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MAEM 421

Automotive Electronics
Lecture1 Dr. Nouby M. Ghazaly Mechanical Engineering Dept., Faculty of Engineering, South Valley University, Qena-83523, Egypt. Email: noubyluxor@gmail.com

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LAYOUT OF AUTOMOTIVE

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Electronics in Cars - Benefits


Humans new requirement to Car

1. 2. 3. 4.

Environmental considerations Economy Safety and Convenient Social infrastructure

Traditional mechanical devices can NOT solve certain problems.

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Developing Trends of Automotive Electronic Systems Rise of importance of software in the Car

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Where do we find electronics in a car


Automated Cruise Control Entertainment Head Up Display Dashboard controller Compass Interior Light System Auto toll Payment Rain sensor Power Window Sensor Stability Sensing

LED brake light Backup Sensing

Light failure control


Information Navigation Engine: Injection control Injection monitor Oil Level Sensing Air Flow Throttle control Valve Control

Keyless entry Central locking

Suspension control Key transponder Door module Seat control: Position/Heating Airbag Sensing &Control E-gas

Headlight: Position control Power control Failure detection 3/13/2014

Dr. Nouby M.Gearbox: Ghazaly Position control

Where do we find electronics in a car


1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Automotive electronics according to different domains in the automotive field they can be classified into: Engine Electronics Transmission Electronics Chassis Electronics Active Safety Driver assistance Passenger Comfort Infotainment systems

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Engine Electronics
1. Engine optimization: e.g. efficiency
improvement & pollution control

1. 2. 3. 4.

OBD (On Board diagnosis) Cooling system control Ignition system control Lubrication system control (only few has electronic control) 5. Fuel injection rate control 6. Throttle control 7. Lambda control

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Transmission Electronics
The Transmission Control Module (TCM) is a device that controls modern automatic transmissions based on various inputs. The basic function of this unit is to receive signals from various sensors as well as data provided by engine control module (ECM), process this input, calculate how and when to shift gears in the transmission and generate the output signals required to drive the actuators that accomplish this shifting. The software controlling the TCM is designed to optimize vehicle performance, shift quality and fuel efficiency.

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Chassis Electronics
The chassis systems has lot of sub-systems which monitors different parameters and are controlled actively. ABS - Anti-lock braking system TCS Traction control system EBD Electronic brake distribution ESP Electronic Stability Program

Cadence Braking or ABS Braking 3/13/2014 Would

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Anti-lock braking system (ABS)


is an automobile safety system that allows the wheels on a motor vehicle to maintain tractive contact with the road surface according to driver inputs while braking preventing the wheels from locking up (ceasing rotation) and avoiding uncontrolled skidding

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Active Safety
These systems are always ready to act when there is a collision or to prevent it when it scenes the situation. Air Bags Hill Decent Control Emergency Brake assist system

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Driver Assistance
Lane assist system Speed assist system Blind spot detection Park assist System Adaptive Cruise Control System

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Driver Assistance
Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) technology automatically adjust the vehicle speed and distance to that of a target vehicle. ACC uses a long range radar sensor to detect a target vehicle up to 200 meters in front and automatically adjusts the ACC vehicle speed and gap accordingly. ACC automatically decelerates or accelerates the vehicle according to the desired speed and distance settings established by the driver. As per standard cruise control the driver can override the system at any time.

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Passenger Comfort
1. 2. 3. 4. Automatic Climate control Electronic seat adjustment with memory Automatic wipers Automatic Headlamps adjusts beam automatically

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Infotainment Systems
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Navigation system Music system Information access All the above system forms an infotainment system. The developments methods of these systems vary according to the manufacturer. Different tools are used for both hardware and software development.

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Automotive electronics

Electronic Embedded systems = Cost of a car X =1% (1980) X =20% (2005) X =40% (2015)

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Energy is used to produce power. The chemical energy in fuel is converted to heat by the burning of the fuel at a controlled rate. This process is called combustion. If engine combustion occurs within the power chamber, the engine is called an internal combustion engine
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ENGINE CLASSIFICATION
Engines are classified by several characteristics including:
Cylinder arrangement Operational cycles Valve location Type of fuel Combustion Chamber Design Cooling method Application

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Types of Fuel
Fuel used, gasoline engines diesel engines natural gas (CNG and LNG), methane, LPG engines alcohol engines hydrogen engines

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CLASSIFICATION of ENGINES Cylinder arrangement


1. Reciprocating (a) Single Cylinder (b) Multi-cylinder (I) In-line (ii) V (iii) Radial (iv) Horizontally opposed (v) Opposed Piston 2. Rotary: (a) Single Rotor (b) Multi-rotor

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CLASSIFICATION of ENGINES Cylinder arrangement


In-line engine
Opposed piston engine

In-line engine

Radial engine

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V - engine

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Types of Reciprocating Engines

Automotive engine cylinder arrangements.

A horizontally opposed engine design helps to lower the vehicles center 3/13/2014 of gravity. Dr. Nouby M. Ghazaly

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Gasoline Piston Engines


There are two types of gasoline piston engines:
1. Four Stroke Cycle 2. Two Stroke Cycle

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Four Stroke Cycle


Intake Compression Power Exhaust

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Intake Stroke
Intake valve opens. Piston moves down, turn of crankshaft. A vacuum is created in the cylinder. Atmospheric pressure pushes the air/fuel mixture into the cylinder.

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Compression Stroke
Valves close. Piston moves up, turn of crankshaft. Air/fuel mixture is compressed. Fuel starts to vaporize and heat begins to build.

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Power Stroke
Valves remain closed. Spark plug fires igniting fuel mixture. Piston moves down, turn of crankshaft. Heat is converted to mechanical energy.

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Exhaust Stroke
Exhaust valve opens. Piston move up, crankshaft makes turn. Exhaust gases are pushed out polluting the atmosphere.

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Four Stroke Cycle Animation

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Two Stroke Gasoline Engines


Two stroke engines operate on the same basic operating principles as the four stroke engine. However, it completes the intake, compression, power and exhaust strokes in only two movements of the piston, as opposed to four.

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Two Stroke Gasoline Engines


Each time the piston moves up, it completes the intake and compression stroke. Each time the piston moves down, it completes the power and exhaust stroke.

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Diesel Animation

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Diesel 2 stroke

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4-Stroke Engines

Each cycle of events requires that the engine crankshaft make two complete revolutions or 720. The greater the number of cylinders, the closer together the power strokes occur. Angle with three cylinders = 720/3 = 240 Angle with four cylinders = 720/4 = 180 Angle with five cylinders = 720/5 = 144 Angle with six cylinders = 720/6 = 120 Angle with eight cylinders = 720/8 = 90 Angle with ten cylinders = 720/10 = 72

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4-Stroke Engines Operation

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4-Stroke Engines Operation

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4-Stroke Engines Operation

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Valve timing for low and speed four-stroke SI engine Dr.high Nouby M. Ghazaly

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2-StrokeEngines

intake

Reed Valve 2-stroke


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CLASSIFICATION of ENGINES Valve Location

Overhead Valve (OHV) The intake and exhaust valves are mounted in the cylinder head and operated by a camshaft located in the cylinder block. This requires the use of valve lifters, pushrods and rocker arms to transfer camshaft motion to the valves.

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CLASSIFICATION of ENGINES Valve Location

The I-head
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The L-head
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The F-head
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CLASSIFICATION of ENGINES Valve Location


The I-head: (i) Over head Valve (OHV) (ii) Over head Cam (OHC)

Overhead Camshaft (OHC) or Dual/ Double Overhead camshaft (DOHC) Both intake and exhaust valves are located in the cylinder head. The valves are operated directly by the camshaft or through cam followers. Some engines use separate intake and exhaust camshafts.

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Ignition Timing

Spark advance

Variable ignition timing allows the ignition to respond to variations in engine speed and load factor. On simple systems, timing is adjusted by a centrifugal advance mechanism and a vacuum control unit. Manifold vacuum provides a reasonably accurate index of engine load.

Questions?

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