11.3.

1 Slips, trips and falls on the same level These may be prevented or, at least, reduced by several control strategies. These and all the other pedestrian hazards discussed should be included in the workplace risk assessments required under the Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations by identifying slip or trip hazards, such as poor or uneven floor/pavement surfaces, badly lit stairways and puddles from leaking roofs. There is also a legal requirement in the Construction (Health, Safety and Welfare Regulations 1996 for all sites to be kept in good condition and in a reasonable state of cleanliness with no projecting nails. Traffic routes must be so organized that people can move around the worksite safely. The key elements of a health and safety management system are as relevant to these as to any other hazards: S Planning remove or minimize the risks by using appropriate control measures and defined working practices (e.g. covering all trailing leads) S organization involve all workers and supervisors in the planning process by defining responsibility for keeping given areas of the site tidy and free from trip hazards S control record all cleaning and maintenance work.Ensure that anti-slip covers and cappings are placed on stairs, ladders, catwalks, kitchen floors and smooth walkways. Use warning signs when floor surfaces have recently been washed S monitoring and review carry out regular safety audits of cleaning and housekeeping procedures and include trip hazards in safety surveys. Check on accident records to see whether if there has been an improvement or if an accident black spot may be identified.

11.3.2 Falls from a height Working at height is covered in detail in Chapter 8; however, there may be occasions when using a fixed staircase (not covered by the Work at Height Regulations) where people can fall and be seriously injured. Staircases are a source of accidents included within this category of falling from a height and the following design and safety features will help to reduce the risk of such accidents: S adequate width of the stairway, depth of the tread and provision of landings and banisters or handrails

11.3.5 Striking against fixed or stationary objects This can only be effectively controlled by: S having good standards of lighting and housekeeping by ensuring that all waste debris and construction materials, particularly timber, are safely stored and/ or removed from the site S defining walkways and making sure they are used

S the use of awareness measures, such as training and information in the form of signs or distinctive colouring S the use of appropriate personal protective equipment, in some cases, as discussed previously S ensuring that all protruding nails or screws are either removed or flattened against the timber.

11.3.6 General preventative measures for pedestrian hazards Minimizing pedestrian hazards and promoting good work practices requires a mixture of sensible planning, good housekeeping and common sense. Few of the required measures are costly or difficult to introduce and, although they are mainly applicable to slips, trips and falls on the same level and collisions with moving vehicles, they can be adapted to all types of pedestrian hazard. Typical measures include: S develop a safe workplace as early as possible and ensure that suitable floor surfaces and lighting are selected and vehicle and pedestrian routes are carefully planned. Lighting should not dazzle approaching vehicles nor should pedestrians be obscured by stored products. Lighting is very important where there are changes of level or stairways. Any physical hazards, such as low beams, vehicular movements or pedestrian crossings, should be clearly marked. Staircases need particular attention to ensure that they are slip resistant and the edges of the stairs marked to indicate a trip hazard S consider pedestrian safety when re-orientating the workplace layout (e.g. the need to reposition lighting and emergency lighting) S adopt and mark designated walkways S apply good housekeeping principles by keeping all areas, particularly walkways, as tidy as possible and ensure that any spillages are quickly removed S ensure that all workers are suitably trained in the correct use of any safety devices (such as machine guarding or personal protective equipment) or cleaning equipment provided by the employer S only use cleaning materials and substances that are effective and compatible with the surfaces being cleaned, so that additional slip hazards are not created S ensure that a suitable system of maintenance, cleaning, fault reporting and repair are in place and working effectively. Areas that are being cleaned must be fenced and warning signs erected.Care must also be taken with trailing electrical leads used with the cleaning equipment. Records of cleaning, repairs and maintenance should be kept S ensure that all workers are wearing appropriate footwear with the correct type of anti-slip soles suitable for the type of flooring

S consider whether there are significant pedestrian hazards present in the area when any workplace risk assessments are being undertaken.

11.4 Hazards to the general public and the associated controls in construction activities, including street works Four chapters (7, 8, 9 and 10) deal in detail with the protection required for members of the public in many different construction scenarios. These hazards may be conveniently divided between those which are present inside the site and those which may occur outside the site. Inside the site, the public may be visitors (authorized or unauthorized) or joint occupiers of the site if it is a refurbishment project. The hazards from the construction work presented to the public outside the site could include materials falling from working platforms, and the operation of cranes and other lifting equipment. The control measures begin with the posting of various warning signs and the provision of protected thoroughfares. Separate entrances for people and vehicles are another good safeguard as is the provision of 2 m high perimeter fencing, with no clearance at ground level. This fence will provide good security even for short duration work. Security guards and/or cameras may be required on sites which are deemed particularly vulnerable to trespassers. Such trespassers are deterred from sites which are well lit and are surrounded by a high security fence. Site security is addressed in Chapter 7. The protection of the public is a very important issue when the following groups of the public are concerned. People with disabilities particularly when pedestrian routes are affected by cable installation work or scaffolds on pavements. During the site assessment, When work is to be done in areas which remain occupied, the risk assessment must clearly define the perimeter around the construction work area and detail the methods used to maintain the security of the site and the safety of members of the public passing around, under or over the site. Healthcare premises these include hospitals, clinics, surgeries and psychiatric hospitals. It is important that the principal contractor is informed of the nature of the work undertaken in these premises and whether his normal mode of operation will need to be modified. Unnecessary obstructions should be removed and adequate signage used to indicate hazards which are present. The accidental release of fungal spores or other organisms could adversely affect patients who are recovering from major surgery. It was decided to use a mobile elevating work platform at a site in a psychiatric hospital due to fears that patients might climb a traditional scaffold out of hours. Construction site vehicles and pedestrians should be separated from hospital traffic as much as possible during the contract. House building additional hazards are presented when the building programme takes place beside an established occupied housing estate. Site security, safe vehicular access through the estate to the site and trespass by children are all problems which must be addressed. An additional problem is created when a show house

and sales office are located on the site. Prospective buyers must be protected from the hazards on the site. Street works present particular hazards to pedestrians and many of these hazards are discussed in Chapters 7, 8, 9 and 10. Work on a pavement or road is hazardous for both members of the public and the construction workers. Pavements should be kept clear of tripping hazards, such as trailing cables. The site must be well lit at night. Road traffic past the site may also need to be controlled to protect the workforce. Members of the public and traffic vehicles must also be protected from the elbows of loaders, excavators and cranes which may swing into their path. More detailed advice is available from the Code of Practice Safety at street works and road works related to the New Roads and Street Works Act 1991. The following points for the protection of pedestrians should be considered when work in streets or similar areas is being planned: S Temporary traffic controls S Signs for pedestrians and traffic S Cones or other barriers to designate the safety zone S Barriers to protect and guide the public around the site S Temporary walking surfaces for the public S Temporary lighting S Secure and safe storage of working materials S Arrangements for the movement of vehicles to and from the site S Provision of high visibility clothing for workers on the site S Arrangements for other hazards associated with the work at the site, such as noise dust and buried services 3.5 berooooo Many different kinds of vehicle are used in the workplace, including dumper trucks, heavy goods vehicles, all terrain vehicles and, perhaps the most common, the fork lift truck. Approximately 70 persons are killed annually following vehicle accidents in the workplace. There are also over 1000 major accidents (involving serious fractures, head injuries and amputations) caused by: S collisions between pedestrians and vehicles S people falling from vehicles S people being struck by objects falling from vehicles S people being struck by an overturning vehicle S communication problems between vehicle drivers and employees or members of the public. A key cause of these accidents is the lack of competent and documented driver training. HSE investigations, for example, have shown that in over 30% of dumper truck accidents on construction sites, the drivers had little experience and no training. Common forms of these

accidents include driving into excavations, overturning while driving up steep inclines and runaway vehicles which have been left unattended with the engine running. Risks of injuries to employees and members of the public involving vehicles could arise due to the following occurrences: S collision with pedestrians S collision with other vehicles S overloading of vehicles S overturning of vehicles S general vehicle movements and parking S dangerous occurrences or other emergency incidents (including fire) S access and egress from the buildings and the site. There are several other more general hazardous situations involving pedestrians and vehicles. These include the following: S reversing of vehicles, especially inside buildings S poor road surfaces and/or poorly drained road surfaces S roadways too narrow with insufficient safe parking areas S roadways poorly marked out and inappropriate or unfamiliar signs used S too few pedestrian crossing points S the non-separation of pedestrians and vehicles S lack of barriers along roadways S lack of directional and other signs S poor environmental factors, such as lighting, dust and noise S ill-defined speed limits and/or speed limits which are not enforced S poor or no regular maintenance checks S vehicles used by untrained and/or unauthorized personnel S poor training or lack of refresher training. Vehicle operations need to be carefully planned so that the possibility of accidents is minimized.

11.6 Control strategies for safe vehicle operations Any control strategy involving vehicle operations will involve a risk assessment to ascertain where, on traffic routes, accidents are most likely to happen. It is important that the risk assessment examines both internal and external traffic routes, particularly when goods are loaded and unloaded from lorries. It should also assess whether designated traffic routes are suitable for the purpose and sufficient for the volume of traffic. The following needs to be addressed: S traffic routes, loading and storage areas need to be well designed with enforced speed limits, good visibility and the separation of vehicles and pedestrians whenever reasonably practicable

S environmental considerations, such as visibility, road surface conditions, road gradients and changes in road level, must also be taken into account S the use of one-way systems and separate site access gates for vehicles and pedestrians may be required S the safety of members of the public must be considered, particularly where vehicles cross public footpaths S all external roadways must be appropriately marked, particularly where there could be doubt on right of way, and suitable direction and speed limit signs erected along the roadways. While there may well be a difference between internal and external speed limits, it is important that all speed limits are observed S induction training for all new employees must include the location and designation of pedestrian walkways and crossings, the location of areas in the factory where pedestrians and fork lift trucks use the same roadways S and the identification of recognized and prohibited parking areas around the site should also be given during these training sessions.

11.7. The management of vehicle movements The movement of vehicles must be properly managed, as must vehicle maintenance and driver training. The development of an agreed code of practice for drivers, to which all drivers should sign up, and the enforcement of site rules covering all vehicular movements are essential for effective vehicle management. All vehicles should be subject to appropriate regular preventative maintenance programmes with appropriate records kept and all vehicle maintenance procedures properly documented. Consideration must be given to driver protection by fitting driver restraint (seat belts), falling object protective structures (FOPS) and roll-over or tip-over protective structures known as ROPS. (See the summary of the Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations in Chapter 20.) Many vehicles, such as mobile cranes, require regular inspection by a competent person and test certificates. Certain vehicle movements, such as reversing, are more hazardous than others and particular safe systems should be set up. The reversing of lorries, for example, must be kept to a minimum (and then restricted to particular areas). Vehicles should be fitted with reversing warning systems as well as being able to give warning of approach. Refuges, where pedestrians can stand to avoid reversing vehicles are a useful safety measure. Banksmen, who direct reversing vehicles, should also be alert to the possibility of pedestrians crossing in the path of the

vehicle. Where there are many vehicle movements, consideration should be given to the provision of high visibility clothing. Fire is often a hazard which is associated with many vehicular activities, such as battery charging and the storage of warehouse pallets. All batteries should be recharged in a separate well-ventilated area. As mentioned earlier, driver training, given by competent people, is essential. Only trained drivers should be allowed to drive vehicles and the training should be relevant to the particular vehicle (e.g. fork lift truck, dumper truck, lorry etc). All drivers must receive specific training and instruction before they are permitted to drive vehicles. They must also be given refresher training at regular intervals. This involves a management system for assuring driver competence, which must include detailed records of all drivers with appropriate training dates and certification in the form of a driving licence or authorization. The HSE publicationsWorkplace Transport Safety. Guidance for EmployersHSG136, andManaging Vehicle Safety at the WorkplaceINDG199, provide useful checklists of relevant safety requirements that should be in place when vehicles are used in a workplace

Arti 11.5
Berbagai jenis kendaraan yang digunakan di tempat kerja, termasuk dumper truk, barang berat kendaraan, dan, kendaraan segala medan mungkin yang paling umum, garpu mengangkat truk.Sekitar 70 orang tewas setiap tahunnya menyusul kecelakaan di tempat kerja. kendaraanAda juga lebih dari 1000 utama kecelakaan ( melibatkan, patah tulang serius cedera kepala dan amputasi ) yang disebabkan oleh:

S tabrakan antara pejalan kaki dan kendaraan S orang jatuh dari kendaraan S orang ditubruk oleh benda-benda yang jatuh dari kendaraan S orang dipukul oleh kendaraan S overturning masalah komunikasi antara kendaraan driver dan karyawan atau anggota masyarakat

Kunci penyebab kecelakaan ini adalah kurangnya pelatihan pengemudi kompeten dan didokumentasikan. HSE penyelidikan, misalnya, telah menunjukkan bahwa dalam lebih dari 30% dumper truk kecelakaan di lokasi konstruksi, driver memiliki sedikit pengalaman dan tanpa pelatihan. Bentuk umum kecelakaan termasuk mengemudi ke penggalian, menjungkirbalikkan saat mengemudi curam condong dan melarikan diri kendaraan yang telah ditinggalkan tanpa pengawasan dengan mesin menyala. Risiko cedera kepada karyawan dan anggota melibatkan kendaraan umum bisa timbul karena kejadian berikut :

S tabrakan dengan pejalan kaki S tabrakan dengan kendaraan S overloading lainnya dari kendaraan S menjungkirbalikkan kendaraan S kendaraan umum gerakan dan parkir S berbahaya kejadian atau insiden darurat (termasuk api) S akses dan jalan keluar dari bangunan dan situs. Ada beberapa lain lebih umum berbahaya situasi yang melibatkan pejalan kaki dan kendaraan. Ini termasuk berikut: S membalikkan kendaraan, terutama di dalam bangunan S permukaan jalan miskin dan/atau buruk dikeringkan road permukaan S jalan Raya terlalu sempit dengan area parkir aman yang cukup S jalan Raya buruk ditandai dan tidak pantas atau tidak dikenal tanda digunakan S penyeberangan pejalan kaki juga beberapa poin S bebas-pemisahan pejalan kaki dan kendaraan S kurangnya hambatan di sepanjang jalan Raya S kurangnya directional dan lain tanda S faktor lingkungan miskin, seperti pencahayaan, debu dan kebisingan S batas kecepatan sesuatu dan/atau batas kecepatan yang tidak diberlakukan S miskin atau tidak ada pemeliharaan rutin memeriksa kendaraan S digunakan oleh terlatih

11.6 pengoperasi setiap strategi pengendalian yang melibatkan kendaraan operasional akan melibatkan penilaian risiko untuk memastikan di mana, pada jalur lalu lintas, kecelakaan paling mungkin terjadi. Penting bahwa penilaian risiko meneliti kedua jalur lalu lintas internal dan eksternal, terutama ketika barang dimuat dan diturunkan

dari truk. Itu juga harus menilai apakah jalur lalu lintas Ruangan Khusus cocok untuk tujuan dan cukup untuk volume lalu lintas. Berikut ini perlu ditangani: S jalur lalu lintas, pemuatan dan tempat penyimpanan harus dirancang dengan baik dengan penghilangan batas kecepatan, visibilitas yang baik dan pemisahan kendaraan dan pejalan kaki setiap kali cukup praktis S lingkungan pertimbangan, seperti visibilitas, kondisi permukaan jalan, jalan gradien dan perubahan dalam tingkat road, juga harus diambil ke dalam rekening S penggunaan sistem sekali jalan dan gerbang akses masuk terpisah untuk kendaraan dan pejalan kaki mungkin diperlukan S keselamatan anggota masyarakat harus dipertimbangkan, terutama mana kendaraan menyeberangi jalan umum S semua jalan Raya eksternal harus ditandai dengan tepat, terutama mana bisa ada keraguan di kanan jalan, dan cocok tanda arah dan batas kecepatan yang terlihat di sepanjang jalan Raya. Sementara mungkin juga ada perbedaan antara internal dan eksternal batas kecepatan, penting bahwa semua batas kecepatan yang diamati S pelatihan induksi untuk semua karyawan baru harus menyertakan lokasi dan penunjukan penyeberangan dan penyeberangan, lokasi area di pabrik tempat pejalan kaki dan forklift truk menggunakan jalan Raya sama S dan identifikasi diakui dan dilarang parkir tempat-tempat di sekitar lokasi juga harus