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surrounding atmosphere. So can phenolic antioxidants be oxidized by chlorine species, even at low concentrations as used in tap water to avoid the spreading of infection [219]. This results in a decrease of the stability of polymers in contact with chlorine containing water. Another well-known interaction between a stabilizer and chemicals from the environment is the deactivation of HA(L) S stabilizers by insecticides and pesticides [132e134].

21.5.5 Toxicity and Dosability

To prevent degradation in many cases combinations of small amounts of stabilizers are used. Accurate addition of small amounts to large-scale commercial processes is difcult. Difculties arise from large ratio imbalances, dust nuisances, and safety hazards of additive powders. As a result different physical forms of the pure stabilizers as well as of blends were developed [220e222]. Hydrolysis of phosphites can lead to lump formation which will cause dosability problems. The rate of hydrolysis of a high-performance phosphite can be drastically reduced by altering the physical form of the additive package [96].

21.5.4 Color and Discoloration

It is obvious that the addition of colored stabilizers leads to a colored polymer. Many aromatic amines are colored, which limits their applicability enormously. As a result they are mainly (only) applied in black colored plastics. Discoloration of polymers is in most cases due to the presence of phenolic antioxidants, which can be transformed in yellow products. These mechanisms are described above.

21.5.6 Indirect Food Contact Approval

As components of polymers that come into contact with food may transfer to the food, the use of stabilizers for food contact applications is regulated [223]. A wide range of stabilizers are available that have been designated as food contact compliant [224,225].

Appendix 1 Chemical structure, CAS number, and several trade names of several stabilizers
PAO-1 (2082-79-3)
O O OH

ADKSTAB AO-50 Anox PP18 Dovernox 76 Irganox 1076

PAO-2 (6683-19-8)
HO O O O HO O O OH O O O OH

ADKSTAB AO60 Anox 20 Dovernox 10 Hostanox O10 Irganox 1010

PAO-3 (90498-90-1)

HO O O O O O O O O

OH

ADKSTAB AO-80 Sumilizer GA80

(Continued)

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A PPLIED P LASTICS E NGINEERING H ANDBOOK

Appendix 1dcontd
PAO-4 (40601-76-1)
HO O N N O N O OH

Cyanox 1790 Irganox 3790 Lowinox 1790

OH

PAO-5 (27676-62-6)
O N O HO

HO

ADKSTAB AO-20 Alvinox FB Cyanox 1741 Dovernox 3114

N N

Irganox 3114

OH

Vitamin E (10191-41-0)
HO O

Irganox E201 Ronotec 201

AA-1 (10081-67-1)
NH

Dusantox 86 Naugard 445 Nonex DCD

BF-1 (181314-48-7)
O

O H CH3 CH3

HP-136

HA-1 (143925-92-2)
C18H37

OH N C18H37

Fiberstab FS-042 Irgastab FS042 (Continued)

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P-1 (31570-04-4)

ADKSTAB 2112 Alkanox 240 Alvinox P

O P O O

Doverphos S480 Hostanox PAR24 Irgafos 168

P-2 (38613-77-3)

Alkanox 24-44 Irgafos PEPQ Sandostab PEPQ

O P O O P O

P-3 (26741-53-7)
O P

O O

O P O O

Alkanox P-24 Irgafos 126 Ultranox 626

S-1 (693-36-7)
C18H37

O C O

Cyanox STDP
S O C18H37 C O

Hostanox SE4 Irganox PS802

UVA-BP-1 (1843-05-6)
H17 C8 O

OH

O C

Chimassorb 81 Cyasorb UV531 Uvasorb 3C

UVA-BZT-1
N N

HO N

Cyasorb UV5411 Lowilite 29 Sumisorb 709 Tinuvin 329

(Continued)

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A PPLIED P LASTICS E NGINEERING H ANDBOOK

Appendix 1dcontd
UVA-HTZ-1 (2725-22-6)
HO N N N O C8H17

Cyasorb UV1164

UVA-HTZ-2 (147315-50-2)
HO N N N

C6H13

Tinuvin 1577

Ni-1 (14516-71-3)
O

H2N C4H9 Ni S

Cyasorb UV1084 Lowilite Q84 Uvasorb NI

tC8H17

tC8H17

LMW-HA(L)S-1 (52829-07-9

O O C CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2

O CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 C O

ADKSTAB LA-77 Lowilite 77 Sanol LS770 Tinuvin 770

N H

N H

Uvasorb HA77

LMW-HA(L)S-2 (24860-22-8)
H N O O C CnH2n+1

Cyasorb UV3853 Dastib 845

n = 15 - 17

(Continued)

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LMW-HA(L)S-3 (124172-53-8)
H N

O C N H (CH2)6

O C N H N H

Uvinul 4050H

HMW-HA(L)S-1 (65447-77-0)
CH2 CH2 N O O C (CH2)2 O C O n

Cyasorb UV-3622 Lowilite 62 Tinuvin 622

HMW-HA(L)S-2 (71878-19-8 or 70624-18-9)

N N HN N N H N H n N (CH2)6 N

Chimassorb 944 Lowilite 94

HMW-HA(L)S-3 (82451-48-7)
N N N O N
H

Cyasorb 3346
N N (CH2)6 N

N
H

HMW-HA(L)S-4 (106990-43-6)
R NH (CH2)3 N R R= N N C4H9 N N N (CH2)2 C4H9 N

R N (CH2)3 NH R

ADKSTAB LA102 Chimassorb 119

CH3

CH3