Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
=
q
(1)
where
"
2
G is flash steam flow, in kg/s; G
1
flow of inlet condensate, in kg/s;
1
i -
enthalpy of inlet condensate, in kJ/kg;
'
2
i -
enthalpy of outlet condensate, in kJ/kg;
"
2
i
- enthalpy of flash steam flow, in kJ/kg; q
- separator efficiency.
Heat recovery from the exhaust air is
calculated as:
( )
2 1 a a a R
i i G Q =q (2)
where Q
R
heat recovery, in kW; G
a
exhaust air flow, in kg/s; i
a1
enthalpy of
inlet air in recovery battery, in kJ/kg; i
a2
enthalpy of outlet air from the recovery
battery, in kJ/kg.
Enthalpy of air is:
( )
a a a a
x t t i + + = 2501 888 . 1 005 . 1 (3)
where t
a
is air temperature, in
0
C; x
a
- air
absolute humidity, in kg/kg.
The exergy flows were calculated using
standard method. For example, the exergy
of material is calculated with relation, [4]:
( ) | |
0 1 0 0 1
s s T i i G E = (4)
where: i
1
and s
1
are enthalpy, in kJ/kg, and
entropy, in kJ/kg
0
K, of material for
temperature T, in
0
K; i
0
and s
0
the same
but for reference temperature T
0
, in
0
K; G
material flow, in kg/s.
4. Numerical results
For a newsprint paper machine are
presented numerical results obtained after
analyzing heat recovered systems. It is
used a computer program developed by
authors which calculated heat and mass
transfer in the dryer section, mass, heat and
exergy balances, heat specific
consumption.
The newsprint paper machine has 46
dryer cylinders arranged in the 4 groups in
the cascade system. The flash steam is
recovered from 4 separators. Condensate
from the separators is cooled in the heat
exchanger and warm water obtained is
used in the technological process. Finally,
condensate is collected in the tank and is
sent to own power plant.
The ventilation system has plate heat
exchangers and recovered energy, in the
first step, for heating hood supply air
which is recovered from the ceiling
machine hall. In the second step, heat from
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
4
the exhaust air is recovered for heating
fresh supply air of the machine hall.
Mass, heat and exergy flows recovered
from the steam-condensate system and
from the ventilation system are presented
in the tables 13.
Mass flow Table 1
Mass flow kg/h %
Steam from CHP 25000 100
Steam recovered from
separators
2472 9.88
Condensate recovered 24000 96
Heat flow Table 2
Heat flow kW %
Steam from CHP 19279 100
Steam recovered from
separators
1857 9.63
Condensate recovered 2632 13.65
Warm water recovered 1062 5.5
Recovered from exhaust air 1320 6.84
Recovered air from hall 3100 16.08
Exergy flow Table 3
Exergy flow kW %
Steam from CHP 5907 100
Steam recovered from
separators
420 7.11
Condensate recovered 231 3.91
Warm water recovered 41 0.69
Recovered from exhaust air 114 1.93
Recovered air from hall 1 0.02
Note, that nearly 10% from primary
steam is recovered from separators and
almost all condensate is returned to CHP.
This means saving of chemicals for water
treatment.
Heat flow recovered from the recovered
air has the biggest weight (16.08%) but its
exergy is negligible (0.02%) because its
temperature is nearly atmospherically
temperature (this analyze was made in
summer).
The same, exergy of condensate is lower
than heat condensate because its
temperature is low.
The steam recovered from separator has
the biggest weight (7.11%).
Energy consumption in the ventilation
system can decrease through the increase
of exhaust air humidity and the decrease of
exhaust air flow, too. It can maintain
constant humidity of exhaust air through
the control of exhaust air flow.
5. Conclusion
Using of calculation method of heat that
was presented in this paper, it can
evaluation rapidly the heat recovery in
papermaking.
It can obtain important energy savings
through heat recovery in the steam-
condensate system and in the ventilation
system. For the presented example, it
results savings to 360 TJ/year that means
10770 thousand mc natural gas or 3400
thousand $/year. Calculus was made for
6000 hours/year and 10.8 tones/hour paper
production.
References
1. Hazi A., Hazi Gh.: Modelarea si
optimizarea proceselor de uscare a
hartiei si cartonului, Editura Plumb,
Bacau, 1999.
2. Kilponen L., Ahtila P., Taimisto M.:
Improvement of dryer section heat
recovery in existing paper machines
during operation, In: 1st International
Conference on Sustainable Energy
Technologies, Porto, Portugal.
3. Badea A., Necula H.: Echipamente si
instalatii termice, Editura Tehnica,
Bucuresti, 2003.
4. Gran W.: Exergetics, Mlndal,
Sweden, 1998