MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

INTRODUCTION TO

COMPRESSORS

Engineering for the Petroleum and Process Industries

WHAT ARE COMPRESSORS ?

Compressors are machines used to increase the total energy level of a compressible fluid (either gas or vapor).

Molecular weight of compressed gas vary from 2 (Hydrogen) ~ 352 (uranium hexafluoride)

WHAT ARE COMPRESSORS APPLICATIONS ?

Compressors applications vary from home refrigerator to large complex petrochemical plants

Compressors can be used for:

Gas transmission through pipelines Storage and transmission of energy (e.g. shop air compression) Volume reduction for storage or transportation (e.g. LPG, LNG) Process requirements (e.g. chemical reactions) Energy conversion (e.g. Ref. system, heat pumps)

COMPRESSOR TYPES

DYNAMIC
Ejector Centrifugal Axial Rotary

POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT
Reciprocating

Single Acting

Double Acting

Free Piston

Vane

Liquid Ring

Screw

Lobe Labyrinth

Diaphragm

SELECTION OF COMPRESSORS

POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT COMPRESSORS RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS

POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT COMPRESSORS

Positive Displacement Compressors, are machines in which successive volumes of gas are confined within a closed space where the pressure is increased as volume of the closed space is decreased.

RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS
Reciprocating compressors are positive displacement machines that compress and move gases by using a combination of Rotational and Linear (Reciprocating) motion

HOW RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS WORK ?

Reciprocating compressors are positive displacement machines that compress and move gases by using a combination of Rotational and Linear (Reciprocating) motion Ideal Reciprocating Compressor cycle as following:
Suction Compression Discharge Expansion

RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS CLASSIFICATION

Reciprocating compressors are available in:Single Acting (Trunk or automotive piston Type) Double acting (Cross Head Type)
Cylinder Volume

Trunk Piston

Head-End Cylinder Volume

Crank-End Cylinder Volume

Rod Packing

Connecting Rod

Crank

Piston

Piston Rod

Cross Head

RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS

RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS

RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS CONSTRUCTION CRANK SHAFT

Large Access To Crosshead Guide and Packing Robust Guides and Frame Large Selection of Standard Cylinders

Heavy Duty Guide Support

44 (1118 mm) Throw Spacing Steel backed tri-metal Shoes and Bearings

Consolidated Relief Valve simplifies the Oil System

Digital No-Flow Lubrication Counter and Shutdown

Small Bore Piston & Step Liner

Cylinder Body & Piston Rod Common To 3 Diameters

Large Bore Piston & Stub Liner

Medium Bore Piston & Liner

Variable Volume Head Common To 3 Diameters

RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS VALVES CONSTRUCTION

Plate valve

RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS VALVES CONSTRUCTION

Frame & Cylinder Lubrication

Digital No-Flow Timer

Oil Pressure Gauges

Oil Filter Mount

Divider Block

Plate-type Oil Cooler

Oil-level Controller (option)

Pre-lube Pump

Lubricator

RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS

RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS CONSTRUCTION PISTON ROD PACKING

RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS CONSTRUCTION CROSS HEAD

RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS CONSTRUCTION CONNECTING ROD

RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS CONSTRUCTION CRANK SHAFT

Variable Volume Clearance Pockets

Locking Collar

RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS PULSATION DAMPENER

RECIP. COMPRESSORS GAUGE BOARD

RECIP. COMPRESSORS DRIVE METHODS

Electric Motor

RECIP. COMPRESSORS DRIVE METHODS

Internal Combustion Gas Engine

CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS

HOW CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS WORK?

1- GAS INITIAL CONDITION AT INLET

2- GAS AFTER ACCELERATION

3 1

3- GAS AFTER DECELERATION

FROM BENOLLI EQUATION:

P3+RV3/2+RGZ3 = P2+RV2/2+RGZ2

CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS IMPELLER TYPES

HORIZONTALLY SPLIT COMPRESSORS TOP NOZZLES

HORIZONTALLY SPLIT BACK TO BACK ARRANGEMENT COMPRESSORS

HORIZONTALLY SPLIT HIGH FLOW COMPRESSORS

VERTICALLY SPLIT COMPRESSORS TOP NOZZLES

VERTICALLY SPLIT VERY HIGH PRESSURE COMPRESSORS

VERTICALLY SPLIT PIPELINE COMPRESSORS

HIGH SPEED INTEGRALLY GEARED CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS