An54af Ci Linear Reguladores

Application Note 54 March 1993 Power Conversion from Milliamps to Amps at Ultra-High Efficiency (Up to 95%)
Dimitry Goder Randy Flatness INTRODUCTION High efficiency is frequently the main goal for power supplies in portable computers and hand-held equipment. Efficient converters are necessary in these applications to minimize power drain on the input source (batteries, etc.) and heat buildup in the power components, allowing for smaller, lighter, and longer-lived systems. Power conversion efficiency must be in the 90% range in order to meet these goals. This application note features power supply circuits that satisfy these design requirements and attain high efficiency over a wide operating range. The recent development of the LTC1142, LTC1143, LTC1147, LTC1148, and LTC1149 makes ultra-high efficiency conversion possible. In addition, the LTC1148, LTC1149, and LTC1142 are synchronous switching regulators, achieving high efficiency conversion at output currents in excess of 10A. These controllers feature a current mode architecture that has automatic Burst ModeTM operation at low currents. This technology makes 90% efficiencies possible at output currents as low as 10mA, maximizing battery life while a product is in sleep or standby mode. These ultra-high efficiency converters also implement constant off-time architecture, fully synchronous switching and low dropout regulation. All these features make this series of converters a really excellent choice for a vast variety of applications. Achieving high efficiency is one of the primary goals of switching regulator design. Every application circuit shown in this note includes detailed efficiency graphs. Almost all of the magnetic parts used in the circuits are standard products, available off-the-shelf from various manufacturers.
and LTC are registered trademarks and LT is a trademark of Linear Technology Corporation. Burst Mode is a trademark of Linear Technology Corporation.
AN54-1
Application Note 54
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Buck LTC1148: (5V-14V to 5V/1A) Buck Converter with Surface Mount Technology ................................................................ Figure 1 LTC1148: (5V-14V to 5V/2A) Buck Converter .................................................................................................................. Figure 2 LTC1148: (5V-14V to 5V/2A) High Frequency Buck Converter with Surface Mount Technology...................................... Figure 3 LTC1148: (4V-14V to 3.3V/1A) Buck Converter with Surface Mount Technology ............................................................. Figure 4 LTC1148: (4V-14V to 3.3V/2A) Buck Converter with Surface Mount Technology ............................................................. Figure 5 LTC1148: (5V to 3.3V/5A) High Efficiency Step-Down Converter ..................................................................................... Figure 6 LTC1148: (5V to 3.5V/3A) High Efficiency Step-Down Converter .................................................................................... Figure 7 LTC1149: (10V-48V to 5V/2A) High Voltage Buck Converter ........................................................................................... Figure 8 LTC1149: (10V-48V to 5V/2A) High Voltage Buck Converter with Large P-Channel and N-Channel MOSFETs ................ Figure 9 LTC1149: (10V-48V to 3.3V/2A) High Voltage Buck Converter ....................................................................................... Figure 10 LTC1149: (10V-48V to 12V/2A) High Voltage Buck Converter ........................................................................................ Figure 11 LTC1149: (16VRMS to 13.8/10A) Buck Converter ........................................................................................................... Figure 12 LTC1149: (32VRMS to 27.6V/5A) Buck Converter ........................................................................................................... Figure 13 LTC1147: (5V-14V to 5V/1A) Buck Converter with Surface Mount Technology .............................................................. Figure 14 LTC1147: (4V-14V to 3.3V/1A) Buck Converter with Surface Mount Technology ........................................................... Figure 15 LTC1147: (4V-8V to 3.3V/1.5A) Buck Converter with Surface Mount Technology .......................................................... Figure 16 LTC1148: (10V-14V to 5V/10A) High Current Buck Convert .......................................................................................... Figure 17 LTC1149: (12V-36V to 5V/5A) High Current, High Voltage Buck Converter ................................................................... Figure 18 LTC1149: (12V-48V to 5V/10A) High Current, High Voltage Buck Converter ................................................................. Figure 19 LTC1149: (32V-48V to 24V/10A) High Current, High Voltage Buck Converter ............................................................... Figure 20 LTC1143: (5.2V-14V to 3.3V/2A and 5V/2A) Dual Buck Converter ................................................................................ Figure 26 LTC1148HV-5: (5.2V-18V to 5V/1A) High Voltage Buck Converter ................................................................................ Figure 27 LTC1148HV-3.3 (4V-18V to 3.3V/1A) High Voltage Buck Converter .............................................................................. Figure 28 LTC1148HV: (12.5V-18V to 12V/2A) High Voltage Buck Converter ............................................................................... Figure 29 LTC1142: (6.5V-14V to 3.3V/2A, 5V/2A, 12V/0.15A) Triple Output Buck Converter ...................................................... Figure 30 LTC1142HV: (6.5V-18V to 3.3V/2A, 5V/2A, 12V/0.15A) High Voltage Triple Output Buck Converter ............................ Figure 31 Single LTC1149: Dual Output Buck Converter ............................................................................................................... Figure 35 LTC1148: (8V-15V to 5V/2A) Constant Frequency Buck Converter ................................................................................ Figure 36 LTC1148: (4.5V-6.5V to 3.3V/2A) Constant Frequency Buck Converter......................................................................... Figure 37 Buck-Boost and Inverting Topologies LTC1148: (4V-14V to 5V/1A) SEPIC Converter .............................................................................................................. Figure 21 LTC1148: (4V-14V to 5V/0.5A, 5V/0.5A) Split Supply Converter ................................................................................. Figure 22 LTC1148: (4V-10V to 5V/1A) Positive-to-Negative Converter ...................................................................................... Figure 23 LTC1148: (5V-12V to 15V/0.5A) Buck-Boost Converter .............................................................................................. Figure 24 Boost LTC1148: (2V-5V to 5V/1A) Boost Converter ................................................................................................................. Figure 25 Battery Charging Circuits LTC1148: High Efficiency Charger Circuit ...................................................................................................................... Figure 32 LTC1148: High Voltage Charger Circuit ......................................................................................................................... Figure 33 LTC1142A: High Efficiency Power Supply Providing 3.3V/2A with Built-In Battery Charger ......................................... Figure 34 Appendix A Topics of Common Interest ........................................................................................................................................................... Appendix B Suggested Manufacturers ............................................................................................................................................................. AN54-3 AN54-4 AN54-5 AN54-6 AN54-7 AN54-8 AN54-9 AN54-10 AN54-11 AN54-12 AN54-13 AN54-14 AN54-15 AN54-16 AN54-17 AN54-18 AN54-19 AN54-20 AN54-21 AN54-22 AN54-28 AN54-29 AN54-30 AN54-31 AN54-32 AN54-34 AN54-38 AN54-39 AN54-40 AN54-23 AN54-24 AN54-25 AN54-26 AN54-27 AN54-35 AN54-36 AN54-37 AN54-40 AN54-42
AN54-2
Application Note 54
LTC1148: (5V-14V to 5V/1A) Buck Converter with Surface Mount Technology A basic LTC1148 application is shown in Figure 1A. This is a conventional step-down converter that provides 5V output at 1A maximum output current. All the components used are surface mounted and no heat sink is required. During Q1 on-time, inductor L1's current is sensed by R2 and monitored by an internal current sensing comparator. To filter out noise from the current sense waveform, C6 is added to the circuit. When the current ramp reaches a preset value, Q1 is turned off, and a clamp diode D1 starts conducting for a short period of time, until the internal control logic senses that Q1 is completely off. Then NDRIVE output goes high turning Q2 on, which shorts out D1. This provides synchronous rectification and significantly reduces conduction losses during Q1s off-time. This regulator has a constant off-time defined by the timing capacitor C5. To control the output, on-time is varied, changing the operating frequency and therefore, the duty cycle. If the input voltage is reduced, frequency decreases keeping output voltage at the same level. Q1s on-time stretches to infinity with low input voltage, providing 100% duty cycle and very low dropout. Under dropout conditions, the output voltage follows the input, less any resistive losses in Q1, L1 and R2. Under conditions of light output currents, the regulator enters Burst Mode operation to ensure high efficiency. Continuous operation is interrupted by an internal voltage sensing comparator with built-in hysteresis. in this mode both Q1 and Q2 are turned off and the comparator monitors decreasing output voltage. When the output capacitor discharges below a fixed threshold, operation resumes for a short period of time bringing the output voltage back to normal. Then the regulator shuts down again conserving quiescent current. Under Burst Mode operation the output ripple is typically 50mV as set by the hysteresis in the comparator.
VIN 5V TO 14V
+ +
3 C1 1F C2 0.1F 10 VIN PDRIVE SHUTDOWN LTC1148-5 6 ITH SENSE + SENSE 4 C5 390pF NPO CT NDRIVE SGND 11 PGND 12 8 C6 0.01F 1 Q1 Si9430DY
C3 22F 2 25V L1
1 4
2 3
R2 0.1
100H
5V 1A
R1 1k C4 3300pF X7R
+
14 Q2 Si9410DY D1 MBRS140T3
C7 220F 10V
C1 C3 C7 Q1 Q2 D1
(Ta) AVX (Ta) TPSD226K025R0200 ESR = 0.200 IRMS = 0.775A AVX (Ta) TPSE227K010R0080 ESR = 0.080 IRMS = 1.285A SILICONIX PMOS BVDSS = 20V RDSON = 0.100 CRSS = 400pF Qg = 50nC SILICONIX NMOS BVDSS = 30V RDSON = 0.050 CRSS = 160pF Qg = 30nC MOTOROLA SCHOTTKY VBR = 40V
R2 KRL SP-1/2-A1-0R100J Pd = 0.75W L1 COILTRONICS CTX100-4 DCR = 0.175 Kool M CORE ALL OTHER CAPACITORS ARE CERAMIC
AN54 F01A
QUIESCENT CURRENT = 180A TRANSITION CURRENT (Burst Mode OPERATION/CONTINUOUS OPERATION) = 200mA
Figure 1A. LTC1148: (5V-14V to 5V/1A) Buck Converter with Surface Mount Technology
Kool M is a registered trademark of Magnetics, Inc.
AN54-3
Application Note 54
Figure 1B shows efficiency versus output current for three different input voltages. Generally speaking, efficiency drops as a function of input voltage due to gate charge losses and LTC1148 DC bias current. The curves converge at maximum output current as these losses become less significant.
100 VIN = 6V 90
EFFICIENCY (%)
LTC1148: (5V-14V to 5V/2A) Buck Converter A step-down regulator with 2A output current capability is shown in Figure 2A. To provide higher output power levels the sense resistor value is decreased, thus increasing the current limit. This also increases maximum allowable ripple current in the inductor, so its value can be reduced. Note that timing capacitor C5 is changed to optimize performance for a standard inductor value. In this Figure C7 consists of two parallel capacitors ensuring minimum capacitance requirement for all conditions. A circuit board has been laid out for this circuit and has subsequently been thoroughly tested under full operating conditions and optimized for mass production requirements. A Gerber file for the board is available upon request.
VIN = 10V VIN = 14V
80
70
60
50 0.001
0.01 0.1 OUTPUT CURRENT (A)
1
AN54 F01B
Figure 1B. LTC1148: (5V-14V to 5V/1A) Buck Converter Measured Efficiency
VIN 5V TO 14V
+
C1 1F C2 0.1F 3 VIN 10 PDRIVE SHUTDOWN LTC1148-5 6 ITH SENSE + SENSE 4 C5 470pF NPO CT SGND 11 NDRIVE PGND 12 8 C6 0.01F 1 Q1 Si9430DY
C3 22F 3 25V
L1 62H
R2 0.05
5V 2A
R1 1k C4 3300pF X7R
+
C7 220F 2 10V
C1 C3 C7 Q1 Q2 D1 R2 L1
(Ta) AVX (Ta) TPSD226K025R0200 ESR = 0.200 IRMS = 0.775A AVX (Ta) TPSE227K010R0080 ESR = 0.080 IRMS = 1.285A SILICONIX PMOS BVDSS = 20V RDSON = 0.100 CRSS = 400pF Qg = 50nC SILICONIX NMOS BVDSS = 30V RDSON = 0.050 CRSS = 160pF Qg = 30nC MOTOROLA SCHOTTKY VBR = 40V KRL SL- 1-C1-0R050J Pd = 1W COILTRONICS CTX62-2-MP DCR = 0.040 MPP CORE (THROUGH HOLE)
AN54 F02A
ALL OTHER CAPACITORS ARE CERAMIC
Figure 2A. LTC1148: (5V-14V to 5V/2A) Buck Converter
AN54-4
Application Note 54
100 VIN = 6V 90
EFFICIENCY (%)
LTC1148: (5V-14V to 5V/2A) High Frequency Buck Converter with Surface Mount Technology
VIN = 10V VIN = 14V
80
70
60
Figure 3A presents essentially the same circuit as Figure 2A, but implementing changes to operate at a higher frequency. Timing capacitor C5 is reduced to achieve higher switching rate. This approach allows the use of a smaller value inductor with surface mount technology, resulting in a more compact design.
1 2
50 0.001
AN54 F02B
VIN 5V TO 14V
+
C1 1F C2 0.1F 3 VIN 10 PDRIVE SHUTDOWN 1 Q1 Si9430DY 1 4 LTC1148-5 SENSE + SENSE 4 C5 220pF NPO CT SGND 11 NDRIVE PGND 12
C3 22F 3 25V L1 33H 2 3 R2 0.05 5V 2A
8 C6 0.01F
ITH
R1 1k C4 3300pF X7R
+
C7 220F 2 10V
C1 C3 C7 Q1 Q2 D1 R2 L1
(Ta) AVX (Ta) TPSD226K025R0200 ESR = 0.200 IRMS = 0.775A AVX (Ta) TPSE227K010R0080 ESR = 0.080 IRMS = 1.285A SILICONIX PMOS BVDSS = 20V RDSON = 0.100 CRSS = 400pF Qg = 50nC SILICONIX NMOS BVDSS = 30V RDSON = 0.050 CRSS = 160pF Qg = 30nC MOTOROLA SCHOTTKY VBR = 40V KRL SL-1-C1-0R050J Pd = 1W COILTRONICS CTX33-4 DCR = 0.06 Kool M CORE
AN54 F03A
Figure 3A. LTC1148: (5V-14V to 5V/2A) High Frequency Buck Converter with Surface Mount Technology
AN54-5
Application Note 54
Let us compare efficiency graphs in Figures 2B and 3B. Gate charge losses are directly proportional to operating frequency, and as a result the efficiency of Figure 3A is
100 VIN = 6V 90 VIN = 10V
decreased. However, the effect is most noticeable at high input voltages and low currents. At maximum load I2R losses dominate so that the regulator performance varies only slightly. These two circuits illustrate the fact that best overall efficiency is reached at moderate frequencies. They represent a nice example of compromising between regulator compactness and efficiency. LTC1148: (4V-14V to 3.3V) Buck Converters with Surface Mount Technology Figures 4A and 5A show application circuits for the LTC1148-3.3 which provides a fixed 3.3V output. The circuits deliver 1A and 2A output currents, and use exactly the same circuit configuration and component values as Figures 1A and 2A. Even though the LTC1148 can achieve low dropout, the minimum input voltage is limited to 4V to meet requirements for power MOSFET gate drive, and to ensure proper operation of the LTC1148 internal circuitry.
EFFICIENCY (%)
80 VIN = 14V 70
60
50 0.001
AN54 F03B
Figure 3B. LTC1148: (5V-14V to 5V/2A) High Frequency Buck Converter Measured Efficiency
VIN 4V TO 14V
+
C1 1F C2 0.1F 3 VIN 10 PDRIVE SHUTDOWN 1 Q1 Si9430DY 1 4 LTC1148-3.3 SENSE + SENSE 4 C5 560pF NPO CT SGND 11 NDRIVE PGND 12
C3 22F 2 25V L1 100H 2 3 R2 0.1 3.3V 1A
8 C6 0.01F
ITH
R1 1k C4 3300pF X7R
+
C7 220F 10V
C1 C3 C7 Q1 Q2 D1 R2 L1
(Ta) AVX (Ta) TPSD226K025R0200 ESR = 0.200 IRMS = 0.775A AVX (Ta) TPSE227K010R0080 ESR = 0.080 IRMS = 1.285A SILICONIX PMOS BVDSS = 20V RDSON = 0.100 CRSS = 400pF Qg = 50nC SILICONIX NMOS BVDSS = 30V RDSON = 0.050 CRSS = 160pF Qg = 30nC MOTOROLA SCHOTTKY VBR = 40V KRL SP-1/2-A1-0R100J Pd = 0.75W COILTRONICS CTX100-4 DCR = 0.175 Kool M CORE
AN54 F04A
Figure 4A. LTC1148: (4V-14V to 3.3V/1A) Buck Converter with Surface Mount Technology
AN54-6
Application Note 54
Low output voltage causes efficiency degradation at light loads when the chips DC supply current and gate charge current play major parts in total losses. Figures 4B and
100 VIN = 5V
EFFICIENCY (%)
5B illustrate this point as the efficiency falls off below 10mA output current. High input voltage compounds the problem.
100 VIN = 5V VIN = 10V
90
EFFICIENCY (%)
90 VIN = 10V
80
80 VIN = 14V 70
70
VIN = 14V
60
60
50 0.001
1
AN54 F04B
50 0.001
AN54 F05B
Figure 4B. LTC1148: (4V-14V to 3.3V/1A) Buck Converter Measured Efficiency
VIN 4V TO 14V
+
C1 1F C2 0.1F 3 VIN 10 PDRIVE SHUTDOWN 1 Q1 Si9430DY
C3 22F 3 25V
L1 50H
R2 0.05
3.3V 2A
ITH
LTC1148-3.3 SENSE + SENSE
8 C6 0.01F
R1 1k C4 3300pF X7R
+
4 C5 470pF NPO
CT NDRIVE SGND 11 PGND 12
C7 220F 2 10V
C1 C3 C7 Q1 Q2 D1 R2 L1
(Ta) AVX (Ta) TPSD226K025R0200 ESR = 0.200 IRMS = 0.775A AVX (Ta) TPSE227K010R0080 ESR = 0.080 IRMS = 1.285A SILICONIX PMOS BVDSS = 20V RDSON = 0.100 CRSS = 400pF Qg = 50nC SILICONIX NMOS BVDSS = 30V RDSON = 0.050 CRSS = 160pF Qg = 30nC MOTOROLA SCHOTTKY VBR = 40V KRL SL-1-C1-0R050J Pd = 1W COILTRONICS CTX50-2-MP DCR = 0.032 MPP CORE (THROUGH HOLE)
AN54 F05A
AN54-7
Application Note 54
LTC1148: (5V to 3.3V/5A) High Efficiency Step-Down Converter Many new microprocessor designs require 3.3V, yet they are used in systems where 5V is the primary source of power. A high efficiency 5V to 3.3V converter is drawn in Figure 6A. It supplies up to 5A load using only surface mount components. Two P-channel MOSFETs are connected in parallel to decrease their conduction losses. Efficiency at 5V input is 90%; this means only 1.6W is lost. The lost power is distributed between RSENSE, L1 and the power MOSFETs, thus no heat sinking is required.
EFFICIENCY (%)
100
90
80
70 0.001
0.01 0.1 1 OUTPUT CURRENT (A)
10
AN54 F06B
Figure 6B. LTC1148: (5V to 3.3V/5A) Buck Converter Measured Efficiency
VIN 5V
C1 1F
C2 0.1F
3 VIN PDRIVE 1
Q1 Si9433DY
Q2 Si9433DY L1 5H
C3 33F 6.3V 2 VOUT 3.3V 5A
LTC1148-3.3
0V = NORMAL >2V = SHUTDOWN
R2 0.02
10 6
SHUTDOWN ITH CT
SENSE + SENSE
8
C7 0.01F
R1 470 C4 3300pF C5 150pF NPO
NDRIVE SGND 11 PGND 12
14
Q3 Si9410DY
D1 MBRS140T3
C6 220F 10V 3
C1 C3 C6 Q1, Q2 Q3 D1 R2 L1
TANTALUM PANASONIC ECG-COJB330 AVX (Ta) TPSE227K01R0080 ESR = 0.080 IRMS = 1.285A SILICONIX PMOS BVDSS = 12V DCRON = 0.075 Qg = 60nC SILICONIX NMOS BVDSS = 30V DCRON = 0.050 Qg = 30nC MOTOROLA SCHOTTKY VBR = 30V KRL MP-2A-C1-0R020J Pd = 3W COILTRONICS CTX02-12483-1
AN54 F06A
Figure 6A. LTC1148: (5V to 3.3V/5A) High Efficiency Step-Down Converter
AN54-8
Application Note 54
LTC1148: (5V to 3.5V/3A) High Efficiency Step-Down Converter Some processors require 3.5V or other intermediate voltage derived from a 5V supply. A good solution for them is the circuit in Figure 7A. An adjustable version of the LTC1148 allows precise output voltage adjustment, while preserving efficiencies of 95%. The output voltage is set by resistors R3 and R4.
EFFICIENCY (%)
100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 0.001 0.01 0.1 OUTPUT CURRENT (A) 1
AN54 F07B
Figure 7B. LTC1148: (5V to 3.5V/3A) Measured Efficiency
VIN 5V
Q1 Si9433DY
+
D1 MBRS130T3
C3 22F 25V 2
1 C2 0.1F 2 3 4 5 6 C5 180pF NPO C4 3300pF X7R R1 510 7
PDRIVE NC VIN CT INT VCC ITH SENSE
NDRIVE NC PGND SGND SHUTDOWN ADJ SENSE + C6, 0.01F
14 13 12 11 10 SHUTDOWN 9 8 R2 0.033 L1 10H
Q2 Si9410DY
LTC1148
100pF
R4 10k 1%
+
R3 18.2k 1%
C6 100F 10V 3
+ VOUT
C3 C6 Q1 Q2 D1 R2 L1 AVX (Ta) TPSD226M025R0200 ESR = 0.20 IRMS = 0.866A AVX (Ta) TPSD107M01R0100 ESR = 0.10 IRMS = 1.225A SILICONIX PMOS BVDSS = 12V DCRON = 0.110 Qg = 20nC SILICONIX NMOS BVDSS = 30V DCRON = 0.05 Qg = 30nC MOTOROLA SCHOTTKY VBR = 30V KRL SL-C1-1/2-0R033J Pd = 1/2W COILTRONICS CTX10-4 DCR = 0.038 Kool M CORE 3.5V 3A
VOUT = 1.25V (1 + R3/R4)

AN54 F07A
Figure 7A. LTC1148: (5V to 3.5V/3A) High Efficiency Step-Down Converter
AN54-9
Application Note 54
LTC1149: (10V-48V to 5V/2A) High Voltage Buck Converter Previous circuits can accept inputs up to 14V. If higher input voltage is required the LTC1149 can be used. This IC is designed for inputs of up to 48V. A basic step-down application circuit is shown in Figure 8A. It operates in the same fashion as the circuit in Figure 1A and provides 5V/2A output. However, different MOSFETs are used since they must withstand 48V between source and drain. High current efficiency exceeds 92% over wide range of input voltages. Since the control and drive circuitry are powered directly from the input line, DC bias current and gate charge current result in slightly lower efficiency at light and moderate loads due to high input voltage (relative to LTC1148). This characteristic is eliminated in the circuit of Figure 11A. A circuit board has been laid out for this circuit and has subsequently been thoroughly tested under full operating conditions and optimized for mass production requirements. A Gerber file for the board is available upon request.
100
90 VIN = 12V
EFFICIENCY (%)
80
VIN = 24V
VIN = 48V
70 VIN = 36V 60
50 0.001
AN54 F08B
Figure 8B. LTC1149: (10V-48V to 5V/2A) High Voltage Buck Converter Measured Efficiency
VIN 10V TO 48V
+
C1 0.1F 3 VCC VCC CAP SD1 SD2 ITH CT SGND 11 PGND 12 NGATE RGND 14 13 Q2 IRFU024 2 VIN PGATE PDRIVE LTC1149-5 SENSE + SENSE 1 4 C3 0.047F Z5U D1 1N4148 Q1 IRFU9024
C2 330F 63V
C4 1F
C5 0.1F
5 C6 0.068F Z5U 16 10 15 7
L1 62H
R2 0.05
5V 2A
9 8 C9 0.01F
+
D2 MBR160
R1 1k C7 3300pF X7R
6 C8 680pF NPO
C10 220F 2 10V
C2 C4 C10 Q1 Q2 D1 D2 R2 L1
UNITED CHEMI-CON (Al) LXF63VB331M12.5 x 30 ESR = 0.170 IRMS = 1.280A (Ta) SANYO (OS-CON) 10SA22OM ESR = 0.035 IRMS = 2.360A IR PMOS BVDSS = 60V RDSON = 0.280 CRSS = 65pF Qg = 19nC IR NMOS BVDSS = 60V RDSON = 0.100 CRSS = 79pF Qg = 28nC SILICON VBR = 75V MOTOROLA SCHOTTKY VBR = 60V KRL NP-1A-C1-0R050J Pd = 1W COILTRONICS CTX62-2-MP DCR = 0.040 MPP CORE
QUIESCENT CURRENT = 1.5mA TRANSITION CURRENT (Burst Mode OPERATION/CONTINUOUS OPERATION) = 570mA
AN54 F08A
Figure 8A. LTC1149: (10V-48V to 5V/2A) High Voltage Buck Converter
AN54-10
Application Note 54
LTC1149: (10V-48V to 5V/2A) High Voltage Buck Converter with Large P-Channel and N-Channel MOSFETs Figure 9A is similar to Figure 8A with much larger MOSFETs (TO220 package). These transistors have lower RDS(ON) which reduces their I2R losses by roughly a factor of 2. However, the efficiency improves (compared to Figure 8B) only at 2A output current with minimum input voltage. Under other conditions higher gate capacitance causes increased gate charge current leading to higher driver loss. Also for high input voltages (roughly greater than 24V), transition losses play a significant part. These losses are proportional to the reverse transfer capacitance CRSS, maximum output current, and the square of input voltage. Larger CRSS for the oversized P-channel MOSFET causes an efficiency drop (especially for higher input voltages). Remember, the best MOSFET selection depends on the particular application.
100
90
VIN = 12V
EFFICIENCY (%)
80 VIN = 24V 70 VIN = 48V VIN = 36V
60
50 0.001
AN54 F09B
Figure 9B. LTC1149: (10V-48V to 5V/2A) Measured Efficiency with Large P-Channel and N-Channel MOSFETs
VIN 10V TO 48V
+
C1 0.1F 3 VCC VCC CAP SD1 SD2 ITH CT SGND 11 NGATE RGND 14 13 Q2 IRFZ34 2 VIN PGATE PDRIVE LTC1149-5 SENSE + SENSE 1 4 C3 0.047F Z5U D1 1N4148 Q1 IRF9Z34
C2 330F 63V
C4 1F
C5 0.1F
5 C6 0.068F Z5U 16 10 15 7
L1 62H
R2 0.05
5V 2A
9 8 C9 0.01F
+
D2 MBR160
R1 1k C7 3300pF X7R
6 C8 680pF NPO
C10 220F 2 10V
PGND 12
C2 C4 C10 Q1 Q2 D1 D2 R2 L1
UNITED CHEMI-CON (Al) LXF63VB331M12.5 x 30 ESR = 0.170 IRMS = 1.280A (Ta) SANYO (OS-CON) 10SA220M ESR = 0.035 IRMS = 2.360A IR PMOS BVDSS = 60V RDSON = 0.140 CRSS = 100pF Qg = 34nC IR NMOS BVDSS = 60V RDSON = 0.050 CRSS = 100pF Qg = 32nC SILICON VBR = 75V MOTOROLA SCHOTTKY VBR = 60V KRL NP-1A-C1-0R050J Pd = 1W QUIESCENT CURRENT = 1.5mA COILTRONICS CTX62-2-MP DCR = 0.040 MPP CORE TRANSITION CURRENT (Burst Mode OPERATION/CONTINUOUS OPERATION) = 560mA
AN54 F09A
Figure 9A. LTC1149: (10V-48V to 5V/2A) High Voltage Buck Converter with Large P-Channel and N-Channel MOSFETs
AN54-11
Application Note 54
LTC1149: (10V-48V to 3.3V/2A) High Voltage Buck Converter If 3.3V has to be generated efficiently from a high voltage input, use the circuit of Figure 10A. It copies the configuration presented in Figure 8A but uses the LTC1149-3.3 regulator to provide a precise 3.3V output. In spite of the high input and low output voltages, efficiency still reaches 92%.
EFFICIENCY (%)
100
90 VIN = 12V 80 VIN = 24V 70 VIN = 48V
60
VIN = 36V
50 0.001
AN54 F10B
Figure 10B. LTC1149: (10V-48V to 3.3V/2A) High Voltage Buck Converter Measured Efficiency
VIN 10V TO 48V
+
C1 0.1F 3 VCC VCC CAP SD1 SD2 ITH CT SGND 11 NGATE PGND 12 RGND 14 13 Q2 IRFU024 2 VIN PGATE PDRIVE LTC1149-3.3 SENSE + SENSE 1 4 C3 0.047F Z5U D1 1N4148 Q1 IRFU9024
C2 330F 63V
C4 1F
C5 0.1F C6 0.068F Z5U
5 16 10 15 7
L1 50H
R2 0.05
3.3V 2A
9 8 C9 0.01F
+
D2 MBR160
R1 1k C7 3300pF X7R
6 C8 470pF NPO
C10 220F 10V
C2 C4 C10 Q1 Q2 D1 D2 R2 L1
UNITED CHEMI-CON (Al) LXF63VB331M12.5 30 ESR = 0.170 IRMS = 1.280A (Ta) SANYO (OS-CON) 10SA220M ESR = 0.035 IRMS = 2.360A IR PMOS BVDSS = 60V RDSON = 0.280 CRSS = 65pF Qg = 19nC IR NMOS BVDSS = 60V RDSON = 0.100 CRSS = 79pF Qg = 28nC SILICON VBR = 75V MOTOROLA SCHOTTKY VBR = 60V KRL NP-1A-C1-0R050J Pd = 1W COILTRONICS CTX50-2-MP DCR = 0.032 MPP CORE
AN54 F10A
Figure 10A. LTC1149: (10V-48V to 3.3V/2A) High Voltage Buck Converter
AN54-12
Application Note 54
LTC1149: (10V-48V to 12V/2A) High Voltage Buck Converter The LTC1149 contains an internal 10V low dropout linear regulator to provide power to the control circuitry. It actually means that the DC bias current as well as the gate charge current come directly from the input line, causing slight efficiency degradation, especially for high input voltages (additional power is dissipated by the internal regulator). A solution for this problem is presented in Figure 11A. When the output level reaches about 5V, Zener D3 starts conducting and saturates Q3, which in turn switches Q4 on. Now VCC pins 3 and 5 are powered directly from the output. Losses caused by DC current and gate charge current are significantly reduced allowing improved efficiency at high input voltage. The regulator output must be set up for an output voltage less than 14.5V to provide a margin for the LTC1149 pin 5 absolute maximum rating of 16V. It should also be observed that Q4 turns on when the output is less than 10V (the internal regulator output) and stays on or off under all conditions.
100 95 90 VIN = 15V
EFFICIENCY (%)
85 80 75 70 65 60 0.001 1 0.01 0.1 OUTPUT CURRENT (A) 10

AN54 F11B
VIN = 48V
VIN = 36V
Figure 11B. LTC1149: (10V-48V to 5V/2A) Measured Efficiency with Large P-Channel and N-Channel MOSFETs
VIN 10V TO 48V Q4 2N3906
C1 0.1F 3
2 VIN VCC VCC CAP D4 1N4148 PGATE PDRIVE VFB SENSE + SENSE LTC1149 NGATE RGND 14 13 1 4 10 9 8
D1 1N4148
C2 330F 63V
+
33k
Q1 IRF9Z34 C3 0.047F Z5U
C4 1F
C5 0.1F C6 0.068F Z5U
5 16
L1 62H
R2 0.05
VOUT 12V 2A 432k 1%
10k D3 5.1V
33k
15 7
SD2 ITH CT SGND 11
C9 0.01F
+
Q2 IRFZ34 D2 MBR160 49.9k 1%
Q3 2N3904 R1 1k 10k C7 3300pF X7R
C10 220F 2 10V
6 C8 200pF NPO
PGND 12
C2 C4 C10 Q1 Q2 D1 D2 R2 L1
UNITED CHEMI-CON (Al) LXF63VB331M12.5 30 ESR = 0.170 IRMS = 1.280A (Ta) SANYO (OS-CON) 10SA220M ESR = 0.035 IRMS = 2.360A IR PMOS BVDSS = 60V RDSON = 0.140 CRSS = 100pF Qg = 34nC IR NMOS BVDSS = 60V RDSON = 0.050 CRSS = 100pF Qg = 32nC SILICON VBR = 75V MOTOROLA SCHOTTKY VBR = 60V KRL NP-1A-C1-0R050J Pd = 1W COILTRONICS CTX62-2-MP DCR = 0.040 MPP CORE
AN54 F11A
Figure 11A. LTC1149: (10V-48V to 12V/2A) High Voltage Buck Converter
AN54-13
Application Note 54
LTC1149: High Power Buck Converters Figures 12A and 13A are examples of high power (more than 100W) converters that use the LT1149. The regulators are powered from the full wave rectified output of a 16VRMS to 32VRMS transformer. Input capacitance is very bulky, but it has to ensure that ripple valleys do not dip below the minimum regulator input requirement. The circuit in Figure 13A has additional gate driver circuits which are required to improve MOSFET switching times. Overall efficiency goes as high as 98%! Remember, at these output current levels layout becomes extremely important, and all the recommendations from the LTC1149 data sheet must be closely followed.
100 95 90
EFFICIENCY (%)
85 80 75 70 65 0.01
0.1 1 OUTPUT CURRENT (A)
10
AN54 F12B
Figure 12B. LTC1149: (16VRMS to 13.8V/10A) Buck Converter Measured Efficiency
0.33F
0.22F 0.33F
D1 1N4148
VIN 16VRMS RECTIFIED Q1 RFG60P06E D2 MBR380 1.5F 63V WIMA
CIN 20000F 35V
+
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 CT 270pF 3300pF 470 1F WIMA 33k 8
10F
PGATE VIN VCC PDRIVE VCC CT ITH SENSE LTC1149
CAP SD2 RGND NGATE PGND SGND VFB SENSE +
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 100pF R2 205k R1 20.5k 1% SHUTDOWN (NORMALLY GND)
Q2 IRFZ44
L 33H
COUT, 1500F 25V, 2
VOUT 13.8V 10A
100 1000pF 100
RS 0.0082 OUTPUT GROUND CONNECTION

AN54 F12A
COUT PANASONIC HFQ SERIES D2 MOTOROLA SCHOTTKY Q1 HARRIS PMOS BV DSS = 60V RDSON = 0.03
Figure 12A. LTC1149: (16VRMS to 13.8V/10A) Buck Converter
AN54-14
Application Note 54
MPSW06 0.33F 0.22F 0.33F MPSA56 PDRIVE BUFFER 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 CT 150pF 3300pF 470 1F WIMA 33k COUT PANASONIC HFQ SERIES D2 MOTOROLA SCHOTTKY Q1 SILICONIX PMOS BV DSS = 60V RDSON = 0.045 100 1000pF 100 8 PGATE VIN VCC PDRIVE VCC CT ITH SENSE LTC1149 CAP SD2 RGND NGATE PGND SGND VFB SENSE + 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 100pF R2 432k R1 20.5k 1% 1N4148 MPSA56 NDRIVE BUFFER L 62H SHUTDOWN (NORMALLY GND) D1 1N4148 Q1 SMP40P06 D2 MBR380 1.5F 63V WIMA VIN 32VRMS RECTIFIED
CIN 5000F 75V
10F
Q2 IRFZ34
COUT, 1000F 35V
VOUT 27.6V 5A
RS 0.016 OUTPUT GROUND CONNECTION

AN54 F13A
Figure 13A. LTC1149: (32VRMS to 27.6V/5A) Buck Converter
100 95 90
EFFICIENCY (%)
85 80 75 70 65 0.01
0.1 1 OUTPUT CURRENT (A)
10
AN54 F13B
Figure 13B. LTC1149: (32VRMS to 27.6V/5A) Buck Converter Measured Efficiency
AN54-15
Application Note 54
LTC1147: (5V-14V to 5V/1A) Buck Converter with Surface Mount Technology The LTC1147 (Figure 14A) is a great way to implement a high efficiency regulator using a minimum number of external components and occupying the least board space. This regulator provides many advantages of the LTC1148 including constant off-time configuration, low dropout regulation and Bust Mode operation, comes in a smaller package and does not require the N-channel MOSFET. The only sacrifice made is synchronous rectification which degrades the efficiency of this circuit up to three percentage points. Compare efficiency graphs in Figures 1B and 14B! Since the clamp diode D1 conducts all the time during the off-time, a larger diode (MBRD330) is used for this circuit. The LTC1147 is an excellent choice where the output current is less than 1A, and where the input voltage is less than twice the output voltage.
EFFICIENCY (%)
100 VIN = 6V 90 VIN = 10V
80
VIN = 14V
70
60
50 0.001
1
AN54 F14B
VIN 5V TO 14V
+
C1 0.1F 1 VIN 6 SHUTDOWN 4 LTC1147-5 SENSE + SENSE 2 C4 390pF NPO CT GND 7 D1 MBRD330 PDRIVE 8 Q1 Si9430DY 1
C2 22F x 2 25V L1 100H 2 3 R2 0.1 5V 1A
5 C5 0.001F
ITH
R1 1k C3 3300pF X7R
C6 220F 10V
C2 C5 Q1 D1 R2 L1
AVX (Ta) TPSD226K025R0200 ESR = 0.200 IRMS = 0.775A AVX (Ta) TPSE227K010R0080 ESR = 0.080 IRMS = 1.285A SILICONIX PMOS BVDSS = 20V RDSON = 0.100 CRSS = 400pF Qg = 50nC MOTOROLA SCHOTTKY VBR = 30V KRL SP-1/2-A1-0R100J Pd = 0.75W COILTRONICS CTX100-4 DCR = 0.175 Kool M CORE
QUIESCENT CURRENT = 190A TRANSITION CURRENT (Burst Mode OPERATION/ CONTINUOUS OPERATION) = 170mA
AN54 F14A
Figure 14A. LTC1147: (5V-14V to 5V/1A) Buck Converter with Surface Mount Technology
AN54-16
Application Note 54
LTC1147: (4V-14V to 3.3V/1A) Buck Converter with Surface Mount Technology Figure 15A shows another compact circuit with the LTC1147 series. It generates 3.3V/1A output using the same configuration as in the previous example. Despite the lack of synchronous rectification, efficiency approaches 95% with 5V input.
EFFICIENCY (%)
100 VIN = 5V VIN = 10V VIN = 14V 70
90
80
60
50 0.001
1
AN54 F15B
VIN 4V TO 14V
+
C1 0.1F 1 VIN 6 PDRIVE SHUTDOWN 4 LTC1147-3.3 SENSE + SENSE 2 C4 560pF NPO CT GND 7 D1 MBRD330 8 Q1 Si9430DY 1
C2 22F 2 25V L1 100H 2 3 R2 0.1 3.3V 1A
5 C5 0.001F
ITH
R1 1k C3 3300pF X7R
C6 220F 10V
C2 C6 Q1 D1 R2 L1
AVX (Ta) TPSD226K025R0200 ESR = 0.200 IRMS = 0.775A AVX (Ta) TPSE227K010R0080 ESR = 0.080 IRMS = 1.285A SILICONIX BVDSS = 20V DCRON = 0.100 CRSS = 400pF Qg = 50nC MOTOROLA KRL SP-1/2-A1-0R100 Pd = 0.75W COILTRONICS CTX100-4 DCR = 0.175 Kool M CORE
AN54 F15A
AN54-17
Application Note 54
LTC1147: (4V-8V to 3.3V/1.5A) Buck Converter with Surface Mount Technology One more application circuit with LTC1147 is presented in Figure 16A. It is optimized for 5V to 3.3V conversion with input voltages of 4V to 8V (limited by the P-channel MOSFET). A circuit board has been laid out for this circuit and has subsequently been thoroughly tested under full operating conditions and optimized for mass production requirements. A Gerber file for the board is available upon request.
EFFICIENCY (%)
100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 0.001 0.01 0.1 OUTPUT CURRENT (A) 1 2 LTC1147-3.3 SUMIDA CDR74B VIN = 5V LTC1147-3.3 SUMIDA CD54 VIN = 5V
AN54 F16B
Figure 16B. LTC1147: (4V-8V to 3.3/1.5A) Buck Converter Measured Efficiency
VIN 4V TO 8V C2 0.1F 1 VIN 0V = NORMAL 2V = SHUTDOWN 6 PDRIVE SHUTDOWN 8 L1 10H Q1 P-CH Si9433DY
C1 47F 16V
R2 0.068
VOUT 3.3V 1.5A
ITH
LTC1147-3.3 SENSE + SENSE
5 C5 0.01F
R1 1k
+
D1 MBRS130LT3
CT GND 7
C6 100F 10V
C3 3300pF
C4 120pF
AN54 F16A
C1 AVX TPSD476M016R0150 TANTALUM 47F 16V C6 AVX TPSD107M010R0100 TANTALUM 100F 10V D1 MOTOROLA MBRS130LT3 BVR = 30V L1 SUMIDA CDR74B-100LC 10 H Q1 SILICONIX PMOS Si9433 R2 IRC LRC-LR2010-01-R068-F ALL OTHER CAPACITORS CERAMIC
Figure 16A. LTC1147: (4V-8V to 3.3V/1.5A) Buck Converter with Surface Mount Technology
AN54-18
Application Note 54
LTC1148: (10V-14V to 5V/10A) High Current Buck Converter Due to differences in physical structure between N- and Pchannel MOSFETs, the former are usually more cost effective, more available, and provide better internal parameters for the same size. This is especially important when high output currents are required. With 5A to 10A output currents the use of N-channel MOSFETs in place of P-channel is the most preferable solution. An implementation of this idea is presented in Figure 17A. A special Q4 gate drive circuit that uses a bootstrapping technique is added to provide required gate drive. When pin 1 goes high it turns Q3 on, providing a path for fast Q4 gate capacitance discharge. With Q3 off, Q1 and Q2 saturate each other feeding positive voltage to Q4s gate. As a result Q4 turns on, and the positive pulse at its source is AC coupled through C6 supplying bootstrapped VCC for the gate drive SCR. The external driver circuit contains only inexpensive, readily available small-signal transistors, yet allows the use of all N-channel MOSFETs. Efficiency reaches 96% (see Figure 17B).
100
90 VIN = 10V
EFFICIENCY (%)
80 VIN = 14V 70
60
50 0.1 1 OUTPUT CURRENT (A) 10

AN54 F17B
Figure 17B. LTC1148: (10V-14V to 5V/10A) High Current Buck Converter Measured Efficiency
VIN 10V TO 14V
D1 1N4148 R3 220 C6 0.47F Q2 2N2222 PDRIVE SHUTDOWN D2 1N4148
+
Q1 2N3906
C7 2700F 2 35V
C1 1F
C2 0.1F 3 VIN 10
R1 20k
R2 220
Q4 IRFZ44 L1 33H R8 0.01
Q3 VN2222LL
ITH
LTC1148-5 SENSE + SENSE
8 C5 0.001F
R5 100
5V 10A
R4 1k C3 3300pF X7R
4 C4 820pF NPO
CT NDRIVE SGND 11 PGND 12
14 R7 22k
R6 100
+
Q5 IRFZ44 D3 1N5818
C8 2200F 3 16V
C1 C7 C8 Q4, Q5 D1, D2 D3
(Ta) UNITED CHEMI-CON (Al) LXF35VB272M16 X 40 ESR = 0.018 IRMS = 2.900A NICHICON (Al) UPL1C222MRH ESR = 0.028 IRMS = 2.010A IR NMOS BVDSS = 60V DCRON = 0.028 CRSS = 310pF Qg = 69nC MOTOROLA SILICON VBR = 75V MOTOROLA SCHOTTKY VBR = 30V
R8 L1
KRL NP-2A-C1-0R010J Pd = 3W COILTRONICS CTX33-10-KM DCR = 0.010 Kool M CORE
ALL OTHER CAPACITORS ARE CERAMIC QUIESCENT CURRENT = 22mA

AN54 F17A
Figure 17A. LTC1148: (10V-14V to 5V/10A) High Current Buck Converter
AN54-19
Application Note 54
Two resistors are placed in series with the current sense pins. This significantly improves circuit noise immunity which is of great importance when switching high current. R7, connected between pin 7 and ground, disables Burst Mode operation so that the regulator operates continuously. LTC1149: (12V-36V to 5V/5A) High Current, High Voltage Buck Converter Figure 18A shows a high current, high voltage buck converter. The LTC1149 is used to accommodate the input voltage requirement. As in Figure 17A the top N-channel MOSFET is driven by an external circuit which inverts the chips P-drive output and uses bootstrapping to provide positive gate-source voltage. The peak-to-peak gate voltage is defined by the DC portion of the gate driver VCC. Therefore, not to exceed maximum gate voltage for the MOSFET, D1s anode is connected to internal 10V regulator output. In this application PDRIVE pin 4 is used because an output referenced to ground is required. PGATE pin 1 provides the same drive signal referenced to VCC.
100
90
EFFICIENCY (%)
VIN = 12V
80
VIN = 24V VIN = 36V
70
60

AN54 F18B
Figure 18B. LTC1149: (12V-36V to 5V/5A) High Current, High Voltage Buck Converter Measured Efficiency
D1 1N4148 VIN 12V TO 36V C1 0.1F 2 3 VIN VCC VCC CAP SD1 SD2 ITH CT SGND 11 PGND 12 NGATE RGND 14 13 LTC1149-5 SENSE + SENSE PGATE PDRIVE 1 4 9 8 R2 10k
Q1 2N3906
R4 220 C7 0.22F Q2 2N2222
C8 1000F 63V
R3 220 D2 1N4148
C2 1F
C3 0.1F
5 16 10 15 7
Q4 MTP30N06EL Q3 VN2222LL R5 100 C6 0.001F R6 100 Q5 IRFZ34
L1 50H
R7 0.02
5V 5A
C4 3300pF X7R
R1 1k
6 C5 820pF NPO
D3 MBR160
C9 220F 2 10V
C2 C8 C9 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
(Ta) NICHICON (Al) UPL1J102MRH ESR = 0.027 IRMS = 2.370A SANYO (OS-CON) 10SA220M ESR = 0.035 IRMS = 2.360A PNP BV CEO = 30V NPN BVCEO = 40V SILICONIX NMOS BVDSS = 60V RDSON = 5.000 MOTOROLA NMOS BVDSS = 60V RDSON = 0.050 CRSS = 100pF Qg = 40nC
Q5 D1, D2 D3 R7 L1
IR NMOS BVDSS = 60V RDSON = 0.050 CRSS = 100pF Qg = 32nC SILICON VBR = 75V MOTOROLA SCHOTTKY VBR = 60V KRL NP-2A-C1-0R020J Pd = 3W COILTRONICS CTX50-5-52 DCR = 0.021 #52 IRON POWDER CORE
AN54 F18A
Figure 18A. LTC1149: (12V-36V to 5V/5A) High Current, High Voltage Buck Converter
AN54-20
Application Note 54
LTC1149: (12V-48V to 5V/10A) High Current, High Voltage Buck Converter The circuit in Figure 19A uses the same configuration but is designed to provide up to 10A output current. Besides the usual external component changes, the circuit uses higher current MOSFETs to improve efficiency at maximum power levels. Efficiency at 5A output is several percentage points better than in the previous example (compare Figures 18B and 19B). R7 keeps the regulator in continuous mode causing the rapid efficiency decrease at lighter loads.
EFFICIENCY (%)
100 VIN = 12V 90 VIN = 24V 80 VIN = 48V
70 VIN = 36V 60

AN54 F19B
VIN 12V TO 48V
D1 1N4148
C1 0.1F 2 3 VIN VCC VCC CAP SD1 SD2 ITH CT SGND 11 PGND 12 NGATE RGND 14 PGATE PDRIVE LTC1149-5 SENSE + SENSE
R2 20k
Q1 2N3906
R4 220 C7 0.22F Q2 2N2222
C8 1000F 2 63V
R3 220 D2 1N4148
1 4 9 8
C2 1F
C3 0.1F
5 16 10 15 7
Q4 IRFZ34 Q3 VN2222LL R5 100
L1 33H
R8 0.01
5V 10A
C6 0.001F R6 100 D3 MBR160
C4 3300pF X7R
R1 1k
6 C5 820pF NPO
13 R7 22k
Q5 IRFZ44
C9 220F 3 16V
C2 C8 C9 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5
(Ta) NICHICON (Al) UPL1J102MRH ESR = 0.027 IRMS = 2.370A NICHICON (Al) UPL1C222MRH ESR = 0.028 IRMS = 2.010A PNP BVCEO = 30V NPN BVCEO = 40V SILICONIX NMOS BVDSS = 60V RDSON = 5.000 IR NMOS BVDSS = 60V RDSON = 0.050 CRSS = 100pF Qg = 32nC IR NMOS BVDSS = 60V RDSON = 0.028 CRSS = 310pF Qg = 69nC
D1, D2 D3 R8 L1
SILICON VBR = 75V MOTOROLA SCHOTTKY VBR = 60V KRL NP-2A-C1-0R010J Pd = 3W COILTRONICS CTX33-10-KM DCR = 0.010 Kool M CORE
ALL OTHER CAPACITORS ARE CERAMIC QUIESCENT CURRENT = 26mA
AN54 F19A
AN54-21
Application Note 54
LTC1149: (32V-48V to 24V/10A) High Current, High Voltage Buck Converter If an output voltage other than 5V or 3.3V is required, an adjustable version of the regulator must be used. A 24V/ 10A example is shown in Figure 20A. The output voltage is set by resistors R8 and R9. The LTC1149 monitors VFB (pin 10) keeping it at 1.25V. Similar to the previous two circuits, an external gate driver is added to switch the N-channel MOSFET Q2. To ensure consistent start-up of the bootstrapping circuitry, the driver is initially powered by R2 and D2. (The main requirement at start-up is to supply the driver with VCC that exceeds output target voltage.) After the switching starts, D1 an D3 power the external gate drive circuit.
EFFICIENCY (%)
100 VIN = 32V 90
80
VIN = 45V
70
60
50 10 100 1A OUTPUT CURRENT (mA) 10A

AN54 F20B
D1 IN4148 D2 1N4148
R2 5.1k D3 1N4148 R5 220 C7 0.22F Q2 MPS651 D4 1N4148 Q4 IRFZ44 L1 50H D5 MBR160 R6 100 C7 0.001F R7 100 C6 100pF Q5 IRFZ44 R8 220k 1% R9 12k 1% 24V 10A
VIN 32V TO 48V
C8 1000F 2 63V
C1 0.1F 2 3 VIN VCC VCC CAP LTC1149 VFB 15 7 SD2 ITH CT SGND 11 PGND 12 R11 39k SENSE + SENSE NGATE RGND 14 PGATE PDRIVE 1 4 10 9 8 13
Q1 2N5087 R3 20k R4 220
C2 1F
C3 0.1F
5 16
Q3 VN2222LL
C10 1000F 3 35V
C4 3300pF X7R
R1 1k
6 C5 270pF NPO
R10 0.01
C2 C9 C10 Q4, Q5 Q1 Q2 D1, D2, D3, D4 D5 R10 L1
(Ta) NICHICON (Al) UPL1J102MRH ESR = 0.027 IRMS = 2.370A NICHICON (Al) UPL1V102MRH ESR = 0.029 IRMS = 1.980A IR NMOS BVDSS = 60V RDSON = 0.028 CRSS = 310pF Qg = 69nC PNP BVCEO = 50V NPN BVCEO = 60V SILICON VBR = 75V MOTOROLA SCHOTTKY VBR = 60V KRL NP-2A-C1-0R010J Pd = 3W COILTRONICS CTX50-10-KM DCR = 0.010 Kool M CORE
VOUT = 1.25V (1 + R8/R9) QUIESCENT CURRENT = 26mA TRANSITION CURRENT (Burst Mode OPERATION/CONTINUOUS OPERATION) = 1.5A
AN54 F20A
AN54-22
Application Note 54
LT1148: (4V-14V to 5V/1A) SEPIC Converter Figure 21A provides the function of a step-up and stepdown converter without using a transformer. This topology is called a SEPIC converter. The P-channel transistor and L1 are arranged similarly to a buck-boost topology providing the boost part of the regulator. Pulses at Q2s drain (actually two paralleled devices) are coupled via C8 to the buck portion that includes Q3 and L2. This circuit accepts 4V to 14V input and provides a solid 5V output. Even though the schematic shows two inductors, they carry the same current and can be wound on a single core. Such dual coils are readily available (see circuit parts list). This topology is acceptable for moderate loads only, as the coupling capacitor C8 carries the full load current and must be sized accordingly. When the sense resistor is placed at ground potential, such as the case in this circuit, the off-time increases approximately 40%. An adjustable version of the regulator is required when the current sense resistor is placed at ground. This allows to provide different output voltages. D2 is included for foldback short-circuit protection. When VOUT equals zero (output is shorted) D2 clamps pin 6 and limits the output current.
100 VIN = 5V 90 VIN = 10V VIN = 4V 80 VIN = 4V VIN = 14V 70 VIN = 5V
EFFICIENCY (%)
60
50 0.001
1
AN54 F21B
Figure 21B. LTC1148: (4V-14V to 5V/1A) Buck-Boost Converter Measured Efficiency
VIN 4V TO 14V
Q2 Si9430DY x 2 C1 1F C2 0.1F 3 VIN PDRIVE 5 INT VCC LTC1148 10 SHUTDOWN SENSE + 8 C6 0.1F R2 0.082 VFB 1 9 L1 50H
C8 220F 10V
C7 100F 20V L2 50H R3 75k 1%
VOUT 5V 1A
+
R4 25k 1%
D2 MBR0520L TO VOUT R1 1k C4 3300pF X7R C1 C7 C8, C10 Q2 Q3 D1 R2 L1 6 4 C5 390pF NPO
C10 220F 10V
ITH CT SGND 11
SENSE NDRIVE PGND 12
7 14
D1 1N5818 Q3 Si9410DY C9 100pF
(Ta) SANYO (OS-CON) 20SA100M ESR = 0.037 IRMS = 2.250A SANYO (OS-CON) 10SA220M ESR = 0.035 IRMS = 2.360A SILICONIX PMOS BVDSS = 20V RDSON = 0.100 CRSS = 400pF Qg = 50nC SILICONIX NMOS BVDSS = 30V RDSON = 0.050 CRSS = 160pF Qg = 30nC MOTOROLA SCHOTTKY VBR = 30V KRL NP-1A-C1-0R082J Pd = 1W COILTRONICS CTX50-4P, CTX50-5P
VOUT = 1.25V (1 + R3/R4) QUIESCENT CURRENT = 200A TRANSITION CURRENT (Burst Mode OPERATION/ CONTINUOUS OPERATION) = 250mA/VIN = 5V
AN54 F21A
Figure 21A. LTC1148: (4V-14V to 5V/1A) SEPIC Converter
AN54-23
Application Note 54
LTC1148: (4V-14V to 5V/0.5A, 5V/0.5A) Split Supply Converter Applications requiring a split supply can use the circuit presented in Figure 22A. It contains the converter from Figure 21A and adds a synchronous charge pump Q4 to provide a 5V output. Q4 source is referenced to the 5V line, and its gate drive is AC coupled via C11 and clamped by D3. The outputs exhibit excellent tracking with line and load changes. This is a great way to build a dual output converter without any transformer.
EFFICIENCY (%) 100 VIN = 10V 90 VIN = 5V
80 VIN = 14V VIN = 4V
70
60
50 0.001
0.5
AN54 F22B
Figure 22B. LTC1148: (4V-14V to 5V/0.5A, 5V/0.5A) Split Supply Converter Measured Efficiency
VIN 4V TO 14V
Q2 Si9430DY C1 1F C2 0.1F 3 VIN PDRIVE 5 INT VCC SENSE + LTC1148 10 SHUTDOWN 7 SENSE 9 14 C6 100pF 1 8 C7 0.1F R2 0.05 L1 50H
C9 220F 10V
C8 100F 20V +VOUT 5V 0.5A
+
L2 50H R3 75k 1%
D4 MBR0520L VOUT R1 1k C4 3300pF X7R 6 4 C5 390pF NPO
C10 220F 10V
ITH CT SGND 11
VFB NDRIVE PGND 12
Q3 Si9410DY
D1 1N5818
R4 25k 1%
C1 C8 C9, C10, C12 Q2 Q3, Q4 D1, D2 R2 L1
C11 0.22F (Ta) SANYO (OS-CON) 20SA100M ESR = 0.037 IRMS = 2.250A SANYO (OS-CON) 10SA220M ESR = 0.035 IRMS = 2.360A Q4 Si9410DY SILICONIX PMOS BVDSS = 20V RDSON = 0.100 CRSS = 400pF Qg = 50nC SILICONIX NMOS BVDSS = 30V RDSON = 0.050 CRSS = 160pF Qg = 30nC MOTOROLA SCHOTTKY VBR = 30V KRL NP-1A-C1-0R082J Pd = 1W COILTRONICS CTX50-4 VOUT = 1.25V (1 + R3/R4) D2 1N5818 QUIESCENT CURRENT = 250A TRANSITION CURRENT (DIS/CONT) = 130mA/VIN = 5V
+
R5 51k D3 1N4148
C12 220F 10V VOUT 5V 0.5A

AN54 F22A
Figure 22A. LTC1148: (4V-14V to 5V/0.5A, 5V/0.5A) Split Supply Converter
AN54-24
Application Note 54
LTC1148: (4V-10V to 5V/1A) Positive-to-Negative Converter Figure 23A shows a buck-boost converter using the LTC1148. This is an inverting topology, and it can inherently buck or boost the input voltage. Ground pins of the chip are referenced to the output line; no additional level shifting circuit is required to drive the N-channel FET Q3 (its source is referenced to 5V as well). Now even with minimum input level, the circuit provides a solid 9V peakto-peak MOSFET drive signal. However, so as not to exceed absolute maximum voltage at pin 3, the input line is limited to 10V. If the circuit is required to accept a higher input voltage, the LTC1148HV can be used instead. Q1 is added to provide a logic level shutdown feature. If shutdown is not needed omit Q1 and R1, and short pin 10 to pin 11.
EFFICIENCY (%)
100 95 90 85 80 10V TO 5V/1A 75 70 65 60 0.001 1 0.01 0.1 OUTPUT CURRENT (A) 10

AN54 F23B
4V TO 5V/1A
Figure 23B. LTC1148: (4V-10V to 5V/1A) Positive-to-Negative Converter Measured Efficiency
VIN 4V TO 10V
Q2 Si9430DY
C7 150F 2 16V
C1 1F
C2 0.1F
3 VIN 1 8 C5 0.01F R2 0.05 R3 75k 1% D1 1N5818 R4 25k 1% L1 50H
SHUTDOWN
Q1 TP0610L
PDRIVE 5 INT VCC SENSE + LTC1148 10 SHUTDOWN SENSE
6 4 R1 1M C3 6800pF X7R R2 1k C4 560pF NPO
ITH CT SGND 11
VFB NDRIVE PGND 12
9 14 C6 200pF Q3 Si9410DY
C8 220F 2 10V
5V 1A C1 C7 C8 Q2 Q3 D1 R2 L1 (Ta) SANYO (OS-CON) 16SA150M ESR = 0.035 IRMS = 2.280A SANYO (OS-CON) 10SA220M ESR = 0.035 IRMS = 2.360A SILICONIX PMOS BVDSS = 20V RDSON = 0.100 CRSS = 400pF Qg = 50nC SILICONIX NMOS BVDSS = 30V RDSON = 0.050 CRSS = 160pF Qg = 30nC MOTOROLA SCHOTTKY VBR = 30V KRL NP-1A-C1-0R050J COILTRONICS CTX50-2-MP DCR = 0.032 MPP CORE
ALL OTHER CAPACITORS ARE CERAMIC VOUT = 1.25V (1 + R3/R4)

AN54 F23A
Figure 23A. LTC1148: (4V-10V to 5V/1A) Positive-to-Negative Converter
AN54-25
Application Note 54
LTC1148: (5V-12V to 15V/0.5A) Buck-Boost Converter Figure 24A presents an inverting regulator designed to accommodate higher output voltages. The LTC1148 cannot accept feedback directly from a negative output. To regulate negative outputs, the feedback must be inverted and compared against 1.25V. This function is provided by a DC level shifting amplifier consisting of Q1 and associated components. Resistor R4 provides amplifier negative feedback, effectively cancelling variations in VCC, and Q2 provides temperature compensation. The output voltage is set by resistors R4 and R5. As usual, with the sense resistor at ground potential, the off-time increases roughly by 40%.
EFFICIENCY (%)
95 90 85 80 75 70 65 0.001 5V TO 15V/0.5A 12V TO 15V/0.5A
1
AN54 F24B
Figure 24B. LTC1148: (5V-12V to 15V/0.5A) Buck-Boost Converter Measured Efficiency
VIN 5V TO 12V
C2 0.1F
C3 1F 3
U1 1 VIN PDRIVE SENSE + SENSE 8 C8 0.01F
Q3 Si9435DY 2 L1 50H
C7 220F 10V R3 56k
> 1.5V = SHUTDOWN
10
SHUTDOWN LTC1148 ITH
Q2 2N5210 R7 0.033 Q1 2N5210 D3 MBR735 C11 200pF
6 R6 1k C5 6800pF C6 200pF
CT
VFB
R4 49.9k 1%
11
SGND
PGND
12
+
R7 DALE LVR-3 0.033W L1 COILTRONICS CTX50-5-52 C7 SANYO OS-CON 105A220K C9, C10 SANYO OS-CON 255C47K
C9 47F 25V
C10 47F 25V
R5 634k 1% VOUT 15V 0.5A

AN54 F24A
Figure 24A. LTC1148: (5V-12V to 15V/0.5A) Buck-Boost Converter
AN54-26
Application Note 54
LTC1148: (2V-5V to 5V/1A) Boost Converter Even though the LTC1148 is mainly used in step-down converters, it can also show excellent performance in the boost configuration. A boost implementation is shown in Figure 25A. This is a two-cell to 5V converter that uses the LT1109 to provide 12V to power the main regulator chip (unfortunately, MOSFETs do not operate with only 2V at the gate). The LT1109 is a small micropower IC that requires only three external components and provides great efficiency. An N-channel transistor is used as the switch, and general purpose MOSFETs Q1 and Q2 are used to form an inverting gate driver. When Q3 turns off, the voltage at its drain rises above VIN, and a Schottky diode D2 starts conducting. In a short period of time Q4 shorts it out providing a synchronous rectification feature and increasing efficiency. If 12V is already available, the LT1109 can be omitted and the 12V line connected directly to pin 3.
R1 0.05 L1 33H 1 VIN 7 SHUTDOWN S/D LT1109 SENSE GND 4 3 VIN PDRIVE SENSE + 10 SHUTDOWN LTC1148 ITH CT SGND 11 VFB NDRIVE PGND 12 1 8 C6 0.001F Q2 VN2222LL SW 3 8 12V C2 0.1F VR1 D1 1N5818
100 95 4V TO 5V/1A 90
EFFICIENCY (%)
85 80 75 70 65 0.001 2V TO 5V/1A
1
AN54 F25B
Figure 25B. LTC1148: (2V-5V to 5V/1A) Boost Converter Measured Efficiency
L2 25H
D2 1N5818 5V 1A
VIN 2V TO 5V
C1 100F 10V
Q4 Si9410
C3 1F Q1 TP0610L Q3 Si9410
R3 75k 1%
C8 220F 2 10V
SENSE
6 4 R2 1k C4 6800pF X7R C5 390pF NPO
9 14 C7 100pF
R4 25k 1%
C1 SANYO (OS-CON) 10SA100M ESR = 0.045 IRMS = 1.870A C3 (Ta) C8 SANYO (OS-CON) 10SA220M ESR = 0.035 IRMS = 2.360A Q3, Q4 SILICONIX NMOS BVDSS = 30V RDSON = 0.050 CRSS = 160pF Qg = 30nC D1, D2 MOTOROLA SCHOTTKY VBR = 30V
R2 L1 L2
KRL SL-1-C1-0R050J Pd = 1W COILTRONICS CTX33-1 DCR = 0.220 Kool M CORE COILTRONICS CTX25-4
AN54 F25A
VOUT = 1.25V (1 + R3/R4)
Figure 25A. LTC1148: (2V-5V to 5V/1A) Boost Converter
AN54-27
Application Note 54
LTC1143: (5.2V-14V to 3.3V/2A and 5V/2A) Dual Buck Converter A circuit that provides dual 3.3V/5V output is shown in Figure 26A. It uses a dual LTC1143 regulator that combines two LTC1147, non-synchronous switching regulators. The efficiency was measured with only one output loaded which provided worse results for low output current due to the presence of the second halfs quiescent current. This circuit provides very simple means to power dual voltage logic. It occupies small amount of board space and is very efficient!
EFFICIENCY (%)
95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 0.001 8V TO 3.3V
8V TO 5V
14V TO 5V 14V TO 3.3V
0.01 0.1 1 OUTPUT CURRENT (A)
10
AN54 F26B
Figure 26B. LTC1143: (5.2V-14V to 3.3V/2A and 5V/2A) Dual Buck Converter Measured Efficiency
VIN 5.2V TO 14V
CIN3 22F 25V 2 L1 20H
+
0.22F Q1 P-CH Si9430DY 4 1 0.01F 16 SENSE 3 13 VIN3 PDRIVE3 SENSE + 3 LTC1143 SENSE 5 8 0V = NORMAL >1.5V = SHUTDOWN 2 SHUTDOWN 3 10 SHUTDOWN 5 0.22F 5 VIN5 PDRIVE5 SENSE + 5 12 9 0.01F Q2 P-CH Si9430DY
CIN5 22F 25V 2 L2 20H
VOUT3 3.3V/2A
RSENSE3 0.05
RSENSE5 0.05
VOUT5 5V/2A
COUT3 220F 10V 2
D1 MBRD330
GND3 3
CT3 14
ITH3 15 RC3 1k
ITH5 7 RC5 1k
CT5 6
GND5 11
D2 MBRD330
COUT5 220F 10V 2
KRL SL-1R050J RSENSE: L1, L2: COILTRONICS CTX20-4 AVX (Ta) TPSD226K025R0200 CIN3, CIN5: COUT3, COUT5: AVX (Ta) TPSE227K010R0080 Q1, Q2: SILICONIX PMOS Si9430DY
CT3 390pF
CC3 3300pF
CC5 3300pF
CT5 200pF
AN54 F26A
Figure 26A. LTC1143: (5.2V-14V to 3.3V/2A and 5V/2A) Dual Buck Converter
AN54-28
Application Note 54
LTC1148HV-5: (5.2V-18V to 5V/1A) High Voltage Buck Converter The standard LTC1148 input voltage is limited to 16V absolute maximum level, which is not sufficient in some applications. Figure 27A shows a step-down regulator using the high voltage LTC1148HV. It contains the same internal functions but accepts up to 20V input (remember, MOSFETs gates are usually rated at 20V maximum). As a building block it can be used in the same manner as LTC1148. Input tantalum capacitors now have to be rated at 35V to ensure reliable operation under maximum input voltage.
EFFICIENCY (%)
100 95 90 12V TO 5V 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 0.001 0.01 0.1 OUTPUT CURRENT (A) 1
AN54 F27B
7V TO 5V
18V TO 5V
Figure 27B. LTC1148HV-5: (5.2V-18V to 5V/1A) High Voltage Buck Converter Measured Efficiency
VIN 5.2V TO 18V
Q1 Si9430DY
+
D1 MBRS140T3
CIN 10F 35V 2
Q2, Si9410DY
PDRIVE NC
NDRIVE
14 13 12 11 10 9 8
1000pF R1 0.1 VOUT 5V/1A SHUTDOWN COUT 220F 10V AVX L1 50H
1F
2 3 4
NC LTC1148HV-5 VIN PGND CT SGND
CT 220pF
5 6
CC 3300pF
INT VCC SHUTDOWN ITH SENSE NC SENSE +
RC 1k
CIN COUT L1 R1 Q1 Q2
AVX (Ta) TPSD106K035R0300 AVX (Ta) TPSE227K010R0080 COILTRONICS CTX50-4 KRL SP-1/2-A1-0R100 SILICONIX PMOS Si9430DY SILICONIX NMOS Si9410DY
AN54 F27A
Figure 27A. LTC1148HV-5: (5.2V-18V to 5V/1A) High Voltage Buck Converter
AN54-29
Application Note 54
LTC1148HV-3.3 (4V-18V to 3.3V/1A) High Voltage Buck Converter
EFFICIENCY (%)
100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 0.001 0.01 0.1 OUTPUT CURRENT (A) 1
AN54 F28B
4V to 3.3V
Figure 28A: Here is a high voltage version of the circuit shown in Figure 4A with input voltage increased to 18V.
12V to 3.3V
18V to 3.3V
Figure 28B. LTC1148HV-3.3: (4V-18V TO 3.3V/1A) High Voltage Buck Converter Measured Efficiency
VIN 4V TO 18V
Q1 Si9430DY
+
D1 MBRS140T3
CIN 22F 35V 2
Q2, Si9410DY
PDRIVE
NDRIVE
14 13 12 11 10 9 8
1000pF 0.1 VOUT 3.3V/1A SHUTDOWN COUT 220F 10V L1 50H
1F
2 3 4
NC NC LTC1148HV-3.3 VIN PGND CT SGND
CT 270pF
5 6
CC 3300pF
INT VCC SHUTDOWN ITH SENSE NC SENSE +
RC 1k
CIN COUT L1 R1 Q1 Q2
AVX (Ta) TPSE226K035R0300 AVX (Ta) TPSE227K010R0080 COILTRONICS CTX50-4 Kool M CORE IRC LR2010-01-R100-G SILICONIX PMOS Si9430DY SILICONIX NMOS Si9410DY
AN54 F28A
Figure 28A. LTC1148HV-3.3: (4V-18V to 3.3V/1A) High Voltage Buck Converter
AN54-30
Application Note 54
LTC1148HV: (12.5V-18V to 12V/2A) High Voltage Buck Converter Figure 29A is another application of the LTC1148HV which is configured as a step-down converter to provide 12V/2A output. With this low dropout regulator, the input can go as low as 12.5V and still produce a regulated output. Resistors R2 and R3 set the output voltage level.
EFFICIENCY (%)
100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 0.001 1 0.01 0.1 OUTPUT CURRENT (A) 10
AN54 F29B
Figure 29B. LTC1148HV: (16V to 12V/2A) High Voltage Buck Converter Measured Efficiency
VIN 12.5V TO 18V
+
C1 1F C2 0.1F 3 VIN 10 PDRIVE SHUTDOWN LTC1148HV SENSE + 6 ITH SENSE 8 7 C6 0.01F 1 Q1 Si9430DY
C3 22F x 2 35V
47H
R2 0.05 12V 2A
R1 1k C4 3300pF X7R
4 C5 150pF NPO
VFB CT NDRIVE SGND 11 PGND 12
9 14 Q2 Si9410DY 100pF D1 MBRS140T3
432k 1% 49.9k 1%
C7 150F 3 16V
C1 C7 Q1 Q2 D1 R2 L1
(Ta) SANYO (OS-CON) 16SA150M SILICONIX PMOS BVDSS = 20V RDSON = 0.100 CRSS = 400pF Qg = 50nC SILICONIX NMOS BVDSS = 30V RDSON = 0.050 CRSS = 160pF Qg = 30nC MOTOROLA SCHOTTKY VBR = 40V KRL SL-1-C1-0R050J Pd = 1W COILTRONICS CTX47-5P
AN54 F29A
Figure 29A. LTC1148HV: (12.5V-18V to 12V/2A) High Voltage Buck Converter
AN54-31
+VIN 6.5V TO 14V C14 1F 50V Q5 Si9410DY 10 24 D1 MBRS140 C15 1F 50V Q4 Si9430DY C2 22F 25V
AN54-32
+
C3 22F 25V
SHUTDOWN (TTL INPUT) 1 4 L1 33H 2A CTX33-4 3
C1 3300pF Q2 Si9430DY
VIN5 2 SHUTDOWN3 25 CT3 27 ITH3 26 INT VCC3 C18 2200pF
+
C6 22F 25V C13 1000pF R6 22 C7 22F 25V
Application Note 54
R7 510 Q3 Si9410DY D2 MBRS140
R9 0.050 +
+
C11 100F 10V
SHUTDOWN (TTL INPUT) C19 1000pF 1 2 4 3 T1 6 30H, 2A LPE-6562-A026 5 9 10 R10 0.040 C5 0.1F 1.8T D3 MBRS140
C12 100F 10V
3.3V/2A
C4 3300pF R2 100 8 7
R8 510 3 R5 18k 17 R1 100
VIN3 23 PDRIVE3 7 NC 6 NDRIVE3 1 SENSE+3 28 SENSE 3 9 PDRIVE5 21 LTC1142 NC 20 NDRIVE5 16 15 + SHUTDOWN5 SENSE 5 11 CT5 13 14 ITH5 SENSE 5 12 INTV CC5 5 8 NC NC 4 18 PGND3 PGND5 22 19 NC NC SGND3 SGND5 +
C16 390pF 50V
C17 200pF 50V
C20 220F 10V
C21 220F 10V
5V/2A
VIN
12V ENABLE 4 6 3 2 1 Q1 VN7002 7
SHDN NC4 NC6 NC7
8 VIN
VOUT LT1121CS8 GND 3 ADJ
1 C10 20pF 2 R4 294k 1% R3 649k 1%
+ +
C9 22F 25V
C8 22F 35V 12V/150mA
0V = 12V OFF >3V = 12V ON (6V MAX) DO NOT FLOAT
AN54 F30A
C2, C3, C6, C7, C9 C11, C12 C20, C21 L1
AVX (Ta) TPSD226M025R0200 AVX (Ta) TPSD107K010R0100 AVX (Ta) TPSE227M010R0100 COILTRONICS CTX33-4
R9 IRC LR2512-R050 R10 IRC LR2512-R040 T1 DALE, LPE-6562-AO26
SHUTDOWN PINS 2 AND 16 MUST ACTIVELY BE DRIVEN EITHER HIGH OR LOW AND NOT ALLOWED TO FLOAT.
Figure 30A. LTC1142: (6.5V-14V to 3.3V/2A, 5V/2A, 12V/0.15A) Triple Output Buck Converter
Application Note 54
LTC1142: (6.5V-14V to 3.3V/2A, 5V/2A, 12V/0.15A) Triple Output Buck Converter LTC1142 is a dual output synchronous switching regulator controller. Two independent controller blocks (LTC1148-based) simultaneously provide 3.3V and 5V outputs. The circuit in Figure 30A shows an application of this IC; it generates triple output voltages with 12V for flash memory programming in addition to the usual logic power levels. The 3.3V section is a regular buck converter circuit, the 5V section contains an off-the-shelf transformer T1 in place of the inductor. The secondary winding is used to boost the output level which is rectified and regulated by an LT1121 to provide a clean and stable 12V output. A turns ratio of 1:1.8 is used to ensure that the input voltage to the LT1121 is high enough to keep the regulator out of dropout. With LTC1142 synchronous switching, the auxiliary 12V output may be loaded without regard to the 5V primary output load as long as the loop remains in continuous operation mode. Continuous operation is ensured by R5 which inhibits Burst Mode whenever the 12V output is enabled (enable line goes high). Make sure that the enable lines are not floating and are driven by TTL level signals. A circuit board has been laid out for this circuit and has subsequently been thoroughly tested under full operating conditions and optimized for mass production requirements. A Gerber file for the board is available upon request.
EFFICIENCY (%) 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 0.001 0.01 0.1 OUTPUT CURRENT (A) 1 2.5 LTC1142-3.3 VIN = 8V LTC1142-5 VIN = 8V
AN54 F30B
Figure 30B. LTC1142:(6.5V-14V to 3.3V/2A, 5V/2A, 12V/0.15A) Triple Output Buck Converter Measured Efficiency
AN54-33
Application Note 54
LTC1142HV: (6.5V-18V to 3.3V/2A, 5V/2A, 12V/0.15A) High Voltage Triple Output Buck Converter
EFFICIENCY (%) 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 0.001 0.01 0.1 OUTPUT CURRENT (A) 1 2.5 LTC1142-3.3 VIN = 8V LTC1142-5 VIN = 8V
Figure 31A shows the same configuration as Figure 30A using the high voltage LTC1142HV. Circuit operation is identical, but now it can accept up to 18V at the input.
AN54 F30B
Figure 31B. LTC1142HV: (6.5V-18V to 3.3V/2A, 5V/2A, 12V/0.15A) Measured Efficiency
VIN 6.5V TO 18V
C1 22F 25V 2
+
1F Q4 Si9430DY
+
24 VIN3 PDRIVE3 SENSE + 3 2
0V = NORMAL >1.5V = SHUTDOWN 16 SHUTDOWN 5 SHUTDOWN 3 VIN5
+
10 PDRIVE5 SENSE + 5 9 15
+
1F Q2 Si9430DY
C2 22F 25V 2 T1 1.8T 30H R2 100 D2 MBRS140 RSENSE5 0.04
VOUT3 3.3V/2A
RSENSE3 0.05
L1 33H
23 1 2000pF 28
VOUT5 5V/2A
LTC1142HV SENSE NDRIVE3 PGND3 4 SGND3 CT3 3 25 ITH3 27 510 ITH5 13 510 CT5 11 SGND5 17 3 SENSE 5 NDRIVE5 PGND5 18
1000pF 14 20 Q3 Si9410DY
R1 100 R5 18k C4 220F 10V 2
D1 MBRS140
6 Q5 Si9410DY
C3 100F 10V 2
Q1 VN7002
CT3 3300pF 3300pF CT5 390pF 200pF 12V ENABLE 0V = 12V OFF >3V = 12V ON (6V MAX) 12V/150mA 22F 25V
+ +
20pF R3 660k ADJ R4 300k 22 VOUT SHUTDOWN LT1121 VIN GND D3 MBRS140 1000pF
22F 35V
C1, C2 C3, C4 L1 RSENSE3 RSENSE5 T1
AVX (Ta) TPS226K035R0300 AVX (Ta) TPSD227K010R0100 COILTRONICS CTX33-4 KRL SL-C1-1/2-0R050J KRL SL-C1-1/2-0R040J DALE LPE-6562-A026 PRIMARY: SECONDARY = 1:1.8
AN54F31A
Figure 31A. LTC1142HV: (6.5V-18V to 3.3V/2A, 5V/2A, 12V/0.15A) High Voltage Triple Output Buck Converter
AN54-34
Application Note 54
LTC1148: High Efficiency Charger Circuit The LTC1148 regulator can be used as a highly efficient battery charging device. Figure 32 shows a circuit that is programmable for 1.3A fast charge or 100mA trickle charge mode. During the fast charge interval, the resistor divider network (R4 and R5) forces the LTC1148 feedback pin below 1.25V causing the regulator to operate at the maximum output current. Sense resistor R3 controls the current at approximately 1.3A. When the batteries are disconnected, the error amplifier sets the output voltage to be 8.1V (for proper operation this voltage should exceed maximum possible voltage across the battery pack). Diode D2 prevents the batteries from discharging through the divider network when the charger is shut down. Dual rate charging is controlled by Q3 which selects between fast and trickle charge. When the transistor turns on, R1 limits error amplifier output so that the current limiter starts operating at 100mA. If the trickle charge current needs to be altered, adjust R1. With 1.3A output current, this charger is capable of efficiency in excess of 90% which minimizes power dissipated in surface mount components.
VIN 8V TO 15V
+
C1 1F C2 0.1F 3 VIN PDRIVE SHUTDOWN SENSE + 6 LTC1148 ITH SENSE 8 7 C6 0.01F 1 Q1 Si9430DY 1 4
C3 22F 2 35V L1 50H 2 3
0V = NORMAL > 1.5A = SHUTDOWN
10
D2 R3 MBRS340T3 0.1 VOUT
VBAT 4 CELLS R4 274k 1% Q2 Si9410DY D1 MBRS140T3 R5 49.9k 1%
R1 51
R2 1k C4 3300pF X7R
4 C5 200pF NPO
9 14 C7 100pF
C8 220F 10V
1 TRICKLE CHARGE
Q3 VN2222LL
C1 (Ta) C3 AVX (Ta) TPSD226K025R0100 ESR = 0.100 I RMS = 0.775A C8 AVX (Ta) TPSE227M010R0100 ESR = 0.100I RMS = 1.149A Q1 SILICONIX PMOS BV DSS = 20V RDSON = 0.125 CRSS = 400pF Qg = 25nC JA = 50C/W Q2 SILICONIX NMOS BV DSS = 30V RDSON = 0.050 CRSS = 160pF Qg = 50nC JA = 50C/W D1, D2 MOTOROLA SCHOTTKY VBR = 40V R3 KRL SP-1/2-A1-0R100J Pd = 0.75V L1 COILTRONICS CTX50-4 DCR = 0.175 IDC = 1.350A Kool M CORE ALL OTHER CAPACITORS ARE CERAMIC
VOUT = 1.25V (1 + R4/R5) = 8.1V FAST CHARGE = 130mV/R3 = 1.3A TRICKLE CHARGE = 100mA EFFICIENCY > 90%
AN54 F32
Figure 32. LTC1148: High Efficiency Charger Circuit
AN54-35
Application Note 54
LTC1148: High Voltage Charger Circuit Figure 33 is a variation of Figure 32. It is designed to charge 6 cells and uses the LTC1148HV for higher input voltages. R4 value has been changed to provide 12.3V output when the battery is not connected.
VIN 12V TO 18V
+
C1 1F C2 0.1F 3 VIN PDRIVE SHUTDOWN SENSE + 6 LTC1148HV ITH SENSE 8 7 C6 0.01F 1 Q1 Si9430DY 1 4
C3 22F 2 35V L1 50H 2 3
0V = NORMAL > 1.5A = SHUTDOWN
10
D2 R3 MBRS340T3 0.1 VOUT
VBAT 6 CELLS R4 442k 1% Q2 Si9410DY D1 MBRS140T3 R5 49.9k 1%
R1 51
R2 1k C4 3300pF X7R
4 C5 200pF NPO
9 14 C7 100pF
C8 100F 16V 2
1 TRICKLE CHARGE
Q3 VN2222LL
C1 (Ta) C3 AVX (Ta) TPSD226K035R0200 ESR = 0.200 I RMS = 0.663A C8 AVX (Ta) TPSE107M016R0100 ESR = 0.100I RMS = 1.149A Q1 SILICONIX PMOS BV DSS = 20V RDSON = 0.125 CRSS = 400pF Qg = 25nC JA = 50C/W Q2 SILICONIX NMOS BV DSS = 30V RDSON = 0.050 CRSS = 160pF Qg = 50nC JA = 50C/W D1, D2 MOTOROLA SCHOTTKY VBR = 40V R3 KRL SP-1/2-A1-0R100J Pd = 0.75V L1 COILTRONICS CTX50-4 DCR = 0.175 IDC = 1.350A Kool M CORE ALL OTHER CAPACITORS ARE CERAMIC
VOUT = 1.25V (1 + R4/R5) = 12.3V FAST CHARGE = 120mV/R3 = 1.3A TRICKLE CHARGE = 100mA EFFICIENCY > 90%
AN54 F33
Figure 33. LTC1148: High Voltage Charger Circuit
AN54-36
Application Note 54
LTC1142A: High Efficiency Power Supply Providing 3.3V/2A with Built-In Battery Charger Figure 34 implements a high efficiency step-down converter with a built-in battery charger using a single IC. One section of the dual LTC1142A is used to convert 4-cells to 3.3V/2A in a regular buck configuration. The other section is configured in the same way as the battery charger from Figure 32. It is powered from a wall adapter and provides the battery with fast or trickle charging rate. When the adapter is not connected, D3 prevents the battery from discharging through the R2/R1 divider network.
VIN 8V TO 18V FROM WALL ADAPTER
0V = CHARGE ON >1.5V = CHARGE OFF
0V = OUTPUT ON >1.5V = 3.3V OUTPUT OFF
+
D3 MBRS340T3 L1 50H
+
CIN1 22F 35V 2 0.22F P-CH Si9430DY 23 1 1000pF 24 VIN1 PDRIVE1 SENSE + 1 SENSE 1 VFB1 NDRIVE1 PGND1 SGND1 CT1 5 4 25 ITH1 27 RC1 1k ITH2 13 RC2 1k CT2 CC2 3300pF 330pF 100pF CT2 11 LTC1142A 3 SHUTDOWN 1 17 SHUTDOWN 2 10 VIN2 PDRIVE2 SENSE + 2 SENSE 2 VFB2 NDRIVE2 SGND2 PGND2 18 19 9 15 1000pF 28 2 14 16 20 N-CH Si9410DY D2 MBRS140T3 0.22F P-CH Si9433DY L2 25H
CIN2 22F 25V 2
VBATT 4 CELLS NiCAD
RSENSE1 0.1
RSENSE2 0.05
VOUT2 3.3V/2A
COUT1 220F 10V
+
D1 MBRS140T3 N-CH Si9410DY
+
R4 84.5k 1% R3 51k 1%
R2 274k 1% R1 49.9k 1%
COUT2 220F 10V 2
100pF
CT1 200pF VN2222LL
CC1 3300pF
L1 L2 RSENSE1 RSENSE2
COILTRONICS CTX50-4 COILTRONICS CTX25-4 KRL SL-C1-1/2-1R100J KRL SL-C1-1/2-1R050J
1 FOR TRICKLE CHARGE
RX 51
FAST CHARGE = 130mV/RSENSE1 = 1.3A TRICKLE CHARGE = 130mV/RSENSE1 = 100mA
AN54 F34
Figure 34. LTC1142A: High Efficiency Power Supply Providing 3.3V/2A with Built-In Battery Charger
AN54-37
Application Note 54
LTC1149: Dual Output Buck Converter The circuit shown in Figure 35A implements the most elegant approach for dual output regulators that provide 3.3V and 5V outputs. It uses a single LTC1149. The synchronous rectification feature of this chip is used to provide excellent efficiency, as well as good cross regulation between the two outputs. Maximum output power of the converter is 17W, which may be drawn in any combination between 3.3V and 5V outputs. A regular buck regulator is used for producing 3.3V output with T1s primary in place of the buck inductor. The secondary of T1 forms a boost winding for 5V output. The transformer is wound with a simple trifilar winding to ensure that the primary is closely coupled to the secondary. Superior cross regulation is achieved by the close primary-to-secondary coupling and by splitting voltage feedback paths (resistors R1 and R2 provide feedback signals from both 3.3V and 5V outputs). Diodes D1, D2 and capacitor C7 comprise a soft-start circuit that causes the output voltage to increase slowly when the power is first applied to the circuit. This circuit prevents overshoot at the 3.3V output. The transformer used in this example is a standard product (see the parts list). A circuit board has been laid out for this circuit and has subsequently been thoroughly tested under full operating conditions and optimized for mass production requirements. A Gerber file for the board is available upon request.
100 98 96 VIN = 6V
EFFICIENCY (%)
94 92 90 88 86 84 82 80 0 2
VIN = 12V
VIN = 20V
6 8 10 12 14 TOTAL POWER OUTPUT
16
18
AN54 F35B
Figure 35B. LTC1149: Dual Output Buck Converter Measured Efficiency
VIN 6V TO 24V
BOLD LINES INDICATE HIGH CURRENT PATHS (SHORT LEADS)
+ C5
22F
+ C6
22F
+ C17
22F
+ C18
22F
C19 0.1F 2
D3 BAS16
QP1 Si9435DY
QP2 Si9435DY
T1 HL-8700 1
10 15 6 7
VIN S/D1/VFB S/D2 CT PDRIVE PGATE
1 4 C9 0.047F R6 100 C14 R7 1000pF 100 C20 1F
5 11 T
5V OUT
TP1
11 T 4 3 11 T 6
2
D5 MBRS140 QN2 Si9410DY
+ C3
220F
C10 2200pF
C11 1000pF
C8 0.068F C13 2.2F R5 24.9k 1% R4 1k C12 56pF
13 ITH LTC1149 NGATE 9 3 VO(REG) SENSE + 8 5 VI(REG) SENSE 16 CAP PGND RGND SGND 12 14 11
+ C4
220F
R3 0.02 R8 33k D6 BAS16
3.3V OUT
+ C1
D4 MBRS140
D1 BAS16 QN1 Si9410DY C7 10F
220F
+ C15 + C2
220F
220F
+ C16
R1 102k 1%
220F
D2 BAS16
R2 124k 1%
VOUT VIN C3, C4, C15, C16 C5, C6, C8, C17 R3 T1 AVX (Ta) TPSE227M010R 49BCPA AVX (Ta) TPSE226M035R 49BCPA IRC LR512-01-R020F HURRICANE, HL-8700
AN54 F35A
Figure 35A. Single LTC1149: Dual Output Buck Converter
AN54-38
Application Note 54
LTC1148: Constant Frequency Buck Converters Finally, Figures 36A and 37A show circuits that completely satisfy the demand in ultra-high efficiency converters operating synchronously with an external clock. The rising edge of the clock saturates Q3 pulling pin 4 below the internal comparator threshold. The internal logic assumes the end of the off-time, and turns Q1 on. Now the LTC1148 operates as a conventional constant frequency current mode controller and therefore requires slope compensation. Q2 generates an artificial ramp signal that is superimposed on the inductor current waveform sensed by the shunt R7. This is a standard technique to eliminate subharmonic oscillation, a phenomenon that occurs under simultaneous conditions of fixed frequency and fixed amplitude of inductor current when the duty cycle exceeds 50%. Subharmonic oscillations are not related to the closed-loop transfer function.
VIN 8V TO 15V 100 95 90
EFFICIENCY (%)
VIN = 8V
85 VIN = 15V 80 75 70 65 0.1 1 OUTPUT CURRENT (A) 10

AN54 F36B
Figure 36B. LTC1148: (8V-15V to 5V/2A) Constant Frequency Buck Converter Measured Efficiency
C2 0.1F
C3 1F
U1 R10 510k 3 VIN PDRIVE SENSE + SENSE 1 Q1 Si9430DY
C7 22F 25V 2
> 1.5V = SHUTDOWN
10
SHUTDOWN LTC1148-5 ITH
8 C8 1000pF
R8 100 L1 15H R7 0.04
6 R6 1k C5 6800pF D2 1N4148 C4 51pF OSC IN 200kHz R3 220 Q3 2N2222 C6 200pF
CT
NDRIVE
14 Q4 Si9410DY 12 D3 MBR130T3
R9 100
C9 220F 10V
VOUT 5V 2A
11
SGND
PGND
D4 1N4148 Q2 2N2222 D1 1N4148 R2 5.1k R1 30k C1 100pF
R4 100 R5 750
OPERATION BEYOND SPECIFIED INPUT VOLTAGE CAN CAUSE INSTABILITY. EXTERNAL OSCILLATOR INPUT: TTL LEVEL. FOR APPLICATIONS WITH VIN > 2VOUT SLOPE COMPENSATION CAN BE DELETED. C7 C9 L1 R7 AVX (Ta) TPSD226K025R0200 AVX (Ta) TPSE227K010R0080 COILTRONICS CTX15-4 KRL SL-1-C1-0R040J PD = 1W
SLOPE COMPENSATION
AN54 F36A
Figure 36A. LTC1148: (8V-15V to 5V/2A) Constant Frequency Buck Converter
AN54-39
Application Note 54
If the input voltage always exceeds twice the output (duty cycle in this case would be less than 50%) the circuit inside the dashed box can be omitted. Resistor R11 is added to the circuit of disable Burst Mode operation ensuring true in-sync operation over the full range of output current. The circuitry is designed to be synchronized by a 200kHz clock to accommodate other external frequencies; nothing more than component value changes is required. If the input voltage goes beyond specified range, the controller will lose synchronization (it will still regulate, however). R10 increases input voltage pull-in range and can be omitted if it is not required. Values above 430k ensure proper start-up.
100 95 90
EFFICIENCY (%)
4.5V TO 3.3V/2A
85 6.5V TO 3.3V/2A 80 75 70 65 0.1 1 OUTPUT CURRENT (A) 10

AN54 F37B
Figure 37B. LTC1148: (4.5V-6.5V to 3.3V/2A) Constant Frequency Buck Converter Measured Efficiency
VIN 4.5V TO 6.5V
C2 0.1F
C3 1F
U1 R10 470k 3 VIN PDRIVE SENSE + 1 Q1 Si9430DY
C7 22F 25V 2
> 1.5V = SHUTDOWN
10
SHUTDOWN
8 C8 1000pF
R8 100 L1 15H R7 0.04
6 R6 100 C5 3300pF D2 1N4148 C4 50pF OSC IN 200kHz C6 150pF
ITH
LTC1148-3.3 SENSE
CT
NDRIVE
14 Q4 Si9410DY 12 D3 MBR130T3
R9 100
C9 220F 10V
VOUT 3.3V 2A
11
SGND
PGND
D4 1N4148 Q2 2N2222 R11 18k D1 1N4148 R2 2.2k R1 20k C1 100pF
R4 100 R5 750
Q3 2N2222
OPERATION BEYOND SPECIFIED INPUT VOLTAGE CAN CAUSE INSTABILITY. EXTERNAL OSCILLATOR INPUT: TTL LEVEL. C7 AVX (Ta) TPSD226K025R0200 C9 AVX (Ta) TPSE227K010R0080 L1 COILTRONICS CTX15-4 R7 KRL SL-1-C1-R040J PD = 1W
SLOPE COMPENSATION
AN54 F37A
Figure 37A. LTC1148: (4.5V-6.5V to 3.3V/2A) Constant Frequency Buck Converter
AN54-40
Application Note 54
APPENDIX A TOPICS OF COMMON INTEREST Defeating Bust Mode Operation Sometimes applications require Burst Mode operation to be defeated. It might be useful in a high output current circuit which never operates at light loads. Ensuring continuous operation in this case usually improves the circuit noise immunity and helps to eliminate audible noise from certain types of inductors when they are lighter loaded. The Burst Mode operation should be disabled if an overwinding is used to provide boosted voltage, additional to the main output (for example, see Figure 30A). This allows to draw power from the secondary with improved cross-regulation, even if the primary output is not loaded. Defeating of Burst Mode operation should also be considered when the fixed frequency circuits from Figures 36A and 37A are used. With continuous operation these circuits always operate fully synchronized to the external clock. Whatever the reason, Burst Mode operation can be suppressed with a simple external network which cancels the 25mV minimum current comparator threshold. An external offset is put in series with the SENSE pin to subtract from the built-in 25mV offset. An example of this technique is shown in Figure A1.
LTC1148 FAMILY SENSE
+
If VOFFSET exceeds 25mV the minimum threshold will be cancelled and Burst Mode operation is prevented from occurring. Since the offset voltage is constant, the maximum load current is also decreased. Thus to get back to the same output current, the sense resistor must be lower:
RSENSE =
75mV IMAX
Soft-Start Circuits Right after the power-on, the regulator operates in a shortcircuit condition while charging output capacitors. With earlier voltage mode converters, this led to enormous current transient at start-up. Soft-start circuits were usually added to fix this problem. The LTC1148 series implements current mode technique which inherently provides current limiting and does not require any special soft-start circuits. Start-up current is limited to the shortcircuit current value of 150mV/RSENSE. Some applications might, however, require softer start. It helps to avoid output overshoot when the power is first applied to the circuit, and it also prevents the input supplys overcurrent protection from latching, when the input voltage increases slowly. Figures A2 and A3 provide possible solutions for soft-start. Capacitor C1 in Figure A2 holds down ITH pin limiting the output current. C1 is charged via R1, when the voltage across its terminals exceeds DC level of ITH pin, D2 becomes reverse-biased and the capacitor no longer has an effect on the circuit operation. D1 provides discharge path for C1 when the input voltage is removed. The soft-start time constant is defined by R1 and C1. In Figure A3, capacitor C1 holds down the SENSE pin providing additional offset to the current comparator. C1 charges through D1 and R2, slowly increasing maximum operating current. When C1 is fully charged D1 is reversebiased and the capacitor no longer affects the operation.
L 33H R2 100 100pF
RSENSE 0.05
VOUT 5V 2A
SENSE R1 R3 100 20k

AN54 FA01
Figure A1. Defeating Burst Mode
Two 100 resistors are inserted in series with the leads from the sense resistor. With the addition of R3, a current is generated through R1 causing an offset of: R1 VOFFSET = VOUT R1 + R3
AN54-41
Application Note 54
D2 provides a discharge path for C1 when the output voltage disappears. The soft-start time constant is defined by R2 and C1.
VIN
R1 22k
D1 1N4148 D2 MBR0520L
VIN
LTC1148 FAMILY ITH
C1 4.7F 16V
R2 1k C2 3300pF
The simplest approach uses load step transient by switching in an additional load resistor and simultaneously monitoring the output. Switching regulators take several cycles to respond to a step in resistive load current. When a load step occurs, output voltage shifts by an amount equal to ILOAD ESR, where ESR is the output capacitor effective series resistance. Load current change also begins to charge or discharge output capacitor until the regulator loop adapts to the current change and returns VOUT to its steady state value. If during this recovery time VOUT has ringing, it indicates a stability problem, and the capacitor at ITH pin should be increased. A simple dynamic load circuit is shown in Figure A4 where the MOSFET Q1, driven by an external generator, switches a load resistor R2 in and out. The generator should provide 10V gate drive (not a TTL level). The drive signal frequency is not critical. A good starting point is 500Hz and the load change from 50% to the full load.
AN54 FA02
Figure A2. Soft-Start Circuit with ITH Pin Clamping
LTC1148 FAMILY SENSE

+
L 33H R1 100 C2 1000pF
RSENSE 0.05
VOUT 5V 2A
SENSE
R2 100 D2 1N4148
LTC1148 FAMILY
+
COUT
D1 1N4148
R1
R2
C1 10F 10V
AN54 FA03
GENERATOR IN (10VP-P) 100k
Q1 IRFZ44 (HEAD SINK MAY BE REQUIRED)

AN54 FA04
Figure A3. Soft-Start Circuit with Sense Pin Clamping Figure A4. Simple Dynamic Load
Frequency Compensation The LTC1148 family of regulators contains both voltage and current loops, which, together with external capacitors and inductors, require a pretty complex mathematical approach to frequency compensation. Operating point changes with input voltage and output current variations add complications and suggest a more practical empirical method. The LTC1148 series regulators provide a very stable operation. The compensation values used in the circuits in this note have been tested over the wide range of operating conditions and proved to provide an adequate compensation for most applications. Usually no stability testing, as described above, is required.
AN54-42
Application Note 54
APPENDIX B SUGGESTED MANUFACTURERS Linear Technology provides this list of manufacturers to get you started in your component selection process. We make no claims about any of these companies except that they provide components necessary in switching power supplies. There are many more companies to choose from; for a more complete list refer to the PCIM Buyers
Batteries Duracell OEM Sales & Marketing Berkshire Industrial Park Bethel, CT 06801 (800) 431-2656 Eveready Battery Co. Checkerboard Square St. Louis, MO 63164 (314) 982-2000 Bipolar Transistors Motorola Inc. 3102 North 56th St. MS 56-126 Phoenix, AZ 85018 (800) 521-6274 Full Line Zetex 87 Modular Ave. Commack, NY 11725 (516) 543-7100 High Gain Bipolar Switching Transistors including Surface Mount Devices Capacitors AVX Corporation P.O. Box 867 Myrtle Beach, SC 29578 (803) 946-0690 Tant., Cer., Surface Mount Elpac 1567 Reynolds Ave. Irvine, CA 92714 Film Capacitors (714) 476-6070 Film Capacitors Intertechnical Group 2269 Saw Mill River Rd., Bldg. 4C P.O. Box 217 Elmsford, NY 10523 (914) 347-2474 Polycarbonate Film Philips Components 1440 W. Indian Town Rd. Jupiter, FL 33458 (407) 744-4200 Cer., Chip Capacitors Murata Erie North America 1900 W. College Ave. State College, PA 16801 (814) 237-1431 Nichicon (America) Corporation 927 East State Parkway Schaumburg, IL 60173 (708) 843-7500 Aluminum Electrolytic Sanyo Video Components (USA) Corp. 2001 Sanyo Ave. San Diego, CA 92173 (619) 661-6835 Low ESR Filter Capacitors-Solid Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors (OS-CON) Sprague 678 Main St. P.O. Box 231 Sanford, ME 04073 (207) 324-4140 Tantalum Capacitors Current Sense Resistors Dale Electronics 1122 23rd St. P.O.Box 609 Columbus, NE 68602 (402) 564-3131 Resistors, Inductors, Xformers IRC 4222 South Staples St. Corpus Christi, TX 78411 (512) 992-7900 KRL 160 Bouchard St. Manchester, NH 03103 (603) 668-3210
Guide. PCIM (Power Conversion & Intelligent Motion) is published by Intertec International Inc., 2472 Eastman Ave., Bldg. 33-34, Ventura, California 93003-5774, (805) 650-7070. PCIM is free to qualified applicants. Back issues, such as the Buyers Guide can be purchased.
Diodes Fuji/Collmer 14368 Proton Rd. Dallas, TX 75244 (214) 233-1589 Low Current Schottkys General Instruments 10 Melville Park Rd. Melville, NY 11747 (516) 847-3222 Motorola Inc. 5005 E. McDowell Rd. P.O. Box 2953 Phoenix, AZ 85062 (602) 244-5768 Diodes Philips Components Disc. Prod. Div. 100 Providence Pike Slatersville, RI 02876 (401) 762-3800 Discrete Semi Group Ferrite Beads Fair-Rite Products Corp. 1 Commerial Row P.O. Box J Wallkill, NY 12589 (914) 895-2055 Toshiba America Elec. Components 9775 Toledo Way Irvine, CA 92718 (714) 455-2000 Heat Sinks Aavid Engineering, Inc. One Kool Path Box 400 Laconia, NH 03247 (603) 528-3400 Intl Electronic Research Group 135 W. Magnolia Blvd. Burbank, CA 91502 (213) 849-2481
Information furnished by Linear Technology Corporation is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed for its use. Linear Technology Corporation makes no representation that the interconnection of its circuits as described herein will not infringe on existing patent rights.
AN54-43
Application Note 54
Thermalloy 2021 W. Valley View Lane Dallas, TX 75234 (214) 243-4321 Inductors and Transformers Beckman Industrial Corp. 4200 Bonita Place Fullerton, CA 92635 (714) 447-2345 Inductors, Xformers including SMT Caddell-Burns 258 East Second St. Mineola, NY 11501 (516) 746-2310 Coilcraft 1102 Silver Lake Rd. Cary, IL 60013 (800) 322-2645 Coiltronics 6000 Park of Commerce Blvd. Boca Raton, FL 33487 (407) 241-7876 Full Line including Surface Mount Inductors Dale Electronics E. Highway 50 P. O. Box 180 Yankton, SD 57078 (605) 665-9301 Inductors, Xformers including SMT Gowanda Electronics Corp. 1 Industrial Place Gowanda, NY 14070 (716) 532-2234 Hurricane Electronics Lab P.O. Box 1280 Hurricane, UT 84737 (801) 635-2003 Murata Erie North America 2200 Lake Park Drive Smyrna, GA 30080 (404) 436-1300 Renco 60 E. Jefryn Blvd. Deerpark, NY 11729 (516) 586-5566 Sumida Electronic 5999 New Wilke Rd., Ste. 110 Rolling Meadows, IL 60008 (708) 956-0666 TDK Corp. of America 1600 Feehanville Dr. Mount Prospect, IL 60056 (708) 803-6100 Toko America Incorporated 1250 Feehanville Dr. Mount Propsect, IL 60056 (708) 635-3200 Magnetic Materials Fair-Rite Products Corp. 1 Commercial Row P. O. Box J Wallkill, NY 12589 (914) 895-2055 Ferrite Micrometals, Inc. 1190 N. Hawk Circle Anaheim, CA 92807 (800) 356-5977 Powdered Iron Magnetics Div. Spang & Co P.O. Box 391 Butler, PA 16003-0391 (412) 282-8282 Molypermalloy, Kool M, Ferrite Philips Components Disc. Prod. Div. Materials Group 1033 King Highway Saugerties, NY 12477 (914) 246-2811 Ferrite Pyroferric International, Inc. 200 Madison St. Toledo, IL 62468 (217) 849-3300 Powdered Iron Siemens Components, Inc. 186 Wood Ave. South Iselin, NJ 08830 (908) 906-4300 Ferrite TDK Corp. of America 1600 Feehanville Dr. Mount Prospect, IL 60056 (708) 803-6100 Ferrite Mounting Hardware Bergquist 5300 Edina Industrial Blvd. Minneapolis, MN 55439 (612) 835-2322 Thermally Conductive Insulators Stockwell Rubber 4749 Tolbut St. Philadelphia, PA 19136 (800) 523-0123 Thermally Conductive Insulators Thermalloy 2021 W. Valley View Lane Dallas, TX 75234 (214) 243-4321 Power Sockets, Thermal Compounds, and Adhesives Thermally Conductive Insulators, Mounting Kits Power MOSFETs International Rectifier Corp. 233 Kansas St. El Segundo, CA 90245 (310) 322-3331 Motorola Inc. 5005 E. McDowell Rd. Phoenix, AZ 85008 (602) 244-3576 Siliconix 2201 Laurelwood Rd. Santa Clara, CA 96056 (800) 554-5565 Resistors Micro-Ohm Corp. 1088 Hamilton Rd. Duarte, CA 91010 (818) 357-5377 Thermo Disc 1981 Port City Blvd. Muskegon, MI 49443 (616) 777-2602 RCD Components, Inc. 520 East Industrial Park Dr. Manchester, NH 03109 (603) 669-0054 Caddock Electronics 1717 Chicago Ave. Riverside, CA 92507-2364 (909) 788-1700 Wire Belden Wire & Cable P.O. BOX 1980 Richmond, IN 47375 (317) 983-5200
AN54-44
Linear Technology Corporation

1630 McCarthy Blvd., Milpitas, CA 95035-7487
(408) 432-1900 G FAX: (408) 434-0507 G TELEX: 499-3977
LT/GP 1094 5K REV A PRINTED IN USA
LINEAR TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION 1993

An54af Ci Linear Reguladores

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Titolo originale

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

An54af Ci Linear Reguladores

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Application Note 54 March 1993 Power Conversion from Milliamps to Amps at Ultra-High Efficiency (Up to 95%)

VIN = 10V VIN = 14V

0.01 0.1 OUTPUT CURRENT (A)

Figure 1B. LTC1148: (5V-14V to 5V/1A) Buck Converter Measured Efficiency

ALL OTHER CAPACITORS ARE CERAMIC

Figure 2A. LTC1148: (5V-14V to 5V/2A) Buck Converter

0.01 0.1 OUTPUT CURRENT (A)

Figure 2B. LTC1148: (5V-14V to 5V/2A) Buck Converter Measured Efficiency

C3 22F 3 25V L1 33H 2 3 R2 0.05 5V 2A

ALL OTHER CAPACITORS ARE CERAMIC

0.01 0.1 OUTPUT CURRENT (A)

C3 22F 2 25V L1 100H 2 3 R2 0.1 3.3V 1A

ALL OTHER CAPACITORS ARE CERAMIC

0.01 0.1 OUTPUT CURRENT (A)

0.01 0.1 OUTPUT CURRENT (A)

Figure 4B. LTC1148: (4V-14V to 3.3V/1A) Buck Converter Measured Efficiency

Figure 5B. LTC1148: (4V-14V to 3.3V/2A) Buck Converter Measured Efficiency

LTC1148-3.3 SENSE + SENSE

CT NDRIVE SGND 11 PGND 12

ALL OTHER CAPACITORS ARE CERAMIC

0.01 0.1 1 OUTPUT CURRENT (A)

Figure 6B. LTC1148: (5V to 3.3V/5A) Buck Converter Measured Efficiency

C3 33F 6.3V 2 VOUT 3.3V 5A

R1 470 C4 3300pF C5 150pF NPO

NDRIVE SGND 11 PGND 12

Figure 6A. LTC1148: (5V to 3.3V/5A) High Efficiency Step-Down Converter

Figure 7B. LTC1148: (5V to 3.5V/3A) Measured Efficiency

1 C2 0.1F 2 3 4 5 6 C5 180pF NPO C4 3300pF X7R R1 510 7

PDRIVE NC VIN CT INT VCC ITH SENSE

NDRIVE NC PGND SGND SHUTDOWN ADJ SENSE + C6, 0.01F

14 13 12 11 10 SHUTDOWN 9 8 R2 0.033 L1 10H

VOUT = 1.25V (1 + R3/R4)

Figure 7A. LTC1148: (5V to 3.5V/3A) High Efficiency Step-Down Converter

0.01 0.1 OUTPUT CURRENT (A)

VIN 10V TO 48V

C10 220F 2 10V

ALL OTHER CAPACITORS ARE CERAMIC

Figure 8A. LTC1149: (10V-48V to 5V/2A) High Voltage Buck Converter

80 VIN = 24V 70 VIN = 48V VIN = 36V

0.01 0.1 OUTPUT CURRENT (A)

VIN 10V TO 48V

C10 220F 2 10V

ALL OTHER CAPACITORS ARE CERAMIC

90 VIN = 12V 80 VIN = 24V 70 VIN = 48V

0.01 0.1 OUTPUT CURRENT (A)

VIN 10V TO 48V

C5 0.1F C6 0.068F Z5U

C10 220F 10V

ALL OTHER CAPACITORS ARE CERAMIC

Figure 10A. LTC1149: (10V-48V to 3.3V/2A) High Voltage Buck Converter

85 80 75 70 65 60 0.001 1 0.01 0.1 OUTPUT CURRENT (A) 10

VIN 10V TO 48V Q4 2N3906

Q1 IRF9Z34 C3 0.047F Z5U

C5 0.1F C6 0.068F Z5U

VOUT 12V 2A 432k 1%

SD2 ITH CT SGND 11

Q3 2N3904 R1 1k 10k C7 3300pF X7R

C10 220F 2 10V

ALL OTHER CAPACITORS ARE CERAMIC

Figure 11A. LTC1149: (10V-48V to 12V/2A) High Voltage Buck Converter

0.1 1 OUTPUT CURRENT (A)

Figure 12B. LTC1149: (16VRMS to 13.8V/10A) Buck Converter Measured Efficiency

VIN 16VRMS RECTIFIED Q1 RFG60P06E D2 MBR380 1.5F 63V WIMA