systems at all.
Given that the
respondents are all or mostly
people who work in high-value
commercial and government
work, it is safe to suggest the
exposure to and experience with
collaborative systems has
gained enormous traction across
the construction industry in
Australia, but there is still quite a
long way to go before PCS
technologies are as all-
pervasive as email and fax.
Clients who have had no
exposure to collaborative
John Lowry presented
this paper at Clients
Dr i vi ng I nnovat i on:
B e n e f i t i n g f r o m
Innovation (12-14 March
2008) the thi rd
International Conference
of the Cooperati ve
Research Centre (CRC) for
Construction Innovation
systems are ambivalent about
implementing them, but having
experienced or used them, they
become strong advocates. This is
an excellent sign, since it
indicates that the benefits of PCS
are clearly evident to clients.
From previous anecdotal
evidence to now, there appears to
have been a significant shift in
Australia towards the acceptance
and adoption of project
collaboration systems. The
overall satisfaction with PCS is
similar and the benefits are
perceived to be similar. The
general enthusiasm for adopting
and promoting PCS is lower in
Australia, except for clients,
whose enthusiasm is higher.
Consultants and
contractors should be aware of a
possible disconnect between their
own and their clients' perceptions
in this regard. Clients are also
clearly aware of the benefit of
PCS for facility management
purposes. Consultants and
contractors can take advantage of
this shift of thinking amongst
clients, who, in casual surveys
just one year ago were ambivalent
towards PCS systems.
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LEGAL NOTES
KIM LOVEGROVE and NINA
MCLAUGHLIN write that the civil
liability of Building Surveyors is an
evolving field with the jurisprudence
developing in VCAT. It has
established a wider responsibility
owed by Building Surveyors to
owners and others than may
previously have been envisaged upon
the privatisation of the profession.
Under the Building Act 1993 (Vic) only a
natural person may apply to be a registered
building practitioner.
As you may know a Building Surveyor
Company is joint and severally liable for the
acts or omissions of a person registered as a
Building Surveyor, employed by the
company, and can be brought into a
proceeding as a second defendant.
However a person registered as a
Building Surveyor and a Building Surveyor
Company are also liable for the failure of
building inspectors they sub-contract to
properly conduct inspections of building
work.
The seminal case in this area is the
VCAT decision Toomey v Scolaros Concrete
Constructions Pty Ltd (In Liquidation) and
Others subsequently upheld by the Court of
Appeal of the Supreme Court of Victoria. The
case concerned the liability for the personal
injury to a man who whilst drunk fell off a
balustrade that was constructed lower than
the BCA required height.
The Building Surveyor Company,
Building Surveyor and the Building Inspector
were all defendants in the proceedings along
with the Builder, Project Manager, Architect
and two of the mans friends who were
skylarking with him at the time of the
accident. All defendants were held liable and
each was apportioned a percentage of the
plaintiffs damages according to section 24 of
the Wrongs Act 1958.
The Court determined the duty owed by the
Building Surveyor was a nondelegable one
and as such the duty under the Building Act
and Regulations could not be delegated to a
building inspector.
Duty to Whom owner and
subsequent owner
Building Surveyors have been found to be
liable to owners not only under their contract
of engagement with the client but also by
owing a duty of care to the owner.
However the law has moved further, in
2003 a VCAT case Taitapanui v HIA
Insurances Services Pty Ltd decided a
Trends
Trends
in the
in the
Civil
Civil
Liability
Liability
of
of
Building
Building
LEGAL NOTES
Building Surveyor could be found
liable to a subsequent owner for
breach of duty. The decision was
later upheld by the Supreme
Court of Victoria.
In this later case Moorabool
Shire Council & Anor v Taitapanui
Smith J held apart from his
contractual obligation to exercise
reasonable care in performing his
contract, he owed a duty of care
to the original owners. He would
or should have known that a
subsequent owner was likely to
assume that the house had been
competently built and the
foundations adequate unless the
inadequacy of the footings had
become manifest.
His honour went on to say:
Finally, the economic loss was of
the same kind and the house
provided the connecting link to the
original relationship with the
owner - if that is required.
The Nature of the Duty
In Moorabool Shire Council &
Anor v Taitapanui, Victorian
Supreme Court, Smith J applied
the majority reasoning in Bryan v
Maloney, in finding a private
building surveyor should have
foreseen that a failure to exercise
reasonable care could cause
serious economic loss to the
owners of the house.
The courts have limited the
culpability of Building Surveyors
for foreseeable damage to the
damage that results from a failure
to adequately conduct his duties
under the Building Act and
Regulations. A Building
Surveyors liability will be
interpreted to be circumscribed by
their responsibilities under the
legislation.
This has been made clear
by the 2006 VCAT case Lawley v
Terrace Designs Pty Ltd, where
Senior Member Young stated:
the position the private building
surveyor has is a statutory
position created by the building
regime enacted in the Building Act
and RegulationsHis is
essentially a checking and
inspection role: but to reiterate
what I said above, it is not a
general or supervisory role but to
carry out acts specified in the
BA and BR in the manner
required by the legislation
[emphasis added].
Young went on: I
consider that the professional
obligations required of a building
surveyor are those set out in
provisions of the BA and BR.
The starting point then for
determining what duty a building
surveyor owes is section 76 of
the Building Act 1993 which
determines the functions of
private building surveyors to
include any or all of the
following:
(a) the issuing of building
permits;
(b) the carrying out of
inspections of buildings and
building work under Part 4;
(c) the issuing of occupancy
permits and temporary
approvals under Part 5.
From here the
requirements of issuing building
permits, inspecting buildings and
building works, and issuing
occupancy permits under the
legislation set the boundaries of
the Building Surveyors duty.
Building Surveyor
Immunity
If the Building Surveyor relies on
a certificate issued by another
Building Professional in relation
to domestic building work it is
possible to invoke immunity
under section 128 of the
Building Act.
Section 128 Immunity
for building surveyor relying on
certificate .
(1) A municipal building
surveyor or a private building
surveyor, in carrying out a
function under this Act or the
regulations, may rely on a
certificate by a registered
building practitioner in a
prescribed category or class
of practitioners
(a) that proposed building
work of a prescribed class
complies with any
provision of this Act or the
regulations; or
(b) that building work of a
prescribed class complies
with any provision of this
Act or the regulations.
(2) A registered building
practitioner must not give a
certificate under subsection (1)
in respect of building work
unless the certificate states
that the registered building
practitioner has inspected that
building work.
Sections 128 and 238
operate so that a Building
Surveyor is not liable for anything
done or omitted to be done as
required by the Building Act or
Regulations if he relies in good
faith on a certificate issued by a
registered building practitioner (in
the relevant prescribed category
or class of practitioners).
Good Faith Test
Unfortunately there is no
comprehensive test for statutory
good faith under section 128.
Further judicial consideration of
this section is required for clarity.
However, from the case
law, a key consideration in
determining whether the good
faith test has been met is the
compliance of the certificate,
relied upon, with the legislation.
Both Toomey and Lawley
concerned a certificate of
compliance under Form 14 and
issued under Regulation 15.7(2)
that must comply with Schedule 2
of the Building Regulations. The
Tribunal held in both cases that
the Form 14 certificate was not
completed with sufficient detail in
accordance with Schedule 2 for it
to be a valid form.
In Toomey the Form 14
failed to describe the building
work inspected and the Act,
Regulations or Code complied
with, and in Lawley the Form 14
did not state that the building work
had been inspected.
The Building Surveyor in
both cases failed to prove their
reliance upon such an invalid
certificate was in good faith. It is
clear if a Building Surveyor is
relying on a certificate issued by
another Registered Building
Professional, in relation to a
requirement under the legislation
that a Building Surveyor is
LEGAL NOTES
responsible for, he or she should
closely check the certificate
issued.
Proportional Liability
Proportional liability is when a
court or tribunal in a matter
concerning more than one
defendant orders the damages
that a defendant must pay is that
which is just and equitable
having regard to the extent of
that defendants responsibility
for the loss or damage caused
by its breach of contract or duty.
That is the damages to be paid
by a defendant are in proportion
to the total amount of damages
owed by all defendants
according to the culpability and
responsibility of each defendant.
The Legislation
Section 131 of the Building Act
1993 had provided for the
proportional allocation of
damages if there was no
personal injury or death whether
the liability was due to a
contractual relationship or from
a duty of care owed to the
plaintiff.
In Taitapanui the
Supreme Court found the
Tribunal in applying section 131
was right to consider the
obligations each defendant
undertook, and to assess them
against the major shortcomings
in the design and construction of
the building. Many errors in
construction occurred as well as
errors in design and not all of
the errors of construction came
within the responsibility of the
Private Building Surveyor.
The court upheld the
Tribunals decision that the
Builder and Building Surveyor
had equal responsibility for the
damages.
On 1 January 2004 the
Wrongs Act 1958 was amended
adding Part IVAA and repealing
section 131 of the Building Act
1993. Section 24AF
Application of Part This Part
applies to
(a) a claim for economic loss
or damage to property in an
action for damages (whether
in tort, in contract, under
statute or otherwise) arising
from a failure to take
reasonable care; and
(b) a claim for damages for a
contravention of section 9 of
the Fair Trading Act 1999.
Section 24AI
Proportionate Liability for
Apportionable Claims
(1) In any proceeding
involving an apportionable
claim
(a) the liability of a
defendant who is a
concurrent wrongdoer in
relation to that claim is
limited to an amount
reflecting that proportion
of the loss or damage
claimed that the court
considers just having
regard to the extent of the
defendant's responsibility
for the loss or damage;
and
(b) judgment must not be
given against the
defendant for more than
that amount in relation to
that claim.
The drafting of section
24AF (a) results in the
proportionate liability regime
being limited to claims for
damages based on negligence
and misleading and deceptive
conduct.
All other damages will be
determined on a joint and
severable liability basis, leaving
the defendant with the most
money to bear the burden of the
order to pay damages whatever
its level of responsibility or
culpability.
Application of
Proportionate Liability to
Building Surveyors
In Lawley v Terrace Designs the
Tribunal applied Part IVAA. In
that case the claims against the
Building Surveyor and
Architectural Draftsman were
found to be apportionable as
they arose out of a failure of
each to take reasonable care.
The Tribunal first
categorised the damage caused
and then considered the degree
of responsibility each the
Builder, Architectural Draftsman
and Building Surveyor had in
causing the damage.
The Tribunal found the
Building Surveyor had
contributed 30% to the damage
LEGAL NOTES
It is recommended that
Building Surveyors consider
carefully whether any prescribed
conduct within the terms of
engagement required of the
Building Surveyor fall outside
those duties required under the
Building Act and Regulations.
For example, inspections
are required at mandatory
notification stages and not at the
end of progress payment
periods or other periodic events,
so a contractual clause requiring
a Building Surveyor to conduct
inspections for the purpose of
issuing an occupancy permit
would be in addition to the
duties under the Building Act
and Regulations.
If an inspection before
issuing an occupancy permit is
not conducted and a court later
determines that a defect in the
building would have been found
at such a time if the Building
Surveyor had conducted such
an inspection the Building
Surveyor could be liable for
breach of contract despite the
inspection not being a statutory
duty.
A Building Surveyor
should be looking to ensure the
parameters of his or her duty are
clear under
the contract with the client and
include only those acts that flow
from the statutory duties.
In addition to prescriptive
clauses which set requirements
caused by the lack of masonry
control joints and the
unsatisfactory construction of
the joint the Builder did install
from the Building Inspectors
failure to inspect such items at
the mandatory final inspection
stage.
The Builder was found to
be 50% and the Architectural
Draftsman 20% responsible for
that category of damage.
The Building Surveyor was also
found 40% responsible for the
lack of sub-floor ventilation, such
ventilation required by the BCA
and Building Regulations. The
deficiency had been found to
have encouraged and caused
termite infestation.
The remaining 60% of
damages for this category of
damage was assessed to the
Builder.
Contractual Obligations
to the Client
Aside from statutory obligations,
as discussed above, the duties
of Building Surveyors to their
clients are also regulated by the
contractual terms of
engagement.
Many of the terms within
these contracts mirror the
statutory obligations of Building
Surveyors to all parties.
on the work to be undertaken it
is common for such contracts to
include terms which set the
general standard of work
expected of the Building
Surveyor, such as to:
conduct work in a
professional manner;
or
exercise reasonable skill
and care and diligence.
Such standard of work
contractual clauses are likely to
be interpreted in light of the
standard required under the
Building Act and Regulations
and as such should not create a
higher standard than the
statutory standard.
However it would be
prudent, for example, to use the
wording of Regulation 15.2, a
registered building practitioner
must perform his or her work as
a building practitioner in a
competent manner and to a
professional standard, and
state the interpretation of the
clause is to be the same as
the Building Regulations.
Conclusion
The civil liability of a Building
Surveyor now clearly extends to
subsequent owners.
Any expectation of
reliance on the indemnity in
section 128 is heavily dependent
upon the procedural rigour taken
with the completion of the
certificate being relied upon.
In addition, contracts of
engagement need to clearly
reflect the legislation in defining
the scope of the Building
Surveyors duty.
Kim Lovegrove is
Managing Partner,
Lovegrove & Lord and
Nina McLaughlin is a
Solicitor with Lovegrove
& Lord
Rising numbers of Victorias
building practitioners are actively
encouraging their customers to
build green, according to the
latest Building Commission Pulse
survey.
The annual Pulse
Building Intelligence Survey of
building practitioners and
consumers, released in March
2008, found that half of the
discussions about
environmentally sustainable
design in building projects were
initiated or jointly initiated by
building practitioners.
The survey also found that
59 per cent of building
practitioners surveyed rated
their knowledge of
building (ESB) as either high or
very high.
The latest Pulse survey
signals a major shift in the
Victorian building industry,
toward being leaders of green
building. The survey claims
that, what was once a
consumer-driven topic,
design is now being championed
by building practitioners.
Victorias building
practitioners are thinking ahead
about what their consumers
want and are jointly engaging
their customers in discussions
on environmentally sustainable
building. Talking about ESB is
now just a normal part of a
builders business.
Pulse statistics show that
ESB is on the rise, with over 50
per cent of all projects in the
survey results including some
elements of green building.
The most popular
elements were insulation, rain-
water tanks and water/energy
SURVEY
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efficient fittings, such as energy
efficient light globes.
Building practitioners
responded that although the 5
Star standard requirements are
an influential factor to greener
building, there is also a strong
belief that the industry has a
moral responsibility to build
homes and buildings with the
future in mind.
The survey found that two
thirds of building practitioners are
actively informing themselves by
reading about sustainability in
industry magazines and a third
are talking to other practitioners
and experts about best practice in
ESB.
The survey highlights
growing consumer requests for
ESB features in their projects, and
57 per cent of those surveyed had
educated themselves about
energy conservation and
recyclable materials before talking
with their builder.
The survey highlighted that
both builders and consumers are
taking very seriously the message
of building a better environment
for tomorrow.
The survey also reported
that cost constraints were the
main reasons that consumers did
not include more environmentally
sustainable elements into their
building designs.
The Pulse Consumer and
Practitioner Building Surveys have
been conducted for five
consecutive years, using 600
randomly selected consumers and
600 building practitioners.
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AIQS BUILDING COST INDEX
AIQS BCI JUNE 2008
100
1000
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SYDNEY
BRIS
MELB
PERTH
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CANB
HOBART
AWA
NOTES FOR THE AIQS BUILDING COST INDEX
The AIQS Building Cost Index (BCI) is published as a matter of interest only and is not intended to be
relied upon by readers. The BCI shows long-term fluctuations in general building costs in the
various capital cities. The figures do not represent any specific type of project, nor are they likely to
be indicative of very large or very small projects. The AIQS BCI does not represent work in country
localities and remote areas.
The base has been set at 100 and represents the Australian Weighted Average (AWA) Building Cost
Index as at July 1985. The figures come from observations made by a variety of sources, e.g.
National Public Work Conference (NPWC), BRIX survey results and local QS Chapter
representatives. The figures up to 1995 are based on NPWC data. An attempt has been made to
maintain the relativity of the indices that was established in the BCI system used by NPWC members.
The most recent index figures are based on the results from the BRIX surveys; a b for historic BRIX
figures and f for BRIX forecasts indicate these. The figures in between are based on data from
various local sources. Information published in Rawlinsons Australian Construction Handbook has
been used in two instances to extrapolate index figures where there was insufficient information from
local sources.
The graph on this page, as well as the graph on page A-3 from the December 2006 edition onward is
plotted using a logarithmic scale on the Y axis. This will give a truer indication of the rate of change
i.e. a uniform increase in the BCI will show as a straight line instead of an upward curve.
THE BUILDING ECONOMIST JUNE 2008 Page A-1
Date SYDNEY BRIS MELB PERTH ADEL CANB HOBART AWA
Jul-74 44 40 48 37 41 39 49 44
Jul-75 47 45 49 44 45 46 49 48
Jul-76 50 49 51 50 49 51 51 51
Jul-77 54 51 55 55 51 55 55 55
Jul-78 58 54 59 56 53 59 59 58
Jul-79 63 61 65 57 59 65 66 63
Jul-80 71 69 72 63 66 75 73 71
Jul-81 83 77 81 73 75 87 83 80
Jul-82 88 81 87 79 80 93 89 85
Jul-83 88 83 87 81 80 96 91 87
Jul-84 92 84 92 85 84 103 96 91
Jul-85 97 93 108 97 93 117 111 100
Jan-86 107 99 119 104 99 125 121 108
Jul-86 113 103 127 109 103 132 131 115
Jan-87 116 99 133 112 107 137 139 117
Jul-87 121 103 139 115 111 141 144 121
Jan-88 129 108 145 117 116 147 149 129
Jul-88 136 113 149 120 120 149 153 133
Jan-89 141 120 153 127 124 153 157 141
Jul-89 145 127 160 131 129 159 163 147
Jan-90 152 132 165 137 132 165 167 152
Jul-90 153 133 165 140 137 171 169 153
Jan-91 155 133 165 140 141 173 169 153
Jul-91 153 129 165 140 143 175 171 152
Jan-92 147 127 140 140 144 176 172 143
Apr-92 145 127 140 140 144 176 172 143
Jul-92 145 127 137 140 144 176 172 143
Oct-92 147 128 135 140 144 176 172 143
Jan-93 147 128 133 140 145 175 172 143
Apr-93 147 129 131 140 145 175 172 141
Jul-93 147 129 131 140 145 175 172 141
Oct-93 147 129 131 140 147 175 172 141
Jan-94 147 129 131 140 147 175 172 141
Apr-94 148 131 133 141 147 175 173 143
Jul-94 148 132 133 141 147 175 173 143
Oct-94 151 136 135 141 148 175 175 144
Jan-95 152 137 135 141 149 175 175 145
Apr-95 153 137 136 141 152 176 177 146
Jul-95 156 136 137 141 154 178 179 147
Oct-95 156 136 139 141 154 180 180 148
Jan-96 157 133 139 143 155 181 180 148
Apr-96 157 130 139 145 156 184 180 148
Jul-96 158 126 140 145 156 184 181 149
Oct-96 158 128 142 146 157 185 182 150
Jan-97 159 131 143 147 158 187 187 151
Apr-97 159 131 143 149 159 188 187 151
Jul-97 161 131 144 149 161 188 189 153
Oct-97 161 131 144 149 161 188 190 153
Jan-98 162 131 144 150 162 188 191 153
Apr-98 162 131 146 152 162 188 192 154
Jul-98 163 131 146 152 163 189 193 155
Oct-98 164 131 146 152 163 189 194 155
Jan-99 166 131 147 153 164 191 194 156
Apr-99 167 131 148 153 164 191 194 157
Jul-99 169 132 151 155 164 191 194 159
Oct-99 170 137 155 156 166 192 194 161
Jan-00 173 146 159 156 168 192 195 165
Apr-00 176 150 162 158 170 193 196 168
Date SYDNEY BRIS MELB PERTH ADEL CANB HOBART AWA
Jul-00 180 145 164 159 172 194 197 170
Oct-00 180 143 164 160 173 194 195 170
Jan-01 179 143 164 156 174 196 197 169
Apr-01 179 143 165 156 175 196 199 169
Jul-01 178 147 168 156 176 197 199 170
Oct-01 181 147 168 157 177 199 200 172
Jan-02 181 147 172 158 178 200 200 173
Apr-02 182 147 173 159 179 200 202 174
Jul-02 186 148 177 159 181 201 203 177
Oct-02 188 153 179 161 183 202 204 179
Jan-03 189 160 181 165 185 206 205 182
Apr-03 192 162 184 169 187 216 206 184
Jul-03 195 170 187 172 189 218 208 188
Oct-03 197 184 188 175 192 219 209 191
Jan-04 199 195 191 178 195 220 226 194
Apr-04 200 201 194 182 198 224 237 197
Jul-04 204 208 197 190 201 229 244 201
Oct-04 205 215 198 197 208 b 234 249 204
Jan-05 207 220 199 205 213 b 237 b 249 b 207
Apr-05 212 b 227 b 204 b 206 b 214 b 239 b 254 b 211 b
Jul-05 214 b 231 b 208 b 210 b 215 b 245 b 253 b 214 b
Oct-05 215 b 235 b 209 b 216 b 224 b 248 b 261 b 216 b
Jan-06 216 b 239 b 209 b 223 b 229 b 249 b 259 b 218 b
Apr-06 221 b 245 b 215 b 227 b 227 b 252 b 267 b 223 b
Jul-06 223 b 249 b 217 b 235 b 227 b 258 b 267 b 226 b
Oct-06 223 b 252 b 218 b 242 b 238 b 262 b 276 b 228 b
Jan-07 226 b 254 b 218 b 252 b 244 b 265 b 271 b 231 b
Apr-07 230 b 259 b 224 b 254 b 243 b 268 b 279 b 235 b
Jul-07 232 b 266 b 228 b 261 b 243 b 274 b 280 b 238 b
Oct-07 233 b 268 b 228 b 268 b 253 b 277 b 281 b 241 b
Jan-08 235 b 268 b 228 b 279 b 260 b 281 b 287 b 243 b
Apr-08 240 b 275 b 234 b 281 b 261 b 284 b 296 b 248 b
Jul-08 240 f 283 f 240 f 288 f 261 f 290 f 295 f 251 f
Oct-08 244 f 286 f 238 f 297 f 272 f 292 f 298 f 254 f
Jan-09 245 f 286 f 238 f 305 f 278 f 297 f 307 f 256 f
Apr-09 248 f 294 f 244 f 306 f 284 f 301 f 320 f 261 f
100
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BCI
CPI
AIQS ESTIMATED DESIGN, DOCUMENTATION AND CONSTRUCTION TIMES
Estimated Contract
Amount at Current Values
Expedited Short Normal Long Expedited Short Normal Long
$10,000 12 14 15 21 4 6 8 10
$20,000 13 16 17 23 5 7 9 12
$50,000 16 19 20 28 7 10 12 16
$100,000 18 21 23 31 8 12 15 19
$200,000 20 24 26 36 10 15 18 24
$300,000 22 26 28 38 12 17 21 27
$400,000 23 27 29 40 13 18 23 30
$500,000 24 28 31 42 13 19 24 32
$600,000 25 29 32 43 14 20 26 33
$700,000 25 30 33 45 15 21 27 35
$800,000 26 31 33 46 15 22 28 36
$900,000 26 32 34 47 16 23 29 38
$1,000,000 27 32 35 48 17 24 30 39
$2,000,000 31 36 39 54 20 29 37 48
$3,000,000 33 39 42 58 23 33 42 54
$4,000,000 35 41 45 61 25 36 45 59
$5,000,000 36 43 46 63 27 39 48 63
$6,000,000 37 44 48 66 28 41 51 67
$7,000,000 38 46 49 67 30 43 54 70
$8,000,000 39 47 50 69 31 45 56 73
$9,000,000 40 48 51 71 32 46 58 75
$10,000,000 41 49 52 72 33 48 60 78
$11,000,000 42 49 53 73 34 49 61 80
$12,000,000 42 50 54 74 35 50 63 82
$13,000,000 43 51 55 75 36 52 65 84
$14,000,000 43 52 56 76 36 53 66 86
$15,000,000 44 52 56 77 37 54 67 88
$16,000,000 44 53 57 78 38 55 69 89
$17,000,000 45 53 58 79 39 56 70 91
$18,000,000 45 54 58 80 39 57 71 93
$19,000,000 46 55 59 81 40 58 72 94
$20,000,000 46 55 59 81 41 59 73 96
$25,000,000 48 57 62 85 43 63 79 102
$30,000,000 50 59 64 88 46 66 83 108
$35,000,000 51 61 66 90 48 69 87 113
$40,000,000 52 62 67 92 50 72 90 118
$45,000,000 54 64 69 94 52 75 94 122
$50,000,000 55 65 70 96 53 77 97 126
$55,000,000 55 66 71 98 55 80 100 129
$60,000,000 56 67 72 99 56 82 102 133
$65,000,000 57 68 74 101 58 84 105 136
$70,000,000 58 69 74 102 59 85 107 139
$75,000,000 59 70 75 103 60 87 109 142
$80,000,000 59 71 76 105 62 89 111 145
$85,000,000 60 71 77 106 63 91 113 147
$90,000,000 61 72 78 107 64 92 115 150
$95,000,000 61 73 79 108 65 94 117 152
$100,000,000 62 74 79 109 66 95 119 155
Readers need to consider specific conditions affecting their projects such as complexity, constructability,
quality of documentations, availability of resources, potential industrial activity, etc
These times are published as a matter of interest only and are not intended to be relied upon by readers.
Readers should use their own judgement or if necessary seek expert advice.
DESIGN & DOCUMENTATION TIMES IN WEEKS CONSTRUCTION TIMES IN WEEKS
Based on formulae by Bromilow, F.J. and Henderson, J.A.1977, "Procedures for reckoning and valuing the
performance of building contracts" second edition. The formulae have been updated to account for increases
in building costs.
THE AUSTRALIAN INSTITUTE OF QUANTITY SURVEYORS, JUNE 2008
MARKET CONDITIONS JUNE 2008
ADELAIDE With the volatile resource markets, in particular copper and iron ore prices, there has been an effect on local construction costs. We have seen
numerous increases in steel based products including structural steel, reinforcing, metal cladding products etc on a regular basis. The industry is
experiencing non commitment from suppliers due to the constant movement of wholesale prices. Contractors are starting to introduce some form of rise
and fall clauses with their tender bids. On the horizon, the increased lending rate from the Reserve Bank has not yet slowed down confidence in this
state s there are still some major projects including the State Government Super Schools and various other private development with individual values of
$20.0m either currently out to tender or in the pipeline.
BRISBANE The Brisbane market is continuing to experience strong demand although at more reasonable levels than previously experienced. This demand has been
moderated by the contraction within the financial markets. The commercial office sector continues to have a high level of activity. Residential building is
also strong at present but may also be influenced by the financial markets and availability of funds. The large infrastructure and Government projects are
having an impact on resources and material prices in some structural trades.
CANBERRA No comment
HOBART Construction activity for the March quarter appears to be leveling off, however, it is anticipated that the market will be strained with many large projects
coming to tender in the next quarter or six months. This may produce elevated tenders as market demand outstrips supply in the short to medium term.
MELBOURNE The construction industry in Melbourne continues to experience growth in all areas. There are a number of larger projects due to commence with several
mid way through construction across most sectors. Pricing in the mid to smaller projects is still reasonably competitive, however, the skills shortages in
management staff and trade contractors and recent price increases in steel pricing is likely to drive prices upwards.
PERTH The Western Australian market remains overheated with demand outstripping supply. Tender prices continue to attract significant escalation. With strong
building activity and major ongoing construction works in the resource sector, this trend is unlikely to change in the near future.
SYDNEY Whilst the current construction activity remains high the outlook points to a tightening in the industry in the coming year. Difficulties in obtaining finance
has the potential to seriously affect the viability of projects in the pipeline, and together with significant cost increases, particularly in regard to steel
products, concrete supply, masonry supply and fuel have reduced the general level of confidence within the industry. The availability of skilled labour
continues to cause problems, albeit easing slightly in recent months; however, suitable professional staff continue to be difficult to source. Civil works,
infrastructure and resources are predicted to be the growth areas within the industry, whilst residential looks to remain flat with the exception of
refurbishment works.
PRELIMINARIES
The preliminary items referred to shall be deemed to include the following:
provision of charts, schedules and the like showing time progress, organization of trades or similar matters:
provision of notice board;
giving of notices, obtaining of permits and the payment of fees in compliance with the requirements of governmental, semi-governmental, local authority, or other
public authorities including the payment of survey fees;
setting out the works;
connection of and provision of temporary installations for water, electrical, telephone and other services for the works;
cost of providing water, electrical or other power required by the builder in the carrying out of the works;
cost of telephone calls;
temporary screens, fencing, hoardings, guard rails, barriers, gantries and the like together with any warning notices, night lighting and the like;
temporary roads, tracks, crossings, planked footways, and the like;
temporary sheds, store rooms for perishable materials, mess rooms, offices, sanitary accommodation and other temporary buildings together with necessary
equipment, furniture, lighting, heating and the like for use by the builder, architect or clerk of works;
general foreman and other site staff;
builders liability for injury to persons or property or to workmen and the insurances required in respect thereof;
builders liability for loss or damage to the works, existing structures, adjoining structures and the unfixed materials and the insurances required in respect thereof;
security bonds, guarantees and the like;
plant and equipment and attendant labour;
erecting, maintaining, and dismantling scaffolding;
attendance upon, cutting away for and making good after all trades;
protecting and safeguarding the works, materials and plant against the effects of the weather and against damage, trespass or theft;
period cleaning of the works and site and removal of rubbish;
duties of the builder on completion including such matters as cleaning and leaving all in good order, labelling and handing over keys, handing over certificates,
guarantees and the like;
liability of the builder for making good defects after practical completion.
CLASSIFICATION UNIT SYDNEY BRIS MELB PERTH ADEL CANB
BUILDING WORKS
$ $ $ $ $ $
Suburban site .................................................................. % 13.0 9.0 9.0 10.0 9.0 11-13
City site............................................................................ % 18.0 15.0 17.0 14.0 16.0 14-16
CIVIL WORKS
Suburban site .................................................................. % 8.0 7.5 8.0 8.0 7.0 8-10
CURRENT CONSTRUCTION COSTS
The Current Construction Costs herein are published on and should be read subject to the following conditions:
1. Construction costs are published as a matter of interest only and are not intended to be relied upon by readers. In any situations which may be similar to
matters herein readers should exercise and rely upon their own judgement.
2. The publisher is not engaged in rendering professional advice. If expert assistance is required the service of a professional person should be sought.
3. The Australian Institute of Quantity Surveyors or any of its councilors, officers or members of staff shall not be responsible for any error in the material
published herein or for any damage or loss whatsoever resulting therefrom or for any reliance thereon.
4. Construction costs are not intended for tendering or pricing variations. They are indicative costs for projects constructed in the Metropolitan Area. They are
not intended for projects constructed in the CBD or in country localities. The rates should be adjusted with reference to specific conditions.
5. The rates include the cost of labor and material, laps, waste, hoisting, fixing in position and for overheads and profit. The unit rates are deemed to include
all the provisions listed in the Measurement & Prices clauses in each of the sections of the Australian Standard Method of Measurement of Building
Works, 5
th
Edition. Rates may also include certain labors and minor items as indicated at the head of each section.
6. The profit allowance is based on the long term market conditions in the metropolitan area of each capital city.
7. These Construction Costs were produced prior to publication and due allowance should be made in this regard to the rates shown. Where an asterisk (*)
appears it means not readily available. Where there is a (#) it means the rate is under review.
8. The rates exclude any allowance for Goods and Services Tax and associated compliance costs.
$ $ $ $ $ $
1
GROUNDWORKS
2 Work in this trade is limited to within the building confines.
3 EXCAVATION
4 All excavation is in other than rock unless otherwise
stated.
5 All excavation is by machine.
6 Unless otherwise described excavation rates include for
backfilling and removal of surplus material from site a
distance of approximately ten kilometres. Excavation
rates do not include for shoring or planking and strutting.
Planking and strutting rates are based upon upholding
excavations in loamy soil sandy clay types of ground.
7 Stripping top soil average 150mm deep and stockpiling
m2 2.24 3.03 2.25 2.41 2.43 2.32
8 Over site excavation to reduce levels m2 15.93 20.04 16.88 12.04 14.81 25.50
9 Extra over last for rock using rippers m2 35.89 34.91 33.75 46.83 36.90 40.57
10 Trench excavation:
11 Not exceeding 2m deep m3 50.47 80.37 50.63 32.11 72.84 66.07
12 2-3m deep m3 56.07 86.65 62.26 44.16 78.91 75.35
13 Pit or pier hole excavation:
15 2-3m deep m3 89.72 103.94 72.99 53.52 84.98 79.98
16 Extra over trench, pit and pier hole excavation for rock
using compressors m3 179.44 168.37 146.25 145.85 150.53 144.90
17 500mm diameter bored pier hole m 24.42 20.99 23.61 24.09 23.07 40.57
18 900mm diameter bored pier hole m 40.37 40.63 39.38 41.48 47.34 55.64
19 Under ream 500mm pier hole to 800mm diameter no 50.47 83.06 50.63 53.52 60.70 59.12
20 Under ream 900mm pier hole to 1500 mm diameter no 100.93 116.73 95.63 100.36 92.26 98.53
21 Working space and maintain faces of trenches, pit
and pier holes:
24 FILLING AND HARDCORE
25 Backfilling is included in excavation rates. Rates for
filling are for consolidated quantities.
26 Excavated material as filling m3 16.82 10.55 14.63 10.70 14.32 17.39
27 Imported hardcore filling m3 47.10 56.12 45.00 66.90 54.63 52.16
28 Clean sand filling m3 50.47 44.90 50.63 20.07 53.41 57.96
29 50mm sand bed m2 4.49 4.49 4.50 3.35 5.10 4.40
30 100mm crushed rock bed including blinding m2 13.46 8.14 11.81 9.37 10.93 11.59
31 PAPER & PLASTIC MEMBRANES
32 0.20mm polythene sheeting with taped joints m2 3.36 2.81 3.94 3.35 3.03 3.48
33
CONCRETE
34 IN SITU CONCRETE
35 All concrete is N20 unless otherwise stated. Rates for
concrete do not include reinforcement.
36 Concrete in footings m3 190.65 224.49 213.61 321.33 235.51 212.13
37 Concrete in 100 mm 150mm slabs on ground m3 196.26 240.20 224.34 351.25 247.65 212.13
38 Concrete in 150mm 200mm suspended slabs m3 210.84 213.27 229.71 386.38 253.72 215.61
39 Concrete in columns m3 285.66 325.51 278.01 535.98 265.86 250.38
40 Concrete in beams m3 215.33 213.27 232.93 401.99 247.65 224.88
41 Concrete in isolated beams m3 224.30 280.61 247.95 401.99 247.65 231.84
42 Concrete in suspended stairs and landings m3 300.53 336.73 293.04 611.44 253.72 250.38
43 Concrete in 150mm 200mm walls m3 277.17 275.00 269.42 546.39 253.72 250.38
44 Extra cost of each additional N5 concrete strength m3 8.97 9.43 9.66 15.61 8.50 10.43
45 Shotcrete earth stabilising 75mm thick m2 61.68 44.90 48.30 * 48.56 63.76
46 SUNDRIES
47 Steel trowel integral finish to concrete floor m2 5.61 4.83 6.44 7.16 8.50 7.53
48 Sand blast concrete wall m2 34.77 36.03 34.88 45.53 38.24 44.05
49 Bush hammer concrete wall m2 50.47 52.31 50.63 76.49 59.48 75.35
50 Keyed construction joint in concrete slab 150mm
300mm thick m 20.18 22.45 19.32 20.29 21.85 28.98
51 Expansion joint in concrete slab 150mm 300mm thick
including dowels, caulking and pointing materials
m 40.35 49.39 37.57 46.18 38.85 44.05
52 150mm PVC waterstop cast into concrete m 30.28 32.55 33.75 39.55 35.81 28.98
53 FORMWORK
54 Rates are for ordinary formwork and not formwork
designed to produce an off-form finish, unless
otherwise stated.
55 To footings m2 47.79 67.35 54.00 54.64 69.91 52.16
56 To suspended slabs including strutting 3m 4m high m2 107.26 123.47 106.88 138.16 104.87 106.64
57 To suspended stairs and landings including strutting m2 122.12 165.00 112.50 143.10 128.17 115.92
58 To walls m2 128.50 141.43 125.59 234.17 116.52 112.44
59 To columns m2 132.74 141.43 128.81 247.83 122.34 112.44
60 To beams m2 132.74 143.67 129.88 245.22 122.34 110.12
61 Extra for Class 2 off-form finish m2 16.99 14.03 16.88 30.78 17.48 13.91
62 Extra for boarded off-form finish m2 53.83 56.12 51.75 60.88 52.43 46.37
THE BUILDING ECONOMIST JUNE 2008 CURRENT CONSTRUCTION COSTS Page B-1
$ $ $ $ $ $
63 1mm Bondek to suspended slab m2 77.52 117.86 75.14 97.57 87.39 69.55
64 0.75mm Bondek to suspended slab m2 71.15 112.24 68.70 91.06 75.74 67.23
65 REINFORCEMENT
66 Rates for reinforcement include for bending, tying,
supports and placing, rolling margin and bending
schedules.
67 Rates for fabric reinforcement also include 15% for
laps.
68 Structural grade round bar reinforcement t 1,850.47 2,413.27 1,996.51 2,536.81 2,213.84 2,074.94
69 Deformed bar reinforcement t 1,850.47 2,413.27 1,996.51 2,536.81 2,213.84 2,074.94
70 F118 fabric reinforcement m2 20.19 18.07 22.54 38.38 25.63 23.42
78 F8TM fabric reinforcement in strip footings m2 10.65 8.87 10.13 13.66 11.65 12.64
79 PRECAST CONCRETE
80 Rates for precast concrete include for all moulds (on
the basis of 20 re-uses) reinforcement, finishes to
exposed faces, all lifting and fixing devices, hoisting,
temporary supports, and fixing in position.
81 100mm non-structural wall or spandrel panel with local
gravel exposed aggregate finish m2 241.12 * 213.75 250.43 242.79 295.59
82 150mm non-structural wall or spandrel panel with local
gravel exposed aggregate finish m2 280.37 364.80 275.86 299.21 273.14 318.78
83 150mm structural wall or spandrel panel with local gravel
exposed aggregate finish m2 325.23 392.86 312.36 351.25 303.49 359.35
84 200mm structural wall or spandrel panel with local gravel
exposed aggregate finish m2 347.66 415.31 337.05 374.67 320.42 405.71
85 Extra over local exposed gravel aggregate finish for white
quartz finish m2 53.83 56.12 48.38 63.09 54.63 57.96
86 Extra over local exposed gravel aggregate finish for
polished reconstructed granite finish m2 100.93 101.02 92.25 21.47 103.19 98.53
87 300 x 750mm coping m 50.47 * 45.00 * 48.56 63.76
88 250 x 40mm stair tread m 44.86 * 38.64 * 38.85 46.37
89 TANKING
90 Rates for waterproofing include for laps, joints, fillets
angles and working around pipes, etc
91 2mm two coat horizontal asphalt tanking m2 50.47 33.67 49.50 72.46 54.63 53.32
92 1.5mm two coat vertical asphalt tanking m2 56.07 * 52.88 77.80 60.70 57.96
93 Two coats Mulseal bituminous emulsion m2 10.09 16.84 10.13 11.84 10.93 11.13
94 Three coats Mulseal bituminous emulsion m2 14.87 22.45 13.95 15.22 14.57 14.03
95 Cintafort 160 horizontal membrane m2 * * * 44.88 * *
96 Two layer Jute-al horizontal membrane m2 31.40 * 32.63 * 36.42 33.62
97 Two layer Jute-al vertical membrane m2 35.89 * 38.81 * 42.49 38.25
98 Bituthene 3000 horizontal membrane m2 24.67 22.45 27.00 * 30.35 25.50
99 "Bituthene 3000 vertical membrane m2 29.16 28.06 29.25 * 36.42 30.14
100
MASONRY
101 BRICKWORK
102 Rates for brickwork include for plumbing angles,
normal straight cutting, forming rebated reveals and
raking out joints for plastering.
103 Common standard clay bricks laid 1,000 1,635.40 1,781.33 1,593.99 1,726.14 2,330.36 1,657.63
104 Common standard clay brickwork m3 639.25 785.71 696.63 789.48 1,013.71 660.73
105 Common standard clay bricks in:
106 110mm wall m2 78.50 86.43 84.80 116.41 110.69 85.78
107 230mm wall m2 157.01 161.63 169.60 232.83 221.38 172.72
108 Cavity wall (two 110mm skins) including ties m2 161.50 168.37 173.89 239.52 221.38 175.04
109 Extra over common brickwork for:
110 Fair face and pointing m2 13.46 7.07 9.66 8.70 12.14 11.01
111 Flush joints and bagged finish m2 6.95 7.07 7.51 10.70 12.14 8.11
112 Stretcher bond for facing and cleaning ($600 per
thousand) m2 20.19 13.47 15.75 21.41 18.21 20.05
113 Face brick-on-edge sill m 33.64 30.08 33.75 33.45 36.42 31.30
114 BLOCKWORK
115 The rates for blockwork include for fractional, corner
and end blocks, cutting and all labours
116 Standard 400 x 200mm hollow grey concrete blocks
in:
117 100mm wall m2 67.29 88.67 71.92 89.65 79.23 75.35
118 150mm wall m2 80.75 93.16 83.72 109.72 92.05 90.42
119 200mm wall m2 89.72 106.63 96.61 137.82 103.70 100.85
120 Standard 400 x 200mm solid grey concrete blocks in:
121 100mm wall m2 84.11 87.55 78.36 96.34 86.22 82.30
122 150mm wall m2 89.72 92.04 89.09 116.41 97.88 100.85
$ $ $ $ $ $
123 250mm cavity wall including ties m2 134.58 194.18 149.20 184.66 165.46 150.69
124 100mm coloured split block wall in 400 x 200mm blocks
m2 100.93 135.82 99.83 116.41 110.69 92.73
125 100mm coloured split block wall in 400 x 100mm blocks
m2 105.42 102.14 99.83 129.80 116.52 102.01
126 Extra for fair face and pointing and cleaning m2 6.73 5.84 7.51 10.04 12.14 8.69
127 Hebel (Autoclaved) 200 x 600mm blocks in:
128 100mm wall m2 71.78 94.29 71.92 88.31 72.84 69.55
129 150mm wall m2 82.99 123.47 84.38 97.68 83.89 85.78
130 200mm wall m2 114.39 141.43 117.00 117.75 109.26 100.85
131 GLASS BLOCKS
132 80mm Wall in 190 x 190mm hollow glass bricks m2 381.31 482.65 384.28 408.12 454.42 425.42
133 100mm Wall in 190 x 190mm hollow glass bricks m2 403.74 505.10 417.55 454.95 477.72 470.63
134 DAMP PROOF COURSES AND FLASHINGS
135 0.5mm polythene damp course 300mm wide m 3.25 3.37 * * 1.82 1.85
136 Aluminium core (super grade) damp proof course:
137 110mm wide m 3.64 3.37 4.50 4.01 3.50 4.40
138 150mm wide vertical at jambs m 4.77 4.94 5.63 4.68 4.66 5.91
139 SUNDRIES
140 Concrete filling to 200mm hollow block wall m2 26.92 50.51 28.98 28.10 26.80 32.46
141 Concrete filling to 150mm hollow block wall m2 35.89 40.41 36.50 40.14 34.96 52.16
142 Structural grade bar reinforcement in concrete block wall
t 1,682.24 1,728.57 1,687.50 2,810.00 1,820.93 2,028.57
143 STONEWORK
144 Rates for stonework include for all fixings and
finished edges, and are median values for various
qualities
145 SANDSTONE
146 100mm Random rubble walling faced one side m2 * * 256.54 234.17 364.19 *
147 200mm Random rubble walling faced both sides m2 * * 433.65 448.26 606.98 *
148 450mm Random rubble walling faced one side m2 571.96 392.86 540.00 655.67 * *
149 450mm Random rubble walling faced both sides m2 661.68 437.76 675.00 695.81 * *
150 100mm Squared rubble walling faced one side m2 437.38 * 450.00 327.83 364.19 *
151 200mm Squared rubble walling faced both sides m2 622.43 * 562.50 642.29 606.98 *
152 450mm Squared rubble walling faced one side m2 925.23 * 900.00 1,137.38 * *
153 450mm Squared rubble walling faced both sides m2 964.49 * 956.25 1,224.36 * *
154 BLUESTONE
155 100mm Random rubble walling faced one side m2 * * * 347.90 364.19 *
156 200mm Random rubble walling faced both sides m2 * * * 562.00 606.98 *
157 450mm Random rubble walling faced one side m2 * 325.51 * * * *
158 450mm Random rubble walling faced both sides m2 * 370.41 * * * *
159 100mm Squared rubble walling faced one side m2 * * * 367.98 364.19 *
160 200mm Squared rubble walling faced both sides m2 * * * 568.69 606.98 *
161 LIMESTONE
162 250mm single face block wall in stretcher bond m2 * * * 260.93 230.65 *
163 250mm single face block wall in random bond m2 * * * 247.55 230.65 *
164 250mm double face block wall in stretcher bond m2 * * * 281.00 267.07 *
165 250mm double face block wall in random bond m2 * * * 267.62 267.07 *
166 GRANITE
167 30mm Honed face wall lining m2 588.79 673.47 675.00 715.88 679.81 678.12
168 30mm Honed face slab paving on mortar bed m2 482.24 561.22 596.25 562.00 570.56 649.14
169 Extra for polished face m2 86.02 134.69 90.00 69.58 91.05 86.94
170 MARBLE (AUSTRALIAN)
171 38mm Honed face wall lining m2 527.10 420.92 495.00 762.71 546.28 544.82
172 38 mm Honed face slab paving on mortar bed m2 448.60 392.86 478.13 628.90 517.14 521.63
173 Extra for filled and polished item m2 56.07 84.18 67.50 46.83 60.70 86.94
174 MARBLE (IMPORTED)
175 38mm Honed face wall lining m2 588.79 555.61 * 784.12 582.70 602.78
176 38mm Honed face slab paving on mortar bed m2 448.60 516.33 * 648.98 546.28 544.82
177 Extra for filled and polished finish m2 69.03 84.18 * 46.83 60.70 114.76
178 SLATE (AUSTRALIAN)
179 12mm Sawn face wall lining m2 145.79 * 163.16 234.17 182.09 173.88
180 19mm Sawn face slab paving m2 149.73 * 135.00 214.10 157.81 150.69
181
STRUCTURAL STEEL
182 The following include for rolling margin, hand
cleaning shop priming, erection complete with all
necessary temporary bracing and an allowance of 8%
of fabricated cost to cover shop detailing.
183 Universal beams and columns, holed for simple
connections:
184 Up to 60kg/m t 5,831.78 5,892.86 5,300.42 7,740.51 4,855.81 5,691.59
185 Over 60kg/m t 6,168.22 4,602.04 5,082.52 7,675.46 4,613.02 5,552.49
186 Universal beams and columns with welded fitments
for simple connections:
187 Up to 60kg/m t 6,056.07 6,005.10 5,606.34 7,935.65 5,462.79 6,166.86
188 Over 60kg/m t 6,168.22 4,714.29 5,341.21 7,805.56 5,220.00 6,016.16
$ $ $ $ $ $
189 Universal beams and columns prepared for rigid
connection:
190 Up to 60kg/m t 6,056.07 6,117.35 5,575.21 7,961.67 5,462.79 6,166.86
191 Over 60kg/m t 5,943.93 4,826.53 5,274.66 7,831.57 5,220.00 6,016.16
192 RHS beams and columns with welded fitments for simple
connections t 6,280.37 8,418.37 6,195.63 8,260.88 5,826.98 6,387.10
193 Plate web girders and compound columns t 6,841.12 9,540.82 6,450.03 9,275.60 5,462.79 6,166.86
194 Trusses fabricated from:
195 Universal sections t 7,289.72 7,295.92 6,236.42 8,625.14 5,826.98 6,387.10
196 Angles t 7,626.17 9,540.82 6,562.73 7,883.61 5,826.98 6,387.10
197 Pipes t 7,962.62 9,540.82 6,822.50 8,989.40 6,069.77 6,387.10
198 Portal frames average industrial type and span
fabricated from universal sections t 5,831.78 6,005.10 5,441.04 7,597.41 5,220.00 6,248.00
199 Extra hot dip galvanising sections up to 60 kg/m t 728.97 1,060.71 814.71 767.55 1,031.86 996.90
200 Extra for abrasive blast cleaning class 2 m2 28.04 23.80 30.06 53.34 33.99 32.46
201 Open web joists patent design, roll formed section
top and bottom chords, pipe web members including
purlin cleats at 1.2m centres and connections:
202 Lightweight type 300 600mm deep up to 10m span
m 89.72 93.16 97.68 * 97.12 156.49
203 Longspan types 300 900mm deep 10 to 14m span
m 112.15 116.17 117.00 * 121.40 173.88
204 Purlins, cold formed fixed to standard cleats:
205 150mm deep galvanised m 24.42 23.57 24.69 54.64 24.28 21.21
206 200mm deep galvanised m 27.61 28.06 26.83 62.44 26.71 21.91
207 150mm deep ROZC shop primed m 17.94 * 14.63 * * 18.20
208 200mm deep ROZC shop primed m 22.43 * 16.88 * * 20.63
209 6mm Field fillet weld m 48.85 46.47 48.30 93.67 48.56 54.48
210
METALWORK
211 The rates for metalwork include for all fabrication work,
rolling margin, shop priming and protective coatings
where applicable.
212 STEEL LINTELS AND ARCH BARS
213 Mild steel flats and angles as lintels t 2,799.29 2,693.88 2,458.13 5,084.76 2,306.51 2,689.31
214 Extra for hot dip galvanising t 918.58 1,060.71 895.21 1,137.38 1,031.86 996.90
215 FLOOR DUCTS AND FRAMES
216 6mm angular pattern steel plate flooring m2 157.01 255.92 168.75 263.60 157.81 144.90
217 30mm standard galvanised grid mesh type flooring m2 201.87 197.55 209.25 240.86 206.37 191.27
218 750mm wide catwalk with 18kg channel support rails,
angular pattern plate flooring and 32mm NB twin rail pipe
balustrade each side m 403.74 418.11 517.50 541.93 461.30 521.63
219 Extra over 750mm catwalk for 30mm thick grid mesh type
flooring m 56.07 58.14 64.69 73.60 60.70 69.55
220 LADDERS AND STAIRS
221 Steel stair with plate strings, angular pattern treads
and 32mm NB twin rail pipe balustrades:
222 750mm wide m 971.68 871.02 1,012.50 1,739.52 849.77 799.84
223 900mm wide m 1,075.75 965.31 1,164.38 2,007.14 910.47 869.39
224 Extra for half landing with angular pattern deck and
matching balustrade to:
225 750mm wide stair no 1,099.07 1,100.00 1,271.25 1,324.71 1,068.28 1,159.18
226 900mm wide stair no 1,143.93 1,172.96 2,025.00 1,538.81 1,153.26 1,217.14
227 450mm wide catladder with 50 x 10mm plate strings and
25mm pipe rungs m 229.91 * 258.75 294.38 242.79 289.80
228 COLUMNS, STRUTS AND BRACES
229 76 X 76 X 4.9mm RHS m 55.22 80.82 51.75 68.24 46.13 57.96
230 102 x 51 x 4.9mm RHS m 55.22 80.82 51.75 68.24 46.13 57.96
231 102 x 102 x 4.9mm RHS m 71.15 89.80 69.75 95.00 60.70 76.51
232 48.3 x 3.2mm CHS m 32.92 42.65 29.81 34.79 30.35 40.57
233 DUCTED SKIRTING
234 Rates for skirtings include for mitres and ends
235 130mm high PVC two channel ducted skirting m 37.17 53.88 32.34 56.20 30.35 28.98
236 165mm high PVC three channel ducted skirting m 42.48 59.49 38.81 64.23 36.42 34.78
237 BALUSTRADES AND HANDRAILS
238 Rates for handrails and balustrades include for
bends, ramps, wreaths and all fixings
239 32mm NB galvanised steel pipe handrail with brackets at
1500mm centres m 85.23 84.18 116.44 113.74 91.05 104.33
240 40 x 10mm steel flat handrail with extruded PVC handrail
sheathing m 122.12 116.17 155.25 153.88 109.26 127.51
241 Steel pipe balustrade 900mm high comprising:
242 32mm NB top and bottom rail with standards at
1500mm centres m 176.28 141.77 194.06 234.17 182.09 202.86
243 40 x 10mm flat handrail with extruded PVC sheathing,
50 x 10mm bottom rail, 20 x 20mm balusters at
1500mm centres and 25 x 25 standards at 1500mm
centres m 207.48 169.60 239.34 281.00 212.44 226.04
244
WOODWORK
$ $ $ $ $ $
245 Rates for Woodwork work include for all labours,
incidental materials, nails, screws, etc. The term
hardwood used hereafter shall mean the local
hardwood most commonly used for woodwork.
246 STRUCTURAL TIMBERS
247 It should be noted that these are average rates for
timber in roof framing. Adjustments for other
locations are as follows:
248 Ground floor framing -20% -10% -20% -5% -15% -15%
249 Upper floor framing -15% 0% -15% 0% -10% -15%
250 Wall framing -5% -5% -10% -5% -5% -10%
251 Ceiling framing -5% 0% -5% 0% -5% -5%
252 Hardwood:
253 50 x 25mm m 3.19 4.27 3.26 4.01 * 5.56
254 75 x 38mm m 7.43 11.56 7.51 9.23 6.68 8.11
255 75 x 50mm m 8.50 13.92 7.88 9.37 * 9.04
256 100 x 38mm m 8.50 14.03 8.44 10.70 * 9.27
257 100 x 50mm m 9.56 17.06 9.56 12.04 7.53 10.66
258 100 x 75mm m 15.93 27.72 14.74 16.19 * 14.49
259 125 x 38mm m 10.62 18.74 9.56 11.37 * 11.01
260 125 x 50mm m 12.74 22.90 11.48 14.05 * 12.40
261 150 x 38mm m 12.74 21.10 11.93 13.38 * 12.75
262 Local Pine (Stress Grade F5):
263 42 x 19mm m 2.12 3.59 2.15 2.68 2.06 3.71
264 42 x 35mm m 3.19 4.83 3.22 4.68 2.55 5.10
265 70 x 35mm m 5.31 9.43 5.37 6.02 5.46 6.26
266 70 x 45mm m 6.37 11.11 5.37 6.96 4.37 6.49
267 90 x 35mm m 6.37 11.22 6.44 6.96 4.86 7.42
268 90 x 45mm m 7.43 13.24 7.51 9.10 6.31 8.93
269 120 x 35mm m 8.50 13.24 7.51 9.50 6.43 9.74
270 Merchantable Oregon:
271 50 x 25mm m 4.25 4.94 4.28 5.35 3.64 4.93
272 75 x 38mm m 7.43 11.67 6.41 8.16 6.07 6.72
273 75 x 50mm m 8.50 14.03 8.59 10.44 7.41 7.53
274 100 x 38mm m 8.50 14.14 8.10 10.44 7.47 8.17
275 100 x 50mm m 10.62 17.17 9.56 14.18 9.10 9.56
276 100 x 75mm m 16.99 25.48 15.75 25.42 13.96 13.33
277 150 x 38mm m 12.34 19.42 12.94 17.53 11.53 12.46
278 150 x 50mm m 16.99 28.73 15.75 18.73 13.96 13.91
279 175 x 38mm m 15.14 26.71 15.75 20.47 13.96 13.91
280 175 x 50mm m 16.93 31.88 17.33 26.09 15.78 15.88
281 200 x 50mm m 20.19 34.68 21.04 29.44 18.94 17.62
282 250 x 50mm m 25.23 41.42 25.88 34.79 24.52 21.33
283 CARCASSING ELEMENTAL RATES
284 Hardwood in ground floor framing comprising 100 x 75mm
bearers and 100 x 50mm joists m2 29.16 66.22 32.20 33.45 23.07 26.66
285 Upper floor framing comprising 200 x 50mm joists
and solid bridging in:
286 Hardwood m2 50.97 86.43 49.38 53.52 * 40.57
287 Merchantable Oregon m2 50.47 86.43 56.25 66.90 42.49 38.25
288 Wall framing comprising 100 x 50mm plates, noggins
and studs at 450mm centres in:
289 Hardwood m2 44.60 61.73 45.00 42.82 * 48.69
290 Merchantable Oregon m2 50.97 68.47 69.75 44.16 * 44.05
291 Local pine wall framing comprising 90 x 45mm plates,
noggings with:
292 Studs at 450mm centres m2 37.17 43.78 39.38 36.13 42.49 40.57
293 Studs at 600mm centres m2 32.92 35.92 37.13 29.44 40.06 37.09
294 Ceiling framing comprising 100 x 50mm plate and
joists at 450mm centres in:
295 Hardwood m2 31.40 40.41 34.88 36.13 * 37.09
296 Merchantable Oregon m2 35.89 46.02 40.50 44.16 31.56 34.78
297 PREFABRICATED ROOF TRUSSES
298 Truss to pitched tiled roof for:
299 6m span no 145.79 177.35 157.50 173.95 157.81 165.76
300 9m span no 199.65 266.02 208.13 227.48 182.09 197.06
301 12m span no 235.51 319.90 253.13 301.07 254.93 266.61
302 FASCIAS AND BARGES
303 200 x 32mm dressed oregon m 26.55 42.20 36.00 26.76 24.28 19.71
304 250 x 38mm dressed oregon m 32.92 47.37 41.63 36.13 30.35 24.34
305 188 x 38mm dressed WR cedar m 40.35 95.41 39.72 * 30.35 28.98
306 238 x 38mm dressed WR cedar m 50.97 117.86 45.00 * 36.42 34.78
307 BOARDING
308 25mm selected Hardwood tongued and grooved flooring
in 100mm widths m2 69.53 117.86 75.14 82.96 72.84 78.82
309 Machine sand and two coats clear finish on timber floor
m2 14.87 22.45 15.03 16.06 18.21 20.29
310 19mm particleboard flooring m2 26.92 33.22 27.00 26.76 24.28 23.18
311 22mm particleboard flooring m2 31.40 41.87 29.25 29.44 26.71 26.08
312 25mm Hardwood tongued and grooved V jointed vertical
wall boarding 100mm wide m2 92.39 120.10 81.58 117.75 78.91 63.76
$ $ $ $ $ $
313 25mm WR cedar ship lap wall boarding 150mm wide m2 75.14 79.02 75.38 * 84.98 98.53
314 25mm sawn hardwood gutter boarding m2 58.32 72.96 58.50 80.29 50.99 48.69
315 25mm waterproof plywood gutter boarding m2 72.90 78.57 73.13 93.67 64.34 66.07
316 LININGS
317 5mm tempered hardboard with V joints m2 17.94 28.06 20.39 24.09 19.42 20.29
318 6mm sliced cut Ash veneered plywood m2 42.62 72.96 46.16 50.85 40.06 51.00
319 Standard particleboard:
320 13mm thick m2 22.43 34.80 22.50 29.44 24.28 25.50
321 18mm thick m2 29.16 40.41 27.00 32.11 27.92 28.98
322 18mm thick faced on side with Ash veneer m2 49.35 76.33 51.52 64.23 48.56 52.16
323 18mm thick faced one side with 2mm plastic laminate
m2 69.53 58.37 57.38 64.23 57.06 55.64
324 13mm ivory finish softboard with V joints m2 17.94 * 19.32 26.76 18.21 23.18
325 300 x 300 x 19mm prefinished softboard acoustic tiles
m2 29.16 * 25.88 42.82 27.92 26.08
326 Flat fibre cement sheeting with plastic joint strips:
327 4.5mm thick m2 21.31 29.18 22.54 26.76 21.85 25.50
328 6mm thick m2 24.67 35.92 26.83 32.11 24.28 31.30
329 Compressed double faced flat fibre cement sheeting:
330 9mm thick m2 58.32 67.35 50.63 66.90 60.70 55.64
331 18mm thick m2 90.27 123.47 84.38 107.05 78.91 95.05
332 6mm villaboard with set joints m2 28.04 37.04 27.91 33.45 30.35 26.66
333 Extra for 50 x 25mm dressed pine battens at 450mm
centres:
334 Fixed to timber m2 8.50 10.55 7.31 12.04 7.28 8.69
335 Fixed to brickwork m2 11.68 15.71 10.13 16.06 10.93 9.74
336 Extra over wall linings for additional labour fixing to
ceilings m2 4.71 5.39 5.06 6.69 5.34 4.87
337 Extra for 70 x 38mm pine battens at 450mm centres fixed
to timber m2 11.68 13.58 11.25 20.07 10.93 9.74
338 FRAMES AND LININGS
339 Rebated frame built into brickwork:
340 100 x 75mm Oregon m2 31.74 52.76 34.31 40.14 28.89 28.63
341 100 x 75mm Hardwood m2 29.73 66.22 28.98 29.44 24.28 22.60
342 100 x 50mm Oregon m2 23.55 38.16 23.63 33.45 24.28 24.34
343 100 x 50mm Hardwood m2 25.49 47.14 22.50 26.76 23.07 20.87
344 Reveal lining with 65 x 13mm planted stop fixed to
timber:
345 150 x 32mm Pacific Maple m 28.67 61.73 27.91 * 21.85 22.02
346 150 x 32mm Hardwood m 28.67 56.12 27.91 32.11 24.28 22.60
347 Lining with 50 x 13mm planted stop fixed to timber:
349 125 x 32mm Hardwood m 27.61 55.00 26.83 29.44 21.85 20.29
351 100 x 32mm Hardwood m 25.49 51.63 24.69 26.76 20.64 18.55
352 Reveal lining fixed to timber:
354 150 x 25mm Hardwood m 18.50 40.41 21.47 24.09 18.21 16.52
356 100 x 25mm Hardwood m 16.82 25.82 16.31 20.07 17.00 17.10
357 PELMETS
358 Pelmet fascia including brackets at 750mm centres:
359 200 x 25mm Oregon m 35.33 49.39 36.00 36.13 33.99 44.05
360 200 x 25mm Pacific Maple m 35.04 55.00 34.35 32.11 30.35 40.57
361 150 x 25mm Oregon m 30.62 44.90 29.25 29.44 32.41 34.78
362 150 x 25mm Pacific Maple m 28.04 49.39 27.00 29.44 27.92 33.62
363 Pelmet comprising 200 x 25mm fascia and 125 x
25mm top including brackets at 750mm centres in:
364 Oregon m 41.50 66.22 42.75 46.83 42.49 49.27
365 Hardwood m 38.13 71.84 42.94 42.82 43.70 40.57
366 ARCHITRAVES, SKIRTING & COVER MOULDS
367 Architrave:
368 75 X 25mm Pacific Maple m 7.43 14.59 7.51 * 6.92 6.96
369 50 X 25mm Pacific Maple m 7.43 13.47 6.19 * 5.71 6.09
370 75 x 25mm Hardwood m 8.50 15.71 7.43 10.04 6.56 6.96
371 50 x 25mm Hardwood m 7.43 14.59 6.75 8.70 5.95 6.38
372 Chamfered skirting:
375 100 x 25mm Hardwood m 10.62 16.28 9.66 13.38 8.50 9.27
376 75 x 25mm Hardwood m 8.50 15.71 8.59 10.70 7.28 8.11
377 200 x 25mm Moulded craftwood skirting m 14.87 20.20 16.88 * 12.14 13.91
378 Quadrant mould:
379 13mm Pacific Maple m 4.25 7.86 4.05 * 4.37 4.35
380 25mm Pacific Maple m 5.31 12.35 5.37 * 4.13 4.06
381 25mm Hardwood m 5.31 11.22 5.37 5.35 4.49 4.35
$ $ $ $ $ $
382 13mm Hardwood m 4.25 6.73 3.60 4.01 4.13 4.06
383 Cover strip:
386 50 x 13mm Hardwood m 5.31 8.98 4.73 6.69 4.49 4.64
387 38 x 13mm Hardwood m 4.25 7.86 4.39 5.35 4.01 4.75
388 Bead:
390 13 x 13mm Hardwood m 4.25 6.73 3.71 4.01 3.64 4.35
391 HANDRAILS
392 100 x 75mm Hardwood moulded handrail grooved and
fixed to core rail m 65.05 57.41 67.50 80.29 63.13 63.76
393 Extra for ramp or bend no 50.47 53.88 61.88 66.90 54.63 63.76
394 SHELVING
395 18mm particleboard shelf with solid edge strip
including metal brackets of 600mm centres:
396 300mm wide m 22.30 22.45 21.47 26.76 23.07 32.46
397 450mm wide m 27.61 28.06 24.75 33.45 26.71 39.41
398 600mm wide m 31.86 33.67 28.46 40.14 31.56 46.37
399 50 x 25mm Pine slats in shelving on and including ladder
framing by 600mm deep m * 72.96 * * * *
400 50 x 25mm Pine slats in shelving m 7.43 16.28 7.51 8.03 6.07 6.96
401 FITTINGS
402 Slatted shower seat 750mm long x 300mm wide
constructed of 50 x 38mm pipe framing and 50 x 25mm
pine batten no 95.33 96.19 84.38 107.05 72.84 75.35
403 Vanity unit 460mm deep comprising 18mm laminated
plastic sheeted particleboard top on and including
supports and with 200mm high matching fascia m 358.88 331.12 309.38 367.98 303.49 324.57
404 Vanity unit 900mm long with cupboard and three drawers
under for paint finish no 459.81 606.12 439.02 468.33 461.30 440.49
405 Underbench units 440mm deep x 450mm wide with
recessed toe spaces and backs, nest of four drawers:
406 Paint quality no 246.73 415.31 253.13 301.07 242.79 255.02
407 Sliced hardwood veneer faced for clear finish no 291.59 426.53 286.88 334.52 279.21 394.12
408 Cupboard with false floor, intermediate shelf and
door:
409 Paint quality no 224.30 272.76 258.75 334.52 194.23 301.39
411 Open shelf fitment with false floor and intermediate
shelf:
412 Paint quality no 157.01 190.82 191.25 200.71 151.74 197.06
414 Bench top 460mm deep of 18mm particle board set on
underbench units with back support rail plugged to
wall and 45mm high front edge strip:
415 Sheeted with laminated plastic on top and front edge
m 89.72 123.47 95.63 113.74 91.05 121.71
416 Sheeted with 2mm desk vinyl on top and with hardwood
for clear finish front edge strip m 100.93 134.69 106.88 120.43 97.12 144.90
417 FENCING
418 Timber paling fence 1.5m high m 57.35 68.47 55.82 100.36 60.70 55.64
419 Domestic chainwire fence 1m high with tubular top and
bottom rails m 31.40 50.51 31.50 40.14 31.56 40.57
420 Industrial chainwire fence:
421 2m high, rail-less m 37.01 48.27 41.63 50.85 36.42 44.05
422 2m high, rail-less with three stands of barbed wire at top
m 41.50 53.88 47.25 60.21 42.49 48.69
423 Extra over chainwire fence for standard gate:
424 1m wide gate in one leaf no 165.98 218.88 174.38 267.62 194.23 158.81
425 3m wide gate in two leaves no 414.95 774.49 438.75 535.24 449.16 417.31
426 SUNDRIES
427 M 12 bolt up to 100mm long and fixing no 3.19 7.86 3.22 2.68 2.55 2.55
428 M 12 bolt with expanding anchor and fixing including
drilling no 5.27 8.98 5.06 6.02 5.34 5.33
429 Power gun fix timber up to 50mm thick no 2.12 3.26 2.14 2.68 1.82 1.85
430 Trip-L-Grip galvanised fastener no 1.74 2.69 1.80 2.68 1.82 1.74
431
GLAZING
432 Rates for glass include for glazing with beads in
metal and timber.
433 CLEAR GLASS
434 Clear float glass:
435 3mm thick m2 53.83 94.29 57.38 69.58 57.06 54.48
436 4mm thick m2 62.80 103.27 64.13 78.95 64.34 59.12
437 5mm thick m2 67.29 115.61 75.38 86.98 71.62 61.44
438 6mm thick m2 71.78 120.10 81.00 97.68 77.69 71.87
439 12mm thick m2 168.22 204.29 * 207.40 176.02 162.29
440 OBSCURE GLASS
441 5mm obscure glass m2 67.29 112.24 74.25 88.31 75.27 67.23
$ $ $ $ $ $
442 6mm wire glass m2 89.72 139.18 101.25 109.72 91.05 90.42
443 TINTED FLOAT GLASS
444 5mm grey float glass m2 86.36 129.08 87.75 109.72 94.69 90.42
445 6mm thick m2 95.33 136.94 99.00 120.43 103.19 102.01
446 LAMINATED SAFETY GLASS
447 6mm laminated safety glass m2 179.44 211.02 168.75 214.10 182.09 162.29
448 OTHER GLASS
449 6mm clear wire polished plate glass m2 123.36 209.90 135.00 160.57 133.53 127.64
450 6mm solar grey float glass m2 150.28 186.33 135.00 167.26 145.67 139.10
451 6mm light and heat reflective (LHR) glass m2 183.93 225.61 163.13 218.11 188.16 179.67
452 6mm silvered float glass m2 157.01 * 157.50 194.02 157.81 150.69
453 GLASS LOUVRE BLADES
454 5mm clear float glass louvre blade with ground and
arrised edges:
455 100mm wide m 14.87 34.80 15.03 14.72 12.14 11.59
456 150mm wide m 19.12 40.97 18.25 18.73 15.05 13.91
457 ARMOUR PLATE
458 12mm armour plate door 750 x 2100mm high complete
with hardware no 3,140.19 3,928.57 2,812.50 3,479.05 3,034.88 2,897.96
459 Pair of 12mm armour plate doors 1800 x 2100mm high
complete with hardware no 6,168.22 7,857.14 5,400.00 7,359.52 6,009.07 5,564.08
460 GLAZING ASSEMBLIES
461 Shop front or full height wall in standard clear anodised
aluminium sections glazed with 10mm clear float glass
m2 291.59 348.41 315.00 367.98 327.77 330.37
462 Extra for colour anodising m2 30.28 37.15 28.13 40.14 31.20 34.78
463 Extra for hinged door with closer no 942.06 1,408.67 956.25 1,204.29 1,031.86 1,043.27
464 Extra for pair of hinged door with closers no 1,816.82 2,205.61 1,800.00 2,408.57 1,942.33 1,970.61
465 Extra for pair sliding doors with electronic sensor
automatic operation no 10,878.50 11,505.10 10,350.00 12,845.71 11,532.56 11,591.84
466 PATENT GLAZING
467 Standard patent glazing system with glazing bars at
600mm centres and 6mm wired glass in:
468 Galvanised steel m2 269.16 285.10 275.63 334.52 291.35 289.80
469 Aluminium m2 291.59 301.94 298.13 367.98 315.63 324.57
470
HARDWARE
471 Rates for hardware include for standard lines with
satin chromium plated finish, unless otherwise
described. (PC = Prime Cost)
472 Cylinder mortice lock and lever furniture:
473 (PC $165ea) no 218.69 313.16 234.00 303.12 254.93 250.38
474 (PC $175ea) no 265.49 324.39 248.63 326.53 267.07 266.61
475 Cylindrical key and knob lockset (PC $60ea) no 123.36 169.49 130.50 179.53 127.47 125.19
476 Pair 100mm stainless steel butts no 14.58 17.40 16.10 26.28 15.78 15.07
477 Pair 100mm single action, hold-open spring hinges no 58.32 62.13 54.00 74.15 58.27 62.60
478 Night latch (PC $70ea) no 107.66 119.65 118.13 157.41 121.40 115.92
479 Mortice latch set and lever handle furniture (PC $135ea)
no 196.26 281.73 203.63 270.59 218.51 214.45
480 Overhead door closer:
481 Surface mounted (PC $170ea) no 241.12 280.61 258.75 320.03 261.00 289.80
482 Fully concealed (PC $180ea) no 297.20 328.88 292.50 401.99 315.63 341.96
483 Double ball catch no 11.68 15.71 10.13 16.52 9.71 10.43
484 100mm pull handle no 14.87 22.45 13.95 18.99 12.14 13.91
485 Indicator bolt no 39.29 56.12 38.64 52.82 33.99 37.09
486 150mm barrel bolt no 20.18 37.04 19.32 22.64 17.00 19.71
487 Single action heavy duty floor spring (PC $500ea) no 684.11 1,049.49 680.63 880.73 740.51 765.06
488 Double action heavy duty floor spring (PC $500ea) no 700.93 1,049.49 680.63 880.73 740.51 765.06
489 Sliding door gear to suit 820mm wide single door no 93.45 125.71 90.17 132.69 83.76 93.89
490 819 x 225 x 2mm push or kick plate in:
491 Laminated plastic no 23.55 29.07 24.75 37.86 26.71 30.14
492 Satin finish stainless steel no 60.53 84.18 53.44 85.86 50.99 56.80
493 Coat hook no 9.56 14.59 9.66 14.05 8.74 10.43
494 18mm diameter towel rail, 900mm long including pillars
no 40.35 56.12 39.72 51.13 34.96 44.05
495 18mm diameter shower rail 1800mm long including end
flanges no 59.47 89.80 57.96 74.15 52.20 62.60
496 Stainless steel toilet paper dispensers no 53.83 58.65 54.00 81.96 58.27 62.60
497
ACCESS FLOORS
498 Computer floor (600 x 600mm grid) with vinyl tile
finish:
499 200mm high m2 218.69 243.91 230.63 254.24 230.65 226.04
500 600mm high m2 252.34 261.31 236.25 267.62 242.79 243.43
501
PARTITIONS
502 METAL STUD PARTITION FRAMING
503 Rates for partition framing include for fixing top and
bottom tracks, corners, ends, etc. Refer to relevant
trades for partition linings.
504 Standard steel stud partition framing:
$ $ $ $ $ $
505 50mm wide m2 26.92 30.19 24.69 26.76 24.28 25.50
506 90mm wide m2 31.40 34.91 28.98 40.14 30.35 27.82
507 Extra for 50mm insulation m2 12.34 12.80 11.81 13.38 12.14 13.91
508 Extra for formed door opening in partition no 28.04 38.95 28.98 33.45 30.35 30.14
509 DEMOUNTABLE MODULAR PARTITIONS
510 33mm aluminium framed with selected veneer particle
board panels:
511 2100mm high m 280.37 383.32 286.88 334.52 303.49 301.39
512 2700mm high m 330.84 476.14 343.13 401.43 358.12 359.35
513 1000mm high glazed above to 2700mm high m 381.31 510.99 382.50 448.26 412.74 394.12
514 Solid core door with latch and furniture:
515 Extra over particle board partition no 325.23 360.03 360.00 401.43 364.19 394.12
516 Extra over part glazed partition no 302.80 325.17 337.50 401.43 315.63 324.57
517 TOILET PARTITIONS
518 Rates for toilet partitions include for all fixings.
519 Particle board sheeted with plain coloured laminated
plastic:
520 18mm division 1500mm wide x 1800mm high no 511.40 772.24 529.18 562.00 534.14 544.82
521 35mm mullion 300mm wide x 2100mm high no 257.94 325.51 257.61 294.38 267.07 278.20
522 34mm jamb 150mm wide x 2100mm high no 164.60 235.71 157.50 167.26 163.88 162.29
523 Extra over for ceiling mounted system no * * * 100.36 121.40 92.73
524 Compressed fibre cement:
525 18mm division 1500mm wide x 1800mm high no 525.66 969.80 512.01 521.86 485.58 463.67
526 24mm mullion 300mm wide x 2100mm high no 218.76 572.45 212.53 187.33 182.09 173.88
527 24mm jamb 150mm wide x 2100mm high no 180.53 533.16 176.04 133.81 145.67 127.51
528 Doors 1600mm high x 620mm wide with hold open
spring hinges, indicator set and coat hook with door
bumper:
529 35mm honeycomb core, hardboard faced with paint
finish no 237.88 392.86 231.85 294.38 242.79 208.65
530 35mm honeycomb core, sheeted with plain coloured
laminated plastic no 333.45 505.10 325.24 347.90 364.19 312.98
531 18mm particle board no 229.38 448.98 224.34 227.48 242.79 185.47
532 PRECAST TERRAZZO PARTITIONS
533 Rates for precast partitions include for reinforcement,
polishing on all exposed faces and edges and for
chromium plated brass overhead channels, brackets,
bolts and supports.
534 38mm terrazzo nib 150 x 1800mm high no 211.33 269.39 202.50 240.86 242.79 220.24
535 38mm terrazzo mullion 300 x 1800mm high no 251.68 314.29 225.00 267.62 267.07 301.39
536 38mm terrazzo division 1800 x 1650mm high no 861.24 1,234.69 839.39 1,003.57 849.77 846.20
537
ROOFING
538 Rates include for all laps, fixings and accessories.
Rates for tiles and include for battens to suit 900mm
span.
539 MEMBRANES
540 Rates include for dressing around pipes, turn-ups,
angles, fillets and protection.
541 Cellular foamed concrete screed laid to falls m3 353.63 * 337.50 530.78 315.63 370.94
542 Three layer roofing comprising 3.175kg vented base
sheet and two layers 0.907kg fibreglass m2 44.60 48.77 38.81 64.01 43.70 52.16
543 Three layer roofing comprising 3.175kg vented base
sheet and layer of Cintafort HS and layer of 0.907kg
fibreglass m2 47.79 * 46.16 76.75 43.70 52.16
544 Extra for two coats aluminium paint to surface membrane
m2 9.56 13.47 9.66 16.00 7.04 10.43
545 Extra for coarse river gravel laid in heavy coat of hot
bitumen m2 8.50 * 8.21 14.05 7.53 9.85
546 Extra for Thermatile concrete paving slabs set in heavy
coat of hot bitumen m2 45.66 * 41.06 75.45 40.06 44.05
547 Butynol m2 39.25 * * 55.94 41.27 40.57
548 STEEL
549 0.48mm zincalumed corrugated fixed to timber m 22.43 32.78 24.69 32.26 24.28 27.82
550 Zincalumed coated ribbed decking fixed to timber:
551 0.66mm thick m2 26.92 36.82 27.00 39.94 29.13 34.78
552 0.76mm thick m2 31.40 48.94 35.42 43.71 31.56 39.41
553 Extra for colour coating m2 6.17 4.60 5.37 8.98 6.43 6.96
554 Extra for PVC coating m2 14.02 * 14.06 20.94 13.84 15.07
555 Ridge capping, excluding weather strips m 20.18 25.26 19.32 25.37 18.21 20.87
556 Barge or fascia capping m 19.12 23.23 16.88 24.85 18.21 20.87
557 Extra over roof sheeting for additional labour in fixing to
walls m2 3.19 3.14 4.61 4.55 2.55 3.48
558 ALUMINIUM
559 0.70mm ribbed decking fixed to timber m2 39.25 * 36.00 55.55 40.06 44.05
560 Ridge capping, excluding weather strips m 24.42 * 22.50 39.29 20.64 26.66
561 Barge or fascia capping m 23.36 * 22.50 37.60 20.64 23.18
562 FIBRE CEMENT
563 Shingles fixed to timber battens, including barge and ridge
capping m2 51.59 * 50.63 79.36 54.63 46.37
$ $ $ $ $ $
564 Note: See Woodwork for flat fibre cement wall lining.
565 TILES
566 Standard profile and colour concrete tiles fixed to timber
battens m2 31.86 38.72 31.13 45.53 36.42 32.46
567 Ridge or hip capping to last, excluding weather strips m 12.74 21.89 12.88 Inc. Inc. Inc.
568 French pattern standard colour glazed terra cotta tiles
fixed to timber battens m2 47.79 75.20 46.16 59.32 48.56 48.69
569 Ridge or hip capping to last, excluding weather strips m 16.37 28.06 18.25 Inc. Inc. Inc.
570 Extra over standard for manganese glazed terra cotta tiles
m2 5.31 * 5.85 * 5.95 7.53
571 INSULATION AND SARKING
572 Foil sarking:
573 Sisalation 423 m2 4.49 5.72 5.37 8.20 4.61 4.40
574 Sisalation 453 m2 5.72 * 5.51 8.59 5.95 5.80
575 Fibreglass batts or blanket:
576 50mm thick m2 8.97 11.22 9.11 17.43 9.71 9.27
577 75mm thick m2 12.34 13.47 11.59 21.60 12.75 12.17
578 FLASHINGS
579 Rates for flashings include for laps, angles and
junctions.
580 0.60mm zincalumed steel m2 25.79 27.39 28.13 42.67 28.29 32.34
581 0.80mm zincalumed steel m2 38.23 61.51 37.57 49.18 32.78 34.78
582 Extra over zincalumed steel for:
583 Colour coating m2 11.78 8.33 11.81 17.56 12.14 12.75
584 PVC coating m2 26.92 * 26.44 34.08 * 30.60
585 Other flashings:
586 0.70mm aluminium m2 33.64 36.82 37.57 67.65 34.60 36.51
587 0.60mm copper m2 136.82 53.99 135.00 227.66 139.60 142.58
588 0.50mm stainless steel m2 91.96 61.73 87.75 158.71 * 98.53
589 10kg lead m2 61.68 34.68 68.63 113.18 64.34 76.51
590 20kg lead m2 108.79 45.57 109.13 167.82 109.26 110.12
591 20kg lead flashing to:
592 50mm diameter pipe through tiled roof no 52.71 56.12 54.00 96.27 60.70 52.16
593 100mm diameter pipe through tiled roof no 56.07 61.73 57.38 104.07 66.77 54.48
594 GUTTERS AND DOWNPIPES
595 Rates for gutters and downpipes include for all
brackets straps, stays, hangers and other fixings,
bends, shoes, junctions, angles, stop ends,
expansion joints, outlets and connections.
596 Eaves gutters:
597 115 x 0.66mm zincalumed steel quadrant m 24.42 32.55 23.61 31.87 24.28 22.26
598 140mm deep standard profiled zincalumed steel fascia
gutter m 24.11 39.29 26.83 35.13 26.71 24.92
599 125 x 0.70mm aluminium quadrant m 33.98 49.39 33.28 42.67 36.42 32.34
600 150 x 91 x 80mm m 87.48 * 90.17 153.51 81.33 85.78
601 125 x 0.5mm stainless steel quadrant m 70.09 102.70 68.70 93.67 * 57.96
602 Box gutters:
603 300mm wide (750mm girth) x 0.66mm zincalumed steel m 41.42 52.76 40.79 64.40 34.60 40.57
604 300mm wide (750mm girth) x 0.76mm zincalumed steel m 47.79 70.38 47.23 67.65 42.49 42.89
605 600mm wide (1050mm girth) x 0.66mm galvanised steel m 40.04 * 40.50 74.15 42.49 46.37
606 300mm wide (750mm girth) x 0.80mm aluminium m 55.22 72.96 53.67 88.46 48.56 50.42
607 300mm wide (750mm girth) x 0.80mm copper m 123.36 134.69 135.25 189.94 115.33 191.27
608 600mm wide (1050mm girth) x 0.80mm copper m 163.54 179.59 158.86 214.65 145.67 214.45
609 300mm wide (750mm girth) x 0.5mm stainless steel m 89.27 114.49 95.53 137.90 * 88.10
610 600mm wide (1050mm girth) x 0.5mm stainless steel
m 112.15 152.65 120.22 162.62 * 111.28
611 Valley gutters:
612 Rates include for cutting to end profiles only.
613 450mm girth x 0.66mm zincalumed steel m 21.24 37.04 20.39 27.97 17.00 19.13
614 450mm girth x 0.70mm aluminium m 26.55 48.27 25.76 34.34 20.64 22.02
615 450mm girth x 0.80mm copper m 82.99 92.04 90.17 120.99 80.12 127.51
616 Downpipes:
617 Allow one fitting per 6m length.
618 150mm diameter rigid PVC m 26.92 34.80 30.38 40.07 30.35 31.30
619 100 x 65mm rigid PVC m 28.67 41.53 25.88 37.99 26.71 26.66
620 150mm diameter galvanised steel screwed tube m 81.77 * * 134.00 72.84 69.55
621 100 x 50 x 0.60mm zincalumed steel m 20.64 29.18 23.61 36.30 21.85 24.34
622 150 x 100 x 0.80mm zincalumed steel m 31.86 43.78 31.13 47.61 25.49 31.30
623 150 x 100 x 0.70mm aluminium m 41.42 50.51 37.13 54.77 40.67 41.73
624 100 x 50 x 0.80mm sheet copper m 76.46 92.04 75.14 115.78 71.62 74.19
625 150 x 100mm sheet copper m 109.91 114.49 106.27 154.81 108.04 107.80
626 100mm diameter stainless steel m 75.40 126.84 74.06 106.68 60.70 61.44
627 150mm diameter stainless steel m 104.07 173.98 101.97 145.70 91.05 89.26
628 SUMPS
629 Rates for the following sumps include for jointing to
gutter, outlet for and jointing to downpipe and
crimped wire mesh guard.
630 Patent cast iron 90 degree side type funnel shaped
sump rainwater outlet with domed grating and joint to
downpipe:
631 100mm no 271.86 399.59 265.13 365.56 236.72 246.91
$ $ $ $ $ $
632 150mm no 306.90 448.98 299.48 422.80 261.00 297.91
633 Sump:
634 300 x 300 x 150mm deep x 0.76mm zincalumed steel
no 111.50 161.07 109.49 144.40 103.19 99.69
635 450 x 450 x 150mm deep x 0.76mm zincalumed steel
no 125.31 196.99 122.37 162.62 109.26 107.80
636 300 x 300 x 150mm x 0.80mm aluminium no 136.99 169.49 134.17 210.75 127.47 120.56
637 300 x 300 x 150mm deep x 0.80mm copper no 172.71 231.22 178.18 249.78 167.53 177.36
638 450 x 450 x 150mm deep x 0.80mm copper no 197.38 294.08 207.17 269.29 200.30 204.02
639 300 x 300 x 150mm deep x 0.50mm stainless steel no 153.98 219.44 150.28 195.14 182.09 127.51
640 450 x 450 x 150mm deep x 0.50mm stainless steel
no 183.72 272.76 179.26 245.88 206.37 156.49
641
SUSPENDED CEILINGS
642 The rates are based upon a 600mm deep galvanised
steel suspension system and include for trimming
around light fittings, air conditioning registers and for
perimeter trims.
643 Suspension system:
644 Fully concealed m2 27.61 32.55 26.83 36.43 36.42 23.18
645 Pre-finished one way exposed m2 25.49 30.31 24.69 37.73 32.78 20.87
646 Pre-finished two way exposed m2 21.24 24.69 21.47 29.27 30.35 18.55
647 Linings
648 Flush plasterboard ceiling m2 26.92 32.55 24.75 37.73 30.35 23.18
649 Plasterboard ceiling tiles m2 20.19 25.54 19.13 26.02 24.28 20.87
650 40mm perforated acoustic fibrous plaster insulated tiles
m2 38.23 40.63 37.57 48.13 54.63 37.09
651 13mm prefinished plasterboard tiles m2 25.49 29.07 * 30.57 30.35 23.18
652 15mm pre-finished perforated acoustic tiles m2 26.92 34.80 25.88 30.57 31.56 27.82
653 15mm mineral fibre tiles m2 24.67 29.07 23.63 28.62 30.35 25.50
654 Pre-finished perforated acoustic insulated metal pans m2 67.29 78.57 56.89 67.65 66.77 44.05
655
WINDOWS
656 METAL WINDOWS
657 Rates for windows are based upon standard
catalogue sizes and include for clear float glass and
glazing, standard hardware, flashings and fixing in
position.
658 Clear Anodised Aluminium:
659 Fixed lights m2 235.51 392.86 258.69 334.52 254.93 256.18
660 Horizontal sliding sashes 50% opening m2 291.59 448.98 311.28 388.05 303.49 333.84
661 Awning sashes 50% opening m2 347.66 617.35 379.98 481.71 364.19 352.39
662 Double hung sashes 50% opening m2 370.09 639.80 398.23 481.71 388.47 376.73
663 100 pivot sashes 50% opening m2 381.31 729.59 433.65 535.24 400.60 426.58
664 Extra over clear anodising for Kalcolor colour anodising
m2 31.40 * 30.06 40.14 30.35 34.78
665 Extra over single glazed aluminium window for:
666 Double glazing with integral miniature venetian blind m2 221.95 448.98 215.75 240.86 182.09 197.06
667 Sealed double glazing m2 178.41 336.73 173.89 187.33 157.81 178.51
668 Light duty aluminium sliding flyscreen m2 61.68 112.24 67.62 80.29 60.70 64.91
669 For alternative types of glass refer to Glazing.
670 1 Hr fire rated metal window 1 2 m2 m2 * 2,806.12 * 1,605.71 1,213.95 1,217.14
671 METAL LOUVRE FRAMES AND LOUVRES
672 Rates for louvres include for frames, clips, weather
stripping and clear float glass blades with ground
edges but exclude sub-frames.
673 Galvanised steel with 150mm blades m2 303.72 561.22 296.26 349.24 267.07 260.82
674 Clear anodised aluminium with 150mm blades m2 344.07 673.47 335.97 377.34 291.35 312.98
675 Standard fixed louvre unit having 150mm surround
and Z type blades, spaced at approximately 200mm
centres in:
677 Aluminium m2 427.96 707.14 417.55 499.11 364.19 428.90
678 TIMBER WINDOWS
679 Rates for windows are based upon standard
catalogue sizes and include for clear glazing,
aluminium core jamb and sill flashings, protective
clear priming and standard hardware with spiral
balances or friction stays as required.
680 Western Red Cedar (Eastern States) and Jarrah
(Western Australia)
681 Double hung 100% opening 1200 x 600 m2 336.45 505.10 323.09 * 315.63 312.98
682 Double hung 40% opening 1200 x 600 m2 280.37 448.98 288.74 * 291.35 278.20
683 Awning 100% opening m2 262.30 448.98 255.47 * 218.51 255.02
684 Awning 50% opening m2 244.25 432.14 238.29 * 206.37 220.24
685 CURTAIN WALLING
686 Curtain wall clear anodised fixed panes with
spandrels of:
687 6mm clear glass m2 448.60 785.71 483.03 588.76 437.02 492.65
688 6mm coloured glass m2 471.03 841.84 517.38 648.98 461.30 533.22
689 6mm safety glass m2 515.89 841.84 539.92 661.02 497.72 544.82
$ $ $ $ $ $
690 Steel enamel sheet m2 358.88 * 343.49 * 382.40 411.51
691 Anodised aluminium sheet m2 502.30 897.96 489.47 658.34 388.47 510.04
692 Extra over last for:
693 Colour anodising m2 28.04 56.12 28.98 37.47 24.28 22.02
694 PVF2 finish m2 * * * 56.20 * 46.37
695 Double glazing m2 179.47 448.98 174.96 196.70 121.40 133.31
696 Single glazed vertical pivoted lights m2 208.14 448.98 202.87 211.42 157.81 165.76
697 Double glazed vertical pivoted lights m2 335.58 673.47 327.39 381.36 254.93 280.52
698 Single glazed horizontal pivoted lights m2 179.44 336.73 188.92 211.42 157.81 159.97
699 Double glazed horizontal pivoted lights m2 340.88 673.47 332.75 381.36 267.07 293.27
700 Integral venetian blinds m2 100.93 168.37 99.83 113.74 82.55 92.73
701 Structural framing system m2 158.23 336.73 154.57 156.56 121.40 121.71
702 CURTAINS
703 Rates for curtains include an allowance for fullness.
704 Acrylic scrim curtain (PC $11.00m 1500mm wide) m2 50.47 78.57 49.38 46.83 47.34 51.00
705 Extra for cotton lining m2 13.46 23.57 15.03 13.38 17.60 16.81
706 Cotton print curtain (PC $8.00m 1200mm wide with cotton
lining m2 60.53 123.47 59.04 48.17 52.20 55.64
707 Aluminium track hand drawn m 20.19 38.16 19.32 14.72 18.82 18.55
708 Cord drawn m 24.67 46.02 23.61 18.73 21.24 22.02
709 Vertical blinds 2.4m drops (PC $50 m2) m2 129.56 145.92 126.66 147.19 127.47 125.19
710
DOORS
711 FIRE DOORS AND FRAMES
712 Rates for fire doors and frames include for hinges and
closer but exclude lock and furniture.
713 2040 x 820mm standard 2 hour timber door and frame no 1,244.86 1,161.73 1,181.25 1,505.36 1,335.35 1,136.00
714 2040 x 820mm standard 2 hour veneer faced timber door
and metal frame no 1,278.50 1,277.35 1,237.50 1,538.81 1,347.49 1,217.14
715 Pair of 2040 x 1600mm overall 2 hour veneer faced
timber doors and metal frame no 2,299.07 2,862.24 2,475.00 3,010.71 2,610.00 2,202.45
716 TIMBER DOORS
717 Rates for doors are based upon a standard 2040 x
820mm size and include for 100mm steel butts and
hanging.
718 35mm honeycomb core, hardboard faced for paint finish
no 78.50 97.99 72.00 96.34 81.33 79.98
719 35mm solid core, faced for paint finish no 134.58 211.47 129.38 164.59 139.60 133.31
720 35mm honeycomb core, sliced Pacific Maple veneer
faced for clear finish no 126.37 237.29 122.37 127.12 104.40 106.64
721 35mm solid core, sliced Pacific Maple veneer faced for
clear finish no 168.22 350.77 183.55 215.43 151.74 150.69
722 35mm honeycomb core, sliced hardwood veneer faced for
clear finish no 114.39 248.17 127.73 135.15 112.90 108.96
723 35mm solid core, sliced hardwood veneer faced for clear
finish no 229.91 361.54 182.25 218.11 160.24 159.97
724 40mm solid core, sliced hardwood veneer faced for clear
finish no 252.34 384.20 229.71 247.55 202.73 191.27
725 40mm honeycomb core, resin bonded rotary cut ply wood
faced for paint finish no 112.15 115.95 101.25 129.80 109.26 104.33
726 40mm solid core, resin bonded rotary cut plywood faced
for paint finish no 224.30 234.03 188.92 220.79 184.52 179.67
727 Extra for 10mm Pacific Maple vertical edge strip no 22.43 43.66 23.61 25.42 21.97 20.87
728 Extra over solid core door for:
729 600 x 600mm opening glazed with 4mm clear glass no 87.08 210.68 84.80 76.27 67.98 63.76
730 Cutting opening and supplying and fixing anodised
aluminium return air grille 600 x 300mm no 85.23 159.80 93.39 103.03 89.83 88.10
731 45mm hardwood framed and glazed door with 6mm clear
glass, 100mm stiles and top rail and 200mm bottom rail
no 302.80 336.73 270.00 367.98 327.77 312.98
732 ROLLER SHUTTERS AND GRILLES
733 Industrial roller shutter door manually operated:
734 3000 x 3000mm high galvanised steel no 1,457.94 1,795.92 1,607.94 1,766.29 2,427.91 1,477.96
735 5000 x 4000mm high galvanised steel no 3,028.04 3,647.96 3,255.61 3,566.02 4,855.81 3,013.88
736 3000 x 3000mm high aluminium no 2,074.77 2,413.27 2,297.06 2,522.31 3,641.86 2,173.47
737 5000 x 4000mm high aluminium no 3,140.19 3,995.92 3,514.29 3,766.74 5,462.79 3,280.49
738 Extra for Colorbond finish one side of steel door m2 11.68 16.84 11.81 13.38 24.28 8.11
739 Extra over manually operated roller shutter for electrical
operation no 1,312.15 1,403.06 1,181.25 1,605.71 1,456.74 1,275.10
740 Colour anodised aluminium standard pattern roller grille
m2 386.92 448.98 348.75 468.33 394.53 405.71
741 METAL DOOR FRAMES
742 1.2mm standard knock down type steel door frame to
suit 2040 x 820mm door and 110mm wall no 69.53 81.40 68.70 86.98 69.20 71.87
743 Extra for zincanneal finish no 17.94 21.33 17.17 20.07 17.36 17.39
744 1.2mm wide welded pressed steel rebated door frame to
suit 2040 x 820mm door and 110mm wall no 145.79 137.95 128.81 160.57 133.53 133.31
745 Extra for zincanneal finish no 19.07 21.33 17.17 21.41 17.36 18.55
746
FINISHES
$ $ $ $ $ $
747 Rates for plastering, etc., include an allowance for
narrow work and for all labours.
748 IN SITU APPLIED FINISHES EXTERNAL
749 13mm cement render in one coat with wood float
finish to:
750 Masonry walls m2 30.80 41.31 30.38 37.47 36.42 28.98
751 Concrete walls m2 31.86 42.09 30.38 37.47 38.85 28.98
752 Isolated columns m2 40.35 51.91 41.63 37.47 54.63 37.09
753 Concrete soffit m2 39.29 45.35 41.63 37.47 54.63 40.57
754 Extra over 13mm render for 19mm render in two coats m2 12.74 9.32 12.38 13.38 18.21 17.39
755 Extra over 13mm render for waterproofing m2 3.14 3.48 3.38 4.01 3.40 4.64
756 Extra over 13mm render for permanent colouring m2 4.15 3.48 3.38 4.01 3.64 4.64
757 16mm tyrolean render comprising 10mm
waterproofed render coat and 6mm sprayed white
tyrolean finish to:
758 Masonry walls m2 42.48 54.44 39.38 46.83 48.56 *
759 Concrete walls m2 42.48 55.28 39.38 46.83 50.99 *
760 Isolated concrete columns m2 52.04 64.32 47.25 53.52 66.77 *
761 Concrete soffit m2 50.97 58.54 47.25 53.52 66.77 *
762 EXPOSED AGGREGATE RENDER
763 16mm epoxy or acrylic resin based exposed
aggregate waterproof render comprising 13mm
waterproofed render coat and 3mm exposed
aggregate finish to:
764 Masonry walls m2 72.90 92.94 92.25 107.05 83.16 76.51
765 Concrete walls m2 76.26 92.94 92.25 107.05 84.37 79.98
766 Cement based exposed aggregate waterproof render
comprising 13mm waterproofed render coat and 6mm
exposed aggregate finish to:
767 19mm to masonry walls m2 70.65 84.80 94.50 107.05 80.12 73.03
768 19mm to concrete walls m2 71.78 85.98 94.50 107.05 82.55 75.35
769 16mm to isolated concrete columns m2 96.45 115.05 114.75 120.43 99.54 89.26
770 19mm to isolated concrete columns m2 104.07 122.01 120.38 133.81 98.33 91.58
771 16mm to concrete soffit m2 91.96 115.05 114.75 127.12 95.90 90.42
772 19mm to concrete soffit m2 105.13 122.01 120.38 133.81 100.76 98.53
773 Extra over 19mm cement base exposed aggregate
waterproof render for 25mm thickness m2 15.70 20.77 19.13 20.07 16.39 16.23
774 Extra over external render for expanded metal lathing,
power fixed to walls and columns m2 16.99 20.77 16.88 20.07 18.21 16.23
775 Granotrowel 2mm thickness on concrete m2 31.40 37.04 29.25 37.47 35.20 28.98
776 Granotrowel 4mm thickness on blockwork m2 38.13 41.53 38.64 46.83 48.56 35.93
777 granoplast 10 12mm thick m2 28.04 37.04 31.50 * * 30.14
778 IN SITU APPLIED FINISHES INTERNAL
779 13mm cement render in one coat with sand finish to:
780 Masonry walls m2 29.73 41.25 30.38 26.76 36.42 28.98
781 Concrete walls m2 30.80 42.09 30.38 26.76 38.85 28.98
782 Isolated concrete columns m2 40.35 51.91 41.63 33.45 54.63 37.09
784 Sides and soffits of concrete beams m2 40.35 45.35 41.63 36.13 54.63 40.57
785 Extra over 13mm render for:
786 16mm render in two coats m2 11.68 9.32 11.81 13.38 18.21 13.91
787 19mm render in two coats m2 13.81 10.44 12.38 16.06 18.21 17.39
788 Extra over sand finish for steel trowel finish m2 3.36 3.48 4.50 4.01 3.64 4.64
789 Granoplast 10 12mm thick m2 * 37.04 32.63 * * 26.66
790 16mm hard plaster in three coats comprising 13mm
cement render in two coats and 3mm setting coat of
hard plaster with steel trowel finish to:
791 Masonry walls m2 40.35 43.78 41.63 37.47 48.56 48.69
792 Concrete walls m2 40.35 43.78 41.63 37.47 50.99 48.69
793 Isolated concrete columns m2 46.73 47.14 47.25 40.14 66.77 51.00
795 Vermiculite Plaster:
796 10mm fire rating 2 hr to concrete soffit m2 29.73 34.23 30.38 37.47 30.35 32.46
797 10mm fire rating 2 hr to sides and soffit of concrete
beams m2 33.98 38.72 36.00 40.14 36.42 32.46
798 50mm fire rated to sides and soffit of steel beams m2 * 83.62 78.36 100.36 91.05 75.35
799 METAL LATHING
800 Expanded metal lath in small areas, including pricking up
coat m2 19.07 19.08 20.25 26.76 22.34 19.71
801 Corner bead m 9.76 10.10 10.13 13.38 10.32 10.43
802 PLASTERBOARD, FIBROUS PLASTER, PLASTER
ACOUSTIC TILES AND SIMILAR
803 10mm plasterboard to wall framing m2 26.55 25.14 32.63 36.13 30.35 23.18
804 13mm plasterboard to wall framing m2 29.73 26.49 34.88 42.82 33.99 26.66
805 10mm plasterboard on and including 50 x 38mm battens
at 450mm centres to ceiling framing m2 40.35 39.06 45.00 49.51 42.49 40.57
806 16mm one hour fire rated plasterboard to wall framing m2 36.11 36.93 40.50 46.83 42.49 32.46
$ $ $ $ $ $
807 32mm one hour fire rated lining comprising two layers
16mm p[plasterboard on and including 50 x 38mm
battens at 450mm centres to ceiling framing m2 60.56 67.01 66.38 80.29 78.91 70.71
808 Fibrous Plaster/Plasterglass
809 13mm fibrous plaster to wall framing m2 39.29 * 41.63 42.82 48.56 *
810 13mm fibrous plaster on and including 50mm x 38mm
battens at 450mm centres to ceiling framing m2 49.91 * 52.88 53.52 60.70 *
811 Cornice mould up to 200mm girth m 13.46 15.10 14.63 20.07 13.96 17.39
812 TILE, SLAB, BLOCK OR SHEET FINISHES, PAVINGS
AND CARPETS
813 WALL TILING
814 Rates for wall tiles include for backing coat and an
average proportion of narrow work.
815 150 x 150mm glazed ceramic wall tiles PC $30 per m2
supplied m2 98.76 136.94 95.63 120.43 103.19 98.53
816 200 x 100mm glazed ceramic wall tiles PC $30.00 per m2
supplied m2 101.95 136.94 99.00 120.43 103.19 104.33
817 Mosaic tiles in sheets PC $35.00 per m2 supplied m2 107.26 145.13 102.38 133.81 109.26 110.12
818 FLOOR TILING
819 Rates for floor tiling include for mortar beds and
laying.
820 225 x 225 x 20mm quarry tile paving m2 106.19 165.90 112.50 113.74 103.19 98.53
821 150 x 150 x 15mm quarry tile paving m2 107.26 165.90 112.50 113.74 103.19 102.01
822 100 x 100mm ceramic floor tiles PC $30.00 per m2
supplied m2 110.44 165.90 123.75 120.43 103.19 104.33
823 200 x 200mm ceramic floor tiles PC $35.00 per m2
supplied m2 116.81 174.20 129.38 127.12 109.26 110.12
824 Ceramic mosaic floor tiles in sheets PC $30.00 per m2
supplied m2 108.32 165.90 119.25 113.74 103.19 104.33
825 300 x 300mm Terra Cotta paving tiles m2 110.44 182.40 118.13 107.05 109.26 104.33
826 150mm high vitreous tile skirting m 27.61 49.39 26.83 26.76 24.28 28.98
827 300mm wide quarry tile step tread m 40.37 49.39 45.00 46.83 42.49 46.37
828 Cork
829 6mm cork floor tiles with clear plastic finish m2 58.32 75.77 64.13 86.98 60.70 73.03
830 Steel
831 300 x 300 x 3mm cold rolled steel floor tiles, including
50mm mortar bed m2 179.47 246.94 * 214.10 157.81 *
832 Parquetry
833 10mm brush box mosaic parquetry flooring including
polishing m2 127.43 190.82 129.38 160.57 84.98 156.49
834 20mm blue gum block parquetry flooring with square
edges including polishing m2 153.98 230.10 157.50 187.33 109.26 191.27
835 Vinyl
836 2mm flexible vinyl floor tiles m2 39.29 36.03 38.64 73.60 33.99 37.09
837 2mm flexible sheet vinyl to floors m2 40.35 40.63 39.38 66.90 36.42 39.41
838 2mm conductive welded vinyl floor sheeting m2 84.11 98.78 78.75 107.05 84.98 85.78
839 1.50mm flexible sheet vinyl to walls m2 39.29 42.65 38.64 53.52 42.49 41.73
840 100mm high feather edged skirting m 9.76 9.54 10.13 20.07 8.50 11.59
841 Cement Based Paving
842 25mm cement and sand screed with steel trowel finish
m2 26.55 24.69 30.38 33.45 24.28 32.46
843 50mm cement and sand screed with steel trowel finish
m2 31.86 29.07 33.75 40.14 30.35 41.73
844 25mm cement sand paving with wood float finish m2 25.49 25.82 29.25 29.44 21.85 32.46
845 25mm granolithic paving with steel trowel finish m2 30.80 37.04 34.88 37.47 24.28 37.09
846 25mm granolithic to treads, risers, strings, etc, including
all labours m2 69.53 101.02 82.13 80.29 72.84 86.94
847 Extra over 25mm granolithic for waterproofing m2 4.49 4.49 3.94 5.35 3.88 5.80
848 Extra over 25mm granolithic for permanent colouring
excluding green m2 5.61 6.73 5.63 5.35 5.58 6.96
849 Extra for incorporating 25 x 13mm carborundum inserts
m 7.85 7.86 8.59 8.03 7.89 13.91
850 100mm high coved granolithic skirting m 27.61 30.19 30.38 29.44 29.13 32.46
851 Terrazzo Paving
852 25mm in-situ terrazzo paving m2 233.63 392.86 202.50 321.14 182.09 260.82
853 38mm in-situ terrazzo paving m2 248.50 404.08 242.59 347.90 206.37 272.41
854 25mm precast terrazzo tile paving m2 165.66 218.88 151.88 187.33 182.09 185.47
855 150 x 19mm in-situ terrazzo coved skirting m 48.85 81.38 67.50 86.98 72.84 60.28
856 300 x 38mm precast terrazzo stair tread with
carborundum inserts m 117.88 157.14 114.85 133.81 121.40 139.10
857 125 x 19mm precast terrazzo stair riser m 77.52 89.80 76.21 107.05 84.98 81.14
858 425mm girth precast terrazzo combined stair tread and
riser with carborundum inserts m 213.45 190.82 216.83 401.43 303.49 *
859 25 x 3mm brass division strip m 24.67 33.67 25.88 28.10 30.35 32.46
860 Carpet on Supergrade Underfelt:
861 48oz 80/20 carpet m2 52.71 58.09 54.00 66.90 54.63 55.64
862 Pure wool commercial grade carpet m2 56.07 63.87 61.88 80.29 54.63 64.91
863 Synthetic commercial grade carpet m2 44.86 42.09 40.50 53.52 42.49 51.00
864 Synthetic commercial grade carpet tiles with foam backing
m2 57.35 72.96 55.82 73.60 54.63 67.23
$ $ $ $ $ $
865
PAINTING
866 Rates for painting include for all preparatory work.
867 PLASTERED AND SIMILAR WALL AND CEILING
SURFACES
868 Two coats cement based paint Boncote m2 9.56 12.35 9.00 10.15 10.93 11.01
869 Seal and two coats acrylic paint m2 9.56 12.35 9.00 10.15 9.71 10.43
870 Seal and one undercoat and two coats of enamel m2 10.09 13.47 11.25 12.49 12.14 11.59
871 Three coats sprayed vinyl m2 18.50 20.88 18.00 21.47 18.21 18.55
872 Extra for filler coat to rough surfaces m2 4.49 5.61 4.50 5.85 4.86 4.64
873 METAL SURFACES
874 One coat primer m2 3.70 4.49 3.38 4.94 3.64 3.59
875 Touch up shop primer and one coat enamel m2 5.61 6.73 5.63 7.03 6.07 5.80
876 Extra for each additional coat m2 3.36 4.49 3.38 4.16 3.64 4.64
877 Prime and two coats enamel on:
879 Galvanised eaves gutters, downpipes and large
plumbing pipes generally m 5.61 5.84 5.37 9.11 6.07 4.64
880 Copper pipes up to 50mm diameter m 5.61 5.84 5.37 9.11 6.07 4.35
881 TIMBER SURFACES
882 Prime and two coats enamel on general surfaces m2 12.74 13.47 11.81 24.07 12.14 10.43
884 Prime and two coats enamel on surfaces up to 300mm
girth m 5.05 4.49 4.29 5.98 6.07 4.64
885 Two coats clear plastic finish on general surfaces m2 7.85 10.10 9.00 9.24 9.71 8.11
887 Extra for staining m2 3.81 4.49 3.22 5.07 3.64 4.06
888 SPECIAL FINISHES
889 Granotex finish with acrylic base to walls m2 20.19 30.31 21.38 20.81 18.21 20.87
890 Granotex finish with epoxy base to walls m2 24.67 33.67 25.88 29.92 24.28 23.18
891 Finish on metalwork (undercoat) m2 26.92 29.07 25.88 33.04 25.49 22.02
892 Finish on plastered walls Faux m2 22.43 23.23 21.38 30.44 20.64 20.87
893 Anti-graffiti treatment to walls m2 10.09 16.84 10.13 11.97 9.71 9.27
894 SIGNWRITING
895 Signwriting 50mm high letter Each 4.71 6.73 5.06 5.98 6.07 4.87
896 Signwriting 100mm high letter Each 5.83 8.98 6.19 7.29 5.83 5.91
897 PAPER HANGING
898 Wallpaper PC $7.50 per m2 supplied m2 23.55 23.57 28.13 25.37 24.28 24.34
899 Vinyl fabric PC $20.00 per m2 supplied m2 40.37 52.76 45.00 65.05 38.85 41.73
900 Suede/wool type fabric PC $30.00 per m2 supplied m2 58.32 72.96 61.88 84.56 55.84 55.64
901
HYDRAULICS
902 PIPEWORK
903 Rates for pipework include for all jointing and fixings
and except where items for such fittings are given
separately for all reducers, bends, tees, junctions and
inspection openings.
904 SOIL, WASTE AND VENT PIPES
905 PVC pipe:
906 32mm m 28.60 28.90 26.83 36.69 26.71 27.82
907 40mm m 29.72 28.90 26.83 30.83 26.71 30.14
908 50mm m 31.96 35.36 30.06 35.26 30.35 33.62
909 65mm m 33.08 44.62 34.35 44.62 31.56 34.78
910 80mm m 40.93 49.95 40.79 55.03 37.63 42.89
911 100mm m 51.59 59.49 49.38 64.53 47.34 52.16
912 Cast iron pipe:
913 100mm m 105.42 160.51 117.00 186.00 97.12 106.64
914 150mm m 165.98 231.22 172.82 268.96 144.46 162.29
915 Copper pipe:
916 32mm m 42.62 53.32 39.72 50.45 38.24 42.89
917 40mm m 49.35 60.61 46.16 57.40 43.70 48.69
918 50mm m 58.32 76.33 55.82 73.60 50.99 54.48
919 65mm m 78.50 91.48 68.70 85.64 63.13 70.71
920 80mm m 86.36 130.20 89.09 121.77 80.12 85.78
921 100mm m 115.51 175.10 122.37 163.25 109.26 120.56
922 WATER PIPES
923 Galvanised steel pipe:
924 15mm m 38.23 49.39 * 46.97 38.85 *
925 20mm m 39.29 51.63 * 47.90 40.06 *
926 25mm m 44.60 62.86 42.94 60.21 48.56 *
927 32mm m 50.97 83.62 50.45 62.36 54.63 *
928 40mm m 58.41 97.65 56.89 76.27 60.70 *
929 50mm m 70.09 116.73 68.70 90.99 72.84 *
930 Copper pipe:
931 15mm m 26.92 42.09 22.50 20.34 23.07 25.50
932 20mm m 30.84 44.34 27.00 28.50 27.92 30.14
933 25mm m 34.21 49.39 31.50 44.02 31.56 34.78
934 32mm m 43.18 79.13 45.08 50.04 37.63 40.57
935 40mm m 48.79 97.65 53.67 58.61 47.34 48.69
936 50mm m 60.56 113.93 65.48 74.93 55.84 61.44
937 65mm m 77.94 127.96 79.43 92.33 72.84 77.67
$ $ $ $ $ $
938 80mm m 87.48 156.02 94.46 121.77 81.33 86.94
939 100mm m 115.51 202.04 124.51 152.54 105.61 117.08
940 150mm m * 291.84 182.48 195.36 159.03 173.88
941 Chromium plated copper pipe:
942 15mm m 49.91 78.01 48.30 72.26 42.49 44.05
943 20mm m 75.40 162.76 72.99 119.09 48.56 52.16
944 32mm m 53.27 * 73.13 * 60.70 57.96
945 40mm m 70.65 * 83.25 * 72.84 69.55
946 50mm m 82.99 * * * 84.98 82.30
947 PVC coated pre-lagged copper pipe:
948 15mm m 29.72 47.70 32.20 45.01 33.99 30.14
949 20mm m 38.23 56.12 37.57 53.47 36.42 33.62
950 25mm m 46.73 70.71 46.16 70.38 42.49 40.57
951 Extra over copper pipe for:
952 100mm 90 degree bend no 79.63 49.95 72.00 59.41 75.27 85.78
953 150mm 90 degree bend no 153.64 143.67 140.63 * 139.60 169.24
954 100mm tee no 84.11 60.61 59.63 72.26 70.41 79.98
955 100 x 80mm tee no 86.36 101.58 66.38 72.26 71.62 81.14
956 150mm tee no 161.50 166.12 142.88 206.07 157.81 176.20
957 150 x 100mm tee no 159.25 228.98 172.82 234.17 157.81 176.20
958 Ductile cement lined pipe in trench (fittings extra):
959 100mm m 103.74 76.33 87.75 89.65 98.33 108.96
960 150mm m 151.40 121.79 120.38 149.87 139.60 151.85
961 Extra over ductile cement lined pipe for cement lined
cast iron:
962 100mm 90 degree bend no 196.26 222.24 191.06 240.86 194.23 206.33
963 150mm 90 degree bend no 309.53 308.11 279.08 339.88 291.35 294.43
964 100mm tee no 251.21 243.57 219.38 268.96 230.65 263.13
965 100 x 80mm tee no 242.24 243.57 219.38 268.96 224.58 263.13
966 150mm tee no 361.12 348.52 324.17 430.87 315.63 351.23
967 150 x 100mm tee no 325.23 348.52 318.80 430.87 315.63 351.23
968 Lagging
969 25mm thick standard sectional pipe insulation to:
970 25mm pipe m 39.81 24.13 27.00 32.38 34.60 35.93
971 32mm pipe m 40.93 28.06 33.28 38.14 37.03 38.25
972 40mm pipe m 43.18 34.80 33.75 42.42 40.42 40.57
973 50mm pipe m 45.42 40.41 39.38 49.38 43.70 48.69
974 TRAPS
975 50mm brass trap no 105.13 185.20 103.05 141.84 91.05 88.10
976 75mm brass trap no * * 91.24 * 97.12 113.60
977 40mm copper universal type trap no 73.46 101.02 77.28 104.37 84.98 77.67
978 50mm copper universal type trap no 81.31 120.10 84.80 95.00 91.05 85.78
979 40mm chromium plated copper universal type trap no 120.00 190.82 117.00 199.38 109.26 93.89
980 50mm chromium plated copper universal type trap no 135.93 209.90 132.03 214.10 121.40 111.28
981 40mm PVC universal type trap no 55.51 70.71 79.43 74.93 48.56 46.37
982 50mm PVC universal type trap no 58.88 88.67 60.11 96.34 54.63 53.32
983 100 x 50mm Pallazzi type brass floor gully with brass riser
and chromium plated brass screw in grating no 236.64 369.85 253.32 355.93 230.65 244.59
984 100 x 50mm PVC floor gully with PVC riser and PVC
screw in grating no 130.09 103.83 115.93 171.28 115.33 135.62
985 COCKS AND VALVES
986 15mm brass hose cock no 38.69 53.88 35.42 30.78 35.20 39.41
987 20mm brass hose cock no 36.45 62.86 39.72 45.50 36.42 41.73
988 15mm brass stop cock no 37.57 35.92 33.75 39.07 33.99 37.09
994 15mm chromium plated brass recess cock no 65.61 66.79 54.74 74.93 43.70 57.96
995 20mm chromium plated brass recess cock no 76.82 80.26 68.63 90.99 69.20 85.78
996 15mm chromium plated brass cistern cock no 70.09 40.41 47.23 49.78 43.70 55.64
997 25mm bronze gate valve no 75.70 67.91 65.25 89.65 69.20 81.14
1003 100mm bronze gate valve no 938.76 882.24 894.38 1,471.90 789.07 826.50
1004 150mm bronze gate valve no 1,332.74 1,325.61 1,181.25 2,227.93 1,335.35 1,202.07
1005 40mm chromium plated brass hand operated flusherette
valve no 437.38 * 448.68 675.74 412.74 476.42
1006 Concrete pipe pit for stop cock complete with cast iron
path box no 159.25 80.95 133.10 179.30 151.74 169.24
1007 TAPS
1008 Rates for taps are based upon chromium plated brass
easy clean style and include for jointing to pipework.
1009 15mm hose cock no 80.19 59.49 82.65 141.84 91.05 85.78
1010 15mm bib cock no 95.58 121.79 93.39 156.56 91.05 82.30
$ $ $ $ $ $
1011 15mm pillar cock no 101.95 138.62 98.75 168.60 91.05 85.78
1012 15mm washing machine cock no 88.14 118.98 85.87 125.78 84.98 83.46
1013 15mm vanity basin combination set with plain fixed spout
no 287.10 427.65 320.94 511.15 303.49 301.39
1014 15mm sink combination set with 230mm plain swivel
spout no 320.75 459.64 352.07 532.56 339.91 340.80
1015 15mm laundry combination set with 610mm telescopic
arm no 242.24 329.44 260.83 363.96 279.21 250.38
1016 15mm shower combination set with shower arm and
75mm anti-splash swivel hose no 370.62 542.70 361.73 582.07 364.19 294.43
1017 Extra for aerator no 21.87 20.77 20.39 24.22 23.07 23.18
1018 Raymor shower mixing tap complete with regulating
valves no 466.54 532.04 458.34 639.61 461.30 489.18
1019 FIXTURES, APPLIANCES AND EQUIPMENT
1020 Rates for sanitary fixtures include for installation
complete with plugs, grated waste outlets, brackets
and all fixings including jointing to pipes but to not
include for pipework, traps, cocks or outlet fittings.
1021 Stainless Steel:
1022 1200mm single bowl sink and drainer no 375.70 427.65 405.74 511.15 485.58 494.97
1023 1500mm single bowl sink and drainer no 420.56 550.56 441.17 647.64 437.02 426.58
1024 1800mm double bowl sink and drainer no 555.14 745.87 631.16 880.47 728.37 601.62
1025 1200mm single bowl flat rim sink and drainer no 375.70 455.71 390.72 511.15 473.44 382.53
1026 1800mm double bowl flat rim sink and drainer no 555.14 773.93 626.86 860.40 691.95 601.62
1027 Laundry tub and cabinet with:
1028 Single 68 litre compartment no 510.28 680.20 495.00 709.19 570.56 494.97
1029 Two 68 litre compartments no 852.34 1,201.02 821.25 1,190.90 922.60 907.64
1030 Urinal with concealed sparge pipe built in between
walls:
1031 1200mm slab type no 1,931.68 2,736.53 1,883.81 3,392.07 1,456.74 1,828.03
1032 1800mm slab type no 2,398.94 3,659.18 2,338.93 3,853.71 2,185.12 2,190.86
1033 10 litre automatic cistern with flush pipe no 569.20 447.86 554.94 794.83 849.77 718.69
1034 Drinking fountain with bubbler, wall mounted no 794.34 1,105.61 773.92 919.27 1,031.86 813.75
1035 Wash trough 1800mmm long x 420mm wide anti-splash
wall mounted type with 100mm back skirting no 1,129.91 1,894.69 1,102.38 1,504.02 1,092.56 927.35
1036 White Vitreous China
1037 500 x 400mm splashback wall basin no 466.19 727.35 454.05 816.24 364.19 426.58
1038 500 x 350mm self rimming counter top vanity basin no 252.34 298.57 274.79 341.21 291.35 363.98
1039 525 x 400mm cleaners sink with hinged grating no 1,021.59 1,037.14 996.11 1,312.67 1,335.35 977.19
1040 300 x 300mm laboratory sink no 488.50 924.90 475.51 595.45 509.86 413.83
1041 475 x 400mm laboratory sink no 715.75 981.02 697.71 1,031.67 886.19 614.37
1042 Single wall hung urinal stall with integral trap no * 1,717.35 * 2,013.83 1,735.95 1,831.51
1043 Slophopper with hinged grating no * 2,480.61 * 2,836.76 2,185.12 2,608.16
1044 Pull chain urinal cistern with flush pipe no 431.78 542.14 491.61 557.99 849.77 450.92
1045 Push button WC cistern with flush pipe and pan connector
no 433.27 570.20 421.84 628.90 546.28 363.98
1046 WC pan with seat and flap no 352.15 376.02 366.03 553.97 424.88 357.03
1047 Low down WC suite complete with seat flap and flush
pipe no 629.73 750.92 613.98 844.34 910.47 526.27
1048 795 x 370mm recessed combined water dispenser and
drinking fountain no 1,886.02 * 1,838.72 1,845.23 3,641.86 1,728.34
1049 Miscellaneous
1050 Push button plastic WC cistern with flush pipe and
pan connector:
1051 Wall mounted no 177.20 209.90 197.50 268.96 254.93 213.29
1052 Concealed type no 306.90 269.39 299.48 430.87 449.16 351.23
1053 White porcelain enamelled bath:
1054 1524mm cast iron no 1,212.74 2,750.00 1,181.81 * * 802.16
1055 1676mm cast iron no 1,244.60 2,750.00 1,214.01 * 1,274.65 876.34
1056 1524mm pressed steel no 420.56 541.02 456.19 568.69 582.70 450.92
1057 HOT WATER UNITS
1058 Mains pressure storage water heater with glass lined
steel cylinder:
1059 50 litre no 639.25 658.88 611.83 715.88 728.37 636.39
1060 135 litre no 942.06 1,077.55 896.28 1,085.20 922.60 945.89
1061 270 litre no 1,132.71 1,384.54 1,012.50 1,376.90 1,213.95 1,189.32
1062 180 litre storage solar water heater with standard panels
and electric booster no 2,231.78 2,538.98 2,377.57 3,123.11 2,670.70 2,629.03
1063
DRAINAGE
1064 Rates for pipes include for laying in trench and
jointing but do not include fittings, excavation and
backfilling.
1065 PIPEWORK TRENCH EXCAVATIONS
1066 All excavation is by machine in other than rock unless
otherwise stated. The term rock shall be taken to
mean hard material requiring use of compressors.
Excavation rates include for planking and strutting,
backfilling and removal of surplus material.
$ $ $ $ $ $
1067 Excavate trench for drain pipe not exceeding 225mm
diameter:
1068 Average 600mm deep m 23.55 22.45 20.25 24.75 20.64 25.50
1069 Average 1200mm deep m 33.64 35.92 29.25 30.37 35.20 38.25
1070 Average 2100mm deep m 55.51 83.06 62.26 62.22 71.62 70.71
1071 Excavate trench for drain pipe 300 or 375mm diameter
1072 Average 600m deep m 25.79 23.57 21.38 26.09 23.07 27.82
1073 Average 1200mm deep m 35.89 47.70 35.42 31.71 38.85 42.89
1074 Average 2100mm deep m 76.46 124.59 77.63 69.58 71.62 73.03
1075 Extra over trench for excavating in rock using
compressors m3 173.83 133.57 140.63 212.76 163.88 181.99
1076 20mm gravel or crushed stone in backfilling to drain
trench m3 65.05 90.92 81.00 82.96 60.70 75.35
1077 AGRICULTURAL DRAINS
1078 100mm earthenware pipe including backfilling with rubble
m 30.28 33.11 25.76 * 21.85 31.30
1079 Extra for bend no 23.55 20.20 20.25 * 17.00 25.50
1080 100mm corrugated slotted PVC pipe including backfilling
with rubble m 29.16 26.94 24.69 30.11 21.85 26.66
1081 STORMWATER DRAINS
1082 Class X reinforced concrete pipes with spigot and
socket rubber ring joints:
1083 100mm m 37.01 * 31.50 * 30.35 40.57
1084 150mm m 49.35 * 37.13 * 38.85 49.84
1085 225mm m 58.32 95.41 62.26 77.61 50.99 66.07
1086 300mm m 83.89 108.88 78.75 107.05 78.91 79.98
1087 Extra for:
1088 100mm bend no 40.37 * 32.63 * 33.99 44.05
1089 150mm bend no 66.17 * 56.89 * 60.70 66.07
1090 225mm bend no 101.50 102.14 89.09 * 93.47 100.85
1091 300mm bend no 167.79 163.88 * * 242.79 150.69
1092 100 x 100mm junction no 54.95 * 46.16 * 49.77 53.32
1093 150 x 100mm junction no 76.26 * 71.92 * 87.40 82.30
1094 225 x 100mm junction no 124.25 140.87 129.38 * 157.81 113.60
1095 300 x 100mm junction no 176.28 223.93 * * 218.51 150.69
1096 PVC PIPES
1097 Pipes with solvent welded joints:
1098 90mm m 26.92 29.18 23.61 21.60 25.49 30.14
1099 150mm m 38.13 35.36 34.35 37.86 35.20 42.89
1100 Extra for:
1101 90mm bend no 26.92 20.20 19.32 14.31 21.85 27.82
1102 150mm bend no 45.98 30.31 33.75 41.37 41.27 45.21
1103 90 x 90mm junction no 43.74 25.82 27.91 20.68 29.13 38.25
1104 150 x 90mm junction no 65.05 40.97 48.38 71.68 49.77 57.96
1105 SOIL DRAINS
1106 PVC Pipes
1107 100mm OD pipes with solvent welded joints m 29.16 26.94 25.76 30.70 27.92 33.62
1108 150mm OD pipes with solvent welded joints m 41.50 47.70 37.57 36.56 40.06 45.21
1109 Extra for 100mm bend no 29.16 15.71 21.47 17.82 26.71 31.30
1110 Extra for 150mm bend no 50.47 39.29 42.94 50.09 43.70 51.00
1111 Cast Iron Pipes
1112 100mm (Class B) pipe with flexible mechanical joints m 95.33 94.85 90.17 128.46 97.12 100.85
1113 150mm (Class B) pipe with flexible mechanical joints m 124.49 125.60 129.88 203.39 145.67 137.94
1114 Extra for:
1115 100mm bend no 106.54 114.49 95.53 147.19 76.48 93.89
1116 150mm bend no 205.23 202.60 185.70 270.30 194.23 181.99
1117 100 x 100mm junction no 152.52 159.95 139.54 222.12 115.33 137.94
1118 150 x 100mm junction no 243.36 255.92 224.34 374.67 182.09 213.29
1119 100mm inspection opening no 74.58 58.93 67.62 107.05 60.70 77.67
1120 150mm inspection opening no 111.03 89.80 92.25 149.87 93.47 105.49
1121 Encasing to Pipes
1122 Concrete bed and surround to:
1123 100mm pipe m 47.66 60.61 45.00 59.28 48.56 53.32
1124 150mm pipe m 57.76 72.40 56.89 66.50 54.63 64.91
1125 225mm pipe m 70.09 91.48 66.38 90.99 72.84 79.98
1126 MANHOLES
1127 Rates for manholes include for excavation, 150mm
concrete bottom and sides, formwork, reinforcement,
benching, channels and step irons.
1128 In-situ concrete manhole with medium duty cover:
1129 600 x 600 x 600mm deep no 1,020.56 1,247.04 933.75 * 995.44 1,189.32
1130 900 x 900 x 1000mm deep no 1,738.32 2,521.02 1,800.00 * 1,881.63 2,003.07
1131 1200 x 1200 x 2000mm deep no 2,971.96 5,064.49 3,260.97 * 3,034.88 3,380.18
1132 900mm diameter and 1000mm deep no 1,485.98 1,978.88 1,472.70 * 1,456.74 1,690.09
1135 Precast concrete manhole with precast cover:
1136 600 x 600 x 600mm deep no 863.55 * 759.38 * 764.79 1,001.53
$ $ $ $ $ $
1137 900 x 900 x 1000mm deep no 1,457.94 * 1,462.50 * 1,578.14 1,877.88
1138 1200 x 1200 x 2000mm deep no 2,242.99 * 2,418.75 * 2,549.30 2,754.22
1139 900mm diameter and 1000mm deep no 1,177.57 1,446.84 1,001.25 913.92 1,044.00 1,389.86
1140 1200mm diameter and 2000mm deep no 1,906.54 1,868.32 1,687.50 2,161.02 1,820.93 2,378.64
1141 1200mm diameter and 3000mm deep no 2,579.44 2,294.85 2,700.00 2,943.81 3,034.88 3,129.80
1142
ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS
1143 Switchboards
1144 Main switchboard small to medium installation no 25,794 23,223 22,257 20,071 24,279 31,008
1145 Main switchboard major installation or high rise no 185,047 174,198 136,913 120,429 145,674 148,839
1146 Distribution board small to medium installation no 3,364 2,907 3,215 2,676 3,642 5,216
1147 Distribution board major or high rise installation no 11,776 9,294 9,450 6,690 12,140 9,923
1148 Consumer mains three phase circuits:
1149 50 amps m 35.89 34.84 34.88 29.44 36.42 41.73
1150 100 amps m 65.05 69.68 66.38 46.83 60.70 69.55
1151 150 amps m 141.31 139.36 150.75 80.29 97.12 139.10
1152 200 amps m 173.83 168.39 156.38 107.05 121.40 168.08
1153 500 amps m 426.17 406.46 406.13 321.14 364.19 394.12
1154 Lighting Installation
1155 Circuits Small to Medium Installation Point 72.90 69.68 76.50 49.51 60.70 75.35
1156 Circuits Major or High Rise Installation Point 104.30 89.80 108.00 49.51 72.84 93.89
1157 Luminaires small to Medium Installation no 185.05 185.81 194.63 127.12 133.53 186.63
1158 Luminaires Major or High Rise Installation no 222.06 209.03 225.00 167.26 188.16 248.07
1159 Power Installation
1160 Circuits Single phase Small to Medium Installation
Point 93.08 98.71 92.25 93.67 84.98 93.89
1161 Circuits Single phase Major or High Rise Installation
Point 120.00 116.13 119.25 107.05 97.12 105.49
1162 Circuits three phase Small to Medium Installation Point 364.49 348.40 374.63 194.02 303.49 397.60
1163 Circuits three phase Major or High Rise Installation
Point 504.67 464.53 487.13 194.02 364.19 521.63
1164 ATC backbone cabling and conduit Point 145.79 139.36 156.38 167.26 145.67 162.29
1165 Television installation Point 134.58 116.13 194.63 127.12 133.53 186.63
1166 Background Music Point 132.34 104.52 119.25 76.94 109.26 99.69
1167 Nurse Call System Point 209.72 209.03 201.38 140.50 139.60 185.47
1168 Clock system Point 181.68 162.59 183.38 194.02 182.09 273.57
1169 Security system Small to Medium Installation m2 7.85 8.13 11.25 5.35 8.50 9.27
1170 Security system Major or High Rise Installation m2 20.18 13.94 21.47 8.03 14.57 17.39
1171 Emergency Evacuation Small to Medium Installation
m2 8.64 9.29 12.38 7.36 7.28 9.27
1172 Emergency Evacuation Major or High Rise Installation
m2 10.99 12.77 14.63 11.37 10.93 13.91
1173 EMERGENCY POWER SUPPLY
1174 Diesel standby alternator with automatic start system
and silencer:
1175 60 kVA no 56,075 58,067 68,393 46,833 48,558 62,016
1176 340 kVA no 190,654 197,424 217,613 133,810 157,814 148,839
1177 900 kVA no 336,449 410,767 384,462 294,381 315,628 372,098
1178
COSTS PER SQUARE METRE
1179 Rates per square metre are average prices for typical
buildings within metropolitan areas. They include
profit but exclude special equipment, special
allowances, WST and GST.
1180 Accommodation
1181 Suburban Motel m2 97.57 134.69 97.88 86.98 84.98 93.89
1182 Suburban Hotel m2 106.54 145.92 120.38 100.36 97.12 118.24
1183 Medium to High Rise Hotel m2 151.40 224.49 153.00 129.80 121.40 168.08
1184 Car Parks
1185 Basement car park m2 32.52 44.90 31.50 24.75 24.28 34.78
1186 Multi-storey car park m2 29.16 33.67 31.50 22.08 21.85 31.30
1187 Civic Buildings
1188 Civic Centre m2 96.45 157.14 108.00 93.67 97.12 112.44
1189 Town or City Hall m2 122.24 202.04 124.88 110.39 115.33 143.74
1190 Library m2 122.24 168.37 130.50 117.08 133.53 162.29
1191 Court House m2 121.12 179.59 132.75 123.77 115.33 149.53
1192 Police Station m2 121.12 179.59 132.75 123.77 115.33 149.53
1193 Educational
1194 Primary Schools m2 84.11 157.14 91.13 80.29 78.91 99.69
1195 Secondary Schools m2 106.54 168.37 115.88 110.39 103.19 130.99
1196 Technical Colleges and Universities m2 140.19 179.59 156.38 153.88 139.60 173.88
1197 Health
1198 District Hospital m2 185.05 336.73 201.38 194.02 176.02 236.47
1199 General Hospital m2 232.15 415.31 244.13 247.55 230.65 310.66
1200 Industrial
1201 Factories m2 57.76 78.57 63.00 49.51 48.56 56.80
1202 Multi-storey warehouses m2 55.51 67.35 60.75 62.89 54.63 68.39
1203 Offices
1204 Suburban low rise m2 90.84 123.47 104.63 93.67 78.91 86.94
1205 Central Business District (CBD) low rise m2 105.42 157.14 113.63 107.05 91.05 99.69
1206 Central Business District (CBD) high rise m2 130.09 246.94 138.38 123.77 115.33 118.24
1207 Recreational
$ $ $ $ $ $
1208 Social Sports Club m2 81.31 123.47 88.88 80.29 78.91 86.94
1209 Basketball centre m2 65.61 89.80 70.88 62.89 54.63 75.35
1210 Community recreational centre m2 76.82 89.80 87.75 62.89 72.84 81.14
1211 Cinema m2 118.88 134.69 124.88 123.77 115.33 130.99
1212 Residential
1213 House of medium standard m2 33.08 56.12 39.38 24.75 36.42 38.25
1214 Home units low rise m2 52.15 67.35 70.88 43.49 42.49 56.80
1215 Home units high rise m2 57.76 78.57 88.88 49.51 48.56 62.60
1216 Hostel m2 55.51 101.02 63.00 49.51 48.56 49.84
1217 Shopping
1218 Shop or showroom m2 62.24 129.08 69.75 61.55 58.27 68.39
1219 Suburban supermarket m2 75.70 101.02 87.75 57.54 66.77 81.14
1220 Regional shopping centre m2 82.43 112.24 108.00 61.55 72.84 93.89
1221 Central Business District (CBD) store m2 95.33 134.69 119.25 68.24 78.91 112.44
1222 Miscellaneous
1223 Tavern m2 96.45 145.92 113.63 86.98 84.98 112.44
1224 Aged persons home m2 111.03 123.47 108.00 80.29 78.91 124.03
1225 Church m2 84.11 134.69 101.25 68.24 72.84 75.35
1226 Amenities block m2 * 112.24 68.63 62.89 60.70 81.14
1227
MECHANICAL INSTALLATIONS
1228 PACKAGED AIR CONDITIONING UNITS
1229 Costs given are for the unit only, all other associated
items including ductwork and pipework are not
included.
1230 Reverse cycle roof top type:
1231 14kW no 8,748 8,710 10,125 7,159 8,255 9,515
1232 60kW no 30,280 29,033 34,988 25,758 29,135 28,794
1233 Cooling type plant room type with cooling tower
(tower not included)
1234 14kW no 7,065 7,548 7,711 5,620 6,677 7,762
1235 60kW no 19,626 21,717 21,763 18,064 19,423 23,286
1236 COSTS PER SQUARE METRE
1237 Rates are average prices per square metre A/C area
for typical buildings within metropolitan areas. They
include profit but exclude special equipment, special
allowances, WST and GST.
1238 MECHANICAL VENTILATION
1239 Car Parking
1240 Basement car park m2 57.20 67.35 60.75 43.49 54.63 53.32
1241 Multi-storey car park m2 54.95 51.63 60.75 40.14 48.56 45.21
1242 AIR CONDITIONING
1243 Accommodation
1244 Suburban Motel (package unit) m2 145.79 190.82 163.13 147.19 139.60 163.44
1245 Suburban Hotel m2 186.17 314.29 201.38 160.57 157.81 207.49
1246 Medium to High Rise Hotel m2 252.34 392.86 258.75 187.33 194.23 281.68
1247 Civic Buildings
1248 Civic Centre m2 273.64 303.06 299.25 230.82 254.93 301.39
1249 Town or City Hall m2 318.50 370.41 338.63 314.45 321.70 375.58
1250 Library m2 226.54 370.41 275.63 224.13 236.72 275.89
1251 Court House m2 302.80 415.31 319.50 314.45 315.63 344.28
1252 Police Station m2 252.74 392.86 262.13 200.71 194.23 312.98
1253 Educational
1254 Primary Schools (heating only) m2 188.41 303.06 199.13 200.71 163.88 176.20
1255 Secondary Schools m2 199.63 303.06 205.88 207.40 176.02 200.54
1256 Technical Colleges and Universities m2 252.34 370.41 262.13 220.79 224.58 238.79
1257 Health
1258 District Hospital m2 314.02 471.43 349.88 294.38 291.35 351.23
1259 General Hospital m2 375.70 493.88 387.00 321.14 315.63 413.83
1260 Offices
1261 Suburban low rise m2 196.26 269.39 213.75 167.26 157.81 231.84
1262 Central Business District (CBD) low rise m2 257.94 314.29 275.63 234.17 194.23 231.84
1263 Central Business District (CBD) high rise m2 314.02 426.53 325.13 287.69 254.93 278.20
1264 Recreational
1265 Social sports club m2 325.23 303.06 311.63 260.93 224.58 275.89
1266 Cinema m2 471.03 628.57 474.75 528.55 461.30 526.27
1267 Residential
1268 House of medium standard m2 123.36 246.94 124.88 123.77 109.26 125.19
1269 Home units low rise m2 134.58 202.04 144.00 123.77 109.26 169.24
1270 Home units high rise m2 145.79 202.04 150.75 150.54 133.53 176.20
1271 Hostel m2 145.79 157.14 156.38 123.77 109.26 150.69
1272 Shopping
1273 Shop or showroom m2 151.40 280.61 163.13 137.15 121.40 169.24
1274 Suburban supermarket m2 151.40 224.49 163.13 123.77 121.40 169.24
1275 Regional shopping centre m2 190.65 258.16 194.63 173.95 163.88 200.54
1276 Central Business District (CBD) store m2 210.84 415.31 213.75 200.71 188.16 200.54
1277 Miscellaneous
1278 Tavern m2 291.59 448.98 311.63 234.17 261.00 325.73
1279 Aged persons home m2 266.92 235.71 275.63 153.88 218.51 263.13
1280
EXTERIOR ELEMENTS
$ $ $ $ $ $
1281 LANDSCAPING
1282 Level and grade areas to falls m2 2.80 3.20 2.81 2.54 2.43 2.90
1283 Imported top soil placed in garden beds m3 48.22 62.86 45.00 53.52 43.70 52.16
1284 Top dress with 75mm of fertilised loam and seed for grass
m2 6.73 6.96 6.75 6.02 6.07 6.96
1285 Top dress with 50mm of fertilised loam and turf m2 10.09 11.22 9.00 10.04 8.50 9.27
1286 Mulching, 100mm m2 5.61 7.63 * 6.02 5.46 5.80
1287 Hydroseeding, not less than 2000 m2 m2 2.02 1.52 1.61 2.01 1.82 1.74
1288 Plants small no 14.02 11.22 14.63 13.38 12.14 13.91
1289 Plants advanced no 56.07 89.80 60.11 60.21 54.63 69.55
1290 Irrigation plastic piping treated area m2 8.50 16.84 7.51 9.37 6.07 6.96
1291 Concrete crib block wall m2 196.26 269.39 168.75 187.33 176.02 191.27
1292 Timber crib wall m2 162.62 * * 187.33 163.88 156.49
1293 Sleeper retaining wall m2 161.42 235.71 * 200.71 133.53 139.10
1294 ROADWORKS
1295 Rates for all paving include for excavation required
for depth of formation but exclude excavation in bulk
or in rock.
1296 150mm compacted crushed rock or gravel road bed m2 10.62 12.23 13.50 12.04 10.44 11.01
1297 Two coats of bitumen and gravel surfacing including
priming m2 10.09 10.66 9.56 6.02 9.23 10.43
1298 25mm asphaltic concrete including priming m2 13.46 11.22 13.50 11.37 12.75 16.23
1299 100mm unreinforced concrete path including joints,
formwork and lightly brushed surface m2 31.40 39.29 33.75 40.14 42.49 34.78
1300 600 x 600 x 50mm precast concrete slab paving and
75mm compacted sand bed under m2 37.01 56.12 38.25 53.52 37.63 46.37
1301 601 x 600 x 50mm precast concrete slab paving with
exposed aggregate finish and 75mm compacted sand bed
under m2 51.59 62.86 51.75 60.21 50.99 75.35
1302 Brick-on-edge paving (bricks at $220.00 per thousand)
laid on 50mm compacted sand bed m2 50.47 68.47 50.63 46.83 46.13 63.76
1303 220 x 110 x 50mm concrete cobble paving laid on 50mm
sand bed m2 44.86 59.27 50.63 53.52 46.13 69.55
1304 CONCRETE KERBS, GUTTERS ETC.
1305 In-situ concrete kerb including excavation, formwork
and finish:
1306 150 x 250mm m 39.25 53.88 45.00 25.42 33.51 40.57
1307 525 x 250mm m 47.10 89.80 50.63 50.85 46.13 48.69
1308
FIRE PROTECTION
1309 EXTINGUISHERS
1310 Fire extinguisher and bracket:
1311 2kg CO2 no * 359.18 304.84 434.88 388.47 278.20
1312 9 litre air foam no 256.99 246.94 231.75 374.67 261.00 272.41
1313 9 litre water foam no 253.81 370.41 247.95 347.90 230.65 243.43
1314 BOOSTER VALVE ASSEMBLY
1315 100mm mains model fire hydrant booster no 4,283.89 3,019.39 4,177.65 3,345.24 10,925.58 3,505.37
1316 HOSE REELS
1317 Fire hose reel with 36m of 19mm hose and wheel head
brass mill cock no 538.32 521.94 747.00 869.76 509.86 726.81
1318 FIRE INDICATOR BOARDS
1319 Indicator board to small to medium building no 10,654.21 12,773.47 11,362.50 * 12,139.53 11,267.27
1320 Indicator board to major or high rise building no 29,719.63 34,838.57 29,925.00 * 30,348.84 30,046.04
1321 COST PER SQUARE METRE
1322 Rates per square metre are based on the area actually
having the service and not on total floor area.
1323 Water sprinkler system m2 39.25 39.85 42.75 48.65 54.63 48.69
1324 Thermal detector system m2 14.87 14.03 20.25 15.22 18.21 13.91
1325 Smoke detector system m2 14.87 17.40 16.88 16.65 18.21 13.91
1326 Void sprinklers m2 20.18 21.89 27.00 22.25 24.28 19.71
1327 CO2 gas system to computer areas (3m ceiling height)
m2 * * 406.13 267.62 339.91 312.98
1328 Fire alarm system excluding indicator board m2 12.74 14.59 14.63 14.05 12.14 12.75
1329 Emergency warning system m2 12.74 14.59 14.63 14.05 12.14 12.75
1330
LIFT SERVICE
1331 PASSENGER LIFTS
1332 Hydraulic 10 passenger lift serving three floors no 128,972 101,020 120,825 139,162 132,321 133,306
1333 Variable speed AC rheostatic 13 passenger lift with a
speed of 0.65m per second serving five floors no 201,869 202,041 197,888 171,276 176,023 208,653
1334 Extra for each additional floor served no 9,869 10,102 9,788 9,367 9,105 9,853
1335 Geared variable speed AC 13 passenger lift with a speed
of 1.0m per second serving five floors no 235,514 235,714 235,238 258,252 230,651 243,429
1337 Void
1338 Geared variable voltage 13 passenger lift with a speed of
1.5m per second serving eight floors and complete
interconnected operation system equipment no 269,159 280,612 263,813 321,143 279,209 278,204
$ $ $ $ $ $
1340 Gearless variable voltage 15 passenger lift with a speed
of 2.5m per second serving ten floors and complete with
interconnected operation system equipment
no 426,168 420,918 437,850 401,429 376,326 440,490
no 448,598 460,204 480,150 501,786 437,023 463,673
no 504,673 516,327 539,888 535,238 485,581 521,633
1343 Extra for each additional floor served no 11,776 11,224 11,700 * 11,533 12,171
1344 Extra for each floor by passed (low rise floors or express
travel zone in high rise lift well) no 7,850 8,418 9,225 9,367 8,498 8,114
1345 GOODS LIFT
1346 Variable speed AC rheostatic 3 tonne lift with a speed of
0.5m per second serving four floors no 269,159 308,673 276,300 301,071 267,070 289,796
1348 DUMB WAITER
1349 Chain or rope drive 90kg load dumb waiter with a speed
of 0.25m per second serving two floors no 37,009 33,673 33,863 33,452 32,777 28,980
1351 ESCALATORS
1352 Rates include for balustrade to well opening, finish to
soffit, power supply to plant room and venting to
carriage way.
1353 Escalator with a speed of 0.45m per second serving
one floor 3.5m rise one way complete with standard
balustrades:
1354 30% pitch 800mm wide no 201,869 168,367 216,563 200,714 190,591 208,653
1355 30% pitch 1000mm wide no 213,084 179,592 204,188 234,167 202,730 220,245
1356 Extra for each additional metre rise on:
1357 800mm wide escalator no 14,579 13,469 14,513 13,381 12,140 15,649
1358 1000mm wide escalator no 15,701 14,592 18,225 16,057 15,053 17,967
1359 Extra for weatherproofing no 15,701 28,061 15,863 * 15,053 18,547
1360 Extra for glass balustrades no 17,944 * 18,225 * 16,995 20,865
1361 MOVING WALKWAYS
1362 Horizontal moving walkway 25m long and 1m wide no 347,664 280,612 335,813 334,524 315,628 359,347
1363 Extra cost per additional metre no 13,458 13,469 13,275 13,381 12,140 12,751
1364 Extra for weatherproofing no 17,944 33,673 19,826 * 18,452 18,547
1365
CIVIL ENGINEERING
1366 The following rates are for civil Engineering work in
large quantities under average working conditions
within approximately 80km of capital city centres. All
excavation is in other than rock or sand unless
otherwise stated.
1367 EXCAVATIONS
1368 Surface excavation to reduce levels using scraper and
cart overland not exceeding 1km, deposit in layers m3 4.71 4.66 4.50 5.72 6.07 5.80
1369 Extra for each additional 1km cartage m3 1.23 1.12 1.24 1.56 1.21 1.39
1370 Extra for compacting to 90% max, dry density m3 3.36 3.48 3.38 4.16 4.86 3.77
1371 Surface excavation to reduce levels and removal from
using public roads distance not exceeding 3km and
depositing in spoil heap m3 8.52 6.96 8.44 10.93 9.71 16.23
1372 Extra for each additional 1km cartage m3 1.23 1.12 1.13 1.56 1.21 1.39
1373 Extra for spreading in layers and compacting to 90% max
dry density m3 4.15 4.49 4.61 4.42 5.46 4.06
1374 Borrow pit excavation for filling including delivery to site
not exceeding 3km and compacting in embankment
m3 9.08 9.32 8.89 12.23 11.84 10.43
1375 Extra over excavation for excavating top soil average
100mm thick and stockpile for reuse m2 1.01 0.90 1.07 1.43 1.21 1.16
1376 Trimming excavation to batter m2 2.02 1.91 1.97 2.21 1.82 2.09
1377 Trimming filling to batter m2 2.02 1.91 1.97 2.21 1.82 2.09
1378 Top soil stockpile excavation, spreading and grading
to:
1379 Profile average 100mm thick m2 1.57 1.63 1.91 2.08 1.58 1.85
1380 Batter average 100mm thick m2 1.91 2.02 2.03 2.47 1.94 1.97
1381 Extra over excavation for ripping in rock m3 16.82 16.84 15.75 18.99 21.85 18.55
1382 Extra over for blasting in rock m3 33.64 * 34.88 37.99 38.85 40.57
1383 PILING
1384 Sheet piling
1385 Provide all necessary plant and equipment, supply
handle pitch and drive the following in maintaining
sides of excavation or filling and include for
extraction of piles and removal of plant and
equipment on completion.
1386 Piling in lengths not exceeding 10m m2 302.80 336.73 258.75 292.71 254.93 *
$ $ $ $ $ $
1387 Piling in lengths exceeding 10m and not exceeding 15m
m2 347.66 392.86 292.50 320.03 303.49 *
1388 Extra for corner pile m 50.47 112.24 53.67 40.72 42.49 *
1389 Burning hole through sheet piling no 25.79 28.06 23.63 27.19 24.28 *
1390 Extra over driven piling for piling left in m2 84.11 * 73.13 89.76 78.91 *
1391 Bored Piling
1392 Rates are for piling in good soil conditions and in
relatively large quantities.
1393 Rates for piling include for site establishment costs,
setting out, setting up boring rigs and removal of
excavated material.
1394 Concrete cast in-situ fill (steel shell driven and
withdrawn) to:
1395 Bearing capacity of 41 tonnes m 134.58 269.39 148.13 144.40 127.47 139.10
1396 Bearing capacity of 91 tonnes m 157.01 291.84 167.45 162.62 157.81 162.29
1397 Cut off and trim head of pile no 79.65 112.24 101.25 68.95 91.05 63.76
1398 ROADS AND PAVINGS
1399 Trimming and consolidating formations to falls and
required profile m2 2.80 3.20 2.59 2.86 2.79 2.90
1400 150mm layer approved crushed stone base course m2 11.21 12.23 11.25 9.63 9.35 11.59
1401 100mm layer dry-lean concrete (18.1) base spread over
sub-base m2 13.46 14.48 12.88 18.73 13.35 13.91
1402 100mm layer bitumen bound base spread over sub-base
m2 11.21 * 11.81 13.14 12.14 16.23
1403 25mm hot rolled asphaltic concrete wearing course
including primer coat m2 11.78 11.22 11.81 15.09 10.93 16.23
1404 150mm reinforced concrete (30Mpa/18mm) paving course
m2 39.29 48.04 38.64 33.95 54.63 44.05
1405 Keyed contraction joint including filler and hot bitumen
sealant m 21.24 31.43 20.39 20.42 18.21 25.50
1406 Dowelled expansion joint, including dowels, filler and
sealant m 26.92 46.02 28.13 28.62 27.92 28.98
1407 CULVERTS AND DRAINAGE
1408 Class X concrete pipe including excavation average
1.5m deep under roadway:
1409 450mm diameter m 123.36 157.14 118.13 136.60 133.53 127.51
1410 600mm diameter m 157.01 202.04 157.50 176.93 157.81 168.08
1411 750mm diameter m 218.69 336.73 219.38 238.07 224.58 226.04
1412 Concrete headwall to suit pipe up to 750mm diameter no 728.97 785.71 675.00 813.08 825.49 788.24
1413 PLANT HIRE CHARGES
1414 Discounts of between 10% and 20% are available for
items hired by the week.
1415 Small Plant
1416 The following rates exclude operator, transportation
charges and fuel.
1417 Compressor with silencer 35 litres per second Day 122.24 123.47 119.15 99.02 169.95 150.69
1420 Heavy breaker or drill with 18m hose and point Day 59.47 56.12 57.96 74.93 67.98 86.94
1421 Scabbing pick needle gun Day 50.47 33.67 50.45 68.24 59.48 75.35
1422 50mm Flexible shaft pump with vibrator motor Day 69.53 72.96 64.40 43.76 115.33 55.64
1423 Kango 900 demolition hammer and point Day 67.96 67.35 66.55 82.96 97.12 75.35
1424 5 kVA petrol generator Day 81.87 56.12 61.88 54.59 84.98 69.55
1425 20KVA diesel generator Day 173.83 145.92 148.13 129.80 224.58 156.49
1426 Mobile aluminium tower scaffold nominally 2400 x
1200:
1427 2400mm high Day 84.11 56.12 60.75 47.77 46.13 52.16
1428 3600mm high Day 95.33 89.80 73.13 54.59 58.27 60.28
1429 Heavy Plant
1430 The following rates include operator and
transportation charges.
1431 Tracked Tractor Drott Cat 931 Day 691 697 * * * 696
1432 Tracked Tractor Drott Cat 943 Day 758 882 821 546 728 927
1433 Tracked Tractor Drott Cat 953 Day 821 941 855 1,092 1,093 1,066
1434 Rubber tyred 1 m3 front end loader Day 754 662 585 656 571 835
1435 Fordson Major tractor with back hoe and loading bucket
Day 478 561 495 478 461 614
1436 Tip truck 10 tonne Day 617 499 450 546 425 603
1437 15 tonne mobile crane with hydraulic jib Day 1,312 1,078 1,082 1,010 1,214 1,437
1438 20 tonne mobile crane with hydraulic jib Day 1,312 1,167 1,180 1,133 1,396 1,530
1439 Favco 750 tower crane maximum capacity 24 tonne
(excluding set up, maintenance, jumping and dismantling)
Day 3,006 1,122 1,585 * 1,214 *
$ $ $ $ $ $
1
BUILDING COST PER SQUARE METRE
OF GROSS FLOOR AREA (GFA)
2 Costs given are average prices for typical buildings
within metropolitan areas. They include profit and
preliminaries but EXCLUDE land cost, external works,
external services more than 3.0m from the outside
face of the building, landscaping, special equipment
and legal and professional fees.
3 Cost of the office buildings and the like EXCLUDE car
parking areas, fitout and loose furniture and
equipment.
4 Costs are based on the total floor area of all levels
measured between the inner faces of external walls.
5 ACCOMMODATION
6 Motels
7 Single or double storey motel standard
accommodation with toilet facilities and unit air
conditioning, dining room, 40 beds m2 1,733 2,133 1,839 2,409 1,515 1,565
8 Cost per bedroom unit 46,667 * 57,664 71,856 45,442 45,208
9 Hotels
10 Suburban single or double storey hotel limited
accommodation, large bar areas, partly air
conditioned m2 2,000 2,245 2,113 2,422 1,631 1,681
11 Medium to high rise city (CBD) hotel mainly
accommodation, fully serviced, with restaurants and
bars etc, high class finish to reception areas,
restaurants and bars, standard finishes to rooms, 180
beds, 3 star m2 2,533 3,255 2,376 3,640 2,857 2,434
12 Cost per bedroom unit 189,333 * 160,355 246,343 194,776 173,878
13 CAR PARKS
14 Open car park bitumen areas, line marking, lighting,
drainage, wheel stops m2 76 90 89 94 87 75
15 Cost per car 2,259 3,143 3,128 3,078 2,447 2,144
16 Undercover car parking m2 558 617 585 803 519 498
17 Basement car parking under office block (suburban)
m2 965 1,235 1,237 1,124 990 985
18 Multistorey car park with low speed passenger lifts,
minimum finish m2 576 702 594 816 699 603
19 Cost per car 16,706 24,554 17,817 22,748 19,808 17,040
20 CIVIC BUILDINGS
21 Municipal Centres
22 Civic centre 500 person capacity main hall, no air
conditioning m2 1,588 1,908 1,706 1,954 1,726 1,449
23 Civic centre 750 person capacity main hall, lesser
hall, library, air conditioning m2 2,235 2,694 2,438 2,850 2,279 1,971
24 Town hall 1000 person capacity main hall, lesser
hall, library, air conditioning m2 2,706 3,143 3,088 3,225 2,555 2,434
25 City hall 2000 person capacity main hall, lesser hall,
library, air conditioning m2 2,941 3,929 3,526 4,161 3,245 2,666
26 Library
27 Library up to three storeys good standard finish, air
conditioning, no fit out m2 2,000 2,806 2,356 2,783 2,002 1,855
28 Court House
29 Court house up to three storeys good standard
finish, air conditioning, security m2 3,294 3,255 3,088 3,359 2,597 3,072
30 Police Station
31 Single storey suburban police station small cell
block, standard finish, no air conditioning m2 1,941 3,031 2,113 2,703 1,948 2,434
32 EDUCATIONAL
33 Schools
34 Primary school up to three storeys standard finishes,
no air conditioning m2 1,263 1,347 1,337 1,338 1,398 1,391
35 Cost per pupil 7,176 * * 8,698 8,389 5,912
36 Secondary school up to three storeys standard
finishes, no air conditioning m2 1,600 1,459 1,588 1,860 1,456 1,623
37 Cost per pupil 12,353 * * 14,719 11,652 12,403
38 School laboratory block up to three storeys standard
finishes, including fittings and services, no air
conditioning m2 1,824 2,357 1,922 2,703 1,690 2,087
39 Technical College
40 Adult further education technical college up to three
storeys standard finishes, excludes fit out, no air
conditioning m2 1,785 2,133 1,638 2,422 1,631 2,029
41 University
THE BUILDING ECONOMIST JUNE 2008 CURRENT CONSTRUCTION COSTS Page C-1
$ $ $ $ $ $
42 Residential college standard finishes, no air
conditioning or lifts m2 1,854 2,133 1,939 2,422 1,748 1,797
43 Cost per student * * 41,786 57,137 * 38,292
44 Administration block including air conditioning, lifts
m2 1,923 2,469 1,839 2,609 1,806 2,087
45 Tutorial and lecture room block including air
conditioning, lifts m2 2,140 2,582 2,173 2,636 2,039 2,202
46 Lecture theatre (300 seats) including air
conditioning, seats included m2 2,353 3,143 2,591 3,171 2,330 2,666
47 Library maximum three storeys including air
conditioning, no fit out m2 1,969 3,031 2,173 2,984 2,097 1,971
48 Laboratory and science block maximum three storeys
including air conditioning m2 3,239 3,929 3,413 3,921 2,881 3,362
49 HEALTH
50 Hospitals
51 Single storey district hospital 20 bed, operating
theatre and partial air conditioning m2 2,792 3,816 2,645 3,359 2,447 2,840
52 Cost per bed 112,941 * 138,797 158,564 122,344 127,510
53 Multi storey general hospital 200 bed including air
conditioning and lifts and full hospital facilities m2 3,636 4,602 3,761 4,483 3,204 3,709
54 Cost per bed 284,615 * 367,714 383,766 256,339 336,163
55 Multi storey maternity hospital 100 bed including air
conditioning and lifts m2 3,059 4,265 3,426 4,108 3,029 3,593
56 Cost per bed 161,538 * 180,514 199,644 151,473 168,082
57 Medical Centre
58 Single storey medical centre consultants rooms,
reception area, surgery and small theatre, no air
conditioning m2 1,765 2,694 1,950 2,047 1,948 1,913
59 Child care centres m2 1,482 1,347 * 1,766 1,398 2,029
60 Community care centres m2 1,475 1,684 1,426 1,592 1,558 1,739
61 INDUSTRIAL
62 Single storey factory with small span for light industry
including toilets and office accommodation
m2 587 617 669 789 670 545
63 Single storey factory with large span for heavy
industry including toilets and administration area m2 760 730 836 897 816 626
64 Single storey warehouse m2 693 673 585 950 583 545
65 Multi storey warehouse up to six storeys high
including toilets and office areas and goods lift m2 1,177 * 1,220 1,472 * *
66 OFFICES
67 Suburban
68 Suburban office building up to three storeys air
conditioned, standard finish, no parking, no fitout, (lift
not included, see "Lift Services" section) m2 1,483 1,796 1,550 1,860 1,282 1,739
69 Suburban bank up to three storeys standard
finishes, air conditioned, bank fittings, no parking, (lift
not included, see "Lift Services" section) m2 2,981 * 1,901 3,185 2,811 *
70 Central Business District (CBD)
71 Low rise office building up to three storeys air
conditioning, standard finish, no parking, no fitout, (lift
not included, see "Lift Services" section) m2 1,863 * 1,705 2,797 1,573 2,260
72 Medium high rise office building up to fifteen storeys
air conditioning, medium speed lifts, standard finish,
no parking, no fitout m2 2,311 2,469 2,015 4,014 2,185 2,492
73 High rise office building up to thirty five storeys air
conditioning, multiple high speed lifts, standard finish,
no parking, no fitout m2 2,736 2,974 2,352 4,295 2,428 *
74 High rise office building over thirty five storeys air
conditioning, multiple high speed lifts, standard finish,
no parking, no fitout m2 3,653 3,367 3,160 5,968 * *
75 NOTE: Increase above rates by 10% for office
buildings of a prestigious nature with high standards.
Parking refer CAR PARKS for costs.
78 RECREATIONAL
79 Sporting
80 Social sports club up to two storeys air conditioned,
administration area, bars, kitchen and dining, dance
area, limited car parking m2 1,823 2,133 1,937 2,409 1,726 1,964
81 Single storey sports pavilion with toilets and change
rooms standard finish m2 1,538 1,908 1,627 1,900 1,450 1,511
82 Basketball centre public seating, public toilets,
change rooms, standard finish m2 1,022 1,347 1,053 1,244 874 1,043
83 Squash court standard finish m2 1,082 1,347 1,187 1,418 932 982
84 Squash court high standard, viewing areas m2 1,292 1,684 1,421 1,659 1,356 1,284
85 Bowling alley including fitout, air conditioning,
standard finish m2 1,407 2,133 1,421 * * 1,127
$ $ $ $ $ $
86 Single storey community recreation centre average
standard m2 1,054 1,235 1,043 * 874 1,052
87 50 metre open air suburban Olympic standard pool
with eight lanes including filtration and pool
siteworks but excluding enclosures, heating and
ancillary buildings (Total Cost) 753,846 1,066,327 747,500 * * *
88 Grandstand with three tiers reinforced concrete with
roof seating and standing areas, change rooms,
public toilets, standard finish m2 2,308 * * * * *
89 Cost per person 8,077 6,735 6,686 * * *
90 Grandstand, single tier reinforced concrete with roof,
seating, change rooms, public toilets, standard finish
m2 1,154 * * * * *
91 Cost per person 2,423 2,918 1,839 * * *
92 Cinema
93 Cinema including seating and air conditioning m2 2,308 * 2,371 2,141 1,981 1,855
94 Cost per person 6,462 10,102 5,921 8,430 5,360 5,216
95 RESIDENTIAL
96 Housing
97 House of standard design m2 815 898 852 1,004 757 927
98 Medium standard individual house m2 1,130 1,347 986 1,499 966 1,391
99 High standard house no air conditioning, good
standard finish and built in fittings m2 1,538 2,694 1,625 2,221 1,456 1,739
100 Two storey medium standard town house m2 1,270 1,347 1,421 * 1,398 1,391
101 Flats
102 One and two bedroom units up to three storeys high
medium standard, (lift not included, see "Lift Services"
section) m2 1,387 1,571 1,304 1,646 1,398 1,623
103 Cost per unit 128,972 * 88,753 122,971 90,884 104,327
104 One and two bedroom units multi storey, lift,
medium standard m2 1,732 2,020 1,463 2,328 1,748 1,855
105 Cost per unit 223,529 * 97,988 146,923 122,344 144,898
106 One and two bedroom units multi storey, lifts, high
standard, ancillary facilities m2 2,077 2,470 1,689 3,104 2,078 2,782
107 Cost per unit 270,769 * 247,765 276,183 207,761 249,224
108 Hostels
109 Hostel up to three storeys central kitchen, dining,
toilet and shower facilities, minimum finish, (lift not
included, see "Lift Services" section) m2 1,538 2,245 1,671 2,074 1,753 1,739
110 Cost per head 25,385 * 27,579 30,241 * *
111 SHOPPING
112 Single storey retail shop or showroom no air
conditioning, no fitout m2 846 1,122 969 910 874 696
113 Single storey suburban supermarket of large chain
with large open areas including air conditioning,
excluding fitout m2 1,193 1,571 1,337 1,499 1,165 1,133
114 Regional complex up to three storeys including air
conditioning, malls, public toilets and rest rooms,
standard finishes, escalators and lifts, shopfronts,
excluding shop fitouts and car parking m2 1,640 1,908 1,658 2,074 1,573 1,391
115 Central Business District (CBD) store medium rise
air conditioned, escalators and lifts, shop fronts,
excluding store fitout m2 2,308 2,245 2,194 2,797 1,864 1,739
116 MISCELLANEOUS
117 Single storey tavern including air conditioning m2 2,274 2,469 1,872 3,252 * *
118 Single storey service station including toilets and
service area with driveway and canopy over (Cost per
m2 based on building area only) m2 1,231 1,459 1,320 1,753 * *
119 Single storey aged persons home infirmary m2 1,646 1,459 1,972 1,887 1,948 1,623
120 Cost per bed 60,000 * 66,189 67,172 62,328 46,367
121 Single or double storey aged person housing units
including special central care units m2 1,446 1,796 1,605 1,954 1,748 1,855
122 Cost per unit 70,769 * 53,151 97,012 87,388 92,735
123 Church hall, standard finish m2 963 1,347 919 1,137 874 927
124 Church basic design m2 1,538 2,245 1,170 1,472 1,165 1,391
125 Church high quality m2 2,308 4,490 2,424 3,078 1,923 2,266
126 Standard amenities block minimum finishes m2 1,708 2,020 2,006 * 1,573 1,391
127 Refurbishment of existing building (up to three storey)
m2 * * * * * *
128 Builders work only, excludes services, electrical
and air conditioning:
129 Paint out m2 20 * 29 * 23 20
130 Paint out and replace partitions m2 269 * 325 * 233 209
131 Gut and replace m2 808 * 1,036 * 757 672
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