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Larrys Story
Thursday 15 January 2004. I grew up on a s all !a ily !ar in western Illinois" in a !a ily with se#en children. I ha#e an identical twin brother and he has ne#er struggled with ho ose$uality. %ur !ather had a proble with alcohol" was un!aith!ul as a husband to his wi!e and was an absent !ather in the li#es o! his children. &hen I was in college our parents di#orced and dad was !orced to 'uit !ar ing. I still !eel that I had a pretty nor al and une#ent!ul childhood" but the choices I ade and the things I did certainly had conse'uences. (lthough ho ose$uality has been a big part o! y li!e" I a #ery grate!ul I was ne#er a part what is usually called the )ho ose$ual li!estyle.* +or e the biggest struggle has been in belie#ing I was a ho ose$ual. (lthough there ha#e been a s all nu ber o! sa e,se$ se$ual encounters with others. I tal- about !our e#ents that led e into the bondage ho ose$uality and !reedo !ro ho ose$uality. I hope as you read about the " you will -eep into perspecti#e that ho ose$uality is a relationship issue. The need !or sa e,se$ inti acy cannot be et in physical se$ual acts. They are an illegiti ate way o! eeting the legiti ate need !or sa e, se$ inti acy. The two e#ents in y childhood that I !eel strongly in!luenced y belie! I was a ho ose$ual are typical in the li#es o! any other ales who struggle with ho ose$uality. The !irst is a !ailure to bond with the sa e,se$ parent" and results in a young boy !ro a #ery age !eeling that they are di!!erent !ro other boys. I cannot say this" but there was a point in ti e at about ten years o! age that I ade this #ow to ysel!. )I would not be li-e that an.* That an was y !ather" who was un!aith!ul as a husband to his wi!e and was an absent !ather in the li#es o! his children. In will!ully re.ecting y !ather as a an" I chose to cut ysel! o!! !ro what should be the ost in!luential an in a young boy/s li!e. The bonding in the relationship between a !ather and his son is #ery i portant. (nd perhaps this is the ost i portant relationship in the li#es o! all boys and continues throughout their entire li!e" the relationship between a !ather and his son. This is the an who is to role odel and teaches the young boy what it eans to grow into anhood. In this relationship the boy learns how to build relationships with other en" wo en and as an adult to his own wi!e and children. ( second e#ent was an early and inappropriate se$ual acti#ity. This too is typical in the li#es o! any who struggle with ho ose$uality. 0o one can deny the pleasure o! se$. These pleasures ay be e$perienced with e bers o! both se$es. %ur bodies will respond to se$ual cues and sti uli !ro e bers o! the sa e se$. The 'uestion that needs to be as-ed is not" )can I do this?* 1ut rather it is" )should I do this?* +or the young boy who is struggling with other relationship issues se$ual acti#ity with a e ber o! the sa e se$" whether it is #oluntary with peers or !orced upon hi by others who are o! whate#er age is #ery da aging. +or in the the young boy is e$periencing an illegiti ate way o! eeting the legiti ate need !or sa e,se$ inti acy. The adolescent ale body naturally responds to se$ual sti uli be it ental" #isual" or physical. This natural response is especially con!using and har !ul when it is a part o! se$ual abuse. In y li!e se$ual acti#ity was #oluntary with peers around the age o! 12" lasting only a !ew onths and in a s all nu ber o! encounters. 1ut they were #ery da aging in that they partially !ul!illed y needs !or sa e,se$ inti acy" but in an illegiti ate way. These two e#ents in y childhood are the roots o! that which later beca e a struggle with ho ose$uality. The two e#ents in y li!e as an adult that led e to !reedo !ro the bondage o! ho ose$uality were see-ing help to o#erco e y struggle with ho ose$uality and the response o! !riends to y struggle with ho ose$uality. &hile li#ing in southern 2ali!ornia in the late 1340s I was a part o! support group progra !or en and wo en trying to o#erco e ho ose$uality. I was li#ing and

wor-ing at a 2hristian ca p and the progra was through a church. 1ut what I !eel needs to be e phasi5ed is that I did not tell !riends that I was as-ing !or help to o#erco e y own personal struggle with ho ose$uality. 6y !riends thought I was the one o!!ering support to others to o#erco e ho ose$uality. 1y not telling !riends I !ailed to allow the into the part y li!e that was re!lected in who I thought I was a ho ose$ual. 6y struggle with ho ose$uality although not -nown by any others a!!ected y li!e" it was ani!ested in y relationships with others. It could be seen that at ti es I was an angry" bitter" and cold person. I allowed others to enter into !airly shallow relationships with e. 6y li!e could be seen as oti#ated by a )per!or ance entality.* It was easured by what I did !or others and not what I allowed others to do !or e. 7arry was a nice guy" but he would not allow others to respond in li-e atter. 6ore i portantly I internally re.ected any o! those ways that others atte pted to e$press -indness towards e. 6y relationships where e$perienced in a one,way nature" 7arry ani!ested relationship toward others by per!or ance and not the gi#e and ta-e o! healthy relationships. I cannot deny the help I was recei#ing !ro this support group progra " but I li ited it to those who were bro-en in the sa e way as I was. I did not a-e ysel! #ulnerable to others not bro-en in the sa e way as I was" so I was not applying what I was learning. ( second e#ent too- place as a result ho ose$ual acti#ity on y part. I was e$pelled !ro a s all 7utheran se inary with one se ester to go be!ore graduation because o! ho ose$ual acti#ity y !irst year" ( class ate reported to the se inary o! y ho ose$ual acti#ity the !irst year. +inally at the age o! 89 I placed ysel! in a position o! #ulnerability" telling so e good !riends o! y struggle with ho ose$uality. Their response was o! unwa#ering acceptance. 1ut !or e" y response was one o! doubt and !rustration. In their response they separated the person !ro the beha#ior" and this was one thing I had ne#er been able to do ysel!. I had always thought o! ysel! as a ho ose$ual. (!ter being in!or ed in a orning eeting by the se inary o! y dis issal" I spent the a!ternoon telling si$ good !riends o! y dis issal. (!ter telling these si$ en why I was e$pelled !ro se inary" each o! the had the sa e thing to say" word !or word" as their #ery !irst co ents in response to y story. In so e aspects this was #ery unner#ing" but e$actly what I needed to get y attention. Their words were. )7arry I -now you ha#e a proble 7arry you are not a ho ose$ual.* (ll si$ !riends without any thought on their part told e these two state ents" word !or word. I cannot say there was an instant change in y li!e" where I no longer struggled with ho ose$uality. 1ut this was an instru ental change and -ey to leading e where I a today. It was a beginning o! a process o! growth and aturity in how I related to ysel! and to others. This change has resulted" as I ha#e !inally understood the critical distinction. It is not who one is" a ho ose$ual but what one does" ho ose$uality. I hope as you had read about these !our e#ents in y li!e that you ha#e been able to -eep into perspecti#e that ho ose$uality is a relationship issue. The need !or sa e,se$ inti acy cannot be et in physical se$ual acts. They are an illegiti ate way o! eeting the legiti ate need !or sa e, se$ inti acy. :a e,se$ inti acy is ore then the su total o! e otions and physical acts. Inti acy between e bers o! the sa e se$ results !ro interacting in healthy and appropriate ways !or building relationship.

Larry (August 24, 2005)

&ednesday 24 (ugust 2005. Larry at one time believed he was a homosexual Today I as- !or a!!ir ation and #alidation as a !or er ho ose$ual. The discussion o! ho ose$uality needs to be !ra ed within these para eters" What one does, homosexuality and not Who one is, a homosexual. To date there is no conclusi#e scienti!ic basis !or a biological basis to ho ose$uality. 0o one is born a ho ose$ual" and this is ac-nowledged in the nu erous articles and boo-s written by those ad#ocating !or ho ose$uality and ho ose$uals the sel#es. ;isiting www bana! net and reading the section" )1eha#ior or 1orn*

you ay read about a possible biological basis !or ho ose$uality and !ind the studies cited.

ost o!ten

There are ultiple pathways that ay lead one into pursuing ho ose$ual beha#ior. +or e it was early se$ual e$ploration with another young adolescent boy. This led e to belie#e the lie o! ho ose$uality that through physical se$ual acts with others ales I could eet a legiti ate need !or sa e,se$ inti acy. 1ut ho ose$uality is an illegiti ate way o! eeting this need !or sa e,se$ inti acy. Inti acy in ore than physical se$ual acts. <o ose$uality is a relationship issue. %ne day I told si$ !riends about y struggle with ho ose$uality. I spo-e to the indi#idually and each one did not -now I was spea-ing to the others about y struggle with ho ose$uality. The !irst words each one o! the shared with e a!ter I told the o! y struggle with ho ose$uality was )word !or word* the sa e. It was surreal and unbelie#able. They all responded by saying" )7arry I -now you ha#e a proble " 7arry you are not a ho ose$ual.* There was no iraculous change in y li!e that day" but what occurred was the beginning o! a change in y perception and what I belie#ed about ysel!. 7arry is not a ho ose$ual. I began to understand and resol#e the real issue that was causing the proble s in y li!e. This issue was trying to resol#e y need !or sa e,se$ inti acy and healthy sa e,se$ relationships. I was through ho ose$uality trying to eet the legiti ate need !or sa e,se$ inti acy and relationships" but ho ose$uality is an illegiti ate way o! eeting this need. <o ose$uality is a relationship issue. Just as there are ultiple pathways that ay lead one to pursing ho ose$ual beha#ior there are ultiple ways to o#erco ing ho ose$ual beha#ior and any indi#iduals continue to o#erco e ho ose$uality. &hat is o! great interest are those indi#iduals who choose to continue to sel!, identi!y as gay or lesbian but ha#e as their ob.ects o! se$ual acti#ity e bers o! the opposite se$. The !ollowing are e$a ples o! such people who ha#e ade public declarations. Jo(nn 7oulan was a pro inent lesbian acti#ist in the se#enties and eighties who et and !ell in lo#e with a an in the late nineties" and e#en appeared on a 20/20 tele#ision episode in 1334. Jan 2lausen also a lesbian acti#ist writes in two o! her boo-s 1eyond =ay or :traight" (pples and %ranges o! a se$ual relationship with a an. This latter boo- is autobiographical. :he began a long,ter onoga ous relationship with a an in 134>. 1ert (rcher who identi!ies as a gay ale in his boo-" The ?nd o! =ay @and the Aeath o! <eterose$ualityB" writes o! his se$ual relationship with a wo an. <e also gi#es e$a ples o! other gay en who ha#e si ilar e$periences. In ?ngland Cussell T. Aa#ies wrote Dueer as +ol- and also wrote !or 1ritish T; the show 1ob and Cose airing in :epte ber 2001. This second show is about a gay an who !alls in lo#e with a wo an and has a se$ual relationship with her. This series was based on a !riend o! Aa#ies/" Tho as" who was well -nown in the 6anchester" ?ngland gay scene. Cecently in ?ngland on (ugust 3th the 1122 showed a special titled Sad To Be Gay. It is about Aa#id (-insanya" a 112 current a!!airs .ournalist. (!ter li#ing 24 years as a gay an" Aa#id is 'uestioning his li!e as a gay an. <e desires to no longer belie#e what he has been told who he is" gay and encouraged to li#e his li!e as a gay an. =i#en up at his birth" Aa#id/s !irst se$ual e$periences were with other boys at the school where he was being raised. Aa#id contributes his ho ose$uality to being a )learned e$perienced*. (s a young adult" 'uestioning his ho ose$ual beha#ior" Aa#id was told he was born gay and to be happy he ust begin li#ing the gay li!estyle. 0ow Aa#id in his 40/s is regretting the li!e he has li#ed" and being apart o! this 1122 special" Sad To be Gay" is willing to 'uestion how he has li#ed his li!e so !ar" and trying to a-e changes. The !ollowing 'uote is by a uni#ersity pro!essor 6artin Auber an who sel!,identi!ies as a ho ose$ual and writes about )gay* history.

It isnt at all obvious why a gay rights movement should ever have arisen in the nited States in the !irst "la#e. $nd its "ro!oundly "u%%ling why that movement should have be#ome !ar and away the most "ower!ul su#h "oliti#al !ormation in the world. Same gender sexual a#ts have been #ommon"la#e throughout history and a#ross #ultures. Today, to s"ea& with surety about a matter !or whi#h there is absolutely no statisti#al eviden#e, more adoles#ent male butts are being "enetrated in the $rab world, 'atin $meri#an, (orth $!ri#a and Southeast $sia then in the west. But the notion o! a gay identity rarely a##om"anies su#h sexual a#ts, nor do "oliti#al movements arise to ma&e demands in the name o! that identity. Its still almost entirely in the Western world that the genders o! ones "artner is #onsidered a "rime mar&er o! "ersonality, and among Western nations it is the nited States ) a #ountry otherwise #onsidered a bastion o! #onservatism ) that the strongest "oliti#al movement has arisen #entered around that identity. Weve only begun to analy%e why, and to date #an say little more then that #ertain signi!i#ant "re) re*uisites develo"ed in this #ountry, and to some degree everywhere in the western world, that werent "resent, or hadnt a#hieved the ne#essary #riti#al mass, elsewhere. $mong su#h !a#tors were the wea&ening o! the traditional religious lin& between sexuality and "ro#reation +one whi#h had made non)"ro#reative same gender desire an automati# #andidate !or denun#iation as unnatural,. Se#ondly, the ra"id urbani%ation and industriali%ation o! the nited States, and the West in general, in the nineteen #entury wea&ened the material +and moral, authority o! the nu#lear !amily, and allowed maveri#&s to es#a"e into wel#ome anonymity o! #ity li!e, where they #ould #hoose a "reviously una##e"table li!estyle o! singleness and non#on!ormity without #onstantly worrying about "arental or village busybodies "oun#ing on them. @Auber an" 7e!t %ut" 414,415.B

"#0 $ays
Thursday 23 (pril 2004. The in!or ation presented in this docu ent is rele#ant and i portant in the discussion o! sa e,se$ arriage. To legally sanction sa e,se$ relationships would continue to nor ali5e and legit ateli5e relationships" which ay include sa e,se$ physical se$ acts" that are detri ental to the indi#iduals in#ol#ed and to our society at large. &hat has been written here is to share in!or ation that should be a part o! an open and honest discussion o! ho ose$uality in light o! the a.ority opinion written in the legal case" =oodridge #ersus Aepart ent o! Eublic <ealth. Including this in!or ation it could be logically argued that the arriage ban does eet the rational basis test !or either due process or e'ual protection. It is being presented to re#eal a larger picture o! ho ose$ual relationships and ho ose$uality. The scope o! this docu ent will co#er" but is not li ited to the two reasons in the !ollowing 'uote by 2hie! Justice 6arshall written in the a.ority opinion in =oodridge #ersus Aepart ent o! Eublic <ealth. It advan#es the two legitimate State interests the de"artment has identi!ied- "roviding a stable setting !or #hild rearing and #onserving State resour#es. 2onte$t !or this 'uote ay be !ound in the !ollowing two paragraphs that ha#e been ta-en !ro the a.ority opinion written by 2hie! Justice 6arshall in =oodridge #ersus Aepart ent o! Eublic. The source is !ro the !ollowing web page" www.state. a.us/courts/courtsand.udges/courts/supre e.udicialcourt/goodridge.ht l. We #onstrue #ivil marriage to mean the voluntary union o! two "ersons as s"ouses, to the ex#lusion o! all others. This re!ormulation redresses the "lainti!!s #onstitutional in.ury and !urthers the aim o! marriage to "romote stable, ex#lusive relationshi"s. It advan#es the two legitimate State interests the de"artment has identi!ied- "roviding a stable setting !or #hild rearing and #onserving State resour#es. It leaves inta#t the 'egislatures broad dis#retion to regulate marriage. See /ommonwealth v. Stowell, 012 3ass. 454, 456 +4210,.

In their #om"laint the "lainti!!s re*uest only a de#laration that their ex#lusion and the ex#lusion o! other *uali!ied same)sex #ou"les !rom a##ess to #ivil marriage violates 3assa#husetts law. We de#lare that barring an individual !rom the "rote#tions, bene!its, and obligations o! #ivil marriage solely be#ause that "erson would marry a "erson o! the same sex violates the 3assa#husetts /onstitution. We va#ate the summary .udgment !or the de"artment. We remand this #ase to the Su"erior /ourt !or entry o! .udgment #onsistent with this o"inion. 7ntry o! .udgment shall be stayed !or 418 days to "ermit the 'egislature to ta&e su#h a#tion as it may deem a""ro"riate in light o! this o"inion. See, e.g., 3i#haud v. Sheri!! o! 7ssex /ounty, 028 3ass. 690, 606)60: +4210,. So ordered. In addition to the in!or ation in this docu ent" supporting attach ents are being o!!ered to bring !urther discussion and clarity to the points being raised. The !irst supporting attach ent being o!!ered is titled" due "ro#ess and e*ual "rote#tion. It was written to pro#ide in!or ation !or helping lobby e bers o! the 6assachusetts state legislature. Eresented !irst in this docu ent will be in!or ation in the !or o! 'uestions and answers. These 'uestions will ha#e brie! answers !ollowing the . Aiscussion will !ollow later that pro#ides ore detailed in!or ation. %ho is advo&ating 'or &hange( <o ose$uals/gays/lesbians. )s the dis&ussion one o' legally san&tioning relationshi!s or behavior( The case !or the latter is uch stronger. %ho is a homosexual*gay*lesbian( (n indi#idual who sel!,identi!ies by beha#ior or the things one does. ( gay ale and lesbian !e ale identity has political connation. +ow does one be&ome a homosexual( There are ultiple pathways that ay lead one into pursuing ho ose$ual beha#ior. <o ose$uals in their nu erous articles and boo-s ac-nowledge one is not born a ho ose$ual. +or this reason it ay be reasonably argued that it is not a )rights issue*. This is also why no court @state or !ederalB has granted ho ose$uals )suspect class status*. 7i-ewise !or this reason it will be unli-ely !or courts to rule on the basis o! e'ual protection and due process. <o ose$uality is not an innate trait. ( supporting attach ent is being o!!ered titled Sus"e#t /lass that pro#ides additional in!or ation on suspect class. %hat is homosexuality( <o ose$uality is a relationship issue. It is an illegiti ate atte pt to eet the legiti ate need !or sa e,se$ inti acy. Ehysical se$ual acts are o!ten added to or substituted !or those relational acts needed as a part o! sa e,se$ inti acy in relationships. %hat about 'ormer homosexuals*ex,gays( :i$ supporting attach ent are being o!!ered. These include articles written by e that discuss y struggle with ho ose$uality and what it eans to e. There are also three <ar#ard 2ri son newspaper articles that were written about the discri ination I !aced !or being a !or er ho ose$ual at <ar#ard Fni#ersity. The articles I wrote are titled ;omosexuality- I #an should I<, 'arrys Story, and =is#rimination !or being ex)gay. The three <ar#ard 2ri son articles are titled /an This 3an 3a&e >ou Straight<, /ollege Investigates $nnenberg /oo&, and niversity ?!!i#ials Brea& Silen#e on 7x)Gay 7m"loyee. The !ollowing in!or ation is presented in respect to the issue addressed by 2hie! Justice 6arshall in the a.ority opinion in =oodridge #ersus Aepart ent o! public <ealth. ( 'uote is gi#en as a heading !or the in!or ation presented.

-bear. / a real and substantial relation to the !ubli& health, sa'ety, morals, or some other !hase o' the general wel'are " 0umber o' homosexuals The greatest hindering !actor in deter ining the nu ber o! ho ose$uals is de!ining ho ose$uality itsel!. &hat does it ean to be a ho ose$ual? There are any ore people who co it ho ose$ual beha#ior" ho ose$uality" than who sel!,identi!y as a ho ose$ual. The !ederal go#ern ent/s 2enter !or Aisease 2ontrol and other go#ern ent reporting public health agencies ha#e a category !or ales" 6:6" en who ha#e se$ with en. +or statistical record -eeping they no longer use the ter ale ho ose$ual. 7i-ewise those who sel!,identi!y as a )ho ose$ual* continue to use #arious na es to identi!y the sel#es. =ay" lesbian" 'ueer are the ost co on ter s and now se$ual inority is being used by so e in research literature. In the past ter s used were !airy and !aggot. In the literature discussing ho ose$uality there has been three di!!erent ter s used in the discussion o! )orientation*. %ne ter which is the ost speci!ic and perhaps applicable i! ho ose$uality is #iewed" as a beha#ior is )erotic orientation*. <o ose$uals !irst used the ter )se$ual pre!erence* to tal- about the sel#es. 1ut i plied in this is idea o! choice. :o there was a change to using the ter )se$ual orientation*. (ll three o! these ter s are used in the conte$t o! what it eans to be a ho ose$ual" one who is se$ually attracted to e bers o! the sa e se$. Get added to this discussion are those who ay be )ho ose$ually orientated* but ne#er actually co it physical se$ual acts !or #arious reasons. ( &ashington Eost article as a supporting attach ent is being o!!ered !or the discussion o! what eans to be a ho ose$ual. The article published on :unday" January 4" 2004 authored by 7aura :essions :tepp is titled @artway Gay<. To help answer the 'uestion !or the nu ber o! ho ose$uals" a nu ber that continues to be cited is 10H. That is 10 percent o! the population is ho ose$ual. ( supporting attach ent is being o!!ered titled" 48A 3yth, which discusses !urther details o! a possible origin !or this nu ber being used. :o as it has always been and will continue to be" until what it eans to be a ho ose$ual is de!ined" deter ining the nu ber o! ho ose$uals is not possible. This di!!iculty in -nowing the nu ber o! ho ose$uals carries o#er into how any ho ose$uals will arry with the legali5ation o! sa e,se$ arriage. (lso e!!ecting the nu ber o! ho ose$ual couples arrying include those who will not arry !or a ultitude o! reasons" including those who re!use to arry and those who are unable to eet the 'uali!ications to arry. ( 0ew Gor- Ti es article as a supporting attach ent !or the discussion o! those ho ose$uals who ay re!use to arry is being o!!ered. The article published on 0o#e ber 29" 2008 authored by Ea 1elluc- is titled Gays Bes"ond- CI =o, CI 3ight and CI Wont. To beco e ore aware o! the di#ision a ong ho ose$uals when it co es to ho ose$ual arriage two additional supporting attach ents are being o!!ered. The !irst is in a colu n by 1ruce 2arroll !ro an online gay newspaper" www.so#o.co and is titled" $ !ine mess were in now. +ro an online .ournal the Independent =ay +oru " Aale 2arpenter wrote an article titled Bad $rguments !or Gay 3arriage. ( discussion o! the nature o! ho ose$uality will pro#ide insight to why so e ho ose$uals ay not eet the 'uali!ications to arry. 2 0ature o' +omosexuality &hat does it ean to be a ho ose$ual? ( supporting attach ent is being o!!ered titled" )<o ose$ual or <o ose$uality* that discusses a biological basis !or ho ose$uality. Throughout history what it eans to be ho ose$ual has changed. <o ose$ual historians in nu erous boo-s and articles ha#e atte pted to docu ent this historical change. ( supporting attach ent is being o!!ered titled" )<istorical Eerspecti#e* that discusses !urther details !ro the writings by those ad#ocating !or ho ose$uality. (lso o! strong interest in this discussion o! ho ose$uality is the idea o! a ho ose$ual agenda that is so eti es tal-ed about. This idea o! a ho ose$ual agenda is

discussed in a supporting attach ent being o!!ered titled: )<o ose$ual (genda?*. Though it is di!!icult to understand what it eans to be a ho ose$ual" there is little di!!iculty in understanding the conse'uences o! ho ose$uality. Those best able to spea- o! these conse'uences any o! which are detri ental and negati#e are those in#ol#ed with ho ose$uality the sel#es. :upporting attach ents are being o!!er that are newspaper articles and news brie!s !ro ho ose$ual edia outlets. The (d#ocate proclai s itsel! as an award winning" leading national gay and lesbian news aga5ine. Its online #ersion is www.ad#ocate.co . +our co entaries/articles !ro The (d#ocate.co are being o!!ered as supporting attach ents with the titles being listed here. 1B )Is the badge o! the )se$ual outlaw -illing us?* by Jordan Coth 2B )0e#er again* by =ary C. 2ohan" 6A @(IA: co entaryB 8B )( idli!e <I; crisis* by 6atthew :chuer an @(IA:/<I; co entaryB 4B )%utbrea-* by 7ee 2ondon @:yphilis co entaryB Two newspaper articles rele#ant to the discussion at hand are being o!!ered as supporting attach ents. They are listed here and o!!ered as supporting attach ents. 1B )Cesponse to <I; di#ides gay co unity* by :tuart ?s-ena5i in the :eattle Ti es on Tuesday" January 09" 2004. 2B )The 1east in the 1athhouse* by (ndrew Jacobs in the 0ew Gor- Ti es on January 12" 2004. 0u erous additional supporting attach ents in the !or o! news brie!s !ro The (d#ocate.co are being o!!ered. The dates o! these brie!s date !ro %ctober 80" 2001 to (pril 24" 2004. The sub.ects o! these brie!s are drug use a ong ho ose$uals" unsa!e se$ practices" drug,resistant staph in!ections" rising rates o! syphilis and <I;/(IA:. The lin-s !or these nu erous articles are listed at the end o! this docu ent. &hy are these nu erous news articles being sub itted as supporting attach ents? They are rele#ant to the issue noted by 2hie! Justice 6arshall in the a.ority opinion written in =oodridge #ersus Aepart ent o! Eublic <ealth. ? phasis has been added. )Aue Erocess clai s: rational basis analysis re'uires that statutes -bear. / a real and substantial relation to the !ubli& health, sa'ety, morals, or some other !hase o' the general wel'are The !ollowing in!or ation is presented in respect to the issue addressed by 2hie! Justice 6arshall in the a.ority opinion in =oodridge #ersus Aepart ent o! public <ealth. ( 'uote is gi#en as a heading !or the in!or ation presented. 12rote&ting the wel'are o' &hildren is a !aramount State !oli&y3 The in!or ation presented here is rele#ant and i portant in the discussion o! sa e,se$ arriage. To legally sanction sa e,se$ relationships would continue to nor ali5e and legit ateli5e relationships" which ay include sa e,se$ physical se$ acts" that are detri ental to the indi#iduals in#ol#ed and to our society at large. &hat has been written here is to share in!or ation that should be a part o! an open and honest discussion o! ho ose$uality in light o! the a.ority opinion written in =oodridge #ersus Aepart ent o! Eublic <ealth. Including this in!or ation it could be logically argued that the arriage ban does eet the rational basis test !or either due process or e'ual protection !or protecting the wel!are o! children and pro#iding a stable setting !or child rearing and conser#ing :tate resources. +irst 'uotes ha#e been ta-en !ro the !ollowing website that contains the opinions !ro =oodridge #ersus Aepart ent o! Eublic <ealth. These 'uotes ha#e been ta-en !ro the a.ority opinion written by 2hie! Justice 6arshall. ? phasis has been added. The source !or these 'uotes is the !ollowing web site" www.state. a.us/courts/courtsand.udges/courts/supre e.udicialcourt/goodridge.ht l

Protecting the welfare of children is a paramount State policy. Bestri#ting marriage to o""osite) sex #ou"les, however, #annot "lausibly !urther this "oli#y. D This re!ormulation redresses the "lainti!!s #onstitutional in.ury and !urthers the aim o! marriage to "romote stable, ex#lusive relationshi"s. It advan#es the two legitimate State interests the de"artment has identi!ied- providing a stable setting for child rearing and conserving State resources. Those ad#ocating !or ho ose$uality ha#e written the two boo-s listed below that address ho ose$ual parenting and the li#es o! children with ho ose$ual parents. The titles are accurate descriptions o! the boo-s the sel#es. %ne o! the any things that can be ta-en !ro these children/s stories o! their li#es is the length o! the relationships their parents enter into and the nu ber o! these relationships. %!ten these relationships are short in duration o! ti e and with nu erous partners. These children li#es/ are also representati#e o! ho ose$ual !a ilies and how children beco e apart o! a ho ose$ual !a ily. That is by pre#ious heterose$ual arriages that ha#e been dissol#ed and by wo en who intentionally see- otherhood. This ay be by ha#ing se$ual relations with a ale o!ten a ale who has adopted a ho ose$ual identityI arti!icial inse ination or sel!,inse ination using donated se en. (lso any ho ose$uals are !oster or adopti#e parents. Ca!-in" 7ouise editor. Ai!!erent Eress. Eittsburgh" 1330. others: sons and daughters o! lesbians tal- about their li#es. 2leis

:a!!ron" 7isa. )&hat (bout the 2hildren?* :ons and Aaughters o! 7esbian and =ay Earents Talabout Their 7i#es. 2assell. 7ondon and 0ew Gor-" 1339. %ne #ery i portant idea that di!!ers in heterose$ual arriage and ho ose$ual relationships is that o! !idelity and onoga y. The !or er accepts as nor ati#e the idea o! !idelity and onoga y whereas !or the latter nor ati#e is what is o!ten ter ed )serial onoga y* and )open relationships* in se$ual atters. ?#en those ad#ocating !or legally sanctioning sa e,se$ relationships ac-nowledge so e proble s inherent in such relationships. In any ho ose$ual relationships" that are typically short in duration and ha#e a host o! other proble s" they ha#e sought a solution by rede!ining onoga y. It is now )serial onoga y* !aith!ulness with the current partner. :i ilarly with an atte pt to be !aith!ul to the ne$t partner" and howe#er any partners that !ollow" whate#er the length o! the relationships ay be. &hile so e relationships are )open* that is built into the relationships are pro#isions !or outside se$ual acti#ity with other indi#iduals. The boo-" The 6ale 2ouple by Aa#id E. 6c&hirter and (ndrew 6. 6attison was written to #alidate ho ose$ual ale couples. The authors write about a study o! 159 ale couples in ho ose$ual relationships lasting on a#erage less then 3 years. ?nly seven #ou"les have a totally ex#lusive sexual relationshi", and these men all have been together !or less than !ive years. Stated another way, all #ou"les with a relationshi" lasting more than !ive years have in#or"orated some "rovision !or outside sexual a#tivity in their relationshi"s. @6c&hirter and 6attison" The 6ale 2ouple: <ow Celationships Ae#elop" p.252B 7etita (nne Eeplau and <ortensia ( aro cited !our studies o! lesbian relationships in a !ootnote on page 24> in )Fnderstanding 7esbian Celationships*. The a#erage length o! the lesbians/ current relationships @note the word current" which was used by the authors o! the articleB #aried across the studies. The relationships lasted on a#eraged 1,8 years" 22 onths" 2.5 years" and 1,3 years. @:ource: Eaul" &illia ?d.A" Ja es A. &einrich Eh.A." John 2. 2onsiore- Eh.A." and 6ary ?. <ot#edt Eh.A. <o ose$uality :ocial" Esychological" and 1iological Issues.

3ost resear#hers #on#lude that the reasons !or "romis#uity and relationshi" !ailure are not "rimarily external +e.g. !amily or so#iety "erse#ution, but are !ound to be in the nature o! homosexuality itsel!. ?ne study !ound that o! 9,688 $meri#an @sy#hiatrists surveyed, 58A held the above view. @Aonald 7 +aris" ( Tro.an <orse" p.20B Two ho ose$uals the sel#es agree with these psychiatrists and e$pressed it this way. In short, the gay li!estyle ) i! su#h a #haos #an, a!ter all, legitimately be #alled a li!estyle ) it .ust doesnt wor&- it doesnt serve the two !un#tions !or whi#h all so#ial !ramewor& evolve- to #onstrain "eo"les natural im"ulses to behave badly and to meet their natural needs. While its im"ulse to "rovide an exhaustive analyti# list o! all the root #auses and aggravants o! this !ailure, we #an asservative at least some o! the ma.or #auses. 3any have been disse#ted, above as elements o! the Ten 3isbehaviorsE it only remains to dis#uss the !ailure o! the gay #ommunity to "rovide a viable alternative to the heterosexual !amily. @Jir- and 6adsen" (!ter the 1all <ow ( erica &ill 2on'uer Its +ear and <atred o! the =ay/s in the 30s" p.898B This boo-" (!ter the 1all <ow ( erica &ill 2on'uer Its +ear and <atred o! the =ay/s in the 30s" written by two ho ose$uals was to outline an agenda to gain greater public acceptance o! ho ose$uality. Their idea had its beginnings as noted in the !ollowing 'uote. In February 4211, however, a Dwar #on!eren#eD o! 456 leading gay a#tivists, re"resenting organi%ations !rom a#ross the land, #onvened in Warrenton, Girginia, to establish a !our)"oint agenda !or the gay movement. @Jir- and 6adsen" (!ter the 1all <ow ( erica &ill 2on'uer Its +ear and <atred o! the =ay/s in the 30s" p.192B The strategy adopted at this )war con!erence* was to underta-e in a care!ully calculated public relations ca paign to shi!t the public/s !ocus !ro )ho ose$ual beha#ior* to the idea o! )gay rights.* Fp until that ti e" ho ose$uals atte pted to gain public acceptance based on their beha#ior. Typical was the idea o! )=ay Eride* and the celebration o! being di!!erent based on se$ual beha#ior. 1ut this was success!ul only to the point o! a li ited tolerance o! ho ose$uality by society. %!ten those who opposed ho ose$uality easily re#ersed the s all gains ade by ho ose$ual acti#ists in any instances. (n e$a ple o! this was in +lorida with (nita 1ryant/s :a#e %ur 2hildren ca paign where #oters repealed a Aade 2ounty/s hu an rights ordinance in 13>>. :o at the ti e the idea o! )gay rights* was radical shi!t !ro how any ho ose$uals were atte pting to gain public acceptance. 7egally sanctioning ho ose$ual relationships as )gay arriage* in 2004 in 6( is a logical continuation o! this shi!t to a )gay rights* idea as a eans gaining social acceptance o! ho ose$uality. &hat about children who beco e e bers o! ho ose$ual !a ilies i! ho ose$ual relationships are detri ental to the adults? ( supporting attach ent is being o!!ered titled" )<o ose$ual Earenting 6yth* that addresses this issue o! the children in !a ilies with ho ose$ual parents. ( second supporting attach ent titled" /hild /ustody and Gay =ivor#e addresses legal court proceedings arising !ro ho ose$ual relationships and ho ose$ual !a ilies. ( position state ent by the ( erican 2ollege o! Eediatricians on ho ose$ual parenting is being o!!ered as a supporting attach ent. It is titled )<o ose$ual Earenting: Is It Ti e +or 2hange?* The a.ority opinion written by 2hie! Justice 6arshall in =oodridge #ersus Aepart ent o! Eublic <ealth raised two critical concerns surrounding the issue o! protecting the wel!are o! children and pro#iding a stable setting !or children rearing and conser#ing :tate resources. The in!or ation presented here is to gi#e a ore nor ati#e #iew o! ho ose$ual relationships and the !a ilies o! ho ose$ual parents. This in!or ation has been gathered !ro sources that support and ad#ocate !or ho ose$uality. The in!or ation presented in this docu ent is rele#ant and i portant in the discussion o! sa e,se$ arriage. To legally sanction sa e,se$ relationships would continue to nor ali5e and legit ateli5e relationships" which ay include sa e,se$ physical se$ acts" that are detri ental to the indi#iduals in#ol#ed and to our society at large. &hat has been written in this docu ent is to share in!or ation that should be a part o! an open and honest discussion o! ho ose$uality in light o! the a.ority opinion written in the legal case" =oodridge #ersus Aepart ent o! Eublic <ealth. Including this in!or ation it could be logically argued that the

arriage ban does eet the rational basis test !or either due process or e'ual protection. It is being presented to re#eal a larger picture o! ho ose$ual relationships and ho ose$uality. %ne last supporting attach ent is being o!!ered. It is a bibliography o! o#er 800 boo-s and articles I ha#e read in y research and study o! what it eans to be a ho ose$ual and the nature o! ho ose$uality. Though this is an e$tensi#e list it is not an e$hausti#e list and it continues to grow as the unprecedented historical tolerance o! ho ose$uality by odern western societies is being e$panded to allow !or the co plete nor ali5ation and legiti ateli5ation o! ho ose$uality along with heterose$uality. 4he Advo&ate &om news brie's 1oston syphilis increase ay be lin-ed with eth use en

Arug,resistant syphilis detected a ong gay :yphilis rates continue rising a ong gay en

0.<. health o!!icials concerned about syphilis increase 6innesota syphilis rate continues to cli b Cising national syphilis rate lin-ed to gay en

:yphilis cases on the rise a ong 0ew Jersey gays 6assachusetts launches syphilis pre#ention ca paign !or gay 0ew Gor- syphilis outbrea- continues 7.(. health o!!icials worry about &hite Earty :yphilis cases up a ong gay en in +lorida en

:yphilis cases in Tucson triple since 2000 :yphilis rates cli b in %regon :yphilis cases in 0G2 up 55H in 2002 :yphilis outbrea- a ong 7.(. gay en in 2002 leads to calls !or en en ore testing

:yphilis rate increase lin-ed to gay" bise$ual

F.:. syphilis rate hits all,ti e low" but increases posted a ong gay 6innesota <ealth Aepart ent issues second syphilis warning 0ew Gor- 2ity/s syphilis rate increases 30H 0ew Gor- syphilis cases ore than doubled in 2001 en in 2hicago

:yphilis on the rise a ong gay

:yphilis cases up a ong :.+. gay" bise$ual

en en

Arug,resistant staph in!ection spreading a ong 7.(. gay Arug,resistant staph strain reported a ong :.+. gays

Arug,resistant staph outbrea- spreads to 1oston" &ashington Arug,resistant staph in!ections reported in (tlanta <I;,positi#e en report engaging in unsa!e se$ in public se$ en#iron ents

2A2: (IA: cases rose in 2001 7.(. bathhouses partially bla ed !or rise in <I; <ealth o!!icials: =ay leaders !ailing to curb rises in unprotected se$ 1athhouses and drugs lin-ed with rectal gonorrhea in :an +rancisco http://www.banap.net/spip.php?article13

5hild 5ustody and 6ay $ivor&e

Thursday 9 6ay 2004. 5hild 5ustody and 16ay $ivor&e3 The !ollowing lists o! 4 court cases !ro 4 di!!erent states are so e o! the ost recent cases surrounding the issue o! ho ose$uality. 2hild custody within lesbian relationships is the topic o! the !irst group o! court cases. In sa e,se$ relationships procreation by necessity re'uires the help o! edical procedures that are nor ally not re'uire by heterose$ual relationships. +ollowing the is in!or ation about ;er ont ci#il unions between sa e,se$ partners" and court cases in#ol#ing dissol#ing the outside o! ;er ont. 6aintaining the status 'uo that arriage be de!ined as the union between one an and one wo an which has it basis in both the religion and ci#il do ains has stood the test o! ti e and should continue do so until those ad#ocating change are able to pro#e beyond a reasonable doubt that changing it will not har the society at large. This s all sa ple o! court cases o!ten a gli pse o! what is surely to !ollow and only increase by legally sanctioning sa e,se$ relationships. 5hild 5ustody K /olorado %nly one wo an adopted the child. The two wo en ha#e separated and one o! the wo en is no longer a lesbian. )?$,lesbian couple use court in custody" ho ophobia spat* &ashington Eost @onlineB 0o#e ber 14" 2008

)Get the Aen#er .udge who ordered Ar. 2lar- in (pril to a#oid e$posing her daughter to anything Lthat can be considered ho ophobicL placed no speech restrictions on 6iss 6c7eod. Ar. 2lar- !iled an appeal last onth challenging the .udge/s order" which ca e a!ter 6iss 6c7eod co plained to the court that Ar. 2lar-/s church displayed +ocus on the +a ily and Ero ise Jeepers literature in its !oyer.* )The appeal also challenges the court/s decision to grant 6iss 6c7eod .oint custody. The decision ga#e 6iss 6c7eod Lpsychological parentL status" e#en though she/s unrelated to the child and Ar. 2lar- is the child/s adopti#e other. LThe point is not that this -ind o! thing goes on in di#orce casesI the point is that these two weren/t arried"L 6r. Couse said. LThe trial .udge has s-ipped gay arriage and gone straight to gay di#orce.L* K (ebras&a %ne wo an initially adopted the child" and the !ollowing year both wo en adopted the child while li#ing in Eennsyl#ania. The wo en now separated li#e in 0ebras-a and 6ichigan. ):upre e 2ourt rules lesbian can apply !or child custody* Aet0ews.co June 23" 2002 @Aetroit 0ews onlineB

)( lesbian who legally adopted a child in another state is eligible M !or now M to apply in 0ebras-a !or custody o! that child" the state :upre e 2ourt ruled +riday. The high court ruled in a case in#ol#ing :erenna Cussell" whose partner" Joan 1ridgens" adopted a baby boy in 1339. Cussell and 1ridgens .ointly adopted the boy the ne$t year while li#ing in Eennsyl#ania. The couple has since split. Cussell li#es in 0ebras-a and 1ridgens li#es in 6ichigan with the boy. Cussell as-ed a 0ebras-a court to recogni5e the adoption so she can gain legal custody o! the boy and petition 1ridgens !or child support.* K /ali!ornia The two wo en/s relationship lasted 4 years" and separated when the children were 9 years old. %ne wo an and the children now li#e in 6assachusetts. )?stranged lesbians battle !or custody o! twins 2ourts ust decide i! egg donor should ha#e parental rights* :an +rancisco 2hronicle @onlineB Aece ber 5" 2008 )It/s a Jing :olo on tale with a 21st century twist , two wo en battling in court o#er the sa e children. :cience says both wo en are the biological others o! >,year,old !raternal twins , one pro#ided the eggs" the other carried the girls to ter . (nd the wo en raised the twins as a couple until they bro-e up nearly two years ago. &hile science sees it one way" the courts see it another and so !ar ha#e awarded parental rights and custody solely to the birth other.* 16ay $ivor&e3 K Germont #ivil unions )Iowa .udge causes stir in granting gay di#orce* 1oston =lobe @onlineB 12/18/2008

)Aissol#ing ci#il unions re ains a proble !or couples who do not li#e in ;er ont. The state law allows couples who li#e beyond the state/s borders to tra#el there to be united in a legal ci#il union. 1ut since other states generally ha#e not recogni5ed ci#il unions" they ha#e no pro#ision to legally end the unions. ( a.ority o! the 9"593 ci#il unions per!or ed in ;er ont since it beca e legal three years ago ha#e united couples who don/t li#e in the state. Just 388 o! those unions were granted to ;er onters. :o !ar" 25 o! those couples ha#e dissol#ed their ci#il unions in ;er ont" according to statistics updated yesterday. The unions can only be legally dissol#ed in ;er ont i! one partner has li#ed in the state !or at least a year" and the other partner has li#ed there at least si$ onths.* K Iowa )Iowa .udge grants di#orce to lesbian couple" then lets o#ersight stand* 200.co 2008 Aece ber 12"

)( county .udge appro#ed a di#orce !or a lesbian couple who obtained a ci#il union in ;er ont" saying he didn/t reali5e he was signing a settle ent !or a sa e,se$ couple" but ulti ately decided to let his decision stand.* K 3assa#husetts 6ass. court dissol#es ci#il union" citing 6assachusetts gay 6arch 25" 2004 arriage ruling 1oston =lobe @onlineB

)The case ended the ci#il union o! Aa#id :alucco o! Aan#ers and Eatric- (lldredge" now o! (r-ansas. The two en were granted a ci#il union in ;er ont on 6ay 14" 2002" but separated !our days later and ha#e not li#ed together since. :tephen =lines Jr." :alucco/s attorney" said his client wanted to legally end the relationship to protect his !uture assets and to ensure he could get arried or enter another ci#il union in the !uture.* K /onne#ti#ut, Texas, West Giriginia )=roup !ights gays/ /di#orce/* &ashington Ti es @onlineB Aece ber 19" 2008 )Judges in Te$as and 2onnecticut ha#e re.ected re'uests !or Ldi#orcesL o! ;er ont ci#il unions" but a .udge in &est ;irginia has granted one: NIn 2onnecticut" a trial .udge ruled in 2001 that 2onnecticut had no .urisdiction o#er ci#il unions and could not grant a Ldi#orceL to =len Cosengarten to end his ci#il union with Eeter Aownes. The state appellate court upheld the ruling in 2002. 6r. Cosengarten/s appeal to the state :upre e 2ourt ended with his death in 2002. NIn Te$as this spring" Aistrict Judge To 6ul#aney granted , and then dis issed , a .udg ent to end a ci#il union !or Cussell : ith and John (nthony. Te$as (ttorney =eneral =reg (bbott inter#ened in the case" arguing that ci#il unions were not recogni5ed in Te$as. 6r. : ith subse'uently withdrew his petition.

NIn &est ;irginia" in Aece ber 2002" 6arion 2ounty +a ily 2ourt Judge Aa#id E. 1orn ended the ci#il union o! :herry =u p and 6isty =or an. The decision" which the .udge said was a necessary L.udicial re edy"L was !iled Jan. 8" 2008. It was not appealed.* http://www.banap.net/spip.php?article20

$ue 2ro&ess and 78ual 2rote&tion

Thursday 15 January 2004. ( rational basis !or a due process clai . LbearO P a real and substantial relation to the public health" sa!ety" general wel!are.L orals" or so e other phase o! the

The in!or ation in this paper is rele#ant and i portant in the discussion o! sa e,se$ arriage. To legally sanction sa e,se$ relationships would continue to nor ali5e and legiti i5e relationships" which ay include sa e,se$ physical se$ acts" that are detri ental to the indi#iduals in#ol#ed and to our society at large. &hat has been written here is to share in!or ation that should be apart o! an open and honest discussion o! ho ose$uality in light o! the a.ority opinion written in the legal case" =oodridge #ersus Aepart ent o! Eublic <ealth. Including this in!or ation it could be logically argued that the arriage ban does eet the rational basis test !or either due process or e'ual protection. Included here is in!or ation that has been ta-en !ro se#eral recent 1oston =lobe articles" boo-s and articles written by those ad#ocating !or ho ose$uality. +irst 'uotes ha#e been ta-en !ro the !ollowing website that contains the opinions !ro the =oodridge #s Aepart ent o! Eublic <ealth. These 'uotes ha#e been ta-en !ro the a.ority opinion written by 2hie! 6arshall. ? phasis has been added. www.state. a.us/courts/courtsand.udges/courts/supre e.udicialcourt/goodridge.ht l )?ntry o! .udg ent shall be stayed !or 140 days to per it the 7egislature to ta-e such action as it ay dee appropriate in light o! this opinion.* )Erotecting the wel!are o! children is a para ount :tate policy. Cestricting couples" howe#er" cannot plausibly !urther this policy.* arriage to opposite,se$

L This re!or ulation redresses the plainti!!s/ constitutional in.ury and !urthers the ai o! arriage to pro ote stable" e$clusi#e relationships. It ad#ances the two legiti ate :tate interests the depart ent has identi!ied: pro#iding a stable setting !or child rearing and conser#ing :tate resources.* )+or the reasons we e$plain below" we conclude that the basis test !or either due process or e'ual protection.* arriage ban does not eet the rational

)Aue Erocess clai s: rational basis analysis re'uires that statutes LbearO P a real and substantial relation to the public health" sa!ety" orals" or so e other phase o! the general wel!are.L )?'ual protection challenges: the rational basis test re'uires that Lan i partial law a-er could logically belie#e that the classi!ication would ser#e a legiti ate public purpose that transcends the har to the e bers o! the disad#antaged class.L

Q (!ter the 1all published in 1343 This is a boo- by 6arshall Jir- a 1340 graduate o! <ar#ard Fni#ersity. 2o,author <unter 6adsen is a public,co unications e$pert who has taught on the <ar#ard Fni#ersity !aculty" designed co ercial ad#ertising on 6adison (#enue and helped with the !irst national gay ad#ertising e!!ort" the Eositi#e I ages 2a paign. It is a boo- ad#ocating !or ho ose$uality and a change in the strategy !ro a gay re#olution to a public relations ca paign !or winning greater acceptance o! ho ose$uality in ( erica. )The ca paign we outline in this boo-" though co ple$" depends centrally upon a progra o! unabashed propaganda" !ir ly grounded in long,established principles o! psychology and ad#ertising.* @Jir- and 6adsen" (!ter the 1all <ow ( erica &ill 2on'uer Its +ear and <atred o! the =ay/s in the 30s" p.$$#iB )(!ter the 1all has now detailed a co prehensi#e public relations ca paign that should go a long way toward saniti5ing our #ery unsanitary i age. 1ut we can/t hide !ore#er beneath a coat o! whitewashI we ha#e to step out !ro behind the !aRade e#entually" and unless we/#e ade so e real changes by the ti e we do" people will see that we/re still the sa e old 'ueers. :traights hate gays not .ust !or what their yths and lies say we are" but also !or what we really are" all the s'uea-y,clean edia propaganda in the world won/t sustain a positi#e i age in the long run unless we start scrubbing to a-e oursel#es a little s'ea-ier and cleaner in reality. (nd as it happens" our noses @and other partsB are !ar !ro clean. In one a.or aspect" ( erica/s ho ohaters ha#e" li-e the pro#erbial blind pig" rooted up the tru!!le o! truth: the gay li!estyle , not our se$uality" but our li!estyle , is in the pits. This chapter will tell you what/s wrong with a lot o! gays" why its wrong" and how you can dance the new steps . . . a!ter the ball.* @Jir- and 6adsen" (!ter the 1all <ow ( erica &ill 2on'uer Its +ear and <atred o! the =ay/s in the 30s" p. 2>9,2>>B )This chapter/s purpose" there!ore" is 2onstructi#e 2riticis . &e outline ten categories o! isbeha#ior , things that any gays do" or are that are praised and ideali5ed by the gay leadership as part o! our Sli!estyle /, that can no longer be borne" and !or two reasons: they a-e us loo- bad to straights" and they cause needless su!!ering" lowering the 'uality o! li!e within the gay co unity.* @Jir- and 6adsen" (!ter the 1all <ow ( erica &ill 2on'uer Its +ear and <atred o! the =ay/s in the 30s" p.2>9,2>>B Q 1oston =lobe 11/28/2002 In a 0o#e ber 28" 2008 article" )10 years/ wor- led to historic win in court* written by G#onne (braha gi#es insight and bac-ground in!or ation to the case" =oodridge #ersus Aepart ent o! Eublic <ealth. This court case is about sa e,se$ arriage in 6assachusetts. &hile credit ay be gi#en !or the strong case ade by the lawyers and plainti!!s in this legal suit" they pre#ailed with the :J2. It is in this critical issue o! rede!ining the historical eaning o! arriage that this article re#eals so e disturbing insight into the preparation o! the case by the lawyers and plainti!!s. There is a co parison to the court case that led to ;er ont ci#il unions. %ne i portant consideration is that the plainti!!s in the 6( case are not a )representati#e sa ple* o! the ho ose$ual population. In any so called scienti!ic studies in#ol#ing ho ose$uality" )sa pling* is a co on ethodological !law Is this another atte pt at deliberate deceit and deception by ho ose$uals to in!luence a greater acceptance to ho ose$uality in ( erica? In this paper there are other newspaper articles and boo-s that are cited to gi#e a greater understanding into a ore representati#e sa ple o! ho ose$uals. 1ut

!irst the !ollowing 'uotes ha#e been ta-en !or historic win in court*

this newspaper article" )10 years/ wor- led to

1onauto told the group that 6assachusetts" with the broad protections pro#ided by its constitution and a :upre e Judicial 2ourt steadily e$panding the notion o! !a ily" was the ideal state in which to see- arriage licenses. The case de anded care!ul calculation. The ti ing had to be rightI the plainti!!s had to loo- li-e !riendly ne$t,door,neighborsI the strategy had to be tailored to a#oid a decision li-e ;er ont/s" which stopped short o! arriage. LI was ad"L 1onauto said. LI was thrilled we were still in the ga e" and they had this beauti!ul language in there about the hu anity o! gay people" but I couldn/t belie#e they had done so ething that I thought was a political .udg ent. I had ne#er heard o! segregating the word arriage !ro its rights and protections.L The plainti!!s" who would ser#e as the public !ace o! the lawsuit" were chosen care!ully. They had to be #aried in age" ethnicity" and pro!ession. They had to be well,spo-en" but not too political. They had to be longti e couples who had been !aith!ul to one another. They had to stand up to rigorous cri inal bac-ground chec-s" and to con#ince the lawyers that there were no s-eletons in their closets. &hittling down the legal argu ents too- hundreds o! hours. 1onauto and her colleagues had to !ind a way to a#oid the ;er ont outco e" to win a .udg ent that went all the way M not .ust ci#il unions" but !ull,!ledged arriage. In ;er ont" a a.or part o! the plainti!!s/ case had !ocused on the rights and protections gi#en to arried couples" such as hospital #isitation and ta$ bene!its. That !ocus had le!t roo !or the 7egislature to gi#e gay and lesbian couples so e o! the rights and protections o! arriage" without granting arriage itsel!. To a#oid that in 6assachusetts" =7(A lawyers had to con#ince the court that arriage is ore than the su o! its protections. L&e spent ore ti e in 6assachusetts tal-ing about how arriage is a basic ci#il and hu an right"L 1onauto said. LIt cannot be splintered into state and !ederal protections. &e tal-ed about what arriage is in our culture.L Q 1oston =lobe 11/21/2008 This article !ro the 0o#e ber 21" 2008 1oston =lobe" )Cise in syphilis !ound F:" region* by :tephen : ith reports on the increasing rates o! syphilis a ong ho ose$uals. It repeats the the es !ound in other si ilar articles about syphilis and (IA:. The incidences o! syphilis is !alling in all other groups o! people" but rising in ho ose$uals. This rise in the nu ber o! the cases o! syphilis a ong ho ose$uals re!lects a resu ption o! unsa!e se$ practices and !oreshadows a possible second (IA: epide ic. The !ollowing 'uotes ha#e been ta-en !ro this 1oston =lobe article. The increase in syphilis cases a ong en" specialists said yesterday" re!lect co ple$ changes in se$ual beha#ior and the eans o! eeting se$ual co panions two decades deep into the (IA: epide ic" and they !ear those sa e changes ay !oreshadow a new wa#e o! <I;. 6assachusetts pro#ides a telling snapshot o! the challenges con!ronted by disease specialists.

Q the nu ber o! cases in the state nearly doubled !ro 2001 to 2002" !ro 109 to 13>.

L&e/re tal-ing about s all nu bers still" but nu bers that are going in the wrong direction"L said Ar. (l!red Ae6aria" the state/s director o! co unicable disease control. :till" specialists said" there/s no denying that syphilis has returned to the gay and bise$ual co unities with a !erocity not seen !or ore than 20 years. Today" with the arri#al o! power!ul drug coc-tails" (IA: is .ust as li-ely to be #iewed as a chronic illness that can be controlled. That belie!" in turn" has led to a resu ption o! unsa!e se$ual practices" !ueled by the use o! club drugs such as ecstasy and se$ual liaisons arranged o#er the Internet. Q 1oston =lobe 11/24/2008 In the 0o#e ber 24" 2008 edition o! the 1oston =lobe there was an article about (IA:. )I was In!ected 0eedlessly*" subtitled" )Cis-y 1eha#ior and <I; Increasing ( ong Goung =ay 6en* written by 1ella ?nglish. The article was about a 24 year old <I; positi#e young gay an" 0ate 7ongin who wor-s !or a 1oston nonpro!it health,care agency. In the article he shares his story and the article repeats co on the es !ound a ong ho ose$uals today. The !ollowing is his response to !inding out he was <I; positi#e. 7ongtin was stunned. Ges" he was gay" and yes" he/d had LunprotectedL se$. L:till" it was the last thing I e$pected"L he recalls. LI had not been pro iscuous. &hen you/re 28" you .ust don/t thin- this is going to happen. Gou thin- you/re in#incible. It/s li-e drin-ing and dri#ing: Gou ne#er thinyou/re going to crash the car.L The article also repeats the warnings and concerns about the status o! (IA: today a ong ho ose$uals. (lar ing is the age o! those beco ing <I; positi#e today" so e o! the as young as 18 years old. (IA: is a se$ually trans itted disease. ( generation a!ter the (IA: epide ic cut a de#astating swath through the gay co unity" the nu ber o! gay young en who are newly in!ected with the #irus is alar ing. Aespite 20 years o! warnings about Lunsa!eL se$M and seeing the deadly results o! the plagueM gay en between the ages o! 14 and 24 do not see to be getting the essage. The new !ace o! <I; is not the old !ace. Than-s to the Ldrug coc-tailL that can -eep opportunistic in!ections and !ull,blown (IA: at bay !or years" any people today with <I; are li#ing with it" not dying !ro it. :o the essage recei#ed by a new generation o! gay en is that <I; is .ust another se$ually trans itted diseaseM that" li-e syphilis" it/s treatable" not li!e,threatening. (s a result" ris-y beha#ior is up. (ccording to the 6assachusetts Aepart ent o! Eublic <ealth" 18, to 24,year,olds ade up 4.> percent o! new <I; cases in 6assachusetts in 2002" co pared with 9.1 percent in 1333M an increase o! ore than 40 percent. (nd in a two,year <I; #accine trial conducted in 1oston" doctors !ound the rate o! new in!ection a ong young ales ore than double what they had anticipated.

In the !ollowing 'uotes" 0ate re#eals how he beca e <I; positi#e. ( story that is co any ho ose$uals.

on !or

<e soon settled into what he considered a serious relationship. They were together nine onths but bro-e up in the spring o! 2002. LI started going out and drin-ing a little ore"L says 7ongtin. <e et a an at a bar. (!ter a !ew dates" they had se$. L( couple o! wee-s later" he stopped answering y calls"L says 7ongtin" who is now 24. ( ong his !riends" 7ongtin is -nown as thought!ul and care!ul: <e doesn/t cruise bars or go online loo-ing !or an anony ous hoo-up. L6y pre!erence is a onoga ous relationship"L he says. Ar. Jenneth 6ayer" a edical research director at the +enway 2o unity <ealth 2enter was also inter#iewed in the article. The !ollowing are his co ents about the antiretro#iral drugs used by <I; positi#e indi#iduals. +or the drugs to be e!!ecti#e" they ust be ta-en e#ery day" which any o! his patients !ail to do.

) I! you/re not 35 percent adherent" you are at great ris- !or the #irus beco ing resistant"L he says. Then there are the physiological co plications and the long ter e!!ects o! the drugs. L&e/re concerned about other alignancies and li#er and cardio#ascular disease"L he says. The article also contains co ents about ho ose$uals who are <I; positi#e and se$ually acti#e. oral and ethical no,brainer. LI

To 7ongtin" disclosing one/s <I; status to a se$ual partner is a thin- it/s .ust wrong not to"L he says.

0ot all gay en !eel the sa e way. (t a recent support,group eeting !or young <I;,positi#e en at JCI" two o! the en say they would not tell se$ partnersM e#en though they had been in!ected by en who !ailed to tell the . LGou/re -nown as a /gi!t gi#er/ i! you ha#e it"L says one These last two 'uotes !ro an. LThere is de!initely a stig a.L

the article are in re!erence to the li!e o! 24,year,old 0ate 7ongtin.

(s !or 7ongtin" it has been a year since his diagnosis" a year o! not li#ing dangerously. <is new li!e includes ta-ing his drug coc-tail twice a day and li#ing with the side e!!ects: so e di55iness and #i#id drea s LI choose to continue li#ing Q ?nglish I:E 0ews 12/2/2008 ( news article in the ?nglish #ersion o! the Inter Eress 0ews was written !ro the Eort o! :pain in the 2aribbean. The article was about a speech gi#en by 2ourtney 1artholo ew !or &orld (IA: Aay. 1artholo ew is head o! the 6edical Cesearch +oundation @6C+B and an (IA: researcher. <e did not ad#ocate !or the use o! condo s as part o! a change in beha#ior in his speech. (lso he e$pressed concern about relying on antiretro#iral drugs" !or two reasons" long ter side e!!ects !ro the drugs and increasing nu bers o! <I;,in!ected patients ha#e de#eloped resistance to all the antiretro#iral drugs a#ailable to date. The web address !or Inter Eress 0ews is www.ipsnes.net. The y li!e"L he says. <e pauses. L1ut it/s still a ter inal disease.L

!ollowing 'uotes are ta-en !ro the article. )7i!estyles 6ust 1e 2hanged" :ays (IA: Cesearcher* written by Eeter Cichards and published on Aec. 2" 2008 in the ?nglish IE: 0ews. L0o a ount o! 'uilts" condo s and co e orati#e sta ps on &orld (IA: Aay are going to sta p out this pande ic unless we address the root causes"L said 2ourtney 1artholo ew" head o! the 6edical Cesearch +oundation @6C+B" in a speech here !or &orld (IA: Aay on 6onday. )The #irus/s root causes" according to the researcher" include po#erty" per issi#eness" pro iscuity" prostitution and pornography.* 1artholo ew said that during the early days o! the (IA: pande ic" people were so Lscared that any curbed their pro iscuous li!estylesL. L(!ter a !ew years and particularly with the ad#ent o! antiretro#iral drugs" it is business as usual"L he added. )1ut relying on drugs ight be a ista-e" according to 1artholo ew.

)&hereas these drugs are prolonging the li#es o! any M albeit not all M we do not -now !or how any years one can continue ta-ing the without e#entual long ter and serious to$ic e!!ects.* L6oreo#er" it is not co only -nown that in the best centres o! <I;/(IA: treat ent and care in the Fnited :tates" the stage has now been reached where between 85 and 95 per cent o! <I;, in!ected patients ha#e de#eloped resistance to all the antiretro#iral drugs a#ailable to date"L he added. The !ollowing historical in!or ation has been ta-en !ro boo-s and articles written by those ad#ocating !or ho ose$uality. ( bibliography o! sources is at the end o! this paper. Q )gay ale clone*" )circuit parties* and )(IA:

1eginning in the early 13>0s" and through the !ollowing two decades it was social and cultural e#ents that were pri arily o! historical signi!icance in the continue de#elop ent o! the concept o! the ) odern ho ose$ual*. Three o! the ay be seen in the )gay ale clone*" )circuit parties* and (IA:. (ll three o! these are intertwined together. The gains o! greater social and political acceptance were o!!set by the conse'uences o! beha#ior. (lthough ho ose$uals were achie#ing acceptance by the status as a ho ose$ual" )who one is*" it was the conse'uence o! ho ose$uality" )what one does* that was o! o#erwhel ing larger historical signi!icance. The disease" (IA:" ra#aged the ho ose$ual population and greatly a!!ected the society at large. &hat continues to be generally o#er loo-ed today is that (IA: is pri arily a se$ually trans itted disease" and particularly so with so e o! the se$ual practices that ta-e place in the ho ose$ual li!estyle. There has always been and still continues to be today a inority o! those that ha#e accepted the ho ose$ual identity who bra#ely spea- out that (IA: is a conse'uence o! beha#ior and se$ual practices. They are o#erwhel ing shouted down by a a.ority o! those that ha#e accepted the ho ose$ual li!estyle and who !ail to ta-e personal responsibility. Instead de anding that they be allowed to li#e their li#es as they please and e#en doing those things that ay ha#e deadly conse'uences. There are those ho ose$uals who want to ha#e se$: whene#er they want it" howe#er they want it" and with who e#er they want. ) +ro :tonewall to the !irst (IA: alert was only twel#e short years

. . . (IA: did not appear out o! nowhere. It was a direct result o! the se$ual re#olution" which y generation unleashed with the best intentions" but whose worse e!!ects were to be su!!ered pri arily by gay en. In the &est" despite uch propaganda to the contrary" (IA: is a gay disease and will re ain one !or the !oreseeable !uture.* @Eaglia" ;a ps and Tra ps. p.94B Throughout history the ale ho ose$ual was o!ten based on non,gender con!or ity" that is the e!!e inate ale. (lthough this still continues today" a re.ection o! this stereotyping is seen in the )gay ale clone*. There are two boo-s written by ho ose$uals the sel#es that de!ines this )gay ale clone*. 7i!e %utside is by 6ichelango :ignorileis. <e writes about gay en" asculinity" the )gay ale clone*" and )circuit parties*. 6artin 7e#ine was a sociologist" and uni#ersity pro!essor. The boo-" =ay 6acho" is an edited #ersion o! 7e#ine/s doctoral dissertation. <e died o! (IA: co plications at the age o! 42. )( -ey !actor in the !or ulation and pro ulgation o! the cult o! asculinity that also dis ayed the gay liberationist was that the do inant gender style was now super asculine. It was as i! the 1390s and the counter culture androgyny ne#er occurred. =ay ale culture was still reeling !ro the crisis o! asculinity that had a!!ected ho ose$uals !or decades. =ay en" attracted to the asculine ideas they/d culti#ated in the !urti#e days prior to :tonewall" see ed now institutionali5e and e$aggerate a heterose$ual,inspired" acho loo-. The 13>0s clone was born" and his loo- e$plored on the streets o! rapidly growing gay ghettos in do5ens o! ( erican cities.* @:ignorile" 7i!e %utside" p.51,52B )2lones sy boli5e odern ho ose$uality. &hen the dust o! gay liberation had settled" the doors to the closet were opened" and out popped the clone. Ta-ing a cue !ro o#e ent ideology" clones odeled the sel#es upon traditional asculinity and the sel!,!ul!ill ent ethic. @Gan-elo#itch 1341B (ping blue,collar wor-ers" they butched it up and acted li-e acho en. (ccepting e,generation #alues" they searched !or sel!,!ul!ill ent in anony ous se$" recreational drugs" and hard partying. 6uch to acti#ists/ chagrin" liberation turned the )1oys in the 1and* into doped,up" se$ed,out" 6arlboro en. The clone in any ways was" the anliest o! en. <e had a gy ,de!ined bodyI a!ter hours o! rigorous bodybuilding" his physi'ue rippled with bulging uscles" loo-ing ore li-e co petiti#e body builders than hairdressers or !lorists. <e wore blue,collar garb,!lannel shirts o#er uscle T, shirts" 7e#i 501s o#er wor- boots" bo ber .ac-ets o#er hooded sweatshirts. <e -ept his hair short and had a thic- oustache or closely cropped beard. There was nothing 0ew (ge or hippie about this re!or ed gay liberationist. (nd the clone li#ed the !ast li!e. <e )partied hard"* ta-ing recreational drugs" dancing in discos till dawn" ha#ing hot se$ with strangers.* @7e#ine" =ay 6acho" p.>,4B )2ircuit parties* are uni'ue to the ho ose$ual li!estyle" but are si ilar to other parties called )ra#es* and can be traced bac- to the popularity o! disco usic in the 13>0s. The popularity o! these )circuit parties* has grown tre endously o#er the past 10 years. There is no uni!or de!inition o! a )circuit party*" because these parties continue to e#ol#e. )<owe#er" a circuit party tends to be a ulti,e#ent wee-end that occurs each year at around the sa e ti e and in the sa e town or city and centers on one or ore large" late,night dance e#ents that o!ten ha#e a the e @!or e$a ple" a color such as red" blac- or whiteB.* 6ansergh" 2ol!a$" 6ar-s" Cader" =u5 an" T 1uchbinder" )The 2ircuit Earty 6en/s <ealth :ur#ey: +indings (nd I plications !or =ay and 1ise$ual 6en.* p.358B 1ecause these )circuit parties* are uni'ue to the ho ose$ual li!estyle" it is !ro the ho ose$ual edia itsel! that ost o! the in!or ation about these parties co es !ro . (lthough there has been a study published in the ( erican Journal o! Eublic <ealth" which is 'uoted !ro abo#e. (lso

F:(T%A(G.co published an article" )&orries crash Scircuit parties/" 09/20/2002. The in!or ation that is co ing !ro all sources is stri-ingly si ilar. That is the high pre#alence o! drug use and se$ual acti#ity" including unprotected anal se$. )The circuit,with its .et set )(,7ist* o! well,heeled and uscular gay en, had actually been in e$istence in the pre,(IA: ti e" albeit it was s all and #ery e$clusi#e. It consisted in the late 13>0s into the early 1340s ostly o! a about thousand en who !lew bac- and !orth between 0ew Gorand 7os (ngeles" going !ro the !a ous parties at the +la ingo and the :aint in 0ew Gor- to the ones at the Erobe in 7.(. 1ut in the 1330s the circuit grew to consist o! parties all around the country" indeed around the world,!ro 6ia i to 6ontreal" ;ancou#er to :ydney,with tens o! thousands o! en who regularly attend e#ents. In the early 1330s there were only a hand!ul o! e#entsI by 1339" according to (lan 1rown in %ut and (bout" a gay tra#el newsletter" there were o#er 50 parties a year" roughly one per wee-. Typically these are wee-end,long e#ents" ore a series o! all,night @and dayti eB parties stretching o#er a !ew days" o!ten ta-ing place in resort hotels" each punctuated by al ost uni#ersal drug use a ong attendees.* @:ignorile" 7i!e %utside" p.94,95B (ccording to health o!!icials" Eal :prings" 2( has de#eloped one o! the highest per capita rates o! syphilis in the nation" dri#en ostly by gay and bise$ual en. Eal :prings is where the &hite Earty is held annually in (pril. The 2008 party raised concerned a ong public health o!!icials and so e gay leaders that the e#ent would !eed the spread o! syphilis. )1ut charities , along with public health o!!icials and any gay rights leaders , are increasingly unco !ortable with what has beco e the dar- side o! circuit parties: widespread drug use and rando " unprotected se$ that so e charities say is .ust the type o! beha#ior they discourage.* @)&orries crash Scircuit parties/.* www.usatoday.co /news/nation/2002/09/20/circuit,parties,usat.ht B It is the dra atic increase in the incidences o! syphilis in the past two years by those who ha#e accepted a ho ose$ual li!estyle and a group usually titled 6:6 @ en who ha#e se$ with enB that is alar ing. %nce again it is the ho ose$ual edia that has been e$pressing concern" along with the go#ern ent/s 2enter !or Aisease 2ontrol. The signi!icance o! this increase in syphilis is as an indicator !or the increase in unsa!e se$ practices and precludes a possible dra atic rise in the incidence o! (IA: again. The !ollowing 'uote is !ro the online edition o! the (d#ocate" a gay aga5ine and is !ro a co entary that was published on %ctober 18" 2008. )&e ust (2T FE againU &e ha#e to ta-e to the streets ar ed with our rage and clai our health and dignity. &e need to screa bloody urder" point the !inger o! sha e" and de and action. 1ut this ti e we/re not going to screa at the &hite <ouse or sha e the ;atican or de and action !ro the Aepart ent o! <ealth and <u an :er#ices or the 2enters !or Aisease 2ontrol and pre#ention. This ti e we/re going to screa at oursel#es" sha e oursel#es" de and action !ro oursel#es, nobody but oursel#es.* @)Is the badge o! the )se$ual outlaw* -illing us?* http//www.ad#ocate.co /ht l/stories/300/300Vactup.aspB This alar ing trend surrounding (IA: was also being reported in a 1334 article published in the 0ew ?ngland Journal o! 6edicine. It was on the declining age o! <I; in!ection. +or the years o! 134> to 1331 the a#erage age was less then 25 years. This is also the latter period re!erred in the !ollowing 'uote. )Auring the latter period one o! e#ery !our people newly in!ected with <I; was younger then 22.* @Cosenberg" 1iggar" T =oedert" )Aeclining (ge at <I; In!ection*" p.>43,>30B (ccording to the 0o#e ber 24" 2008 1oston =lobe article" )I was in!ected needlessly* it has !allen to indi#iduals 18 years o! age !or the -eeping o! (IA: statistics.

The three social and cultural e#ents !ro the 13>0/s (IA:" the )gay ale clone*" and )circuit parties* continue to be o! historical signi!icance and increasingly so in the de#elop ent o! the concept o! the ) odern ho ose$ual*. They do so because there is a new generation o! ho ose$ual en" who once again are participating in e#en larger nu bers in this har !ul li!estyle. The current generation o! ho ose$ual en who are participating in this har !ul li!estyle are su!!ering the sa e conse'uences as the pre#ious generation. (nd these conse'uences carry o#er to a!!ect the society at large as it did with the !irst (IA: epide ic a ong ho ose$uals. &hat has been written here is to share in!or ation that should be apart o! an open and honest discussion o! ho ose$uality in light o! the a.ority opinion written in the legal case" =oodridge #ersus Aepart ent o! Eublic <ealth. To legally sanction sa e,se$ relationships would continue to nor ali5e and legit ateli5e relationships that are detri ental to the indi#iduals in#ol#ed and to our society at large. Including this in!or ation it could be logically argued that the arriage ban does eet the rational basis test !or either due process or e'ual protection. www.state. a.us/courts/courtsand.udges/courts/supre e.udicialcourt/goodridge.ht l )?ntry o! .udg ent shall be stayed !or 140 days to per it the 7egislature to ta-e such action as it ay dee appropriate in light o! this opinion.* )Erotecting the wel!are o! children is a para ount :tate policy. Cestricting couples" howe#er" cannot plausibly !urther this policy.* arriage to opposite,se$

L This re!or ulation redresses the plainti!!s/ constitutional in.ury and !urthers the ai o! arriage to pro ote stable" e$clusi#e relationships. It ad#ances the two legiti ate :tate interests the depart ent has identi!ied: pro#iding a stable setting !or child rearing and conser#ing :tate resources.* )+or the reasons we e$plain below" we conclude that the basis test !or either due process or e'ual protection.* arriage ban does not eet the rational

)Aue Erocess clai s: rational basis analysis re'uires that statutes LbearO P a real and substantial relation to the public health" sa!ety" orals" or so e other phase o! the general wel!are.L )?'ual protection challenges: the rational basis test re'uires that Lan i partial law a-er could logically belie#e that the classi!ication would ser#e a legiti ate public purpose that transcends the har to the e bers o! the disad#antaged class.L 1ibilography (braha " G#onne and 1oston =lobe :ta!!. )10 years/ wor- led to historic win in court.* 1oston =lobe. 0o#e ber 28" 2008. ?nglish" 1ella and 1oston =lobe :ta!!. )I &as In!ected 0eedlessly. Cis-y 1eha#ior and <I; Increasing ( ong Goung =ay 6en.* 1oston =lobe. 0o#e ber 4" 2008. Jir-" 6arshall and <unter 6adsen Eh.A. (!ter the 1all <ow ( erica &ill 2on'uer Its +ear and <atred o! the =ay/s in the 30s. Aouble Aay. 0ew Gor-" 1343. 7e#ine" 6artin E. =ay 6acho. 0ew Gor- Fni#ersity Eress. 0ew Gor- and 7ondon" 1334.

6ansergh" =ordon" EhA" =rant 0 2ol!a$" 6A" =ary 6ar-s" EhA" 6elissa Cader" 6E<" Cobert =u5 an" 1(" T :usan 1uchbinder" 6A. )The 2ircuit Earty 6en/s <ealth :ur#ey: +indings (nd I plications !or =ay and 1ise$ual 6en.* ( erican Journal o! Eublic <ealth. June 2001" ;ol. 31" 0o. 9" 358,354. Eaigila" 2a ille. ;a ps T Tra ps. ;intage 1oo-s. 0ew Gor-" 1334. Cichards" Eeter. ) 7i!estyles 6ust 1e 2hange" :ays (IA: Cesearcher.* ?nglish ;ersion o! the Inter Eress 0ews (gency. Aece ber 2" 2008. Cosenberg" E<.A. Ehilip :." Cobert T. 1iggar" 6.A." Ja es T. =oedert" 6.A. )Aeclining (ge at <I; In!ection in the Fnited :tates.* 0ew ?ngland Journal o! 6edicine. 6arch 1>" 1334" ;ol.880" 0o. 11" >43,>30. :ignorile" 6ichelangelo. 7i!e %utside. <arper2ollins Eublishers. 0ew Gor-" 133>. : ith" :tephen. )Cise in syphilis !ound in F:" region. In#estigators !ear new (IA: cases.* 1oston =lobe. 0o#e ber 21" 2008. )Is the badge o! the )se$ual outlaw* -illing us?* http//www.ad#ocate.co /ht l/stories/300/300Vactup.asp )&orries crash Scircuit parties/.* www.usatoday.co /news/nation/2002/09/20/circuit,parties,usat.ht http://www.banap.net/spip.php?article12

Sus!e&t 5lass
:aturday 9 6arch 2004. (s an indi#idual" a ho ose$ual has all o! the rights pro#ided to all indi#iduals in the Fnited :tates. (s couples" ho ose$uals are denied so e rights" which are granted to heterose$ual couples. ( +o$0ews.co " in a partial transcript o! a ):pecial Ceport with 1rit <u e* who was spea-ing to Aouglas J iec" 7aw Ero!essor" Eepperdine Fni#ersity the idea o! a )suspect class* was raised. Ero!essor J iec was also 'uoted" as saying the recent :J2 ruling in the =oodridge #s Aepart ent o! Eublic <ealth is also very mu#h an exam"le o! raw, .udi#ial a#tivism. http://www.!o$news.co /story/0"2388"108528"00.ht l The !ollowing 'uote is written in re!erence to ho ose$uals and their relationship to being a )suspect class*. The reason is that, until now, the Su"reme /ourt has #orre#tly re!rained !rom "utting homosexuals on "ar with ra#ial minorities or women as a #lass o! #iti%ens deserving o! su#h high "rote#tion that any state a#tion dis#riminating against them must survive the /ourts stri#t s#rutiny +as the /ourt #alls them, a Dsus"e#t #lassD,. This is be#ause s#ien#e "roves that homosexuality is not an immutable #hara#teristi# as is ra#e or gender, and be#ause as one o! the most well)!unded "oliti#al lobbies in the nation, homosexuals do not have the "oliti#al "owerlessness so #learly exhibited by $!ri#an)$meri#ans under slavery and segregation. http://www.!rc.org/get.c! ? iWE;08+01

There are !our Indicia o! :uspectedness that can be used to deter ine i! a group is a suspect class" history o! purpose!ul discri ination" political powerlessness" i utable trait" and grossly un!air. In 7awrence #s Te$as" a legal challenge to ho ose$ual sodo y the :upre e 2ourt narrowly ruled that sodo y was a atter o! pri#acy between two consenting adults. This case was not about sa e,se$ arriage" nor did it conclude that ho ose$uals were a )suspect class.* When a grou" !ails to *uali!y as a sus"e#t #lass, whi#h homosexuals have re"eatedly done, they are "rohibited !rom a""ealing to the 7*ual @rote#tion /lause o! the nited States /onstitution, unless they are being de"rived o! D!undamental rights.D Individual homosexuals have all the !undamental rights a##orded to every #iti%en o! the nited States. In#luded as !undamental rights are- the right to vote, the right to interstate travel, the right to "riva#y, and the First $mendment rights o! !ree s"ee#h, !reedom o! the "ress, !reedom o! assembly, !reedom o! "etition, !reedom o! religion, and !reedom !rom the establishment o! religion. http://www.!a ily.org/c!oru /research/papers/a0002394.ht l The !ollowing in!or ation is !ro a web site" )Te$t (ssist !or :uspect 2lasses +lowchart* http://classes.lls.edu/archi#e/ anhei -/114d8/echarts/suspect$.ht +istory o' 2ur!ose'ul $is&rimination Ba#ial or religious minorities may have been given little or no #han#e to su##eed in so#iety. Barriers "reventing !ull "arti#i"ation in#luded limiting edu#ation !or $!ri#an $meri#ans and women +"artially be#ause o! the belie! that neither grou" was #a"able o! learning and were so worthless as human beings as not merit the ex"enditure o! time and e!!ort to edu#ate them, and then "assing laws "rohibiting voting. The dis#rimination in these ty"es o! #ases is intentional and those doing the dis#riminating are doing it !or the "ur"ose o! limiting the grou"s a##ess to and e!!e#t on so#iety in general. The stigma o! in!eriority that has been im"osed on the members o! sus"e#t #lasses by so#iety may be#ome a sel!)!ul!illing "ro"hesy and the grou"s will begin to a##e"t so#ietys view o! them as true and valid, "er"etuating the vi#ious #ir#le o! hel"lessness and so#ial disdain. 2oliti&al 2owerlessness Individuals belonging to the sus"e#t #lasses are either stru#turally or !un#tionally ex#luded !rom the "ro#ess. The history o! "revious dis#rimination, histori#al la#& o! edu#ation, and the entren#hed !eelings that their votes will not #ount, has #reated a situation where minorities and women are relu#tant to vote or run !or o!!i#e. These barriers are very signi!i#ant. $lthough there are many laws that guarantee women and minorities all the rights guaranteed to white men, there are still very !ew women and minorities in high "ositions in the government. Furthermore, it is mu#h more di!!i#ult to mobili%e women or minorities to vote. )mmutable 4rait There is no way to #hange the distinguishing #hara#teristi# that "la#es the individual into the sus"e#t or *uasi)sus"e#t #lass. $nother way to see this is that there is no !ree entry into and egress this grou". This is the di!!eren#e between ra#e or gender whi#h #annot be easily #hanged and a #hara#teristi# li&e wealth, whi#h, at least theoreti#ally, #an be altered +(ote- Wealth is not a sus"e#t #lass unless it is a "roxy !or ra#e, alienage, or another sus"e#t #lass,. -6rossly 9n'air3

Is the dis#rimination or dis"arate e!!e#t o! a !a#ially nondis#riminatory law so egregious as to o!!end #ommon "re#e"ts o! de#en#y. <o ose$ual beha#ior has been tolerated throughout history by ost societies and cultures. 1y any o! those ad#ocating !or ho ose$uality the idea o! a )ho ose$ual* as a distinct indi#idual is a recent in#ention. The )ho ose$ual* seen as a distinct indi#idual is a )social construct* and is historically traced to the 1490s in =er any. There is still no way to identi!y who is a ho ose$ual" odern scienti!ic scrutiny has !ailed to do so. It continues be beha#ior and acts" ho ose$uality which de!ines the indi#idual as a ho ose$ual. There are se#eral national ho ose$ual ad#ocacy groupsI one is the <u an Cights 2a paign. This group was !ounded in 1340 and today has ore then 500"000 e bers according to their web site. They are ( erica/s largest gay and lesbian organi5ation" who lobbies e bers o! 2ongress in &ashington A2" obili5es grassroots action" and atte pts to increase public understanding through inno#ati#e education and co unication strategies. They are currently running a one illion dollar national ad ca paign pro oting sa e,se$ arriage. This year they ha#e o#ed into their new national head'uarters in &ashington A2 on Chode Island street" near our national go#ern ent. This 90"000 s'uare !oot building was purchased and re odeled !or around 25 illion dollars. The !ollowing 'uote is !ro a boo- written by a gay historian.

It isnt at all obvious why a gay rights movement should ever have arisen in the nited States in the !irst "la#e. $nd its "ro!oundly "u%%ling why that movement should have be#ome !ar and away the most "ower!ul su#h "oliti#al !ormation in the world. Same gender sexual a#ts have been #ommon"la#e throughout history and a#ross #ultures. Today, to s"ea& with surety about a matter !or whi#h there is absolutely no statisti#al eviden#e, more adoles#ent male butts are being "enetrated in the $rab world, 'atin $meri#an, (orth $!ri#a and Southeast $sia then in the west. But the notion o! a gay identity rarely a##om"anies su#h sexual a#ts, nor do "oliti#al movements arise to ma&e demands in the name o! that identity. Its still almost entirely in the Western world that the genders o! ones "artner is #onsidered a "rime mar&er o! "ersonality and among Western nations it is the nited States ) a #ountry otherwise #onsidered a bastion o! #onservatism ) that the strongest "oliti#al movement has arisen #entered around that identity. Weve only begun to analy%e why, and to date #an say little more then that #ertain signi!i#ant "re) re*uisites develo"ed in this #ountry, and to some degree everywhere in the western world, that werent "resent, or hadnt a#hieved the ne#essary #riti#al mass, elsewhere. $mong su#h !a#tors were the wea&ening o! the traditional religious lin& between sexuality and "ro#reation +one whi#h had made non)"ro#reative same gender desire an automati# #andidate !or denun#iation as unnatural,. Se#ondly the ra"id urbani%ation and industriali%ation o! the nited States, and the West in general, in nineteen #entury wea&ened the material +and moral, authority o! the nu#lear !amily, and allowed maveri#&s to es#a"e into wel#ome anonymity o! #ity li!e, where they #ould #hoose a "reviously una##e"table li!estyle o! singleness and non#on!ormity without #onstantly worrying about "arental or village busybodies "oun#ing on them. @6artin Auber an. 7e!t %ut. :outh ?nd Eress. 2a bridge" 6(" 2002 p. 414,415.B Justice 6arshall in the 23th !ootnote o! her opinion declares that ho ose$uals are a )class*. Is she i plying here that ho ose$uals are e bers o! a )suspect class*? www.state. a.us/courts/courtsand.udges/courts/supre e.udicialcourt/goodridge.ht l

I! anything, extending #ivil marriage to same)sex #ou"les rein!or#es the im"ortan#e o! marriage to individuals and #ommunities. That same)sex #ou"les are willing to embra#e marriages solemn obligations o! ex#lusivity, mutual su""ort, and #ommitment to one another is a testament to the enduring "la#e o! marriage in our laws and in the human s"irit. HF(92I 92. We are #on#erned only with the withholding o! the bene!its, "rote#tions, and obligations o! #ivil marriage !rom a #ertain #lass o! "ersons !or invalid reasons. ?ur de#ision in no way limits the rights o! individuals to re!use to marry "ersons o! the same sex !or religious or any other reasons. It in no way limits the "ersonal !reedom to disa""rove o!, or to en#ourage others to disa""rove o!, same)sex marriage. ?ur #on#ern, rather, is whether histori#al, #ultural, religious, or other reasons "ermit the State to im"ose limits on "ersonal belie!s #on#erning whom a "erson should marry. The !ollowing 'uotes are ta-en !ro the inority opinion that was written as apart o! the :J2 response !ro the re'uest by the 6( :enate. This re'uest was as-ing the :J2 i! ci#il unions !or sa e,se$ relationships o!!ering all the protections and bene!its o! arriage would satsi!y the ruling !ro =oodridge # Aepart ent o! <ealth. These 'uotes spea- to the issue o! Lsuspect class.L Justice :os an appears to understand that the a.ority is i plying that ho ose$uals are a Lsuspect class.L The Goodridge o"inion em"loyed re"eated analogies to #ases involving !undamental rights and sus"e#t #lassi!i#ations, while ostensibly not ado"ting either "redi#ate !or stri#t s#rutiny. Id. at 062) 0:4 +Sosman, J., dissenting,. Todays answer to the Senates *uestion dis#ards the !ig lea! o! the rational basis test and, relying ex#lusively on the rhetori# rather than the "ur"orted reasoning o! Goodridge, assumes that dis#rimination on the basis o! sexual orientation is "rohibited by our /onstitution as i! sexual orientation were indeed a sus"e#t #lassi!i#ation. HF(:I I! that is the view o! a ma.ority o! the Justi#es, they should identi!y the new test they have a""arently ado"ted !or determining that a #lassi!i#ation ran&s as Dsus"e#tDK other ty"es o! "ersons ma&ing #laims o! a denial o! e*ual "rote#tion will need to &now whether they, too, #an *uali!y as a Dsus"e#tD #lassi!i#ation under that new test and thereby obtain stri#t s#rutiny analysis o! any statute, regulation, or "rogram that uses that #lassi!i#ation. (o analysis o! why sexual orientation should be treated as a sus"e#t #lassi!i#ation was "rovided in Goodridge, and none is "rovided today. >et that is, a""arently, the inter"retation that is now being given to Goodridge. The !ootnote dis#laimer o! any resort to Dsus"e#t #lassi!i#ationD and #orres"onding Dstri#t s#rutinyD analysis, ante at n. 0, rings hollow in light o! the swee"ing text o! todays answer. @6(CT<( 1. :%:6(0" J." %EI0I%0: %+ T<? JF:TI2?: T% T<? :?0(T?. :J2,03198.B This assum"tion is most ex"li#it in the answers invo#ation o! the #on#e"t o! Dse"arate but e*ual,D suggesting that the di!!erent naming o! the statutory s#heme #ontains the same ty"e o! #onstitutional de!e#t as that identi!ied in Brown v. Board o! 7du#., 0L5 .S. L10, L26 +426L,. See ante at. ?! #ourse, that landmar& #ase involved a #lassi!i#ation +and resulting se"aration, based on ra#e, a #lassi!i#ation that is ex"ressly "rohibited by our /onstitution +art. 4 o! the =e#laration o! Bights, as amended by art. 48: o! the $mendments o! the 3assa#husetts /onstitution, and has long been re#ogni%ed as a Dsus"e#tD #lassi!i#ation re*uiring stri#t s#rutiny !or "ur"oses o! e*ual "rote#tion analysis under the Fourteenth $mendment to the nited States /onstitution. See 3#'aughlin v. Florida, 052 .S. 41L, 424)429 +42:L,, #iting Bolling v. Shar"e, 0L5 .S. L25, L22 +426L,, and Morematsu v. nited States, 090 .S. 94L, 94: +42LL,. /lassi!i#ations based on ra#e, and hen#e any se"arate but allegedly e*ual treatment o! the ra#es, Dmust be viewed in light o! the histori#al !a#t that the #entral "ur"ose o! the Fourteenth $mendment was to eliminate ra#ial dis#rimination emanating !rom o!!i#ial sour#es in the States.D 3#'aughlin v. Florida, su"ra at 429. It is that Dhistori#al !a#tD #on#erning the D#entral "ur"oseD o! the Fourteenth $mendment, id., not how Delegantly HitI de#ries the denial o! e*ual "rote#tion o! the laws to any "erson, D ante at n. 0, that sub.e#ts ra#ial #lassi!i#ations to stri#t s#rutiny. ;ere, we have no #onstitutional "rovision that has, as either its D#entralD or even its "eri"heral "ur"ose, the elimination o! dis#rimination based on

sexual orientation. $nd, notwithstanding the Delegant and universal "ronoun#ementsD o! our /onstitution, id., all but a very !ew #lassi!i#ations are reviewed under the mere rational basis test. @+ootnote 9" 6(CT<( 1. :%:6(0" J." %EI0I%0: %+ T<? JF:TI2?: T% T<? :?0(T?. :J2, 03198.B http://www.banap.net/spip.php?article11

:5 ;ear <uest 'or =arriage 78uality A!ril ">, 200?

6onday 1 6ay 2009. :5 ;ear <uest 'or =arriage 78uality. The test o! ti e" history" has not been -ind to those ad#ocating !or sa e,se$/gay arriage. (lthough with the .udiciary" the courts" they ha#e had so e short,ter " !ragile #ictoriesI but in the court o! public opinion there ha#e only signi!icant losses. 1eginning in a 13>1 60 legal challenge to allow sa e,se$/gay couples to arry" the de!inition and eaning o! arriage has not been broadened" but rather it has been narrowed. <istorically the laws about arriage were not gender speci!ic" i.e. using words such as an and wo an or ale and !e ale. 1ut since ho ose$uals/gays ha#e been !iling legal challenges !or the right to arry laws ha#e been changed and constitutions ha#e been a ended. :e#eral states that had !irst used laws to de!ine arriage" a!ter the =oodridge decision in 6assachusetts ha#e re#isited the issue o! arriage a second ti e and a ended their constitutions. 1e!ore the land ar- <awaii 1333 case" beginning in 13>1 in 6innesota there ha#e been 4 legal challenges by ho ose$ual/gay couples in the battle !or the right to arry. 1oth ho ose$ual ale and !e ale couples ha#e been apart o! these legal challenges. The states in which these challenges occurred were in 6innesota 13>1" Jentuc-y 13>8" &ashington 13>4" 2olorado 13>5" %hio 13>5" Eennsyl#ania 1344" 0ew Gor- 1330" and &ashington A.2. 1335. (ll o! these legal challenges !ailed. The !irst success!ul legal challenge !or sa e,se$ arriage <awaii @1333B was a nine,year long court case. In 1338 the <awaii :upre e 2ourt ruled that prohibiting sa e,se$/gay arriage ay #iolate the <awaii 2onstitution/s ban on se$ discri ination. The !ollowing year" 1334" the <awaii 7egislature a ended the state/s arriage law to pro#ide that only arriages between a an and a wo an are #alid. The sa e,se$/gay arriage issue in <awaii was !inally decided in 1334 when the <awaii #oters a ended the <awaii :tate 2onstitution" which allowed the <awaii :tate 7egislature to de!ine arriage as a relationship between one an and one wo an. Then in 1333 the <awaii :upre e 2ourt ruled that the 1334 a end ent rati!ied by the #oters o! <awaii rendered the plainti!!/s argu ent oot" with the result that sa e,se$ arriage re ains illegal in <awaii. (nother success!ul legal challenge was in (las-a @1334B when a trial court ruled that choosing a artial partner is a !unda ental right. That sa e year in 0o#e ber o! 1334 the citi5ens o! (las-a #oted to a end the (las-a 2onstitution re'uiring that all arriages be between a an and a wo an. ( third success!ul challenge was in ;er ont @1333B" although it did not result in sa e, se$/gay arriage. In 1333 the ;er ont :upre e 2ourt ruled that sa e,se$/gay couples are entitled" under the ;er ont 2onstitution" to all o! the protections and bene!its pro#ided through arriage. The 2ourt duc-ed the issue o! whether sa e,se$/gay couples are entitled to a arriage license" instead !ocusing on e'ual rights and bene!its. The result was the ;er ont 7egislature past a law that was signed by the ;er ont =o#ernor creating ci#il unions !or sa e,se$ couples" gi#ing these couples all the rights and bene!its o! arriage under ;er ont law but not arriage.

+our states" 0ew Jersey" 0ew 6e$ico" 0ew Gor-" and Chode Island ha#e no laws or pro#isions in their 2onstitutions pertaining to arriage being de!ined as the relationship between one an and one wo an. In (pril 2005 the 2onnecticut legislature pass a law that was signed by the 2onnecticut =o#ernor. The law allows !or ci#il unions !or sa e,se$/gay couples and de!ines arriage as a relationship between a an and a wo an. 2onnecticut was the !irst state to resol#e the issue o! de!ining arriage without a legal challenge. There is currently a legal challenge by =7((A to o#erturn this 2onnecticut law that grants rights and bene!its through ci#il unions !or sa e,se$/gay couples. 6assachusetts is the only state to allow sa e,se$/gay arriage and it is by .udicial decree. %! the 50 states this lea#es 44 states that by .udicial decree" by laws" or by their constitutions to de!ine arriage as the relationship o! one an and one wo an. 13 states ha#e a ended their constitutions" 18 states since the =oodridge decision. 9 ore states will allow their citi5ens to #ote in 2009 elections. Fnder the !ull !aith and credit clause o! the F.:. 2onstitution" states are generally re'uired to recogni5e and honor the public laws o! other states" unless those laws are contrary to a strong public policy o! that state. 1ut in 1339" 2ongress enacted the Ae!ense o! 6arriage (ct" signed by Eresident 2linton that bars !ederal recognition o! sa e,se$ arriages and allows states to do the sa e. (t least two e$a ples" )second class status* and )o#er 1400 rights and bene!its* are o!ten used as part o! the )deliberate deceit* and )e otional rhetoric* used in the discussion !or sa e,se$/gay arriage. Those ad#ocating !or sa e,se$/gay arriage say ci#il unions !or sa e,se$/gay couples result in a )second class status* !or these couples. &hate#er action a state will ta-e" whether by arriage or ci#il unions !or sa e,se$/gay couples" according to !ederal andate arriage is de!ined as a relationship between one an and one wo an @Ae!ense o! 6arriage (ct" 1339B" thereby !or !ederal recording purposes sa e,se$ couples ha#e )second class status*. This includes but is not li ited to !ederal ta$ codes. There!ore the sa e,se$/gay couples who are ) arried/ in 6assachusetts by .udicial decree ha#e )second class status* by !ederal law. The second e$a ple" )o#er 1400 rights and bene!its"* are the co bined nu ber o! !ederal and state rights and bene!its that accrue !ro arriage. &hate#er action a state will ta-e" whether by arriage or ci#il unions !or sa e,se$/gay couples" according to !ederal andate arriage is de!ined as a relationship between one an and one wo an @Ae!ense o! 6arriage (ct" 1339B" there!ore sa e,se$/gay couples do not 'uali!y !or the 1"184 !ederal rights and bene!its" but only rights and bene!its pro#ided by the state. <ow long has the 6assachusetts legislature been discussing aintaining the status 'uo that is arriage is the relationship between one an and one wo an? ( third proposed 2onstitutional a end ent is be!ore the 6assachusetts legislatureI two ha#e been citi5en/s petition initiati#e. I! there is so uch support !or sa e,se$/gay arriage in the 6assachusetts legislature why has there been no actual discussion o! legislation on the !loors o! the house and senate !or any proposed sa e,se$/gay arriage bill. Those ad#ocating !or change ha#e only been arguing in the )negati#e* against aintaining the status 'uo. &hen will they begin arguing in the )positi#e* !or their position o! changing the de!inition o! arriage to include sa e,se$/gay couples through legislati#e action? The 6assachusetts legislature ay begin to bring the discussion o! arriage to an end by #oting to a!!ir aintaining the status 'uo that arriage is the relationship between one an and one wo an through #oting to pass the proposed the constitution a end ent be!ore the legislature. Then it will be possible !or those ad#ocating and supporting sa e,se$/gay arriage through legislati#e action to bring !orth sa e,se$/gay arriage legislation allowing !or an up or down #ote on gay arriage be!ore a second #ote to send the citi5ens petition initiati#e to the citi5ens o! the 2o onwealth o! 6assachusetts.

http://www.banap.net/spip.php?article>1

4 non,ele&ted =assa&husetts @''i&ials A!ril 24, 200?

6onday 1 6ay 2009. 4 non,ele&ted =assa&husetts o''i&ials are doing what the state legislatures and the citi5ens o! states ha#e done in 44 states. 13 o! the 44 states ha#e allowed @9 ore will allow in 2009 electionsB citi5ens to acti#ely and directly participate in the go#erning their states. This is to de!ine and gi#e eaning to arriage. 6arriage is the relationship between one an and one wo an. 2onsistent in =oodridge" the legal challenge !or sa e,se$/gay arriage beginning in the written decision by :u!!ol- :uperior 2ourt Justice 2onnolly has been the ac-nowledge ent by .udges" both in :uperior 2ourt and the :upre e Judicial 2ourt" @2hie! Justice 6arshallB that the 2onstitution o! the 2o onwealth o! 6assachusetts delegates to the 7egislation" not the .udiciary the authority to regulate arriage. Fpon entering the o!!ice o! a legislator" he or she ta-es an oath o! o!!ice. Ta-ing this oath the legislator is swearing allegiance to the 2o onwealth o! 6assachusetts" agreeing to and supporting the laws and constitution o! the 2o onwealth o! 6assachusetts. &hen the issue o! arriage has arisen in the 6assachusetts legislature the discussion has been to aintain the status 'uo" arriage is the relationship between one an and one wo an. The proposed citi5en/s petition initiati#e currently be!ore the 6assachusetts legislature is to a!!ir and #alidate the status 'uo" arriage is the relationship between one an and one wo an. The #ote that needs to be ta-en is an up or down" yes or no #ote" a!!ir ing and #alidating the status 'uo" arriage is the relationship between one an and one wo an. The burden o! proo! is upon those who propose and ad#ocate !or change. &hen will there be an actual direct discussion on sa e,se$/gay arriage? &hen will those who oppose aintaining the status 'uo" arriage is the relationship between one an and one wo an" propose sa e,se$/gay arriage legislation and allow !or an up or down" yes or no #ote be!ore the entire 6assachusetts legislature? &hy is the discussion o! sa e, se$/gay arriage in the 6assachusetts legislature only being held within the conte$t o! aintaining the status 'uo" arriage is the relationship between one an and one wo an? <ow or what 'uali!ies gays and lesbians to be a inority? This is one o! the argu ents used by those who ad#ocate and support sa e,se$/gay arriage" that is gays and lesbians are a inority. :o by not allowing the to arry is discri ination. The Fnited :ates :upre e 2ourt does not grant ho ose$uals" gays and lesbians )suspect class status.* I see- a!!ir ation and #alidation as a !or er ho ose$ual. +or er ho ose$uals" !or er lesbians" and e$,gays ha#e the sa e societal status as ho ose$uals" gays and lesbians once did. 1ut that too is changing" society is increasingly accepting the identity o! those who ha#e le!t ho ose$uality !or er ho ose$uals" !or er lesbians" and e$, gays. Ao they ha#e status or 'uali!y as a inority? In the acade ic and or scienti!ic literature ho ose$uals" gays and lesbians are re!erred to as )se$ual inorities.* Those groups supporting and ad#ocating !or ho ose$uality identi!y the sel#es with other )se$ual inority* groups using the initials =71T. =ay" 7esbian" 1ise$ual" Transgender. ( ong these groups there are those who identi!y as )'ueer.* In so e sense" being 'ueer is not so uch identi!ying as so ething as it is identi!ying as what so eone is not. :uch negati#e and re!le$i#e identi!ication enables such a disparate group o! indi#iduals to co e under one bannerI yet" it parado$ically pre#ents that group !ro ta-ing unitary

action. @?ngel" The Fn!inished Ce#olution: :ocial 6o#e ent Theory and the =ay and 7esbian 6o#e ent" p.55,59B <o ose$ual" ho ophile" gay" lesbian" 'ueer. Those who choose to sel!,identi!y around one characteristic" sa e,se$ erotic attraction" ha#e used #arious and changing na es to identi!y the sel#es. (nd o#er ti e they ha#e encouraged and allowed other groups to associate with the in an e#er growing and e$panding )big tent.* %ne thing all these groups clai as to ha#ing in co on in#ol#e )se$uality.* DWhen youre very di!!erent, and "eo"le hate you !or it, this is what you do- !irst you get your !oot in the door, by being as similar as "ossibleE then, and only then)when your one little di!!eren#e is a##e"ted)#an you start dragging in your other "e#uliarities, one by one. >ou hammer in the wedge narrow end !irst. $s the saying goes, $llow the #amels nose beneath your tent, and his whole body will soon !ollow. @Jir- and 6adsen" (!ter the 1all: <ow ( erica &ill 2on'uer Its +ear and <atred o! the =ay/s in the 30s" p.149B These two 'uotes @abo#e and belowB are !ro a boo- published in 1343" and the title is a #ery accurate description o! the boo- itsel!. The boo- is written to help gays gain acceptance in society. The conte$t !or the 'uote abo#e is to encourage )!ringe* gay groups @drag 'ueens" leather en" bondage/:6 etc.B to #oluntarily withdraw !ro public appearance at gay parades" arches" and rallies. 1ut at the sa e ti e allowing the to be apart o! public gay li!e in the !uture once a ho ose$ual/s )one little di!!erence* is accepted. :a e,se$/gay arriage !urthers the continuation o! the nor ali5ation and legiti i5ation o! ho ose$uality. (lready we ha#e =71T @gay" lesbian" bise$ual" transgenderB" who/what group is ne$t. The two authors o! this boo- sel!,identi!y the sel#es as gay. 6arshall Jir- graduated !ro <ar#ard Fni#ersity in 1340 and <unter 6adsen is a public,co unications e$pert who has taught on the <ar#ard Fni#ersity !aculty. The 'uote below is about an internal !atal !law in the gay li!estyle itsel!. In short, the gay li!estyle ) i! su#h a #haos #an, a!ter all, legitimately be #alled a li!estyle ) it .ust doesnt wor&- it doesnt serve the two !un#tions !or whi#h all so#ial !ramewor& evolve- to #onstrain "eo"les natural im"ulses to behave badly and to meet their natural needs. While its im"ulse to "rovide an exhaustive analyti# list o! all the root #auses and aggravants o! this !ailure, we #an asservative at least some o! the ma.or #auses. 3any have been disse#ted, above, as elements o! the Ten 3isbehaviorsE it only remains to dis#uss the !ailure o! the gay #ommunity to "rovide a viable alternative to the heterosexual !amily. @Jir- and 6adsen" (!ter the 1all: <ow ( erica &ill 2on'uer Its +ear and <atred o! the =ay/s in the 30s" p.898B http://www.banap.net/spip.php?article>2

5ontroversy and $ivision A!ril "0, 200?

Thursday 18 (pril 2009. 5ontroversy and $ivision The contro#ersy surrounding sa e,se$/gay arriage has not only di#ided our society and our country" but there is e#en di#ision and contro#ersy a ong gays and lesbians the sel#es. This handout is to present details and in!or ation o! the di#ision and contro#ersy a ong gays and lesbians. K 7egal 2hallenge to 6arriage: +ederal 2ourt

%n Tuesday" (pril 4" 2009 in the 3th 2ircuit +ederal (ppeals 2ourt a gay ale couple/s legal challenge to arry under the F.:. 2onstitution was heard. This legal challenge to arry has resulted in a di#ision a ong the leading national gay and lesbian groups. The (ssociated Eress released a story on the newswire ser#ice. The !ollowing 'uotes are !ro an (pril 8" 2009 &ashington Eost.co article" )=ay 6arriage (d#ocates 1attle in 2ourts"* written by Aa#id Jra#ets. @http://www.washingtonpost.co /wp dyn/content/article/2009/04/08/(C2009040800204.ht lB $s gay marriage advo#ates battle through the #ourts !or the legal right to wed, a s"lit has emerged over the best strategy to win. Two gay /ali!ornia men "lan to as& a !ederal a""eals #ourt this wee& to de#lare they have a right to marry under the .S. /onstitution, but heavyweights in the !ight !or same)sex marriage are sitting this one out be#ause they thin& the legal ta#ti# is misguided. 6atthew 2oles" director o! the (27F/s 7esbian and =ay Cights Ero.ect" was 'uoted in the article as saying. We thin&, strategi#ally, bringing a !ederal #laim !or marriage now is not a wise idea,D /oles said. DThe Su"reme /ourt is the #ountrys institutional #ons#ien#e, and i! you lose there, I thin& that sets you ba#&. K )6eet the arriage alcontents*

This is the title o! a :ept. 80" 2005 article !ro a gay newspaper" the 0ew Gor- 1lade. 0ot all gays and lesbians ad#ocate !or arriage. ( ong gays and lesbians there are con!licting ideologies" Sassi ilation/ and )se$ual liberation.* The !ollowing in!or ation is ta-en !ro that article written by Ja es &ithers. @http://www.nyblade.co /2005/3,80/news/national/case.c! B ( transgendered" ale to !e ale" said this about the sa e,se$/gay arriages that too- place in :an +rancisco in 2004. =es"ite all this .oy, 3attilda, also &nown as 3att Bernstein Sy#amore, was utterly de.e#ted. (othing #ould be more de"ressing than the s"e#ta#le o! this gay marriage #harade "layed out on the national lands#a"e and the way in whi#h the gay marriage agenda erases de#ades o! *ueer struggle to ma&e trans!ormative ways o! ma&ing and loving, 3attilda said. We are now so saniti%ed. 1ut so e e#en ore oderate gays and lesbians 'uestion why the gay rights o#e ent at large has beco e so single, inded when it co es to sa e,se$/gay arriage. Two oderates/ #iews were e$pressed in the article. (ew >or& niversity "ro!essor 'isa =uggan wonders when gays and lesbians, as a diverse #ommunity, had a #onversation about the im"ortan#e o! marriage as a right. Its not exa#tly li&e everyone got together and de#ided to ma&e it an issue, =uggan said. There has not been an internal debate about this. Jose"h =eFili""is, #oordinator o! Nueers !or 7#onomi# Justi#e, a##uses gay)rights a#tivists o! not ta&ing the debate to the "eo"le.D

It is not a grass)roots movement, he said. This has by"assed the legislation "ro#ess. The gay movement is using the .udi#ial bran#h. There is no grass)roots su""ort !or it. The !ol& who gay marriage is a number one issue are "rivileged white !ol& o! some !inan#ial means and this is the only de"rivation in their lives, =eFili""is said. $nd they have hi.a#&ed the movement. There are usually two reasons gi#en by those gays and lesbians who oppose arriage. The !irst is that ) arriage* itsel! has proble s. The second is what should alar those who support arriage. That is there are gays and lesbians who wish to under ine arriage itsel!. For those not "art o! the same)sex marriage movement, many "oint out that marriage is ri!e with "roblems that gays and lesbians should be wary o!.D We want to be .ust li&e straight "eo"le, the same "eo"le who were beating us u" and not allowing us to ex"ress ourselves, 3attilda said. We need to thin& bigger than that. We need to #hallenge the systems o! o""ressions and build something more deviant, devious, and devastating. The strategies o! assi ilation and liberation are ai ed at the legiti ati5ation and nor ali5ation o! ho ose$uality" ho ose$ual beha#ior. 1ut it is uch ore than about a speci!ic se$ual beha#ior" ho ose$uality" it is about how society de!ines those essential !actors that gi#e a society eaning and pro#ides !or a healthy society: gender" the !a ily" and co unity. These last 'uotes are by one who sel!,identi!ies as a ho ose$ual. Gay and lesbian identity "oliti#s is, only in "art, about the so#ial status o! sel!)identi!ied homosexuals, it is also about the meaning o! sexuality, gender, the !amily, and even #ommunity in our so#iety. @?sco!!ier" ( erican <o o: 2o unity and Eer#ersity" p. 225B The lesbian and gay #ommunities, however, have #onsiderable ambivalen#e toward the #am"aign !or #iti%enshi", be#ause the outlaw status o! homosexuals is histori#ally signi!i#ant. @?sco!!ier" ( erican <o o: 2o unity and Eer#ersity" p. 225B http://www.banap.net/spip.php?article9>

@ath o' @''i&e A!ril :, 200?

:unday 3 (pril 2009. @ath o' @''i&e nder the /onstitution and 'aws o! the /ommonwealth and o! the nited States every "erson #hosen or a""ointed to any o!!i#e, #ivil or military, under the government o! this /ommonwealth, be!ore he enters on the duties o! his o!!i#e, is re*uired to ta&e and subs#ribe the !ollowing oath or a!!irmation- @2o onwealth o! 6assachusetts the 6anual !or the =eneral 2ourt 133>,1334" pg. 283B. T<? %(T< %+ %++I2? I"VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV" do sole nly swear that I will bear true !aith and allegiance to the 2o onwealth o! 6assachusetts and will support the 2onstitution thereo!. :o help e" =od.

I"VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV" do sole nly swear and a!!ir that I will !aith!ully and i partially discharge and per!or all the duties incu bent on e as VVVVVVVVVVV" according to the best o! y abilities and understanding" agreeably" to the rules and regulations o! the constitution" and the laws o! this 2o onwealth , :o help e =od. 2onsistent in =oodridge" the legal challenge !or sa e,se$/gay arriage beginning in the written decision by :u!!ol- :uperior 2ourt Justice 2onnolly has been the ac-nowledge ent by .udges" both in :uperior 2ourt and the :upre e Judicial 2ourt" that the 2onstitution o! the 2o onwealth o! 6assachusetts delegates to the 7egislation" not the .udiciary the authority to regulate arriage. Justice 2onnolly @? phasis added with bold typeB writes: While this #ourt understands the reasons !or the "lainti!!s re*uest to reverse the /ommonwealths #enturies)old legal tradition o! restri#ting marriage to o""osite)sex #ou"les, their re*uest should be dire#ted to the 'egislature, not the #ourts. Justice 2onnolly @? phasis added with bold typeB writes: This #ourt a#&nowledges the inherent #ontradi#tion that the /ommonwealth allows same)sex #ou"les to establish legal relationshi"s with their #hildren but not with ea#h other. $do"tion o! Tammy, L4: 3ass. 986 +4220,E $do"tion o! Susan, L4: 3ass. 4880 +4220,E 7.(.?. v. '.3.(., L92 3ass. 19L, #ert. =enied, 691 .S. 4886 +4222,. Furthermore, the 'egislature amended the ado"tion laws to allow ado"tion o! #hildren by same)sex #ou"les. See $#ts O Besolves 4222, 0 P 46. The /ommonwealths ele#ted re"resentatives, not #ourts, should resolve this "aradox. See /onnors, L08 3ass at L0 +ex#luding the word s"ouse to ex#lude domesti# "artners,. While this #ourt understands the "lainti!!s e!!orts to be married, they should "ursue their *uest on Bea#on ;ill. 2hie! Justice 6arshall o! the :upre e Judicial 2ourt in the a.ority opinion in =oodridge @? phasis added with bold typeB writes: /ivil marriage is #reated and regulated through exer#ise o! the "oli#e "ower. See /ommonwealth v. Stowell, 012 3ass. 454, 456 +4210, +regulation o! marriage is "ro"erly within the s#o"e o! the "oli#e "ower,. D@oli#e "owerD +now more #ommonly termed the States regulatory authority, is an old)!ashioned term !or the /ommonwealths lawma&ing authority, as bounded by the liberty and e*uality guarantees o! the 3assa#husetts /onstitution and its ex"ress delegation o! "ower !rom the "eo"le to their government. In broad terms, it is the 'egislatures "ower to ena#t rules to regulate #ondu#t, to the extent that su#h laws are Dne#essary to se#ure the health, sa!ety, good order, #om!ort, or general wel!are o! the #ommunityD +#itations omitted,. ?"inion o! the Justi#es, 0L4 3ass. 5:8, 516 +42:8,. HF(49I See /ommonwealth v. $lger, 5 /ush. 60, 16 +4164,. The 3assa#husetts /onstitution a!!irms the dignity and e*uality o! all individuals. It !orbids the #reation o! se#ond)#lass #iti%ens. In rea#hing our #on#lusion we have given !ull de!eren#e to the arguments made by the /ommonwealth. But it has !ailed to identi!y any #onstitutionally ade*uate reason !or denying #ivil marriage to same)sex #ou"les The 7egislature/s 2onstitutional authority to regulate arriage was ac-nowledged by 2hie! Justice 6arshall in the =oodridge decision when in the a.ority opinion she writes @e phasis added with bold typeB: 7ntry o! .udgment shall be stayed !or 418 days to "ermit the 'egislature to ta&e su#h a#tion as it may deem a""ro"riate in light o! this o"inion. +or the third ti e now the 6assachusetts 7egislature is being present with the opportunity to e$cise the powers delegated to it by the 6assachusetts/ 2onstitution" to regulate arriage. Two o! these opportunities ha#e been through a citi5en/s initiati#e petition to a end the 6assachusetts/ 2onstitution. ( ending the 6assachusetts/ 2onstitution would allow the people o! the

2o onwealth o! 6assachusetts to be acti#ely in#ol#ed in the go#erning o! the 2o 6assachusetts.

onwealth o!

In supporting this third opportunity in e$ercising its powers delegated by the 6assachusetts/ 2onstitution to regulate arriage the e bers o! the 6assachusetts 7egislature will be a!!ir ing its support !or the 6assachusetts/s 2onstitution and aintaining the status 'uo that arriage is the relationship between one an and one wo an. Eass a sa e,se$/gay arriage law. :hould there be strong support !or sa e,se$/gay arriage in the 6assachusetts 7egislature by passing a law allowing sa e,se$/gay arriage the 6assachusetts 7egislature will be e$cising the authority to regulate arriage delegated to it by the 6assachusetts/ 2onstitution. (ny discussion o! ) arriage !atigue* ay be #alid" but it is not because o! those who wish to aintain the status 'uo that arriage be the relationship between one an and one wo an. Those ad#ocating !or changing the de!inition o! arriage to include sa e,se$/gay couples ha#e raised the issue. +or the third ti e now the 6assachusetts 7egislature is being present with the opportunity to e$cise the powers delegated to it by the 6assachusetts/ 2onstitution" to regulate arriage. Two ti es it was through a citi5en/s initiati#e petition to a end the 6assachusetts/ 2onstitution" so it is the 6assachusetts/ 7egislature that too ust accept responsibility !or a co plaint o! ) arriage !atigue.* (llowing the citi5ens o! the 2o onwealth o! 6assachusetts to participate in the go#erning o! the 2o onwealth has been clearly e$pressed in the issue o! changing the de!inition o! arriage to include sa e,se$/gay couples. It is perhaps in the best interest !or all to allow the to do so with this third opportunity presented to the 6assachusetts 7egislature to e$ercise the authority delegated to it by the 2onstitution !or the 2o onwealth o! 6assachusetts to regulate arriage. http://www.banap.net/spip.php?article99

Sli!!ery Slo!e (Aune 5, 200?)

6onday 24 (ugust 2009. Sli!!ery Slo!e, A !i&ture is worth a "000 words, A&tions s!eaB louder than words Those ad#ocating !or sa e,se$/gay arriage say the argu ent that gay arriage will lead to ore than two people in a relationship is a slippery slope argu ent. (nd they are right. It is not a slippery slope argu ent because ultiple partnered relationships are ta-ing place now a ong gays" lesbians and ho ose$uals. &ith this paper I a presenting to the o!!ices o! the :enate and <ouse leadership and to the chair en o! the Judiciary 2o ittees" copies o! the current issue" June 9" 2009 o! The (d#ocate. The aga5ine co#er carries the phrase" (ational gay and lesbian newsmaga%ine. The co#er has a picture o! three ale !igurines on top o! a ca-e" and the headline is @olygamy O gay men, =irty laundry or sexual !reedom<, ;ow gay men handle multi"le "artners. The co#er story" Aose gay polyga y wor-? also entions the <1%/s @<o e 1o$ %!!ice tele#ision networ-B show" Big 'ove. The (d#ocate article contains the !ollowing. ;B?s Big 'ove has ignited debate about hetro "olygamy, but "olyamorous relationshi"s are not news to the many gay men with multi"le log)term "artners. The article begins with discussing the relationship between 8 en and a wo an !ro :o er#ille" 6(. The (d#ocate also has an article inter#iewing an out @openly gayB an who is a writer !or the <1% show Big 'ove.

Eolyga y is the word used !or heterose$ual relationships and it used in the conte$t o! en with ultiple wi#es. The word used !or ultiple partnered ho ose$ual relationships is polya ory. ( polya orous relationship is an open ho ose$ual relationship" usually allowing se$ual relationships a ong the ultiple partners in the relationship. %!ten in these ultiple partnered ho ose$ual relationships there is !ull -nowledge and consent to this se$ual relationship by all the partners in#ol#ed. The (d#ocate article writes about !our polya orous relationships and has pictures o! all !our polya orous relationships including the :o er#ille" 6( group. In the discussion o! sa e,se$/gay arriage there are any things that are not o!ten discussed and in any instances there are things" which are not allowed to be discussed. %ne o! these is a tal-ing about !or er ho ose$uals" e$,gays" and !or er lesbians. 1ut society is gaining in its acceptance o! this identity" as !or er ho ose$uals" e$,gays" and !or er lesbians. The 7os (ngeles Ti es printed an article in its :unday 6ay 24" 2009 edition written by sta!! writer :tephanie :i on" 7x)gays See& a Say in S#hools. The article ay be read online" http://www.lati es.co /news/education/la,na, e$gay24 ay24"1"2410142.story?collWla,news,learningTctrac-W1TcsetWtrue The para eters in the discussion o! ho ose$uality are best !ra e this way. %ho one is, a homosexual or %hat one does, homosexuality The support !or the latter is the strongest. 0o one is born a ho ose$ual. (nd thus it is 'uestionable as to why or how do gays" lesbians" and ho ose$uals 'uali!y as a inority. To understand ore about a biological basis !or ho ose$uality #isit www.banap.net" the sections 1eha#ior or 1orn and In#enting the )<o ose$ual.* There you ay read the words o! nu erous gays" lesbians" and ho ose$uals who also agree that it is what one does" ho ose$uality and not who one is" a ho ose$ual. The ost read articles on www.banap.net are in the section" )<o ose$ual 6yths.* Ten )Eercent 6yth"* )=ay Teen :uicide 6yth"* )<o ose$ual Earenting"* and )<o ophobia 6yth.* In these articles you ay read the words o! gays" lesbians" and ho ose$ual ac-nowledging these yths and their origins. In the discussion o! sa e,se$/gay arriage there are any things that are not o!ten discussed and in any instances there are things" which are not allowed to be discussed. The !ollowing in!or ation ay be di!!icult to hear" but the source o! this in!or ation is !ro )<ealth 0ews* stories published in the online #ersion o! The (d#ocate" www.thead#ocate.co . 7egally sanctioning sa e,se$/gay relationships as sa e,se$/gay arriage !urthers the continuation and legiti ati5ation o! ho ose$uality" ho ose$ual beha#ior. 1Cirulent &hlamydia strain s!reads among gay men3 @6ay 19" 2009B Study data "resented at last wee&s (ational ST= @revention /on!eren#e in Ja#&sonville, Fla., show that a rare strain o! #hlamydia #alled 'ym"hogranuloma Genereum +'GG, #ontinues to s"read in the nited States and other wealthy #ountries, but new #ases have been limited almost ex#lusively to sexually a#tive gay men. ;ealth o!!i#ials believe most .S. #ases o! the ST= have been lin&ed with un"rote#ted anal sex. Be#ause the ST= #auses o"en sores and bleeding, health o!!i#ials say 'GG in!e#tion signi!i#antly boosts the ris&s !or ;IG in!e#tion. Rise in U.S. syphilis rates linked almost entirely to gay and bisexual men +3ay 44, 988:,

The overall rate o! sy"hilis diagnoses in#reased in the nited States !rom 4222 to 988L, but the rise is attributed almost ex#lusively to gay and bisexual men, among whom sy"hilis in!e#tions have dramati#ally risen, resear#hers said this wee& at the (ational ST= @revention /on!eren#e in Ja#&sonville, Fla. In!e#tion rates a#tually !ell in most other "o"ulations during that time !rame, in#luding among women, $!ri#an)$meri#ans, and babies born to women in!e#ted with the ST=. /enters !or =isease /ontrol and @revention resear#hers say the rising sy"hilis rates among gay men is "artly !ueled by ;IG #om"la#en#y. They say that be#ause newer anti);IG medi#ations are so e!!e#tive in #ontrolling ;IG disease, more gay men are engaging in un"rote#ted sex be#ause they are less worried about serious #om"li#ations or even death due to $I=S. ! report" #$% infection rate rises among gay men +(ovember 41, 9886, The rate o! newly re"orted ;IG #ases among gay men #limbed about 1A between 9880 and 988L, a##ording to a new government re"ort released Thursday. ;IG diagnoses among men who have sex with men remained roughly stable !rom 9884 to 9880, but #limbed between 9880 and 988L, a##ording to the study by the /enters !or =isease /ontrol and @revention that was based on 9884) 988L data !rom 00 states that have names)based re"orting systems !or ;IG. (ew ;IG diagnoses #limbed among gay men o! all ra#es, a##ording to the study. The rate o! newly re"orted ;IG #ases among $!ri#an)$meri#ans has been dro""ing by about 6A a year sin#e 9884, a##ording to the re"ort. The /=/ !ound that overall diagnoses in the 00 states de#reased slightly, !rom L4,985 #ases in 9884 to 01,:16 in 988L. The rate !ell !rom 99.1 #ases "er 488,888 "eo"le in 9884 to 98.5 "er 488,888 in 988L. The de#line is also lin&ed to a LA de#line in diagnoses among heterosexuals.D http://www.banap.net/spip.php?article44

4he Durden o' 2roo' =ay ", 200?

6onday 1 6ay 2009. 4he burden o' !roo' is upon those ad#ocating and supporting change. &hen will those ad#ocating and supporting changing the de!inition o! arriage to allow sa e,se$/gay to arry put !orth legislation allowing !or an up or down" yes or no #ote by the entire 6assachusetts legislature? &hy is it being said that those who support and !a#or aintaining the status 'uo that arriage is a relationship between one an and one wo an are against arriage e'uality? Those ad#ocating and supporting sa e,se$/gay arriage" not those who support and !a#or aintaining the status 'uo" ha#e raised the issue o! changing the de!inition o! arriage. The #otes ta-en thus !ar ha#e been to aintain the status 'uo that arriage is a relationship between one an and one wo an" not in any change in the de!inition o! arriage to include sa e,se$/gay couples. The best way to resol#e this so !ar endless discussion in changing the de!inition o! arriage to include sa e,se$/gay couples is to ha#e an up or down" yes or no #ote on sa e,se$/gay arriage itsel!. The burden o! proo! is upon those ad#ocating and supporting change to the de!inition o! arriage to allow sa e,se$/gay arriages to put !orth legislation and allow a #ote by the entire 6assachusetts legislature. Those who are ad#ocating and supporting changing the de!inition o! arriage to include sa e, se$/gay couples ust support and de!end their position in a eaning!ul" open" and honest discussion. ( discussion that is !ree !ro the use o! e otional rhetoric" deliberate deceit and deception" and threats and inti idation. Those ad#ocating and supporting ho ose$uality consistently use these tactics. The ost #isited section on www.banap.net is )ho ose$ual yths.* +or ore detailed in!or ation then written below please #isit www.banap.net.

K 10H =ay 6yth 1ruce ;oeller chair an o! the 0ational =ay Tas- +orce in the late 13>0s ta-es credit !or the origination o! the )10H gay yth.* ;oeller writes in his article ):o e Fses and (buses o! the Jinsey :cale* how he ca e up with the 10H nu ber. This article is !ound in the boo-" <o ose$uality/<eterose$uality 2oncepts o! :e$ual %rientation. In a legal brie! !iled in a June 2008 :upre e 2ourt case" 7awrence #s. Te$as" a coalition o! 81 leading pro,ho ose$ual acti#ists groups did not use the 10H !igure !or the nu ber o! ho ose$uals in ( erica. Included in this coalition are so e o! the leading national organi5ations the <u an Cights 2a paignI the 0ational =ay T 7esbian Tas- +orceI Earents" +a ilies T +riends o! 7esbians and =ays @E+7(=BI the =ay T 7esbian (lliance (gainst Ae!a ation @=7((ABI and the Eeople !or the ( erican &ay +oundation. They !iled an a icus curiae brie! @S!riend o! the court/ brie!B with the F.:. :upre e 2ourt in the case o! 7awrence #s. Te$as. The ad ission o! these !igures by these groups in their legal brie! is in star- contrast to what has been historically cited in the popular yth that 10H o! the population is ho ose$ual. K =ay Teen :uicide 6yth The gay teen suicide yth contro#ersy began with a go#ern ent tas- !orce !or ed to gather papers on youth suicide. There were 50 bac-ground papers addressing a #ery broad range o! issues related to youth suicide and suicidal beha#ior. Two o! the papers were by =ibson and <arry addressing the issue o! se$ual orientation. 1oth =ibson/s and <arry/s papers did not present any original research on co pleted suicides and se$ual orientation. (lso it has been noted that these two papers were not sub itted !or the rigorous peer re#iew that is re'uired !or publication ina scienti!ic .ournal. =ibson/s paper was not based on an actual study but rather on a re#iew o! non,probability @non, rando B studies and agency reports o! lesbian and gay adolescents and adults conducted between 13>2 and 1349. There are 'uestions as whether the papers sub itted by =ibson and <arry were accepted by the tas- !orce and included in the !inal reco endations o! the tas- !orce. The )gay teen suicide yth* originated with the paper presented by =ibson. K =ay/<o ose$ual Earenting 6yth While there is a growing body o! so#ial s#ien#e resear#h on gayQlesbian "arenting generally, the body o! resear#h on gayQlesbian)headed !amilies is still *uite small. The "ro!essional literature tends to be "hiloso"hi#al rather than em"iri#al, or !o#uses on areas other than #hild and !amily !un#tioning. There are several small *ualitative studies, but only three larger studies have been !ound to date, and only one s"e#i!i#ally examined #hild !un#tioning. @)?$panding Cesources !or 2hildren: Is (doption by =ays and 7esbians Eart o! the (nswer !or 1oys and =irls &ho 0eed <o es?* by Jeanne <oward and Aa#id 1rod5ins-y.B The abo#e 'uote is ta-en !ro a Eolicy Eerspecti#e paper recently released by the ?#an 1. Aonaldson (doption Institute in 6arch o! 2009. +unding pro#ided !or the institute to underta-e this study was !ro two leading ho ose$ual/gay political ad#ocacy groups" The =ill +oundation and the <u an Cights 2a paign. The paper in its entirety ay be !ound on the adoption institute/s web site" www.adotioinstitute.org. &hy does The ?#an 1. Aonaldson (doption Institute in their Eolicy Eerspecti#e support e$panding gay and lesbian parenting" because in their #iew gay and lesbian parenting is beco ing increasingly acceptable by society? ?#en though the adoption institute ac-nowledges the !laws and li itations within the pro!essional literature and studies o! gay/ho ose$ual parenting. The adoption institute is reco ending that adoption policies and e#en state and !ederal laws be changed.

The burden o! proo! is on those ad#ocating and supporting change. :o !ar those ad#ocating and supporting a change in the de!inition o! arriage ha#e been opposing those who ad#ocate and support aintaining the status 'uo that arriage is a the relationship o! one an and one wo an. They are the only ones who ha#e been see-ing legislati#e action. &hen will those ad#ocating and supporting changing the de!inition o! arriage to allow sa e,se$/gay to arry put !orth legislation allowing !or an up or down" yes or no #ote by the entire 6assachusetts legislature? http://www.banap.net/spip.php?article>8

%hat Legislatures and 2eo!le Are Saying @&tober E, 200?

Tuesday 24 %ctober 2009. %hat Legislatures and !eo!le are saying. The citi5ens o! 18 states ha#e #oted to a end their state 2onstitutions !ollowing the 2004 =oodridge decision in 6assachusetts. =oodridge allows sa e,se$/gay by .udicial decree @4 non,elected o!!icials o! the :upre e Judicial 2ourtB.The citi5ens o! these 18 states ha#e #oted to uphold and aintain the status 'uo that arriage is de!ined as a relationship between one an and one wo an. :i$ additional states will allow their citi5ens to #ote in upco ing 0o#e ber 2009 elections. @(ri5ona" Idaho" :outh 2arolina" :outh Aa-ota" Tennessee" ;irginia" and &isconsinB (ll o! these proposed 2onstitutional a end ents being #oted on by the citi5ens o! these 9 states are e$pected to be success!ully #oted !or appro#al. &ith the success!ul passage o! these 9 proposed 2onstitutional a end ents citi5ens in 25 states will ha#e a ended their state 2onstitutions to uphold and aintain the status 'uo that arriage is de!ined as a relationship between one an and one wo an. Fnder the !ull !aith and credit clause o! the F.:. 2onstitution" states are generally re'uired to recogni5e and honor the public laws o! other states" unless those laws are contrary to a strong public policy o! that state. 1ut in 1339" 2ongress enacted the Ae!ense o! 6arriage (ct" signed by Eresident 2linton that bars !ederal recognition o! sa e,se$ arriages and allows states to do the sa e. %nly 4 states" 0ew Jersey" 0ew 6e$ico" 0ew Gor-" and Chode Island ha#e no laws or pro#isions in their 2onstitutions related speci!ically to arriage being de!ined as the relationship between one an and one wo an. In (pril 2005 the 2onnecticut legislature pass a law that was signed by the 2onnecticut =o#ernor. The law allows !or ci#il unions !or sa e,se$/gay couples and de!ines arriage as a relationship between a an and a wo an. 2onnecticut was the !irst state to resol#e the issue o! de!ining arriage without a legal challenge. This past July @2009B a 2onnecticut .udge upheld a legal challenge to this 2i#il Fnion 7aw. ;er ont is the second state that also allows ci#il unions !or sa e,se$ couples. In a legal challenge !or sa e,se$/gay arriage in 0ew Gor-" the 0ew Gor- 2ourt o! (ppeals" the state/s highest court ruled in July 2009 that a decision on the issue o! arriage should be le!t to the state/s legislature. 6ore recently a!ter a 6assachusetts court ruling allowing Chode Island sa e,se$/gay couples to legally arry in 6assachusetts" the attorney =eneral !or Chode Island announced that the state o! Chode Island would not legally recogni5e these sa e,se$/gay arriages o! Chode Island citi5ens per!or ed in 6assachusetts. 2onsistent in =oodridge" the legal challenge !or sa e,se$/gay arriage beginning in the written decision by :u!!ol- :uperior 2ourt Justice 2onnolly has been the ac-nowledge ent by .udges" both in :uperior 2ourt and the :upre e Judicial 2ourt" that the 2onstitution o! the 2o onwealth o! 6assachusetts delegates to the 7egislation" not the .udiciary the authority to regulate arriage. The proposed constitutional a end ent o! de!ining arriage under discussion by the legislature originated as a citi5ens petition initiati#e. This is the third proposed constitutional a end ent and the second citi5ens petition initiati#e o! de!ining arriage to co e be!ore the legislature. (ll three

o! the ha#e been to aintain the status 'uo" that arriage be de!ined as a relationship between one an and one wo an. These three proposed constitutional a end ents ha#e not been about changing the de!inition o! arriage. This third proposed constitutional a end ent be!ore the legislature is an up or down" yes or no #ote to aintain the status 'uo that arriage be de!ined as a relationship between one an and one wo an. In supporting this third opportunity in e$ercising its powers delegated by the 6assachusetts/ 2onstitution to regulate arriage the e bers o! the 6assachusetts 7egislature will be a!!ir ing its support !or the 6assachusetts/s 2onstitution and aintaining the status 'uo that arriage is the relationship between one an and one wo an. 2ass a same,sex*gay marriage law :hould there be strong support !or sa e,se$/gay arriage in the 6assachusetts 7egislature by passing a law allowing sa e,se$/gay arriage the 6assachusetts 7egislature will be e$cising the authority to regulate arriage delegated to it by the 6assachusetts/ 2onstitution. (ny discussion o! ) arriage !atigue* ay be #alid" but it is not because o! those who wish to aintain the status 'uo that arriage be de!ined as the relationship between one an and one wo an. Those ad#ocating !or changing the de!inition o! arriage to include sa e,se$/gay couples ha#e raised the issue. &hen will those ad#ocating changing the de!inition o! arriage to allow sa e,se$ /gay arriage propose and co plete through the legislati#e process legislation !or sa e, se$ /gay arriage? +or the third ti e now the 6assachusetts 7egislature is being present with the opportunity to e$cise the powers delegated to it by the 6assachusetts/ 2onstitution" to regulate arriage. Two ti es it was through a citi5en/s initiati#e petition to a end the 6assachusetts/ 2onstitution" so it is the 6assachusetts/ 7egislature that too ust accept responsibility !or any co plaint o! ) arriage !atigue.* ( success!ul yes #ote on this proposed constitutional a end ent to aintain the status 'uo that arriage be de!ined as a relationship between one an and one wo an in two consecuti#e legislation sessions through constitutional con#entions o! the legislature will allow the citi5ens o! the 2o onwealth o! 6assachusetts to #ote in 2004 election. Aoing so" will allow the citi5ens o! the 2o onwealth o! 6assachusetts to acti#ely participate in the go#erning o! the 2o onwealth o! 6assachusetts" a -ey part o! the de ocratic process o! go#erning. (llowing the citi5ens o! the 2o onwealth o! 6assachusetts to participate in the go#erning o! the 2o onwealth has been clearly e$pressed in the issue o! changing the de!inition o! arriage to include sa e,se$/gay couples. It is perhaps in the best interest !or all to allow the to do so with this third opportunity presented to the 6assachusetts 7egislature to e$ercise the authority delegated to it by the 2onstitution !or the 2o onwealth o! 6assachusetts to regulate arriage. http://www.banap.net/spip.php?article32

%hat @ther 6ays and Lesbians Are Saying @&tober 2:, 200?
Tuesday 24 %ctober 2009. %hat other gays and lesbians are saying 0ot all gays and lesbians ad#ocate !or and support sa e,se$/gay arriage. (!ter a resounding de!eat in > court cases @state and !ederalB in July 2009 a coalition o! 250 authors" acti#ists" intellectuals" and celebrities released a a.or state ent. Beyond Same)sex 3arriage- $ (ew Strategi# Gision !or $ll o! Families and Belationshi"s. This state ent ay read on the internet at http://www.beyond arriage.org/.

In $"ril 988: a diverse grou" o! nearly twenty 'GBT and *ueer a#tivists ) some organi%ers, some s#holars and edu#ators, some !unders, some writers and #ultural wor&ers ) #ame together to dis#uss marriage and !amily "oliti#s as they exist in the nited States today.@www.beyond arriage.orgB (n editorial response to the release o! this a.or state ent" )1eyond :a e,se$ 6arriage: ( 0ew :trategic ;ision !or (ll o! +a ilies and Celationships* ay be read online at http://www.washblade.co /2009/3,1/#iew/colu ns/gannon.c! . The author o! this editorial response is an editor !or the &indow 6edia 772 Eublications 2o pany. This is a leading publisher !or gay and lesbian publications nationwide" :outhern ;oice @(tlantaB" <ouston ;oice @<oustonB" ?$press gay news @southern +loridaB" The 0ew Gor- 1lade @0ew Gor-B and The &ashington 1lade @&ashingtonB. The title o! Je!! =annon/s editorial is Gay 3arriage is a lost #ause. Gay a#tivists !ailed strategy has "ut same)sex marriage out o! rea#h !or a long time to #ome. The !ollowing two 'uotes are !ro his article. Gay leaders demoni%ed o""onents o! same)sex marriage as hate!ul bigots and homo"hobes, #om"letely ignoring the religious and so#ial motivations behind the o""osition. The reality is that marriage as the union o! one man and one woman is our most basi# so#ial institution and dee"ly rooted in our #ulture. DInstead o! waging e!!orts to #hange hearts and minds, gay movement leaders have tried to bludgeon o""onents and "ursued a strategy where a very small minority would im"ose its will on a vast ma.ority through .udi#ial !iat. 3eet the marriage mal#ontents This is the title o! a :ept. 80" 2005 article !ro a gay newspaper" the 0ew Gor- 1lade. 0ot all gays and lesbians ad#ocate !or an support sa e,se$/gay arriage. The !ollowing in!or ation is ta-en !ro that article written by Ja es &ithers. http://www.nyblade.co /2005/3, 80/news/national/case.c! ( transgendered" ale to !e ale" said this about the sa e,se$/gay +rancisco in 2004. arriages that too- place in :an

=es"ite all this .oy, 3attilda, also &nown as 3att Bernstein Sy#amore, was utterly de.e#ted. (othing #ould be more de"ressing than the s"e#ta#le o! this gay marriage #harade "layed out on the national lands#a"e and the way in whi#h the gay marriage agenda erases de#ades o! *ueer struggle to ma&e trans!ormative ways o! ma&ing and loving, 3attilda said. We are now so saniti%ed. 1ut so e e#en ore oderate gays and lesbians 'uestion why the gay rights o#e ent at large has beco e so single, inded when it co es to sa e,se$/gay arriage. 1elow are two oderates/ #iews that were e$pressed in the article. )0ew Gor- Fni#ersity pro!essor 7isa Auggan wonders when gays and lesbians" as a di#erse co unity" had a con#ersation about the i portance o! arriage as a right. Its not exa#tly li&e everyone got together and de#ided to ma&e it an issue, =uggan said. There has not been an internal debate about this.

Jose"h =eFili""is, #oordinator o! Nueers !or 7#onomi# Justi#e, a##uses gay)rights a#tivists o! not ta&ing the debate to the "eo"le. It is not a grass)roots movement, he said. This has by"assed the legislation "ro#ess. The gay movement is using the .udi#ial bran#h. There is no grass)roots su""ort !or it. The !ol& who gay marriage is a number one issue are "rivileged white !ol& o! some !inan#ial means and this is the only de"rivation in their lives, =eFili""is said. $nd they have hi.a#&ed the movement. There are usually two reasons gi#en by those gays and lesbians who oppose arriage. The !irst is that ) arriage* itsel! has proble s. The second is what should alar those who support arriage. That is there are gays and lesbians who wish to under ine arriage and !a ily itsel!. )+or those not part o! the sa e,se$ arriage o#e ent" proble s that gays and lesbians should be wary o!.L any point out that arriage is ri!e with

We want to be .ust li&e straight "eo"le, the same "eo"le who were beating us u" and not allowing us to ex"ress ourselves, 3attilda said. We need to thin& bigger than that. We need to #hallenge the systems o! o""ressions and build something more deviant, devious, and devastating. This last 'uote is !ro a boo-" whose both authors sel!,identi!y as gay and the title is an accurate description o! its contents. In short, the gay li!estyle ) i! su#h a #haos #an, a!ter all, legitimately be #alled a li!estyle ) it .ust doesnt wor&- it doesnt serve the two !un#tions !or whi#h all so#ial !ramewor& evolve- to #onstrain "eo"les natural im"ulses to behave badly and to meet their natural needs. While its im"ossible to "rovide an exhaustive analyti# list o! all the root #auses and aggravants o! this !ailure, we #an asservate at least some o! the ma.or #auses. 3any have been disse#ted, above, as elements o! the Ten 3isbehaviorsE it only remains to dis#uss the !ailure o! the gay #ommunity to "rovide a viable alternative to the heterosexual !amily. @Jir- and 6adsen" (!ter the 1all: <ow ( erica &ill 2on'uer Its +ear and <atred o! the =ay/s in the 30s" p.898B http://www.banap.net/spip.php?article38

%hat the 5ourts Are Saying @&tober 2, 200?

&ednesday 4 %ctober 2009. %hat the 5ourts are Saying This past July those ad#ocating !or sa e,se$ arriage recei#ed a strong de!eat to their call !or arriage e'uality. In se#en states and in both !ederal and state courts rulings were handed down re.ecting legal challenges !or sa e,se$ arriage. 2ourts !ound no )!unda ental right* !or sa e se$, arriage and ore i portantly the highest courts in two states !ound co pelling and legiti ate state interest !or li iting arriage to one an and one wo an. ( +ederal (ppeals 2ourt ruled that there is no #iolation o! the +ederal 2onstitution by li iting arriage to one an and one wo an. 0ew ;orB %n July 9" 2009 the 0ew Gor- 2ourt o! (ppeals" the state/s highest court ruled that a decision on the issue o! arriage should be le!t to the state/s legislature. )6arriage is not erely a Sco it ent/ between consenting adults" nor is it a !inancial syste designed to pro#ide bene!its to Slo#ing/ couples"* It unites en and wo en in stable li!elong relationships so that children will be

raised by their others and their !athers as o!ten as possible. +or this reason alone" the state has a legiti ate" indeed a co pelling" interest in supporting arriage between one an and one wo an.* 6eorgia %n July 9" 2009 a =eorgia <igh 2ourt ruled unani ously @5,0B re#ersing a lower court ruling" and reinstates the state constitutional a end ent passed by the >>H o! the citi5ens o! =eorgia #oting in a 2004 election. The <igh 2ourt o#erturned a trial .udge/s ruling that threw out the state constitutional a end ent on a technicality and ruled that it does not #iolate the Lsingle, sub.ectL rule. 5onne&ti&ut %n July 12" 2009 a 2onnecticut .udge ruled that banning sa e,se$ arriage does not #iolate sa e,se$ couples/ constitutional rights because the state/s new ci#il union law pro#ides si ilar protections. 2onnecticut was the !irst state to resol#e the issue o! sa e,se$ arriage without a legal challenge. This law was passed in (pril 2005 and was i ediately challenged in court by those ad#ocating !or sa e,se$ arriage. The lower court .udge ruled that the 2onnecticut 2onstitution does not re'uire that sa e,se$ couples be granted L arriageL when the legislature has already granted the the bene!its o! arriage by enacting Lci#il unions.L 4ennessee %n July 14" 2009 the Tennessee :upre e 2ourt re.ected the (27F/s argu ent that the state/s proposed arriage a end ent had not been published !or the public in a ti ely anner. This court ruling allows the citi5ens o! Tennessee to #ote in a 0o#e ber 2009 election on a proposed constitutional arriage a end ent. 0ebrasBa %n July 14" 2009 the 4th F.:. 2ircuit 2ourt o! (ppeals o#erturns a +ederal Aistrict 2ourt/s decision and reinstates 0ebras-a/s constitutional a end ent on arriage passed by the >0H o! the citi5ens o! 0ebras-a #oting in a 2000 election. The !ederal appeals court !ound no !ederal L!unda ental rightL to sa e,se$ arriage e$ists and that the F.:. :upre e 2ourt has indeed ruled on the atter. The court concluded that 0ebras-a/s laws )li iting the state,recogni5ed institution o! arriage to heterose$ual couples are rationally related to legiti ate state interests and there!ore do not #iolate the 2onstitution o! the Fnited :tates.* %ashington %n July 24" 2009 the &ashington :tate :upre e 2ourt ruled that the state 2onstitution does not guarantee sa e,se$ couples e'ual access to the rights and pri#ileges o! arriage. The decision re#erses two lower courts. The highest &ashington :tate court ruled that the legislature has a rational basis !or li iting arriage to opposite,se$ couples and courts ust de!er to that .udg ent. In their opinion the .ustices stated" )the plainti!!s ha#e not established that as o! today se$ual orientation is a suspect classi!ication or that a person has a !unda ental right to a sa e,se$ arriage.* =assa&husetts %n July 10" 2009 the 6assachusetts :upre e Judicial 2ourt ruled unani ously that a proposed state constitutional a end ent to de!ine arriage as the union o! a an and a wo an can be considered by the legislature and does not #iolate a ban on a end ents intended to Lo#erturn .udicial decisions. The current proposed constitutional a end ent is a citi5ens/ petition initiati#e signed by 190"000 citi5ens o! the 2o onwealth o! 6assachusetts. The court ruled that the initiati#e does not #iolate the state constitutional prohibition on i proper use o! the initiati#e process to inter#ene in a court case to re#erse the #erdict. The legal challenge was based on (rticle 44 o! the 2onstitution !or the 2o onwealth o! 6assachusetts. The proposed constitutional a end ent o! de!ining arriage under discussion by the legislature originated as a citi5ens petition initiati#e. This is the third proposed constitutional a end ent and the second citi5ens petition initiati#e o! de!ining arriage to co e be!ore the legislature. (ll three o! the ha#e been to aintain the status 'uo" that arriage be de!ined as a relationship between one an and one wo an. These three proposed constitutional a end ents ha#e not been about

changing the de!inition o! arriage. This third proposed constitutional a end ent be!ore the legislature is an up or down" yes or no #ote to aintain the status 'uo that arriage be de!ined as a relationship between one an and one wo an. &hen will those ad#ocating changing the de!inition o! arriage to allow sa e,se$ @gayB arriage propose and co plete through the legislati#e process legislation !or sa e,se$ @gayB arriage? ( success!ul yes #ote on this proposed constitutional a end ent to aintain the status 'uo that arriage be de!ined as a relationship between one an and one wo an in two consecuti#e legislation sessions through constitutional con#entions o! the legislature will allow the citi5ens o! the 2o onwealth o! 6assachusetts to #ote in 2004 election. Aoing so" will allow the citi5ens o! the 2o onwealth o! 6assachusetts to acti#ely participate in the go#erning o! the 2o onwealth o! 6assachusetts" a -ey part o! the de ocratic process o! go#erning. The citi5ens o! the 2o onwealth o! 6assachusetts ha#e #oiced a desire to acti#ely participate in aintaining the status 'uo o! de!ining arriage as a relationship between one an and one wo an by proposing two citi5ens petition initiati#es as constitutional a end ents to the legislature o! the 2o onwealth o! 6assachusetts. http://www.banap.net/spip.php?article31

Assimilation or Liberation (A!ril "E, 2005)

Thursday 5 6ay 2005. Assimilation or Liberation( <ow ho ose$uals interact and relate to the society and culture at large has been a 'uestion that ho ose$uals ha#e been arguing since the early 1350s. (nd they still cannot agree a ong the sel#es. 1ut as long as there continues to be the assi ilation o! ho ose$uality into our society and culture there will also be liberation. :o what is se$ual liberation !or the ho ose$uals? (nd is it so ething that is good and bene!icial !or our culture and society? For many homosexuals, gay liberation ) and what it means to be gay ) was inextri#ably lin&ed to sexual !reedom. The right to have sex anytime, anywhere, and with anybody they #hoose was, !or them, inalienable. @(ndriote" ;ictory Ae!erred: <ow (IA: 2hanged =ay 7i!e in ( erica" p.>8B In the 42:8s and 4258s, the gay and lesbian movement had "ursued many goals ) the right to be o"en about sexual orientation and the right to be e*ual in the eyes o! religious bodies and the law. But one o! its earliest and most basi# ob.e#tives, es"e#ially !or gay men, was sexual !reedom- the right to have sexual lives that were untrammeled by the #onventions and limits o! so#ial norms. @(llen" The &ages o! :in: :e$ and Aisease" East and Eresent" p. 125B 0ot all ho ose$uals ad#ocate and support sa e,se$ arriage. :a e,se$ arriage is one o! se#eral ways o! assi ilating ho ose$uals and ho ose$uality into our culture and society. The legally sanctioning o! ho ose$ual relationships as arriage in our culture and society will result in the continual nor ali5ation and legiti i5ation o! ho ose$uality" ho ose$ual beha#ior. &ith this assi ilation o! ho ose$uality also co es se$ual liberation. +omosexuality, what one does, or who one is, a homosexual. The case is strongest !or the !or er. This is perhaps the ost i portant thing when discussing sa e,se$ arriage. There!ore it is ho ose$uality" ho ose$ual beha#ior and not ho ose$ual relationships that are being legally sanction with sa e,se$ arriage. The !ollowing three 'uotes are by indi#iduals who sel!,identi!y as ho ose$ual. 6artin Auber an and John A/? ilio are uni#ersity pro!essors" o! the authors 6arshall Jir- and <unter 6adsen Eh.A." one graduated !ro <ar#ard Fni#ersity @Jir-" 1340B and the other was a pro!essor at

<ar#ard Fni#ersity. 6ay it be concluded !ro their 'uotes that they too agree with the !ollowing? That is: +omosexuality is what one does, and not who one is, a homosexual. It isnt at all obvious why a gay rights movement should ever have arisen in the nited States in the !irst "la#e. $nd its "ro!oundly "u%%ling why that movement should have be#ome !ar and away the most "ower!ul su#h "oliti#al !ormation in the world. Same gender sexual a#ts have been #ommon"la#e throughout history and a#ross #ultures. Today, to s"ea& with surety about a matter !or whi#h there is absolutely no statisti#al eviden#e, more adoles#ent male butts are being "enetrated in the $rab world, 'atin $meri#an, (orth $!ri#a and Southeast $sia then in the west. But the notion o! a gay identity rarely a##om"anies su#h sexual a#ts, nor do "oliti#al movements arise to ma&e demands in the name o! that identity. Its still almost entirely in the Western world that the genders o! ones "artner is #onsidered a "rime mar&er o! "ersonality, and among Western nations it is the nited States ) a #ountry otherwise #onsidered a bastion o! #onservatism ) that the strongest "oliti#al movement has arisen #entered around that identity. Weve only begun to analy%e why, and to date #an say little more then that #ertain signi!i#ant "re) re*uisites develo"ed in this #ountry, and to some degree everywhere in the western world, that werent "resent, or hadnt a#hieved the ne#essary #riti#al mass, elsewhere. $mong su#h !a#tors were the wea&ening o! the traditional religious lin& between sexuality and "ro#reation +one whi#h had made non)"ro#reative same gender desire an automati# #andidate !or denun#iation as unnatural,. Se#ondly, the ra"id urbani%ation and industriali%ation o! the nited States, and the West in general, in the nineteen #entury wea&ened the material +and moral, authority o! the nu#lear !amily, and allowed maveri#&s to es#a"e into wel#ome anonymity o! #ity li!e, where they #ould #hoose a "reviously una##e"table li!estyle o! singleness and non#on!ormity without #onstantly worrying about "arental or village busybodies "oun#ing on them. @Auber an" 7e!t %ut" 414,415.B I have argued that lesbian and gay identity and #ommunities are histori#ally #reated, the result o! a "ro#ess o! #a"italist develo"ment that has s"anned many generations. $ #orollary o! this argument is that we are not a !ixed so#ial minority #om"osed !or all time o! a #ertain "er#entage o! the "o"ulation. There are more o! us than one hundred years ago, more o! us than !orty years ago. $nd there may very well be more gay men and lesbians in the !uture. /laims made by gays and nongays that sexual orientation is !ixed at an early age, that large numbers o! visible gay men and lesbians in so#iety, the media, and s#hools will have no in!luen#e on the sexual identities o! the young, are wrong. /a"italism has #reated the material #onditions !or homosexual desire to ex"ress itsel! as a #entral #om"onent o! some individuals livesE now, our "oliti#al movements are #hanging #ons#iousness, #reating the ideologi#al #onditions that ma&e it easier !or "eo"le to ma&e that #hoi#e. @A/? ilio" )2apitalis and =ay Identity" p. 4>8,4>4 in The 7esbian and =ay :tudies Ceader by <enry (belo#e" 6ichele (ine 1arale and Aa#id 6. <alperinB In short, the gay li!estyle ) i! su#h a #haos #an, a!ter all, legitimately be #alled a li!estyle ) it .ust doesnt wor&- it doesnt serve the two !un#tions !or whi#h all so#ial !ramewor& evolve- to #onstrain "eo"les natural im"ulses to behave badly and to meet their natural needs. While its im"ossible to "rovide an exhaustive analyti# list o! all the root #auses and aggravants o! this !ailure, we #an asseverate at least some o! the ma.or #auses. 3any have been disse#ted, above, as elements o! the Ten 3isbehaviorsE it only remains to dis#uss the !ailure o! the gay #ommunity to "rovide a viable alternative to the heterosexual !amily. @Jir- and 6adsen" (!ter the 1all: <ow ( erica &ill 2on'uer Its +ear and <atred o! the =ay/s in the 30s" p.898B http://www.banap.net/spip.php?article41

Dehavior and 0ot a 2erson (=ay "", 2005)

&ednesday 11 6ay 2005. www bana! net (behavior and not a !erson)F This is a web site by 7arry <ouston. :o e o! y writings on ho ose$uality and society are presented here. The sub.ect o! ho ose$uality is personal to e. Fp until about ten years ago I belie#ed I was a ho ose$ual. The a.ority o! the in!or ation presented here is !ro the boo-s and articles written and published by those ad#ocating !or ho ose$uality and ho ose$uals the sel#es. Included on this website is y story" that also includes discri ination I !aced at <ar#ard Fni#ersity !or being )e$,gay*. 1ut I choose to sel!,identi!y ysel! as a !or er ho ose$ual. I a e ployed at <ar#ard Fni#ersity in <ar#ard Fni#ersity Aining :er#ices coo-ing in the !resh an,dining hall" (nnenberg <all. 6ost o! the in!or ation I ha#e presented here co es !ro <ar#ard Fni#ersity 7ibraries. I ha#e uch ore in!or ation on ho ose$uality that I hope to present in the !uture as a boo-. %hat one does, homosexuality or who one is, a homosexual. The case !or the !irst state ent is uch stronger. There are any things we can do. )2an I do this?* ay be the wrong 'uestion to as-. The better 'uestion to as- is ):hould I do this?* (lso to be ta-en into consideration besides the conse'uence o! a particular action is will this act be repeated to the e$tent that it beco es detri ental to our well being or the well being o! others. 6any things done once or in oderation ay be acceptable resulting in little har to oursel#es or to others. 1ut today there are any beha#iors or addictions that ha#e resulted !ro what was intended to be a singular act or acts done in oderation. <o ose$uality certainly ay be included in this discussion. &hen we understand what ho ose$uality is all about in a eaning!ul" open and honest discussion e#eryone will bene!it. Just because our bodies will respond to sa e,se$ se$ual sti uli" should we repeatedly allow it to do so. This 'uote used by any including the =er an theologian 6artin 7uther I !ound #ery help!ul in o#erco ing y struggle with ho ose$uality. These ay not be the e$act words" but the ideal is captured. >ou #annot sto" the birds !rom !lying over your head. But you #an sto" them !rom building a nest in your hair. <o ose$uality is a relationship issue. &e all ha#e a desire to lo#e and be lo#ed" to -now and to be -nown" and a longing !or belonging. I also spea- o! illegiti ate and legiti ate ways o! eeting our need !or relationship with one another. :o when we are spea-ing in ter s o! relationships" in addition to ho ose$uality there are any other beha#iors and addictions that ay be better understood. 1ut I a addressing ho ose$uality here and what y struggle with ho ose$uality eans to e. I hope that you ay gain insights that are help!ul to you. Today y li!e re!lected in ter s o! y relationship to ysel! and to others has been radically trans!or ed as I ha#e o#erco e the relationship issues in#ol#ed in ho ose$uality. It is this trans!or ed li!e that is seen by others. I o!ten spea- o! the )lie o! ho ose$uality*. This lie is that through ho ose$uality I thought I could ha#e so e o! y e otional and relationship needs !or sa e,se$ inti acy et. 1ut ho ose$uality is an illegiti ate way o! eaning a legiti ate relationship need !or sa e,se$ inti acy. The substitution o! physical se$ual acts with another person o! the sa e se$ will not co pletely !ul!ill or eet our needs !or sa e,se$ inti acy. Get in so e instances they ay partially do so. Inti acy is ore than the su total o! e otional and physical acts. &e all change physically" e otionally" intellectually" spiritually" and se$ually o#er ti e. The ter s o!ten used are growth and aturity. :o one way o! understanding ho ose$uality is as se$ual

i aturity" and not as change. (lthough there is change in#ol#ed" with ho ose$uality the changes are in ho ose$ual beha#iors" what one does and not who one is" a ho ose$ual. &hat ay be applicable here is thin-ing o! childhood. ?#eryone goes through relationship de#elop ental growth stages in relating to e bers o! both se$es. There is a stage in ost people/s li#es where !or a boy the girls ha#e )cooties* and are to be a#oided. The sa e is seen !ro a girls/ perspecti#e. This stage ay be generali5ed around the age o! ten. In this stage relationships are centrali5ed between e bers o! the sa e se$. This is shortly !ollowed by the relationship de#elop ental growth stage where it is )cool* to ha#e a boy!riend or girl!riend. This ay be seen around twel#e years o! age. (nother growth or aturity ilestone is also ar-ed around this ti e" puberty. The e!!ects o! puberty upon our physical bodies and e otions are perhaps the ost dra atic changes that we go through in such a relati#e short span during our li!eti e. (t this ti e in our li#es things ay ta-e on a greater se$ual aspect to the . +or so e indi#iduals they will continue to be ore co !ortable to centrali5e their relationships a ong sa e,se$ peers. 1ut to begin !ra ing the in a ho ose$ual conte$t re'uires great caution. =reater concern is with the addition o! sa e,se$ physical se$ual acts to so e o! these relationships. Aoing so will only the increase con!usion o! these relationships. +or any indi#iduals it ay begin to re,en!orce the ideal that they are ho ose$ual. 1ut rather it is best to understand the as illegiti ate atte pts !or sa e,se$ inti acy. In doing so there will be any help!ul and constructi#e ways !or supporting indi#iduals and !or pre#enting the !ro de#eloping beha#iors and patterns o! relationships that result in what today we call ho ose$uality. +or #arious reasons historically non,gender con!or ing beha#ior is o!ten e'uated with ho ose$uality. :o labeling others as ho ose$uals only encourages the adoption o! ho ose$uality that ay include beha#iors and acts. %nce again we are adding a se$ual aspect !or which in any indi#iduals it is not necessarily so. Throughout history there ha#e been indi#iduals who ha#e co itted sa e,se$ physical se$ acts" ho ose$uality. 1ut the idea o! a person being a ho ose$ual ay be historically traced to the 1490s in =er any. It was then within a edical and scienti!ic discourse that beha#iors" which one did and were see as sin or a cri e" now began to de!ine who one was. Indi#iduals who co itted these beha#iors were see-ing to legali5e the " on the basis that there are so e people who are ho ose$ual" a di!!erent and distinct person. &ithin this edical and scienti!ic discourse in the past 140 years it is still not possible to deter ine whether there is such a class o! distinct indi#idual" a ho ose$ual. 1ut what has resulted in odern western culture and society is an increased nor ali5ation and legiti ati5ation o! sa e,se$ physical se$ual acts. Cesulting in greater nu bers o! indi#iduals who co it these acts and beha#iors and who su!!er negati#e conse'uences. These conse'uences are re.ection by the culture and society along with physical har to their bodies brought about through the acts and beha#iors they co it. &hat I ha#e atte pted to say is that .ust because y body is able to respond to sa e,se$ sti uli" y 'uestion is should I encourage this response. Inti acy is ore than the su total o! e otional and physical acts. The substitution o! physical se$ual acts with another person o! the sa e se$ will not co pletely !ul!ill or eet y needs !or sa e,se$ inti acy. This is an illegiti ate way o! eeting a legiti ate need !or sa e,se$ inti acy. +or any others and ysel! we did this at an early age when we were unaware o! what we were doing and unaware o! the conse'uences that would result. (nd this is the core o! ho ose$uality. I can" but should I? The !ollowing three 'uotes are by indi#iduals who choose to sel!,identi!y as ho ose$ual. Auber an and A/? ilio are uni#ersity pro!essors" o! the authors Jir- and 6adsen" one graduated !ro <ar#ard Fni#ersity and the other was a pro!essor at <ar#ard Fni#ersity. 6ay it be concluded !ro their 'uotes that they too agree with the !ollowing? That is: +omosexuality is what one does, and not who one is, a homosexual.

It isnt at all obvious why a gay rights movement should ever have arisen in the nited States in the !irst "la#e. $nd its "ro!oundly "u%%ling why that movement should have be#ome !ar and away the most "ower!ul su#h "oliti#al !ormation in the world. Same gender sexual a#ts have been #ommon"la#e throughout history and a#ross #ultures. Today, to s"ea& with surety about a matter !or whi#h there is absolutely no statisti#al eviden#e, more adoles#ent male butts are being "enetrated in the $rab world, 'atin $meri#an, (orth $!ri#a and Southeast $sia then in the west. But the notion o! a gay identity rarely a##om"anies su#h sexual a#ts, nor do "oliti#al movements arise to ma&e demands in the name o! that identity. Its still almost entirely in the Western world that the genders o! ones "artner is #onsidered a "rime mar&er o! "ersonality, and among Western nations it is the nited States ) a #ountry otherwise #onsidered a bastion o! #onservatism ) that the strongest "oliti#al movement has arisen #entered around that identity. Weve only begun to analy%e why, and to date #an say little more then that #ertain signi!i#ant "re) re*uisites develo"ed in this #ountry, and to some degree everywhere in the western world, that werent "resent, or hadnt a#hieved the ne#essary #riti#al mass, elsewhere. $mong su#h !a#tors were the wea&ening o! the traditional religious lin& between sexuality and "ro#reation +one whi#h had made non)"ro#reative same gender desire an automati# #andidate !or denun#iation as unnatural,. Se#ondly, the ra"id urbani%ation and industriali%ation o! the nited States, and the West in general, in the nineteen #entury wea&ened the material +and moral, authority o! the nu#lear !amily, and allowed maveri#&s to es#a"e into wel#ome anonymity o! #ity li!e, where they #ould #hoose a "reviously una##e"table li!estyle o! singleness and non#on!ormity without #onstantly worrying about "arental or village busybodies "oun#ing on them. @Auber an" 7e!t %ut" 414,415.B I have argued that lesbian and gay identity and #ommunities are histori#ally #reated, the result o! a "ro#ess o! #a"italist develo"ment that has s"anned many generations. $ #orollary o! this argument is that we are not a !ixed so#ial minority #om"osed !or all time o! a #ertain "er#entage o! the "o"ulation. There are more o! us than one hundred years ago, more o! us than !orty years ago. $nd there may very well be more gay men and lesbians in the !uture. /laims made by gays and nongays that sexual orientation is !ixed at an early age, that large numbers o! visible gay men and lesbians in so#iety, the media, and s#hools will have no in!luen#e on the sexual identities o! the young, are wrong. /a"italism has #reated the material #onditions !or homosexual desire to ex"ress itsel! as a #entral #om"onent o! some individuals livesE now, our "oliti#al movements are #hanging #ons#iousness, #reating the ideologi#al #onditions that ma&e it easier !or "eo"le to ma&e that #hoi#e. @A/? ilio" )2apitalis and =ay Identity" p. 4>8,4>4 in The 7esbian and =ay :tudies Ceader by <enry (belo#e" 6ichele (ine 1arale and Aa#id 6. <alperinB In short, the gay li!estyle ) i! su#h a #haos #an, a!ter all, legitimately be #alled a li!estyle ) it .ust doesnt wor&- it doesnt serve the two !un#tions !or whi#h all so#ial !ramewor& evolve- to #onstrain "eo"les natural im"ulses to behave badly and to meet their natural needs. While its im"ossible to "rovide an exhaustive analyti# list o! all the root #auses and aggravants o! this !ailure, we #an assevervate at least some o! the ma.or #auses. 3any have been disse#ted, above, as elements o! the Ten 3isbehaviorsE it only remains to dis#uss the !ailure o! the gay #ommunity to "rovide a viable alternative to the heterosexual !amily. @Jir- and 6adsen" (!ter the 1all: <ow ( erica &ill 2on'uer Its +ear and <atred o! the =ay/s in the 30s" p.898B This web site established by 7arry a !or er ho ose$ual" is to help others gain a greater understanding o! ho ose$uality. The conte$t is to lobby against the legali5ation o! sa e,se$ relationships in 6assachusetts. There is ore to 7arry then as a !or er ho ose$ual" who has beco e politically acti#e and who helps others to o#erco e ho ose$uality. I would li-e to as- you to #isit another web site" www.as4us.org where you ay begin to -now 7arry who teaches ?nglish during the su er in the F-raine.

http://www.banap.net/spip.php?article44

5on'li&ting )deologies (Auly ":, 2005)

&ednesday 18 July 2005. 5on'li&ting )deologies: There are two i portant 'uestions that ust be answered when discussing the issue o! ho ose$uality. &e ay answer both o! these 'uestions in a eaning!ul" open" and honest discussion. The !irst is how does one beco e a ho ose$ual. This 'uestion is best !ra ed and answered in this way. &ho one is" a ho ose$ual or what one does" ho ose$uality? The case !or the latter is uch stronger" so when tal-ing about ho ose$uality" it is a discussion about beha#ior. Those in#ol#ed in this beha#ior o! ho ose$uality can only answer the second 'uestion. This 'uestion is how should ho ose$uals relate and interact with the society that they are apart o!. <o ose$uals use two ter s in trying to answer this 'uestion" assi ilation or liberation. For many homosexuals, gay liberation ) and what it means to be gay ) was inextri#ably lin&ed to sexual !reedom. The right to have sex anytime, anywhere, and with anybody they #hoose was, !or them, inalienable. @(ndriote" ;ictory Ae!erred: <ow (IA: 2hanged =ay 7i!e in ( erica" p.>8B In the 42:8s and 4258s, the gay and lesbian movement had "ursued many goals ) the right to be o"en about sexual orientation and the right to be e*ual in the eyes o! religious bodies and the law. But one o! its earliest and most basi# ob.e#tives, es"e#ially !or gay men, was sexual !reedom- the right to have sexual lives that were untrammeled by the #onventions and limits o! so#ial norms. @(llen" The &ages o! :in: :e$ and Aisease" East and Eresent" p. 125B 0ot all ho ose$uals ad#ocate !or ho ose$ual se$ual liberation" but see- to assi ilate ho ose$uality into the culture and society. +or the ho ose$uals are li-e heterose$uals e$cept !or who they ha#e se$ with. This past (pril here in 1oston an incident arose where these con!licting ideologies by ho ose$ual groups could be seen. =7:?0 @=ay" 7esbian" and :traight ?ducation 0etwor-B o! 1oston an organi5ation that ad#ocates !or assi ilating ho ose$uality into the culture and society held their annual con!erence !or high school and iddle school students on the 1roo-line <igh :chool 2a pus. The +enway 2o unity <ealth 2enter a ho ose$ual organi5ation that ad#ocates !or ho ose$ual se$ual liberation had an in!or ation table and distributed literature during this con!erence. %ne boo-let titled the )7ittle 1lac- 1oo-* handed out contain in!or ation that was not age appropriate !or any o! those attending this =7:?0 1oston 2005 student con!erence. It ust be re e bered that this is not the !irst ti e =7:?0 1oston has this sa e proble at their annual student con!erences. This is the third ti e" the !irst two being in 2000 and 2001 at =7:?0 1oston annual student con!erences held on the Tu!ts Fni#ersity ca pus. It was at the 2000 con!erence in a wor-shop lead by 6assachusetts :tate Aepart ent educators that there was a discussion o! these sa e practices that are !ound in the )7ittle 1lac- 1oo-*. Gou ay re e ber that =7:?0 1oston 2000 con!erence by the na e it earned )!istgate*. %! the two state e ployees who helped to lead the wor-shop" one was ter inated and the other reigned !ro their positions with the 6assachusetts Aepart ent o! ?ducation. The !ollowing year at the =7:?0 1oston 2001 con!erence held again at Tu!ts Fni#ersity Elanned Earenthood representati#es handed out )sa!e se$* -its that were designed !or !isting and oral se$. :o why is anyone surprised about the proble s !ro the =7:?0 1oston 2005 annual student con!erence held on 1roo-line <igh :chool ca pus.

=7:?0 1oston !irst denied on 6ay 14 that this boo-let was obtained during their 2005 student con!erence held on the 1roo-line <igh :chool 2a pus. The !ollowing day on 6ay 13 a retraction was published on their website" www.glsenboston.org. >esterday we released a message stating that G'S7( Boston has stri#t "oli#ies against sexually ex"li#it #ontent and materials at the #on!eren#e. We stated that we have monitors in every wor&sho" and ta&e many other "re#autions to ensure that all "oli#ies to assure sa!ety !or all are !ollowed. We also said that the materials were never "resent at the #on!eren#e and that the allegations were !alse. We believed the statement to be a##urate at the time. The Fenway /ommunity ;ealth /enter has issued a statement a"ologi%ing, re#ogni%ing the materials were ina""ro"riate !or the audien#e and has ta&en !ull res"onsibility !or the mista&e. (n article !ro 1ay&indows online published on 6ay 13" 2005" titled )=7:?0,gate" ta-e two*contained the !ollowing 'uotes. ?n#e again the annual #on!eren#e o! the Gay, 'esbian, and Straight 7du#ation (etwor& o! Boston +G'S7( Boston, has be#ome mired in #ontroversy over ex"osing young "eo"le to sexually ex"li#it materials. Initially G'S7( Boston denied that the manuals were distributed, arguing that either $rti#le 1s #laims were !alse or that anti)gay !or#es had "lanted the manual on site. >et on 3ay 41, G'S7( Boston 7xe#utive =ire#tor Sean ;aley said a!ter !urther investigation G'S7( dis#overed that DThe 'ittle Bla#& Boo&D had been distributed to attendees, in#luding middle)s#hool and high)s#hool aged youth, by an outrea#h wor&er !rom Fenway /ommunity ;ealths @eer 'istening 'ine. Fenway #on!irmed that its outrea#h wor&er had distributed the manuals. DFenway /ommunity ;ealth regrets a##identally ma&ing available a small number o! #o"ies o! the 'ittle Bla#& Boo&, an ;IG "revention "ubli#ation !or gay and bisexual men over the age o! 41, at an event where young "eo"le were "resent,D said =r. Ste"hen Boswell, Fenway /ommunity ;ealths "resident and /7?, in a statement. This last 'uote has been edited with the re o#al o! the !irst letter o! one word at the end o! the 'uote. The manuals, "rodu#ed by $I=S $#tion and intended !or use in outrea#h to adult males, #ontained ex"li#it sexual #ontent, in#luding "hotogra"hs o! someone inserting a #ondom on an ere#t "enis and an arti#le laying out the relative ris&s o! di!!erent sexual a#ts su#h as !isting, waters"orts, rimming, and D)u#&inD and Dsu#&in.D http://www.banap.net/spip.php?article44

5onstitution 'or the 5omonwealth o' =assa&husetts (August "0, 2005)

+riday 12 (ugust 2005. 5onstitution 'or the 5ommonwealth o' =assa&husettsF This handout will discuss in!or ation !ro the 2onstitution !or the 2o onwealth o! 6assachusetts and the =oodridge #s. the Aepart ent o! Eublic <ealth court case. It is the third handout in a series with in!or ation that ay be use!ul in a possible legal challenge to gay arriage in 6assachusetts. &hat is granted by .udicial decree is o!ten a !ragile #ictory. &hat is granted by .udicial decree ay later be o#erruled in a

subse'uent legal challenge. :uch is the case with sa e,se$ arriage or what is o!ten re!erred to as gay arriage. &ithout assurances by securing through the legislati#e process the gains ade through the court case =oodridge #s. Aepart ent o! Eublic <ealth ay be lost in a new legal challenge. Those who raise a legal challenge to gay arriage will be presenting their argu ents against gay arriage and it will be the responsibility o! the (ttorney =eneral/s o!!ice to o#erco e the in de!ending the :tate o! 6assachusetts allowing gay arriage. The !irst two articles 'uoted are !ro the 2onstitution !or the 2o onwealth o! 6assachusetts in the section titled Eart the +irst: ( Aeclaration o! the Cights o! the Inhabitants o! the 2o onwealth o! 6assachusetts. The !irst article" (rticle XX" 'uoted addresses the legislature and the power o! suspending or the e$ecution o! the laws. (rticle XXX re!ers to separation o! powers a ong the three branches o! state go#ern ent" legislati#e" e$ecuti#e" and .udicial. $rti#le RR. The "ower o! sus"ending the laws, or the exe#ution o! the laws, ought never to be exer#ised but by the legislature, or by authority derived !rom it, to be exer#ised in su#h "arti#ular #ases only as the legislature shall ex"ressly "rovide !or. HSee $mendments, $rts. R'GIII, I, =e!inition and 'RRRIR.I @www. ass.go#/legis/const.ht B $rti#le RRR. In the government o! this #ommonwealth, the legislative de"artment shall never exer#ise the exe#utive and .udi#ial "owers, or either o! them- the exe#utive shall never exer#ise the legislative and .udi#ial "owers, or either o! them- the .udi#ial shall never exer#ise the legislative and exe#utive "owers, or either o! them- to the end it may be a government o! laws and not o! men. @www. ass.go#/legis/const.ht B This ne$t article" (rticle ;I" 'uoted is !ro the section titled Eart the :econd: The +ra e o! =o#ern ent 2hapter ;I. %aths and :ubscriptionsI Inco patibility o! and ?$clusion +ro %!!icesI Eecuniary Duali!icationsI 2o issionsI &ritsI 2on!ir ation o! 7awsI <abeas 2orpusI The ?nacting :tyleI 2ontinuance o! %!!icersI Ero#ision !or a +uture Ce#isal o! the 2onstitution" etc. It also addresses the role o! the legislature and the laws o! the :tate o! 6assachusetts. $rti#le GI. $ll the laws whi#h have hereto!ore been ado"ted, used and a""roved in the @rovin#e, /olony or State o! 3assa#husetts Bay, and usually "ra#ti#ed on in the #ourts o! law, shall still remain and be in !ull !or#e, until altered or re"ealed by the legislatureE su#h "arts only ex#e"ted as are re"ugnant to the rights and liberties #ontained in this #onstitution. @www. ass.go#/legis/const.ht B In a.ority opinion written by 2hie! Justice 6arshal she ac-nowledges" )it is the 7egislature/s power to enact rules to regulate conduct.* D/ivil marriage is #reated and regulated through exer#ise o! the "oli#e "ower. See /ommonwealth v. Stowell, 012 3ass. 454, 456 +4210, +regulation o! marriage is "ro"erly within the s#o"e o! the "oli#e "ower,. D@oli#e "owerD +now more #ommonly termed the States regulatory authority, is an old)!ashioned term !or the /ommonwealths lawma&ing authority, as bounded by the liberty and e*uality guarantees o! the 3assa#husetts /onstitution and its ex"ress delegation o! "ower !rom the "eo"le to their government. In broad terms, it is the 'egislatures "ower to ena#t rules to regulate #ondu#t, to the extent that su#h laws are Dne#essary to se#ure the health, sa!ety, good order, #om!ort, or general wel!are o! the #ommunityD +#itations omitted,. ?"inion o! the Justi#es, 0L4 3ass. 5:8, 516 +42:8,. HF(49I See /ommonwealth v. $lger, 5 /ush. 60, 16 +4164,.D @www.state. a.us/courts/courtsand.udges/courts/supre e.udicialcourt/goodridge.ht lB

It leaves inta#t the 'egislatures broad dis#retion to regulate marriage. See /ommonwealth v. Stowell, 012 3ass. 454, 456 +4210,. @www.state. a.us/courts/courtsand.udges/courts/supre e.udicialcourt/goodridge.ht lB <ow does granting sa e,se$ or gay arriage by .udicial decree !ul!ill the 7egislature/s broad discretion to regulate arriage that was ac-nowledged by 2hie! Justice 6arshal in the a.ority opinion? &here in 2hie! Justice 6arshall/s opinion is the !ollowing article" (rticle ;" !ro the section Eart the :econd: The +ra e o! =o#ern ent 2hapter III Judiciary Eower addressed? $rti#le G. $ll #auses o! marriage, divor#e, and alimony, and all a""eals !rom the .udges o! "robate shall be heard and determined by the governor and #oun#il, until the legislature shall, by law, ma&e other "rovision. @www. ass.go#/legis/const.ht B The 2onstitution !or the 2o onwealth o! 6assachusetts contains pro#isions !or it being a ended by the citi5ens o! the 2o onwealth through popular initiati#e and popular re!erendu . They are included in the section (rticles o! ( end ent (rticle X7;III. Ae!inition. &as this ac-nowledged in the a.ority opinion written by 2hie! Justice 6arshal? These two pro#isions re'uire longer a period o! ti e then the 140 day stay o! the .udg ent in the case o! =oodridge #s. Aepart ent o! Eublic <ealth. D7ntry o! .udgment shall be stayed !or 418 days to "ermit the 'egislature to ta&e su#h a#tion as it may deem a""ro"riate in light o! this o"inion. See, e.g., 3i#haud v. Sheri!! o! 7ssex /ounty, 028 3ass. 690, 606)60: +4210,.D @www.state. a.us/courts/courtsand.udges/courts/supre e.udicialcourt/goodridge.ht lB http://www.banap.net/spip.php?article52

7x&lusivity, mutual su!!ort, and &ommitment to one another (August 2, 2005)

&ednesday 8 (ugust 2005. 7x&lusivity, mutual su!!ort, and &ommitment to one anotherF are three things written by 2hie! Justice 6arshal !or the a.ority opinion in the case =oodridge #s. Aepart ent o! Eublic as being arriage/s sole n obligations. This is a second handout with i portant in!or ation that ay be used in a possible legal challenge to gay arriage and it will be the responsibility o! the (ttorney =eneral/s o!!ice to o#erco e the in de!ending the :tate o! 6assachusetts allowing gay arriage. I! anything, extending #ivil marriage to same)sex #ou"les rein!or#es the im"ortan#e o! marriage to individuals and #ommunities. That same)sex #ou"les are willing to embra#e marriages solemn obligations o! ex#lusivity, mutual su""ort, and #ommitment to one another is a testament to the enduring "la#e o! marriage in our laws and in the human s"irit. HF(92I @www.state. a.us/courts/courtsand.udges/courts/supre e.udicialcourt/goodridge.ht lB In a 0o#e ber 28" 2008 1oson =lobe article" )10 years/ wor- led to historic win in court* written by G#onne (braha gi#es insight and bac-ground in!or ation to the case" =oodridge #ersus Aepart ent o! Eublic <ealth. %ne i portant consideration is that the plainti!!s in the 6( case are not a )representati#e sa ple* o! the ho ose$ual population. In any so,called scienti!ic studies in#ol#ing ho ose$uality" )sa pling* is a co on ethodological !law. The "lainti!!s, who would serve as the "ubli# !a#e o! the lawsuit, were #hosen #are!ully. They had to be varied in age, ethni#ity, and "ro!ession. They had to be well)s"o&en, but not too "oliti#al.

They had to be longtime #ou"les who had been !aith!ul to one another. They had to stand u" to rigorous #riminal ba#&ground #he#&s, and to #onvin#e the lawyers that there were no s&eletons in their #losets. @10 years/ wor- led to historic court win" G#onne (braha " 1oston =lobe 0o#e ber 28" 2008B Those ad#ocating !or ho ose$uality ha#e written two boo-s about ho ose$ual parenting and the li#es o! children with ho ose$ual parents =i!!erent mothers- sons and daughters o! lesbians tal& about their lives and What $bout the /hildren< Sons and =aughters o! 'esbian and Gay @arents Tal& about Their 'ives. The titles are accurate descriptions o! the boo-s the sel#es. %ne o! the any things that can be ta-en !ro these children/s stories o! their li#es is the length o! the relationships their parents enter into and the nu ber o! these relationships. %!ten these relationships are short in duration o! ti e and with nu erous partners. These children li#es/ are representati#e o! ho ose$ual !a ilies and how children beco e apart o! a ho ose$ual !a ily. That is by pre#ious heterose$ual arriages" which ha#e been dissol#ed" and by wo en who intentionally seeotherhood. The latter ay be by ha#ing se$ual relations with a ale o!ten a ale who has adopted a ho ose$ual identityI arti!icial inse ination or sel!,inse ination using donated se en. (lso any ho ose$uals are !oster or adopti#e parents. %ne #ery i portant idea that di!!ers in heterose$ual arriage and ho ose$ual relationships is that o! !idelity and onoga y. The !or er accepts as nor ati#e the idea o! !idelity and onoga y whereas !or the latter nor ati#e is what is o!ten ter ed serial monogamy and o"en relationshi"s in se$ual atters. ?#en those ad#ocating !or legali5ing sa e,se$ relationships ac-nowledge so e proble s inherent in such relationships. In any ho ose$ual relationships" that are typically short in duration and ha#e a host o! other proble s" they ha#e sought a solution by rede!ining onoga y. It is now serial monogamy !aith!ulness with the current partner. :i ilarly with an atte pt to be !aith!ul to the ne$t partner" and howe#er any partners that !ollow" howe#er long the relationships ay last. &hile so e relationships are o"en that is built into the relationships are pro#isions !or outside se$ual acti#ity with other indi#iduals. The boo-" The 6ale 2ouple by Aa#id E. 6c&hirter and (ndrew 6. 6attison was written to #alidate ho ose$ual ale couples. The authors write about a study o! 159 ale couples in ho ose$ual relationships lasting on a#erage less then 3 years. ?nly seven #ou"les have a totally ex#lusive sexual relationshi", and these men all have been together !or less than !ive years. Stated another way, all #ou"les with a relationshi" lasting more than !ive years have in#or"orated some "rovision !or outside sexual a#tivity in their relationshi"s. @6c&hirter and 6attison" The 6ale 2ouple: <ow Celationships Ae#elop" p.252B 7etita (nne Eeplau and <ortensia ( aro cited !our studies o! lesbian relationships in a !ootnote on page 24> in )Fnderstanding 7esbian Celationships*. The a#erage length o! the lesbians/ current relationships @note the word current" which was used by the authors o! the articleB #aried across the studies. The relationships lasted on a#eraged 1,8 years" 22 onths" 2.5 years" and 1,3 years. @:ource: <o ose$uality :ocial" Esychological" and 1iological Issues" ?ditors Eaul" &illia ?d.A" Ja es A. &einrich Eh.A." John 2. 2onsiore- Eh.A." and 6ary ?. <ot#edt Eh.A.B 3ost resear#hers #on#lude that the reasons !or "romis#uity and relationshi" !ailure are not "rimarily external +e.g. !amily or so#iety "erse#ution, but are !ound to be in the nature o! homosexuality itsel!. ?ne study !ound that o! 9,688 $meri#an @sy#hiatrists surveyed, 58A held the above view. @Aonald 7 +aris" ( Tro.an <orse" p.20B

Two sel!,identi!ied ho ose$uals the sel#es agree with these researchers and e$pressed it this way in their boo-. In short, the gay li!estyle ) i! su#h a #haos #an, a!ter all, legitimately be #alled a li!estyle ) .ust doesnt wor&- it doesnt serve the two !un#tions !or whi#h all so#ial !ramewor&s evolve- to #onstrain "eo"les natural im"ulses to behave badly and to meet their natural needs. While its im"ossible to "rovide an exhaustive analyti# list o! all the root #auses and aggravants o! this !ailure, we #an asseverate at least some o! the ma.or #auses. 3any have been disse#ted, above, as elements o! the Ten 3isbehaviorsE it only remains to dis#uss the !ailure o! the gay #ommunity to "rovide a viable alternative to the heterosexual !amily. @Jir- and 6adsen" (!ter the 1all <ow ( erica &ill 2on'uer Its +ear and <atred o! the =ay/s in the 30s" p.898B http://www.banap.net/spip.php?article51

6ranted by Audi&al $e&ree (Auly 2?, 2005)

Tuesday 29 July 2005. 6ranted by Gudi&ial de&reeF &hat is granted by .udicial decree is o!ten a !ragile #ictory. &hat is granted by .udicial decree ay later be o#erruled in a subse'uent court case. :uch is the case with sa e,se$ arriage or what is o!ten re!erred to as gay arriage. &ithout assurances by securing through the legislati#e process the gains ade through the =oodridge #s. Aepart ent o! Eublic <ealth ay be lost in a new legal challenge. (n argu ent ay be put !orth that the (ttorney =eneral/s o!!ice and the :tate o! 6assachusetts !ailed to strongly de!end heterose$ual arriage and as result 6assachusetts beca e the !irst state in the Fnited :tates to allow ho ose$ual arriage. <ow strong o! a de!ense o! gay arriage will be put !orth by the (ttorney =eneral/s o!!ice and the :tate o! 6assachusetts should a legal challenge be brought against gay arriage? It is widely belie#ed the (ttorney =eneral has aspirations to continue holding public o!!ice and possibly be a candidate !or the go#ernor/s o!!ice. Those who raise a legal challenge to gay arriage will be presenting their argu ents against gay arriage and it will be the responsibility o! the (ttorney =eneral/s o!!ice to o#erco e the in de!ending the :tate o! 6assachusetts allowing gay arriage. There are se#eral argu ents against gay arriage and one need to loo- no !urther than the case put !orth by those gays who oppose gay arriage. 0ot all gays ad#ocate !or arriage" but rather see- se$ual liberation. I ha#e written and presented in!or ation on this ideological con!lict o! assi ilation and se$ual liberation in pre#ious handouts. The conse'uences o! se$ual liberation are clearly -nown and e#en the popular gay edia reports o! the negati#e edical conse'uences to se$ual pro iscuity a ong ale ho ose$uals. They are also reported in the articles and boo-s published by those ad#ocating !or ho ose$uality. In addition they are reported in edical literature" including publications by the !ederal go#ern ent/s 2enter !or Aisease 2ontrol and Ere#ention @2A2B. (nother source o! argu ents against the case !or gay arriage will be other success!ul and !ailed legal challenges to gay arriage. There ha#e been nu erous such challenges in both !ederal and state courts. %! these legal challenges the !irst challenge to study will be the =oodridge #s. Aepart ent o! Eublic <ealth case itsel!. 1e!ore I present in!or ation !ro this case I want discuss this 'uestion. &ho one is" a ho ose$ual or what one does" ho ose$uality? The case the latter is uch stronger" e#en ho ose$uals ac-nowledge it in their nu erous articles and boo-s. 0o one is born a ho ose$ual.

&hy is this i portant? 1ecause ho ose$uals !ail to 'uali!y as a )suspect class.* 0o court !ederal or state has granted ho ose$uals )suspect class status.* There are !our Indicia o! :uspectedness that can be used to deter ine i! a group is a )suspect class"* history o! purpose!ul discri ination" political powerlessness" i utable trait" and grossly un!air. <o ose$uals !ail to 'uali!y !or )suspect class status* because ho ose$uality is not an i utable traitI no one is born a ho ose$ual. Get in 2hie! 6arshal/s opinion written !or the a.ority in the =oodridge #s. Aepart ent o! Eublic <ealth she writes about ho ose$uals being )a certain class o! persons.* Is she i plying here that ho ose$uals are e bers o! a )suspect class?* ? phasis has been added with so e words being in bold type. The 'uotes are !ro her opinion that was !ound at www.state. a.us/courts/courtsand.udges/courts/supre e.udicialcourt/goodridge.ht l I! anything, extending #ivil marriage to same)sex #ou"les rein!or#es the im"ortan#e o! marriage to individuals and #ommunities. That same)sex #ou"les are willing to embra#e marriages solemn obligations o! ex#lusivity, mutual su""ort, and #ommitment to one another is a testament to the enduring "la#e o! marriage in our laws and in the human s"irit. O+023P* 92. We are #on#erned only with the withholding o! the bene!its, "rote#tions, and obligations o! #ivil marriage !rom a certain class of persons !or invalid reasons. ?ur de#ision in no way limits the rights o! individuals to re!use to marry "ersons o! the same sex !or religious or any other reasons. It in no way limits the "ersonal !reedom to disa""rove o!, or to en#ourage others to disa""rove o!, same)sex marriage. ?ur #on#ern, rather, is whether histori#al, #ultural, religious, or other reasons "ermit the State to im"ose limits on "ersonal belie!s #on#erning whom a "erson should marry. 0ot only is it i portant that no court !ederal or state has granted ho ose$uals )suspect class status* because they recogni5e that no one is born a ho ose$ual" there are teens and young adults today who no longer choose to accept the labels o! )gay* or )lesbian*. :o i! there are no gays why is called it gay arriage? These teens and young adults ac-nowledge ha#ing sa e,se$ attractions ay e#en e$hibit ho ose$ual beha#ior and co it ho ose$ual physical se$ual acts but re.ect the labels o! )gay* or )lesbian*. This re!usal o! accepting labels by teens and young adults is being reported in both the popular secular and popular ho ose$ual edia. (n article in the January 4" 2004 o! the &ashington Eost was titled @artway Gay<E For Some Teen Girls, Sexual @re!eren#e Is a Shi!ting /on#e"tE This article is written about the li#es o! young wo en in the &ashington A.2. area. It is also discussed in Citch 2. :a#in,&illia s latest boo- published by <ar#ard Fni#ersity Eress" The (ew Gay Teenager. :a#in,&illia s sel!,identi!ies as gay and has written e$tensi#ely on gay teenagers. In this latest boo- he writes o! how the pro!essionals/ understanding o! gay adolescence has changed. In doing so he ac-nowledges the poor research that was done and !aulty conclusions that were drawn. This boo- published in 2005 also con!ir s that teens and young adults are re.ecting the labels o! )gay* and )lesbian* while e$hibiting ho ose$ual beha#ior and co itting ho ose$ual physical se$ual acts. Eerhaps the ost interesting source o! in!or ation about young people today who no longer choose to accept the labels o! )gay* or )lesbian* is the current issue" (ugust 19" 2005" o! The $dvo#ate. This phrase is printed on the co#er" )The national gay and lesbian news agine*. In a section called =?0D is an article titled" ):a e,se$ but not )gay*. 3any teens and young adults with same)sex attra#tions dont want a label)es"e#ially o! the gay or lesbian &ind. @:a e,se$ but not )gay*" The (d#ocate" (ugust 19" 2005" p.85B

The words gay and lesbian may be going the way o! 'atin, as a growing number o! teens and #ollege)age students say they are re.e#ting any &ind o! label. @:a e,se$ but not )gay*" The (d#ocate" (ugust 19" 2005" p.85B http://www.banap.net/spip.php?article50

=eaning'ul, @!en, and +onest $is&ussion (A!ril 2?, 2005) Thursday 5 6ay 2005.
=eaning'ul, @!en and +onest $is&ussionF In the discussion o! sa e,se$ arriage there ha#e been articulate speeches" strong rhetoric" and e otional pleas" yet so e listening ay 'uestion the substance o! what has been spo-en and what they ha#e heard. <as the 'uestion" why is )gay arriage* a ci#il right and denying it is discri ination been de!initi#ely answered? (t the sa e ti e any o! those opposing this change in the de!inition o! arriage are !ailing in their part o! the discussion in that they are not as-ing those ad#ocating !or this change to support and de!end their position. Those ad#ocating !or sa e,se$ arriage are tal-ing and trying to co pare it to bi,racial arriage" sla#ery" and wo en/s right to #ote. They go on to say that in the !uture when sa e,se$ arriage beco es co onplace in society will loo- bac- on this debate and wonder why it was so contro#ersial at the ti e it was being debated. Get at the sa e ti e it is #ery di!!icult to ha#e a eaning!ul" open" and honest discussion today while the debate is going on. I too want to spea- about the !uture. 6y concern is that i! sa e,se$ arriage beco es as co onplace as those ad#ocating !or it hope" what will happen i! society understands it was not right to legally sanction sa e,se$ arriage a!ter all. (nd ust undo what was done. There is historical precedence !or this when we loo- at other beha#iors that were once socially accepted and appro#ed and than were later to be understood and accepted as otherwise. To help bring about a eaning!ul" open" and honest discussion listed below is a series o! 'uestions !ollowed by brie! answers. K %ho is advo&ating 'or &hange( <o ose$uals/gays/lesbians. K )s the dis&ussion one o' legally san&tioning relationshi!s or behavior( The case !or the latter is uch stronger.

K %ho is a homosexual*gay*lesbian( (n indi#idual who sel!,identi!ies by beha#ior or the things one does. ( gay identity has political connotations. K +ow does one be&ome a homosexual( There are ultiple pathways that ay lead one into pursuing ho ose$ual beha#ior. <o ose$uals in their nu erous articles and boo-s ac-nowledge one is not born a ho ose$ual. +or this reason it ay be reasonably argued that it is not a )rights issue*. This is also why no court @state or !ederalB ale and lesbian !e ale

has granted ho ose$uals )suspect class status*. 7i-ewise !or this reason it will be unli-ely !or courts to rule on the basis o! e'ual protection and due process. <o ose$uality is not an innate trait. K %hat is homosexuality( <o ose$uality is a relationship issue. It is an illegiti ate atte pt to eet the legiti ate need !or sa e,se$ inti acy. Ehysical se$ual acts are o!ten added to or substituted !or those relational acts needed as a part o! sa e,se$ inti acy in relationships. K %hat about 'ormer homosexuals*ex,gays( There are indi#iduals who o#erco e ho ose$uality and they do so in ultiple ways. 1ut what is o! great interest are those indi#iduals who choose to continue to sel!,identi!y as gay or lesbian but ha#e as their ob.ects o! se$ual acti#ity e bers o! the opposite se$. The !ollowing are e$a ples o! such people who ha#e ade public declarations. Jo(nn 7oulan was a pro inent lesbian acti#ist in the se#enties and eighties who et and !ell in lo#e with a an in the late nineties" and e#en appeared on a 20/20 tele#ision episode in 1334. Jan 2lausen also a lesbian acti#ist writes in two o! her boo-s 1eyond =ay or :traight" (pples and %ranges o! a se$ual relationship with a an. This latter boo- is autobiographical. :he began a long,ter onoga ous relationship with a an in 134>. In ?ngland Cussell T. Aa#ies wrote Dueer as +ol- and also wrote !or 1ritish T; the show 1ob and Cose airing in :epte ber 2001. This second show is about a gay an who !alls in lo#e with a wo an and has a se$ual relationship with her. This series was based on a !riend o! Aa#ies/" Tho as" who was well -nown in the 6anchester" ?ngland gay scene. 1ert (rcher who identi!ies as a gay ale in his boo-" The ?nd o! =ay @and the Aeath o! <eterose$ualityB" writes o! his se$ual relationship with a wo an. <e also gi#es e$a ples o! other gay en who ha#e si ilar e$periences. There is ore aterial at www.banap.net to gi#e additional in!or ation to support the brie! answers pro#ided to these 'uestions. 6ost o! the in!or ation on this site is !ro .ournal articles and boo-s by those ad#ocating !or ho ose$uality and those who sel!,identi!y as ho ose$ual. Gou will be reading the words that they ha#e written and published. Included on banap.net is a lengthy bibliography o! o#er 8>5 sources. In addition to in!or ation on sa e,se$ arriage there is aterial !ro a historical perspecti#e on ho ose$uality" )In#enting the <o ose$ual*. I ha#e included y story o! o#erco ing ho ose$uality and there are lin-s to newspaper articles. The ost recent addition is a section with one article on helping others to o#erco e ho ose$uality. There will be additional articles added to that section. The website was !irst posted in 6arch o! 2004" it is recei#ing 1400 #isits each onth and is on trac- to ha#e recei#ed 10"000 #isits by the end o! (pril 2005. This website is an e$cellent resource !or not only discussing sa e,se$ arriage" but also !or other issues in#ol#ed with legislati#e action that will co e be!ore you" such as education and edical legislation. http://www.banap.net/spip.php?article48

=eaning'ul, @!en, and +onest $is&ussion (Se!tember >, 2005) &ednesday > :epte ber 2005.
=eaning'ul, @!en, and +onest $is&ussionF I continue to as- !or a eaning!ul" open" and honest discussion in the issue o! de!ining arriage in the 2o onwealth o! 6assachusetts. In y e!!orts to help !acilitate such a discussion I ha#e been presenting in!or ation to all 200 e bers o! the 6assachusetts :tate 7egislature on an al ost wee-ly basis beginning in (pril o! 2005. In (pril the 6assachusetts :tate 7egislature held a Joint Judiciary 2o ittee hearing on issues related to

arriage in 6assachusetts. I spent !i#e wee-s in the F-raine at the beginning o! the su er. Gou ay see pictures o! this trip and y pre#ious trips on www.as4us.org. This is the thirteen handout and all o! the ha#e been posted on the Internet on www.banap.net. They ay be !ound in the section ):a e,:e$ 6arriage in 6assachusetts.* I choose to sel!,identi!y as a !or er ho ose$ual. The para eters o! a eaning!ul" open" and honest discussion ust be !ra ed around the !ollowing 'uestion. Is it &ho one is a ho ose$ual" or &hat one does" ho ose$uality? (nd the case !or the latter is uch stronger. This is e#en ac-nowledged and written about in nu erous articles and boo-s by those ad#ocating !or ho ose$uality and ho ose$uals the sel#es. The !ollowing two 'uotes are by indi#iduals who sel!,identi!y as ho ose$ual. John A/? ilio is a uni#ersity pro!essor" o! the authors 6arshall Jir- and <unter 6adsen Eh.A." one graduated !ro <ar#ard Fni#ersity @Jir-" 1340B and the other was a pro!essor at <ar#ard Fni#ersity. I have argued that lesbian and gay identity and #ommunities are histori#ally #reated, the result o! a "ro#ess o! #a"italist develo"ment that has s"anned many generations. $ #orollary o! this argument is that we are not a !ixed so#ial minority #om"osed !or all time o! a #ertain "er#entage o! the "o"ulation. There are more o! us than one hundred years ago, more o! us than !orty years ago. $nd there may very well be more gay men and lesbians in the !uture. /laims made by gays and nongays that sexual orientation is !ixed at an early age, that large numbers o! visible gay men and lesbians in so#iety, the media, and s#hools will have no in!luen#e on the sexual identities o! the young, are wrong. /a"italism has #reated the material #onditions !or homosexual desire to ex"ress itsel! as a #entral #om"onent o! some individuals livesE now, our "oliti#al movements are #hanging #ons#iousness, #reating the ideologi#al #onditions that ma&e it easier !or "eo"le to ma&e that #hoi#e. @A/? ilio" )2apitalis and =ay Identity" p. 4>8,4>4 in The 7esbian and =ay :tudies Ceader by <enry (belo#e" 6ichele (ine 1arale and Aa#id 6. <alperinB In short, the gay li!estyle ) i! su#h a #haos #an, a!ter all, legitimately be #alled a li!estyle ) it .ust doesnt wor&- it doesnt serve the two !un#tions !or whi#h all so#ial !ramewor& evolve- to #onstrain "eo"les natural im"ulses to behave badly and to meet their natural needs. While its im"ossible to "rovide an exhaustive analyti# list o! all the root #auses and aggravants o! this !ailure, we #an asseverate at least some o! the ma.or #auses. 3any have been disse#ted, above, as elements o! the Ten 3isbehaviorsE it only remains to dis#uss the !ailure o! the gay #ommunity to "rovide a viable alternative to the heterosexual !amily. @Jir- and 6adsen" (!ter the 1all: <ow ( erica &ill 2on'uer Its +ear and <atred o! the =ay/s in the 30s" p.898B I a a a5ed that those who are in opposition to the changing o! the historical de!inition o! arriage to include sa e,se$ couples ha#e !ailed to as- those who are ad#ocating !or such a change to si ply support and de!end their position. 0ot all ho ose$uals ad#ocate !or asi ilating ho ose$uality through arriage into the culture" but so e ho ose$uals ad#ocate !or se$ual liberation. The burden o! proo! is upon those ad#ocating !or change. There has been uch discussion that by not allowing sa e,se$ couples to arry they are there!ore denied the rights and bene!its that are reali5ed by those who do arry. Get there are any who !ail to 'uali!y !or arriage and thus they too are denied the rights and bene!its that co e through arriage. I support the proposed 2onstitutional ( end ent that was past last year by the 6assachusetts :ate 7egislature in a 2onstitutional 2on#ention. This proposed a end ent will grant the rights and bene!its to those sa e,se$ couples who 'uali!y and choose to legally sanction their relationships as ci#il unions. Eassage o! this proposed a end ent with a second #ote o! appro#al by the current

6assachusetts :tate 7egislature will allow the citi5ens o! the 2o onwealth to also participant in the discusion and de!ining o! arriage in the 2o onwealth o! 6assachusetts. :hould the citi5ens appro#e this proposed 2onstitutional ( end ent when #oting in a 2009 election 6assachusetts will .oin ;er ont and 2onnecticut in allowing 2i#il Fnions !or sa e,se$ couples. Those ad#ocating !or sa e,se$ arriage say that 2i#il Fnions !or sa e,se$ couples results in a )second class status* !or these couples. &hate#er action a state shall ta-e" whether by arriage or ci#il unions !or sa e,se$ couples" according to !ederal andate arriage is de!ined as a relationship between one an and one wo an @Ae!ense o! 6arriage (ct" 1339B" thereby !or !ederal recording purposes sa e,se$ couples ha#e )second class status*. This includes but is not li ited to !ederal ta$ codes. The +ederal Ae!ense o! 6arriage (ct also allows other states the possibility o! not recogni5ing sa e,se$ arriages per!or ed in another state. 1y 6assachusetts/ law sa e,se$ couples that are not citi5ens o! the 2o onwealth o! 6assachusetts are not legally eligible !or arriage in 6assachusetts. The reality o! allowing sa e,se$ arriage by .udicial decree in 6assachusetts has created any challenges !or sa e,se$ couples. Eerhaps the greatest challenge is that o! the possibility o! sa e,se$ arriage that was granted by .udicial decree being o#erruled in a subse'uent legal challenge. &hat is granted by .udicial decree is o!ten a !ragile #ictory. &hat is granted by .udicial decree ay later be o#erruled in a subse'uent court case. :uch is the case with sa e,se$ arriage or what is o!ten re!erred to as gay arriage. &ithout assurances by securing through the legislati#e process the gains ade through the case =oodridge #s. Aepart ent o! Eublic <ealth ay be lost in a new legal challenge. Those who raise a legal challenge to gay arriage will be presenting their argu ents against gay arriage and it will be the responsibility o! the (ttorney =eneral/s o!!ice to o#erco e the in de!ending the :tate o! 6assachusetts allowing gay arriage. I ha#e discussed in!or ation that ay be used in a possible legal challenge in three pre#ious handouts. They are titled" )=ranted by Judicial Aecree* @July 2>B" )?$clusi#ity" 6utual :upport" and 2o it ent to %ne (nother* @(ugust 8B" and 2onstitution !or the 2o onwealth o! 6assachusetts* @(ugust 10B. &hen will there be a eaning!ul" open" and honest discussion in the issue o! rede!ining include sa e,se$ couples or what is called )gay arriage*. http://www.banap.net/spip.php?article55 arriage to

=oving Horward and 5ontinuing the 2ro&ess (=ay 24, 2005)

:aturday 2 July 2005. =oving 'orward and &ontinuing the !ro&ess: I support continuing to o#e !orward in the process o! de!ining arriage in the 2o onwealth o! 6assachusetts. I a encouraged by the progress that was ade in a 2onstitutional 2on#ention held in 6arch o! 2004. ( proposed 2onstitutional ( end ent was appro#ed by a a.ority o! the legislators. To continue o#ing !orward in the process o! de!ining arriage in the 2o onwealth o! 6assachusetts a #ote is re'uired in a 2onstitutional 2on#ention by the current 6assachusetts 7egislature. ( second #ote o! appro#al by the current 6assachusetts :tate 7egislature would allow this proposed 2onstitutional ( end ent to be placed on the ballot in 2009 allowing the citi5ens o! the 2o onwealth o! 6assachusetts to also participate in the process o! de!ining arriage in the 2o onwealth o! 6assachusetts. ;oting by the citi5ens o! the 2o onwealth o! 6assachusetts on the de!inition o! arriage in the 2o onwealth will allow the to participate in the go#erning o! the 2o onwealth o! 6assachusetts. +ollowing the 6assachusetts :upre e Judicial 2ourt ruling that sa e,se$ couples ay legally arry 7egislatures in 11 states ha#e allowed their citi5ens to #ote on a de!inition o! arriage within their borders. Earticipation in the go#ern ent by those being go#erned is the

!oundation o! the de ocratic process" the heritage o! our 2o onwealth and our country" the Fnited :tates. The ain argu ent by those ad#ocating !or this change in the de!inition o! arriage" allowing sa e,se$ couples to arry is that these couples are denied the rights and bene!its that ca e !ro arriage when they are not allowed to arry. The proposed 2onstitutional ( end ent that was appro#ed would pro#ide !or sa e,se$ couples to be eligible !or these rights and bene!its. (llowing sa e,se$ couples to !or ci#il unions with all the rights and bene!its o! arriage will acco plish this. &ith the passage o! this proposed 2onstitutional ( end ent 6assachusetts will .oin ;er ont and 2onnecticut in allowing sa e,se$ couples the rights and bene!its they are as-ing !or. ( recent e#ent by a chie! proponent in the 6assachusetts :tate :enate ad#ocating !or changing the de!inition o! arriage ay ha#e caught any by surprise. I !ound ysel! not surprised but sadden and disappointed. The :enator succeeded in getting an additional proposed 2onstitutional ( end ent" <958" placed on the 2onstitutional 2on#ention calendar" !or (ugust 24" 2005. This sa e 2onstitutional ( end ent" <958 that de!ines arriage as the relationship between one an and one wo an" and bans any other legal e'ui#alent to arriage @i.e. ci#il unionsB was the original 2onstitutional ( end ent proposed by those opposing sa e,se$ arriages. It was discussed and #oted on in a 2onstitutional 2on#ention held in 2004. (!ter e$tended discussion it was not accepted and not #oted !or appro#al by the 6assachusetts :tate 7egislature. Cather a co prise 2onstitutional ( end ent proposed by the :enate leaders was #oted on and appro#ed. This success!ul proposed 2onstitutional ( end ent de!ines arriage as the relationship between one an and one wo an" and also establishes ci#il unions !or sa e,se$ couples with all the rights and bene!its o! arriage. The :enator hopes by placing this pre#iously re.ected proposed a end ent" <958" on the calendar !or the (ugust 24 2onstitutional 2on#ention it would lead to a re#iew and possible re.ection o! the e!!ort to write discri ination into the 6assachusetts 2onstitution by de!ining arriage as a relationship between one an and one wo an. <e also hopes by reintroducing this a end ent" <958" it will di#ide those who oppose both sa e,se$ arriage. (lthough his intention is to allow !or discussion o! sa e,se$ arriage in the upco ing 2onstitutional 2on#ention as I ha#e pre#iously written in a handout )6eaning!ul" %pen and <onest Aiscussion* presented to you in 6arch o! 2004 and on (pril 29" 2005 those ad#ocating !or changing the de!inition o! arriage to allow sa e,se$ couples to arry in y opinion ha#e yet to support and de!end their position. In that handout I presented y position as a series o! 'uestions and pro#ided brie! answers. :o I a sadden and disappointed that though their best intentions are to allow !or !urther discussion those ad#ocating !or changing the de!inition o! arriage to allow sa e,se$ couples to arry" they ha#e yet to pro#ide a response to these 'uestions. (lso they ha#e yet to address the 'uestion that with this change in the de!inition o! arriage" is it one o! legally sanctioning relationships or the !urthering o! legally sanctioning beha#ior" the case !or the latter is uch stronger. &ill the addition o! this pre#iously re.ected proposed 2onstitution ( end ent" <958" to the upco ing 2onstitutional 2on#ention result in o#ing !orward and continuing the process in de!ining arriage in the 2o onwealth o! 6assachusetts? 6assachusetts by .udicial decree is the only state in the Fnited :tates to allow sa e,se$ couples to arry. 1ut not all ho ose$uals support assi ilating ho ose$uality into our society through sa e,se$ arriage" ho ose$uals ser#ing openly in the ilitary" positi#ely portraying ho ose$uals in public edia" and the #arious eans in the education syste @=ay :traight (lliancesB. There are ho ose$uals who want se$ual liberation" ta-ing pride in being )se$ual outlaws/rebels* to the societal nor s !or hu an se$uality. The .udicial decree allowing sa e,se$ arriage was ruled on a )rational basis*" but could not another )rational basis* be ruled should in another legal challenge the argu ents !or )se$ual liberation* be presented instead o! the argu ents !or assi ilation? Gou ay !ind !urther in!or ation about the assi ilation/liberation o! ho ose$uality on www.banap.net. I choose to sel!,identi!y as a !or er ho ose$ual. (lso I as- !or a!!ir ation and #alidation as a !or er ho ose$ual. This is di!!erent than tolerance and acceptance. To a!!ir and #alidate re'uires spending ti e in relationship with e. I a continually surprised that people want to )tal- about e* instead o! )tal-ing with e*. This is the case when I ca e under in#estigation by 8 depart ents at <ar#ard Fni#ersity. They in#estigated e a!ter a story written by a <ar#ard Fni#ersity student appeared in The <ar#ard 2ri son/s 15

6inutes. These in#estigations ha#e appeared to be !inished when in a state ent by two <ar#ard o!!icials" one being deputy general counsel" e phasi5ed <ar#ard/s protection o! !ree speech. 0ot one o! these depart ents or o!!icials has contacted e since these in#estigations too- place in %ctober o! 2001. %n 6ay 24 I will be lea#ing to spend 5 wee-s in the F-raine. The past 8 years I ha#e spent the entire su er teaching ?nglish in the F-raine. This year I a a-ing plans !or two trips. I will return in Aece ber to spend the winter holidays with a #ery special !riend (ngela and her daughter Cita. Gou ay see pictures at www.as4us.org. (!ter I return !ro the F-raine" on June 23" I will again be passing out in!or ation and hope to be able to eet with e bers o! the 6assachusetts :tate 7egislature. http://www.banap.net/spip.php?article45

Same,Sex =arriage in +istori&al 2ers!e&tive (=ay :, 2005)

Thursday 5 6ay 2005. Same,sex marriage in histori&al !ers!e&tiveF 1e!ore the land ar- <awaii 1333 case" beginning in 13>1 in 6innesota there ha#e been 4 legal challenges by ho ose$ual couples in the battle !or the right to arry. 1oth ho ose$ual ale and !e ale couples ha#e been apart o! these legal challenges. The states in which these challenges occurred were in 3innesota 4254, Mentu#&y 4250, Washington 425L, /olorado 4256, ?hio 4256, @ennsylvania 421L, (ew >or& 4228, and Washington =./. 4226. (ll o! these legal challenges !ailed. 0ot all court cases ha#e been direct legal challenges to arriage being de!ined as a relationship between one an and one wo an. /olorado 4256: was a legal challenge in an i igration case" an (ustralian an was ruled not the )spouse* o! an ( erican an. @ennsylvania 421L: a!ter a couple split up" one person sued !or di#orce" clai ing a co on,law arriage status. (ew >or& 4228: a an died" lea#ing the bul- o! his property to his e$,lo#er" his current lo#er sued to inherit as a )sur#i#ing spouse.L The !irst success!ul legal challenge !or sa e,se$ arriage ;awaii +4222, was a nine,year long court case. In 1338 the <awaii :upre e 2ourt ruled that prohibiting sa e,se$ arriage ay #iolate the <awaii 2onstitution/s ban on se$ discri ination. The !ollowing year" 1334" the <awaii 7egislature a ended the state/s arriage law to pro#ide that only arriages between a an and a wo an are #alid. The sa e,se$ arriage issue in <awaii was !inally decided in 1334 when the <awaii #oters a ended the <awaii :tate 2onstitution" which allowed the <awaii :tate 7egislature to de!ine arriage as a relationship between one an and one wo an. Then in 1333 the <awaii :upre e 2ourt ruled that the 1334 a end ent rati!ied by the #oters o! <awaii rendered the plainti!!/s argu ent oot" with the result that sa e,se$ arriage re ains illegal in <awaii. (nother success!ul legal challenge was in $las&a +4221, when a trial court ruled that choosing a artial partner is a !unda ental right. That sa e year in 0o#e ber o! 1334 the citi5ens o! (las-a #oted to a end the (las-a 2onstitution re'uiring that all arriages be between a an and a wo an. ( third success!ul challenge was in Germont +4222," although it did not result in sa e,se$ arriage. In 1333 the ;er ont :upre e 2ourt ruled that sa e,se$ couples are entitled" under the ;er ont 2onstitution" to all o! the protections and bene!its pro#ided through arriage. The 2ourt duc-ed the issue o! whether sa e,se$ couples are entitled to a arriage license" instead !ocusing on e'ual rights and bene!its. The result was the ;er ont 7egislature past a law that was signed by the ;er ont =o#ernor creating ci#il unions !or sa e,se$ couples" gi#ing these couples all the rights and bene!its o! arriage under ;er ont law but not arriage licenses.

+our states" 0ew Jersey" 0ew 6e$ico" 0ew Gor-" and Chode Island ha#e no laws or pro#isions in their 2onstitutions pertaining to arriage being de!ined as the relationship between one an and one wo an. Thirty,si$ states ha#e enacted legislation prohibiting sa e,se$ arriages or the recognition o! sa e,se$ arriages !or ed in another .urisdiction. +our states" 6aryland" 0ew <a pshire" &isconsin" and &yo ing ha#e laws or court rulings !ro be!ore 1339 that prohibit sa e,se$ arriage. :tates ha#e traditionally recogni5ed arriages sole ni5ed in other states" e#en those that go against the arriage laws o! that particular state. Fnder the !ull !aith and credit clause o! the F.:. 2onstitution" states are generally re'uired to recogni5e and honor the public laws o! other states" unless those laws are contrary to a strong public policy o! that state. 1ut in 1339"2ongress enacted the Ae!ense o! 6arriage (ct" signed by Eresident 2linton that bars !ederal recognition o! sa e,se$ arriages and allows states to do the sa e. Those ad#ocating !or sa e,se$ arriage say that ci#il unions !or sa e,se$ couples results in a )second class status* !or these couples. &hate#er action a state will ta-e" whether by arriage or ci#il unions !or sa e,se$ couples" according to !ederal andate arriage is de!ined as a relationship between one an and one wo an @Ae!ense o! 6arriage (ct" 1339B" thereby !or !ederal recording purposes sa e,se$ couples ha#e )second class status*. This includes but is not li ited to !ederal ta$ codes. :e#eral states that ha#e had enacted laws de!ining arriage as the relationship between one an and one wo an ha#e had to re#isited the issue o! sa e,se$ arriage !ollowing the :upre e Judicial 2ourt o! 6assachusetts decision allowing sa e,se$ couples to arry. To pre#ent si ilar .udicial rulings that too- place in 6assachusetts" states ha#e been a ending their constitutions. :ince the 0o#e ber 2008 ruling allowing sa e,se$ arriages that began in 6ay 2004" 7ouisiana was the !irst state. In a :epte ber 2004 election" a 2onstitutional a end ent was appro#ed by >4H o! 7ouisiana #oters de!ining arriage as a relationship between one an and one wo an. ?le#en states had a end ents on their ballots !or the 0o#e ber 2004 elections" de!ining arriage as a relationship between one an and one wo an. The #oters in all 11 states appro#ed all 11 a end ents. The states were (r-ansas" =eorgia" Jentuc-y" 6ichigan" 6ississippi" 6ontana" 0orth Aa-ota" %-laho a" %hio" %regon" and Ftah. The closest argin !or passage o! an a end ent was appro#ed by 5>H o! the #oters in %regon and the largest argin was by 49H o! the #oters in 6ississippi. In an (pril 2005 election a 2onstitutional a end ent was appro#ed by >0H o! the #oters in Jansas. Three states will allow #oters in 2009 elections to #ote on 2onstitutional a end ents de!ining arriage as a relationship between one an and one wo an. (laba a will hold an election in June o! 2009" :outh Aa-ota and Tennessee citi5ens will #ote during 2009 elections. 2onnecticut is the latest state to resol#e the issue o! de!ining arriage. In (pril 2005 the 2onnecticut legislature pass a law that was signed by the 2onnecticut =o#ernor. The law allows !or ci#il unions !or sa e,se$ couples and de!ines arriage as a relationship between a an and a wo an. 2onnecticut was the !irst state to resol#e the issue o! de!ining arriage without a legal challenge. 1eginning in 13>1 the !irst legal challenge by a ho ose$ual couple see-ing the right to arry was !iled in 6innesota by a ale ho ose$ual couple. The courts ha#e ruled both in !a#or o! and also !or denying ho ose$ual couples the right to arry. Two states" ;er ont and 2onnecticut allow !or ci#il unions !or ho ose$ual couples. 6assachusetts is the only state by .udicial decree to allow ho ose$ual couples to arry. &ith e#ery opportunity to participate in the go#erning process" when citi5ens ha#e been allowed to #ote" usually by a ending state 2onstitutions" on the issue o! the de!inition o! arriage" in the )court o! public opinion* they ha#e #oted in !a#or o! arriage being de!ined as the relationship between one an and one wo an.

http://www.banap.net/spip.php?article42

4he SBy +as 0ot Hallen (Se!tember ", 2005)

&ednesday 81 (ugust 2005. 4he sBy has not 'allen since gay arriage beco e legal by .udicial decree. This is grandiose phrase )the s-y has not !allen* has been o!ten repeated by ad#ocates o! gay arriage. There has been no catastrophic e#ent since allowing gay couples to arry" but there has been a pro!ound dra atic conse'uence that has longer,ter e!!ects on our society. =ay arriage #alidates" a!!ir s" nor ali5es" and legiti ati5es ho ose$ual beha#ior. %nce again it is i portant to understand that not all ho ose$ual ad#ocate and support gay arriage. This ideological di#ision is described as )assi ilation* and )se$ual liberation.* The !ollowing 'uote !ro the boo- 1eyond the 2loset that was published in 2002 pro#ides a #ery good description o! these two opposing ideologies a ong ho ose$uals. $s the #loset be#ame the de!ining reality !or many gay $meri#ans, a "oliti#al movement too& sha"e that #hallenged this #ondition. This movement was and still is divided between, roughly s"ea&ing, a liberationist and an assimilationist ideology and agenda. I! assimilationists aim to broaden the notion o! the good sexual #iti%en to in#lude homosexuals, liberationists #hallenge this ideal. I! the norm o! the good sexual #iti%en de!ines sex ex#lusively as a "rivate a#t, liberationists de!end "ubli# !orms o! sexuality +!or exam"le, sex in "ar&s, tearooms, or bathhouses,E i! the ideal sexual #iti%en is gender #onventional, liberationists aim to s#ramble gender norms su#h that being a#tive or "assive, aggressive or submissive, is not #oded as mas#uline or !eminineE i! the good sexual #iti%en tightly binds sex to love or intima#y, liberationists relax the bond, allowing !or legitimate sex within and without intima#yE i! the ideal sexual #iti%en is married, liberationist advo#ate either the end o! state regulation o! adult intimate relationshi"s or state re#ognition o! a diversity o! !amilies. In short, assimilationionist want homosexuals to be re#ogni%ed and a##e"ted as good sexual #iti%ensE liberationists #hallenge the sexual norms asso#iated with this ideal. @:eid an" 1eyond the 2loset" p.1>8B =ay arriage #alidates" a!!ir s" nor ali5es" and legiti ati5es ho ose$ual beha#ior. &hat are so e these ho ose$ual beha#iors? The best place to !ind descriptions and conse'uences o! these beha#iors is the )gay popular edia* o! boo-s" articles" web sites. %n the internet" ( &indow 6edia Eublication" publishes online #ersions o! newspapers !ro 0ew Gor- @1ladeB &ashington A.2. @1ladeB (tlanta @:outhern ;oiceB" <ouston @;oiceB" :outhern +lorida @?$press =ay 0ewsB. These online newspapers are updated each +riday. The online #ersion o! the (d#ocate is updated daily. %n its site is this phrase" )The (ward,&inning 71=T 0ews 6aga5ine.* 6any si ilar articles ay also be read on the online #ersion o! 1ay &indows a ho ose$ual newspaper !ound here in 6assachusetts. The in!or ation about theses !ollowing ho ose$ual beha#iors" #ir#uit "arties and bareba#&ing co es !ro ho ose$ual sources. Two o! these articles cited are !ound in The =ay and 7esbian Ce#iew/ &orldwide @until 1333 this .ournal was The <ar#ard =ay and 7esbian Ce#iewB )The :ociology o! 1arebac-ing"* published in Jan.,+eb. 2005 and )The 2ircuit Earty/s +austian 1argain"* published July,(ugust" 2005. /ir#uit "arties are wee&end)long, eroti#ally)#harged, drug)!ueled gay dan#e events held in resort towns a#ross the #ountry. Theres at least one ma.or #ir#uit "arty every month somewhere in the .S. ) (ew >or&s Bla#& @arty, South Bea#hs White @arty, 3ontreals Bla#& and Blue @arty, and so on ) and "eo"le travel !ar and wide to ta&e "art. The "arties are attended by u" to

96,888 gay and bisexual men, who so#iali%e #ontinuously !or "eriods u" to and sometimes ex#eeding 9L hours. @=ha5iani" )The 2ircuit Earty/s +austian 1argain"* p. 21B It is well &nown, both ane#dotally and through resear#h, that drug use is wides"read at #ir#uit "arties. Studies indi#ate that #lub drugs are #onsumed by about 26 "er#ent o! "arty attendees +3ansergh, 9884,. Indeed drug use is in#or"orated into the settings as integral "art o! #ir#uit #ulture. ?! those who re"ort ta&ing drugs, :4 "er#ent re"ort using three or !our di!!erent ty"es o! drugs "er "arty. 3ulti"le drug use is thus the norm. The most #ommonly used drugs are e#tasy, #rystal meth, GB, #o#aine, and &etamine. @=ha5iani" )The 2ircuit Earty/s +austian 1argain"* p. 22B Besear#h about the #ir#uit, oriented toward "ubli# health, ma&es similar inter"retations ) "arti#ularly around the relationshi" between drug use, unsa!e sex, and ;IG sero#onversion +Brown, 9884E /ol!ax et al., 9884E 'ewis and Boss, 4226a, 4226bE 3ansergh et al., 9884, 3attison et al., 9884,. ?verall, this body o! resear#h !rames the #ir#uit as a site o! danger, suggesting "ubli# health o!!i#ials need to #onsider develo"ing a""ro"riate intervention and edu#ation strategies to hel" #ombat the s"read o! ;IG. @&estha#er" ) S2o ing %ut o! Gour :-in/: 2ircuit Earties" Eleasure" and the :ub.ect"* p.858B n"rote#ted anal inter#ourse is variously re!erred to as bareba#&ing, raw sex, natural sex, uninhibited sex. @:herno!!" )The :ociology o! 1arebac-ing"* p. 88B But a!ter more than two de#ades o! sa!er sex messages and tens o! thousands o! deaths, many gay men are returning to sexual behaviors more #ommonly seen be!ore the onset o! the e"idemi# by having un"rote#ted anal inter#ourse + $I,.@ :herno!!" )The :ociology o! 1arebac-ing"* p. 88B The in#rease in $I in the nited States has given rise to a signi!i#ant in#rease in the number ;IG in!e#tions among men who have sex with men +3S3,. $t the 9880 (ational ;IG @revention /on!eren#e, the /enters !or =isease /ontrol re"orted that the number o! gay and bisexual men diagnosed with ;IG #limbed !or the third #onse#utive year. @:herno!!" )The :ociology o! 1arebac-ing"* p. 88B /ir#uit "arties and bareba#&ing are not generally associated with those ho ose$uals who ad#ocate !or Lassi ilation"L but o! those ho ose$uals ad#ocating !or )se$ual liberation.L =ay arriage #alidates" a!!ir s" nor ali5es" and legiti ati5es ho ose$ual beha#ior. http://www.banap.net/spip.php?article54

%ho is asBing so&iety toF (Auly 20, 2005)

&ednesday 20 July 2005. %ho is asBing so&iety toF K 7egally sanction their beha#ior? K Eolice their beha#ior? K Eay !or the conse'uences o! their beha#ior? I again want to spea- about the i portance o! ha#ing a eaning!ul" open" and honest discussion when tal-ing about changing the de!inition o! arriage. ( second thing o! i portance is that o! the

con!licting ideology a ong ho ose$uals the sel#es o! assi ilation and se$ual liberation. Thus be!ore you )shoot the essager"* 7arry" it those who are as-ing society to legally sanction" police" and pay !or the conse'uences o! their beha#ior that is the source o! this in!or ation. This discussion is being had because those who are the answer to the 'uestions abo#e ha#e raised the issue o! changing the de!inition o! arriage. Get" is it a eaning!ul" open" and honest discussion? )t is homosexuals who are asBing so&iety to legally san&tion, !oli&e, and !ay 'or the &onse8uen&es o' their behavior :a e,se$ arriage" unsa!e se$ual beha#ior in gay se$ clubs and bathhouses and increasing edical cost associated with the rising cases o! :TAs and <I;/(IA: a ong ale ho ose$uals answers the 'uestion o! how ho ose$uals are as-ing society to legally sanction" police" and pay !or the conse'uences o! their beha#ior. ;ow are ho ose$uals as-ing society to legally sanction their beha#ior? <o ose$uals by as-ing to change the de!inition o! arriage to allow sa e,se$ couples to arry will continue to !urther nor ali5e and legiti i5e ho ose$ual beha#ior. This change in the de!inition o! arriage is only one way that ho ose$uals are atte pting to assi ilate ho ose$ual beha#ior in our society. 1ut not all ho ose$uals ad#ocate !or assi ilating ho ose$ual beha#ior into society. Cather they ad#ocate !or se$ual liberation. ;ow are ho ose$uals as-ing society to police their beha#ior? (n e$a ple is the issue o! <I;/(IA: testing in gay se$ clubs and bathhouses in 7os (ngeles 2ounty. This issue arose o#er two years ago and has not yet been resol#ed. $ leading .S. $I=S health servi#e "rovider on 3onday said hundreds o! "atrons o! gay sex #lubs and bathhouses have been ex"osed to ;IG be#ause 'os $ngeles /ounty o!!i#ials !ailed to regulate the venues.@(IA: group urges in 7( bathhouses" Cueters <ealth" 2004,05,04B ;e added that nearly 9 years has ela"sed sin#e a study do#umenting an 44A in#iden#e o! ;IG in!e#tions among men who tested at 'os $ngeles bathhouses, #om"ared to 6A o! men who were tested in a "ubli# #lini# or #ommunity)based testing #enter. @(IA: group urges in 7( bathhouses" Cueters <ealth" 2004,05,04B The !a#t that a debate over whether 'os $ngeles /ounty, /ali!., should re*uire li#ensing o! gay bathhouses and sex #lubs Dstill goes on in the third de#ade o! the ;IG e"idemi# is unbelievable,D a 'os $ngeles Times editorial says +'os $ngeles Times, 5Q6,. @http://www.-aisernetwor-.org/dailyVreports/repVinde$.c! ?ACVIAW245>4 %pinion Y 7os (ngeles 2ounty" 2ali!." :hould 7icense =ay 1athhouses" :e$ 2lubs" 7os (ngeles Ti es ?ditorial :aysB ;ow are ho ose$uals as-ing society to pay !or the conse'uence o! their beha#ior? It is through the growing edial costs by the increasing nu bers o! :TAs and <I;/(IA: cases a ong ho ose$ual en. The lo#al numbers re!le#t a national resurgen#e o! ;IG and other sexually transmitted diseases +ST=s, among gay men. @)Cesponse to rising <I; di#ides gay co unity.* :eattle Ti es" January 9" 2004B =ebate over the #ommunitys ex"e#tations on sexual behavior is ex"osing a #ultural divide among gay men, s"ar&ing a se"arate dis#ussion within the gay #ommunity on its values and ethi#s. ?ne side says it is un!air to #ondemn gay men who engage in ris&y sex without #onsidering the underlying #auses o! the behavior. The other side wants the #oddling o! those whose behavior is !ueling the e"idemi# to sto". @)Cesponse to rising <I; di#ides gay co unity.* :eattle Ti es" January 9" 2004B

;ealth o!!i#ials and $I=S a#tivists nationwide are alarmed at the in#reasing #orrelation between new ;IG diagnoses and metham"hetamine use among gay men. The drugs ability to heighten arousal and ease inhibitions is "roving deadly #ombination ) leading to sexual behavior that in#reases the #han#es o! in!e#tion with ;IG and sy"hilis. @)=ays/ Cising 6eth Fse Tied to 0ew <I; 2ases.*7ati es.co @7os (ngeles Ti es onlineB January 13" 2005B ?ne re#ent /enters !or =isease /ontrol and @revention study based on San Fran#is#o data showed that use o! both meth and Giagra was #onne#ted to a mar&ed in#rease in unsa!e sex. @)=ays/ Cising 6eth Fse Tied to 0ew <I; 2ases.*7ati es.co @7os (ngeles Ti es onlineB January 13" 2005B 3ore than hal! o! us are ignoring everything we &now about sexual sa!ety and health and re!using to "rote#t ourselves. It should #ome as no sur"rise that the /=/ .ust announ#ed that new ;IG diagnoses among gay and bisexual men a#ross the #ountry in#reased !or the third #onse#utive year. @)Is the badge o! the Sse$ual outlaw* -illing us?* (d#ocate.co co entary %ctober 18" 2008B Sy"hilis is on the rise in the nited States !or the !irst time in more than a de#ade, largely be#ause o! outbrea&s among gay and bisexual men in several .S. #ites, the government re"orted on Thursday. @):yphilis rate increase lin-ed to gay" bise$ual en.* (d#ocate.co 11/02/02,11/04/02B (ew sy"hilis #ases have risen in 3assa#husetts !rom 25 in 4222 to 425 in 9889, with more than :8A o! the in!e#tions re"orted among gay and bisexual men. $bout hal! o! all the men who sex with men diagnosed with new sy"hilis in!e#tions also are #oin!e#ted with ;IG. @)6assachusetts launches syphilis pre#ention ca paign !or gay en.* (d#ocate.co 6ay 9" 2008.B http://www.banap.net/spip.php?article43

%hy, %ho, %hat, and +ow Aune 4, 200>

6onday 4 June 200>. %hy, %ho, %hat, and +ow are 'uestions that ust be answered by those ad#ocating !or change. (nswering these 'uestions as a part o! a eaning!ul" open" and honest discussion will be bene!icial !or e#eryone. ( discussion that allows !or ore then points o! e otional rhetoric" deliberate deceit and deception" threats and inti idations. Those ad#ocating !or ho ose$uality" especially within the conte$ts o! )gay rights* there!ore should be able to support and de!end their position in a eaning!ul" open" and honest discussion. Two words used by those ad#ocating !or )gay rights* are )discri ination* and )e'uality. Thus when re!erring to ho ose$uals/gays/lesbians" )%hy is it discri ination and %hy is about e'uality? %ho are ho ose$uals/gays/ lesbians? =ay and lesban are best seen as political se$ual identities. %hat does it ean to be a ho ose$ual/gay/lesbian? It is to sel!,identi!y by sa e,se$ erotic attractions and beha#iors. +ow does one beco e a ho ose$ual/gay/lesbian? There are ultiple pathways that lead one to pursuing ho ose$uality" ho ose$ual beha#ior" li-ewise there are ultiple pathways to o#erco ing ho ose$uality" ho ose$ual beha#ior. The para eters o! the discussion are best !ra ed as )%ho one is a homosexual(* or )%hat one does, homosexuality.* The support is strongest !or the latter. %hat is ho ose$uality? <o ose$uality is a relationship issue. It is an illegiti ate atte pt to eet the legiti ate need !or sa e,se$ inti acy. Ehysical se$ual acts are o!ten added to or substituted !or those relational acts needed as a part o! sa e,se$ inti acy in relationships. ( part o! ho ose$uality is se$ual i aturity and also in#ol#es )learning.* (s a group" ho ose$uals are

not a unitary" onolithic group and that is best indicated by na es they use to sel!,identi!y the sel#es. <o ose$ual" =ay" 7esbian" Dueer" but also they use na es associated with particular se$ual beha#iors. 0ot all ho ose$uals/gays/lesbians/'ueers want arriage. &hat do those ad#ocating !or ho ose$uality really want? 2hanging language by those ad#ocating !or ho ose$uality is not unco on. %ne #ery interesting e$a ple is the ter s )se$ual pre!erence* and se$ual orientation* used in re!erenced to se$uality. In late 1390s and early 13>0s during the beginning o! what is now -nown as )gay liberation* ho ose$uals/gay/lesbians used the ter )se$ual pre!erence* to describe how they #iewed their sa e,se$ erotic attractions. 7ater around the iddle 1340s those ad#ocating !or ho ose$uality begin using the ter )se$ual orientation* instead o! )se$ual pre!erence.* The later i plied )choice* by those practicing ho ose$uality" ho ose$ual beha#ior. It was a social/political change to a ore )conser#ati#e period* that led to those ad#ocating !or ho ose$uality to begin using the ter )se$ual orientation* instead o! )se$ual pre!erence.* (lso signi!icant in leading to this change in language was the conse'uences o! ale ho ose$ual beha#ior" high rates o! :TAs and the <I;/(IA: epide ic which was tragic !or gay ales. 2a ille Eaglia is an ( erican social critic" intellectual" author and teacher. In 13>1 she recei#ed a aster/s degree in philosophy !ro Gale and a EhA in ?nglish 7iterature in 13>4. Eaglia is described as a )libertarian"* sel!,identi!ies as a bise$ual and is supporti#e o! ho ose$uality" while less supporti#e o! )gay rights.* From Stonewall to the !irst $I=S alert was only twelve short years. In the 7ighties and early (ineties, dis"la#ed anxiety over the horrors o! $I=S turned gay a#tivists into ram"aging nihilists and monomania#s, who dishonestly blamed the disease on the government and tram"led on the rights o! the gay ma.ority, and whose errors o! .udgment materially aided the rise and #onsolidation o! the !ar right. $I=S did not a""ear out o! nowhere. It was a dire#t result o! the sexual revolution, whi#h my generation unleashed with the best intentions, but whose worse e!!e#ts were to be su!!ered "rimarily by gay men. In the West, des"ite mu#h "ro"aganda to the #ontrary, $I=S is a gay disease and will remain one !or the !oreseeable !uture. @Eaglia" ;a ps and Tra ps. p.94B The changing language is ade e#en ore i portant placed within the conte$t o! the 2008 Fnited :tates :upre e 2ourt/s ruling in 7awrence #. Te$as. All things are law'ul, but all things are not !ro'itable 7awrence #. Te$as legali5ed ho ose$uality sodo y. The a.ority held that inti ate consensual se$ual conduct was part o! the liberty protected by substanti#e due process under the +ourteenth ( end ent. The statically docu ented !act -nown at that ti e was that the highest risbeha#ior !or ac'uiring <I;/(IA: is recepti#e anal intercourse. This decision !a#ors the liberty o! the indi#idual o#er the a.ority. 1ut a strong argu ent can be ade that the liberty o! the indi#idual ay be o#erruled !or the bene!it" health" and wel!are o! the a.ority. &hat 7awrence #. Te$as did was to !urther the continuation o! the legiti i5ation and nor ali5ation o! ho ose$uality" ho ose$ual beha#ior. =oodridge #. 6assachusetts Aepart ent o! Eublic <ealth ay be seen as doing the sa e" the legiti i5ation and nor ali5ation o! ho ose$uality" ho ose$ual beha#ior. The disease !irst be#ame evident among male homosexuals and intravenous drug users, and in the nited States it remains dis"ortionately #on#entrated in these two "o"ulations. @Cushing" The (IA: ?pide ic: :ocial Ai ensions o! an In!ectious Aisease" p.1B 1e!ore these two court decisions statically docu ented !acts were a#ailable !ro local and state health depart ents and the Fnited :tates 2enters !or Aisease 2ontrol. These !acts are the rising rates o! :TAs and <I;/(IA: a ong ale ho ose$uals beginning in 2000. &hile the rates o! :TAs and <I;/(IA: ha#e re ained constant or ha#e e#en !allen a ong heterose$uals in the sa e ti e period. This in!or ation ay be !ound online by #isiting health depart ents and the 2A2/s web pages.

In short, the gay li!estyle ) i! su#h a #haos #an, a!ter all, legitimately be #alled a li!estyle ) it .ust doesnt wor&- it doesnt serve the two !un#tions !or whi#h all so#ial !ramewor& evolve- to #onstrain "eo"les natural im"ulses to behave badly and to meet their natural needs. While its im"ossible to "rovide an exhaustive analyti# list o! all the root #auses and aggravants o! this !ailure, we #an asseverate at least some o! the ma.or #auses. 3any have been disse#ted, above, as elements o! the Ten 3isbehaviorsE it only remains to dis#uss the !ailure o! the gay #ommunity to "rovide a viable alternative to the heterosexual !amily. @Jir- and 6adsen" (!ter the 1all: <ow ( erica &ill 2on'uer Its +ear and <atred o! the =ay/s in the 30s" p.898B The authors o! this boo- published in 1343 sel!,identi!y as gay. Jir- graduated !ro <ar#ard Fni#ersity in 1340. 6adsen has taught on the !aculty o! <ar#ard Fni#ersity. <e is a public, co unications e$pert" designed co ercial ad#ertising !or 6adsen (#enue" and guided strategy !or the Eositi#e I ages 2a paign. This ca paign was the !irst national gay ad#ertising e!!ort in ( erican. http://www.banap.net/spip.php?article33

4hanB ;ou 'or Coting A!ril 2:, 200>

Thursday 29 (pril 200>. 4hanB you 'or voting on Jan 2" 200> during the 2onstitutional 2on#ention. %n that day I was returning !ro F-raine and unable to attend. This was a special tripI I beca e engaged to arry a wonder!ul F-rainian wo an" (ngela. Eictures o! y trips to F-raine ay be seen at www.as4us.org. (ttached to this handout are the !irst 4 pages o! 3 pages o! in!or ation I ha#e prepared !or all 540 o!!ices o! the Fnited :tates 2ongress. I will be #isiting &ashington A2 the last wee- o! 6ay to deli#er the to the :enate and <ouse o!!ices. This will be y 8rd trip to lobby the F.:. 2ongress the two pre#ious trips were with other e$,gays as part o! )0ational ?$,=ay 7obby Aays.* (n atte pt is being ade by so e ad#ocates o! sa e,se$ arriage to draw a co parison to action ta-en by the 7egislature on another proposed a end ent to the 6assachusetts 2onstitution during the Jan. 2" 200> 2onstitutional 2on#ention. The action was to send to co ittee !or study a proposed 2onstitutional a end ent to andate uni#ersal health co#erage in 6assachusetts. 7i-ewise those ad#ocating !or sa e,se$ arriage call !or si ilar action and thus not allow !or a second #ote on the proposed 2onstitutional a end ent to aintain the status 'uo that arriage is a relationship between one an and one wo an. It ust be re e bered that uni#ersal health co#erage is re'uired in 6assachusetts by state law. The legislature passed a bill that was signed into law by =o#ernor Co ney. :o to perhaps a-e such a co parison and action with sa e,se$ arriage" a bill ay be passed by the legislature and signed into law by the go#ernor to allow sa e, se$ arriage. The proposed arriage a end ent re'uiring a second #ote o! the 6assachusetts 7egislature is the 8rd a end ent ta-en up by the 7egislature. %! the 8 it is the 2nd one that is a 2iti5en/s Initiati#e Eetition. This proposed 2onstitutional ( end ent as a 2iti5en/s Initiati#e Eetition recei#ed ore citi5ens/ signatures" o#er 190"000" than any pre#ious 2iti5en/s Initiati#e Eetition in 6assachusetts. The current proposed a end ent to the 6assachusetts 2onstitution to aintain the status 'uo that arriage is a relationship between one an and one wo an re'uires a second success!ul #ote in a 2onstitutional 2on#ention to allow the citi5ens o! the 2o onwealth o! 6assachusetts to #ote and participant in the go#erning o! the 2o onwealth o! 6assachusetts. 7i-ewise this proposed

a end ent has past constitutional" .udicial" and legal scrutiny in two legal challenges to it that ha#e reached the :upre e Judicial 2ourt o! 6assachusetts. The !irst ruling was that the a end ent is)going !orward* and thereby is not an atte pt o#erturn a pre#ious :J2 ruling in the 2008 =oodridge case. In a side note o! possible interest" the lead plainti!! couple <ilary and Julie =oodridge" in the legal challenge to allow sa e,couple to arry arried in 6ay o! 13>4 and separated in July o! 2009. The second ruling addressed the responsibility o! the 6assachusetts 7egislature to #ote on proposed 2onstitutional ( end ents. The :J2 ruled they had no authority to de and the 7egislature to ta-e a #ote. 1ut in strongly worded language encouraged the 6assachusetts :tate 7egislature to uphold their oath o! o!!ice to support the 2onstitution o! 6assachusetts and e$ercise the authority delegated to the in the 6assachusetts 2onstitution to regulate arriage by #oting on the proposed arriage a end ent to the 6assachusetts 2onstitution. The 7egislature !ollowed the ad#ice o! the :J2 by ta-ing a #ote on January 2" 200>" a #ote o! appro#al" thus re'uiring a second #ote. In early spring o! 2009 2hie! Justice 6arshall recei#ed an award !ro <ar#ard Fni#ersity and ga#e a speech titled )Judiciary !or (ll*. I attended the speech on the <ar#ard Fni#ersity ca pus and was able to ta-e part in the Duestion and (nswer session that !ollowed. I was the second person to as- a 'uestion. I pre!aced y re ar-s with an apology. The !irst one to as- a 'uestion was a lawyer" and 2hie! Justice 6arshal in answering his 'uestion co ented that she was unco !ortable when presented with new ideas that she pre#iously had not thought about. :o I apologi5ed !or being so eone new" a type o! person she ay not ha#e et be!ore. I said" ) y na e is 7arry <ouston" I a a e ber o! the <ar#ard Fni#ersity co unity" I coo- in the !resh an dining hall and I sel!, identi!y as a !or er ho ose$ual. (!ter an article written by a <ar#ard student about e appeared in the <ar#ard 2ri son 0ewspaper I !aced discri ination and the possible loss o! y .ob at <ar#ard Fni#ersity. I ca e under in#estigation by three depart ents o! <ar#ard Fni#ersity and during these in#estigations no <ar#ard Fni#ersity o!!icial contacted e.* I also tal-ed o! !or er ho ose$uals" e$,gays" and !or er lesbians being in a si ilar position to that o! gays and lesbians al ost 40 years ago. That is the identity as an e$,gay is gaining greater societal appro#al as a se$ual identity. The !ollowing 'uotes are !ro an article in 1ay &indows" 0ew ?ngland/s largest newspaper ser#ing the gay" lesbian" bise$ual" and transgender co unities" )2ould It <appen <ere* by ?than Jacobs. (o amount o! money #an solve the "roblem- in at least 44 states that voted on marriage amendments sin#e 988L the "ro)gay side outs"ent its o""onents, but only one o! those states, $ri%ona, voted down the amendment. In Wis#onsin, a state that many observers thought #ould !easibly de!eat its amendment in 988:, "ro)gay !or#es outs"ent their o""onents by a nearly L)to)4 margin, but the amendment still "assed 62 "er#ent to L4 "er#ent. 'GBT advo#ates in /olorado last year s"ent S6.L million to try to de!eat the =?3$ amendment and "ass the domesti# "artner bill, a##ording to #am"aign !inan#e re#ords. By #ontrast their o""onents s"ent only S4.L million. In 988:, Fair Wis#onsin s"ent SL.0 million to try to de!eat that state marriage amendment, !ar out"a#ing the S:58,888 #am"aign waged by Fo#us on the Family and its allies on the other side. Je#un 0a!! anaging editor o! the gay newspaper" &ashington 1lade online wrote an editorial on &ednesday 6arch 28" 200>" )1loggers #s <C2.* It was written in this editorial that 6ass?'uality has already recei#ed 1 illion dollars !ro the <C2. <C2 is the <u an Cights 2a paign" a large national gay and lesbian rights organi5ation that owns their 29 illion dollar &ashington A2 head'uarters. :o co ents by ad#ocates o! sa e,se$ arriage o! an e$pensi#e ca paign to a end

the 6assachusetts 2onstitution ay certainly ha#e so e truth in the . 1ut the history o! pre#ious si ilar ca paigns shows who will ost li-ely spend the largest a ount o! oney. I! there is so uch support !or sa e,se$ arriage in the 6assachusetts 7egislature why hasn/t a sa e,se$ arriage bill success!ully passed through the legislati#e process and been enacted into state law. Aoing so the legislature will uphold their oath o! o!!ice and e$ercise the authority granted to the 7egislature by the 6assachusetts 2onstitution to regulate arriage. http://www.banap.net/spip.php?article39

9nited States 5ongress =ay 2E, :0, :" 200>

6onday 4 June 200>. &hat is presented in this handout is in!or ation to help ha#e a eaning!ul" open" and honest discussion. ( discussion that allows !or ore then points o! e otional rhetoric" deliberate deceit and deception" threats and inti idations. The para eters o! a discussion o! ho ose$uality are best !ra ed in the !ollowing way. %ho one is, a homosexual or what one does, homosexuality. The support is strongest !or the latter. <o ose$uality is a relationship issue. <o ose$uality is an illegiti ate atte pt to eet the legiti ate need !or inti acy in sa e,se$ relationships. The !ollowing 'uotes are by authors who sel!,identi!y as gay and are uni#ersity history pro!essors. 6artin Auber an graduated !ro Gale Fni#ersity" recei#ed a Eh.A. !ro <ar#ard Fni#ersity" and was a pro!essor at Erinceton. John A/? ilo recei#ed a Eh.A. !ro 2olu bia Fni#ersity and teaches at the Fni#ersity o! Illinois at 2hicago. These two uni#ersity pro!essors agree that it is ho ose$uality" what one does and write it this way in the !ollowing 'uotes. I have argued that lesbian and gay identity and #ommunities are histori#ally #reated, the result o! a "ro#ess o! #a"italist develo"ment that has s"anned many generations. $ #orollary o! this argument is that we are not a !ixed so#ial minority #om"osed !or all time o! a #ertain "er#entage o! the "o"ulation. There are more o! us than one hundred years ago, more o! us than !orty years ago. $nd there may very well be more gay men and lesbians in the !uture. /laims made by gays and nongays that sexual orientation is !ixed at an early age, that large numbers o! visible gay men and lesbians in so#iety, the media, and s#hools will have no in!luen#e on the sexual identities o! the young, are wrong. /a"italism has #reated the material #onditions !or homosexual desire to ex"ress itsel! as a #entral #om"onent o! some individuals livesE now, our "oliti#al movements are #hanging #ons#iousness, #reating the ideologi#al #onditions that ma&e it easier !or "eo"le to ma&e that #hoi#e. @A/? ilio" )2apitalis and =ay Identity" p. 4>8,4>4 in The 7esbian and =ay :tudies Ceader by <enry (belo#e" 6ichele (ine 1arale and Aa#id 6. <alperinB There is another histori#al myth that en.oys nearly universal a##e"tan#e in the gay movement, the myth o! the eternal homosexual. The argument runs something li&e this- Gay men and lesbians always were and always will be. We are everywhereE not .ust now, but throughout history, in all so#ieties and all "eriods. This myth served a "ositive "oliti#al !un#tion in the !irst years o! gay liberation. In the early 4258s, when we battled an ideology that either denied our existen#e or de!ined us as "sy#ho"athi# individuals or !rea&s o! nature, it was em"owering to assert that we are everywhere. But in re#ent years it has #on!ined us as surely as the most homo"hobi# medi#al theories, and lo#&ed our movement in "la#e. ;ere I wish to #hallenge this myth. I want to argue that gay men and lesbians have not always existed. Instead they are a "rodu#t o! history, and have #ome into existen#e in a s"e#i!i# histori#al era. Their emergen#e is asso#iated with the relations o!

#a"italismE it has been the histori#al develo"ment o! #a"italism)more s"e#i!i#ally, its !ree)labor system)that has allowed a large numbers o! men and women in the late twentieth #entury to #all themselves gay, to see themselves as "art o! a #ommunity o! similar men and women, to organi%e "oliti#ally on the basis o! that identity. @A/? ilio" 6a-ing Trouble ?ssays on =ay <istory" Eolitics" and the Fni#ersity" p.5B It isnt at all obvious why a gay rights movement should ever have arisen in the nited States in the !irst "la#e. $nd its "ro!oundly "u%%ling why that movement should have be#ome !ar and away the most "ower!ul su#h "oliti#al !ormation in the world. Same gender sexual a#ts have been #ommon"la#e throughout history and a#ross #ultures. Today, to s"ea& with surety about a matter !or whi#h there is absolutely no statisti#al eviden#e, more adoles#ent male butts are being "enetrated in the $rab world, 'atin $meri#an, (orth $!ri#a and Southeast $sia then in the west. But the notion o! a gay identity rarely a##om"anies su#h sexual a#ts, nor do "oliti#al movements arise to ma&e demands in the name o! that identity. Its still almost entirely in the Western world that the genders o! ones "artner is #onsidered a "rime mar&er o! "ersonality and among Western nations it is the nited States ) a #ountry otherwise #onsidered a bastion o! #onservatism ) that the strongest "oliti#al movement has arisen #entered around that identity. Weve only begun to analy%e why, and to date #an say little more then that #ertain signi!i#ant "re) re*uisites develo"ed in this #ountry, and to some degree everywhere in the western world, that werent "resent, or hadnt a#hieved the ne#essary #riti#al mass, elsewhere. $mong su#h !a#tors were the wea&ening o! the traditional religious lin& between sexuality and "ro#reation +one whi#h had made non)"ro#reative same gender desire an automati# #andidate !or denun#iation as unnatural,. Se#ondly the ra"id urbani%ation and industriali%ation o! the nited States, and the West in general, in the nineteen #entury wea&ened the material +and moral, authority o! the nu#lear !amily, and allowed maveri#&s to es#a"e into wel#ome anonymity o! #ity li!e, where they #ould #hoose a "reviously una##e"table li!estyle o! singleness and non#on!ormity without #onstantly worrying about "arental or village busybodies "oun#ing on them. @Auber an" 7e!t %ut" p. 414 , 415.B 7arry <ouston who is deli#ering this handout" has written it" and sel!,identi!ies as a !or er ho ose$ual. I as- !or a!!ir ation and #alidation as a !or er ho ose$ual. 6y story ay be read on the web page" www.banap.net. There you ay not only read y story o! o#erco ing ho ose$uality" but o! !acing discri ination as an e$,gay at <ar#ard Fni#ersity. I ca e under in#estigation by three depart ents o! <ar#ard Fni#ersity a!ter a <ar#ard student wrote an article !or The <ar#ard 2ri son newspaper. (ttached are two articles !ro The <ar#ard 2ri son that gi#es details o! these in#estigations. Auring these in#estigations no <ar#ard Fni#ersity o!!icial contacted e. The article on www.banap.net" )Aiscri ination !or being ?$,gay* gi#es additional in!or ation that pro#ides a conte$t prior to the initial in#estigation by the gay and lesbian inisters o! the Fnited 6inistries Aepart ent o! <ar#ard Fni#ersity. <ar#ard Fni#ersity students continue to see- e out a!ter the in#estigations. This year a gay <ar#ard senior as-ed !or help with a class assign ent. To help bring about a eaning!ul" open" and honest discussion listed below is a series o! 'uestions !ollowed by brie! answers. ( discussion that allows !or ore then points o! e otional rhetoric" deliberate deceit and deception" threats and inti idations. I %ho is advo&ating 'or &hange( <o ose$uals/gays/lesbians.

I )s the dis&ussion one o' legally san&tioning relationshi!s or behavior( The case !or the latter is uch stronger. I %ho is a homosexual*gay*lesbian( (n indi#idual who sel!,identi!ies by beha#ior or the things one does. ( gay ale and lesbian !e ale identity has political connotations. In late 1390s and early >0/s during the beginning o! what is now -nown as )gay liberation* ho ose$uals/gay/lesbians used the ter )se$ual pre!erence* to describe how they #iewed their sa e,se$ erotic attraction. 7ater around the iddle 1340s those ad#ocating !or ho ose$uality begin using the ter )se$ual orientation* instead o! )se$ual pre!erence.* The later i plied )choice* by those practicing ho ose$uality" ho ose$ual beha#ior. It was a social/political change to a ore )conser#ati#e period* that led to those ad#ocating !or ho ose$uality to begin using the ter )se$ual orientation* instead o! )se$ual pre!erence.* I +ow does one be&ome a homosexual( There are ultiple pathways that ay lead one into pursuing ho ose$ual beha#ior. <o ose$uals in their nu erous articles and boo-s ac-nowledge one is not born a ho ose$ual. +or this reason it ay be reasonably argued that it is not a )rights issue*. This is also why no court @state or !ederalB has granted ho ose$uals )suspect class status*. 7i-ewise !or this reason it will be unli-ely !or courts to rule on the basis o! e'ual protection and due process. <o ose$uality is not an innate trait. I %hat is homosexuality( <o ose$uality is a relationship issue. It is an illegiti ate atte pt to eet the legiti ate need !or sa e,se$ inti acy. Ehysical se$ual acts are o!ten added to or substituted !or those relational acts needed as a part o! sa e,se$ inti acy in relationships. I %hat about 'ormer homosexuals*ex,gays( There are indi#iduals who o#erco e ho ose$uality and they do so in ultiple ways. 1ut what is o! great interest are those indi#iduals who choose to continue to sel!,identi!y as gay or lesbian but ha#e as their ob.ects o! se$ual acti#ity e bers o! the opposite se$. The !ollowing are e$a ples o! such people who ha#e ade public declarations. Jo(nn 7oulan was a pro inent lesbian acti#ist in the se#enties and eighties who et and !ell in lo#e with a an in the late nineties" and e#en appeared on a 20/20 tele#ision episode in 1334. Jan 2lausen also a lesbian acti#ist writes in two o! her boo-s 1eyond =ay or :traight" (pples and %ranges o! a se$ual relationship with a an. This latter boo- is autobiographical. :he began a long, ter onoga ous relationship with a an in 134>. In ?ngland Cussell T. Aa#ies wrote Dueer as +ol- and also wrote !or 1ritish T; the show 1ob and Cose airing in :epte ber 2001. This second show is about a gay an who !alls in lo#e with a wo an and has a se$ual relationship with her. This series was based on a !riend o! Aa#ies/" Tho as" who was well -nown in the 6anchester" ?ngland gay scene. 1ert (rcher who identi!ies as a gay ale in his boo-" The ?nd o! =ay @and the Aeath o! <eterose$ualityB" writes o! his se$ual relationship with a wo an. <e also gi#es e$a ples o! other gay en who ha#e si ilar e$periences. ( 23,page bibliography" that is e$tensi#e" but not e$hausti#e !ro y research !or the in!or ation presented on www.banp.net" ay also be !ound there. The two ain sections are )In#enting a <o ose$ual* and )Identi!ying the <o ose$ual*. The !irst section )In#enting a <o ose$ual* is !ro a historical perspecti#e. )Identi!ying the <o ose$ual* contains in!or ation !ro those ad#ocating !or ho ose$uality atte pting to )proo! te$t* the concept o! the )ho ose$ual* as an innate indi#idual se$ual being. www.banap.net also has a section )7egal and Eolitical* o! y lobbying the 6assachusetts state 7egislature !or aintaining the status 'uo that arriage is a relationship between one an and one wo an. The !ollowing two 'uotes !ro y research gi#es e great hope and encourage ent in y sel!,identity as a !or er ho ose$ual. There are pictures o! y any #isits to F-raine at to help students and !a ilies www.as4us.org.

In short, the gay li!estyle ) i! su#h a #haos #an, a!ter all, legitimately be #alled a li!estyle ) it .ust doesnt wor&- it doesnt serve the two !un#tions !or whi#h all so#ial !ramewor& evolve- to #onstrain "eo"les natural im"ulses to behave badly and to meet their natural needs. While its im"ossible to "rovide an exhaustive analyti# list o! all the root #auses and aggravants o! this !ailure, we #an asseverate at least some o! the ma.or #auses. 3any have been disse#ted, above, as elements o! the Ten 3isbehaviorsE it only remains to dis#uss the !ailure o! the gay #ommunity to "rovide a viable alternative to the heterosexual !amily. @Jir- and 6adsen" (!ter the 1all: <ow ( erica &ill 2on'uer Its +ear and <atred o! the =ay/s in the 30s" p.898B The authors o! this boo- published in 1343 sel!,identi!y as gay. Jir- graduated !ro <ar#ard Fni#ersity in 1340. 6adsen has taught on the !aculty o! <ar#ard Fni#ersity. <e is a public, co unications e$pert" designed co ercial ad#ertising !or 6adsen (#enue" and guided strategy !or the Eositi#e I ages 2a paign. This ca paign was the !irst national gay ad#ertising e!!ort in ( erican. The !ollowing 'uote !ro the introduction o! their boo- along with the title o! the booperhaps gi#es a #ery strong indication o! the authors/ belie! in a ho ose$ual agenda. Eerhaps this ay be their oti#ation !or writing the boo-. The #am"aign we outline in this boo&, though #om"lex, de"ends #entrally u"on a "rogram o! unabashed "ro"aganda, !irmly grounded in long)established "rin#i"les o! "sy#hology and advertising. @Jir- and 6adsen" (!ter the 1all: <ow ( erica &ill 2on'uer Its +ear and <atred o! the =ay/s in the 30s" p.$$#iB http://www.banap.net/spip.php?article100

%hat $o they Jealy =ean( =ay 2", 20>

:unday 2> 6ay 200>. %hat do they really mean( %hat they say or what they write( The !ollowing in!or ation was written by sel!,identi!ied gays and lesbians" any who are uni#ersity pro!essors with EhAs. &hy is it )discri ination* or a )rights issue* i! is about one/s beha#ior. We tend to thin& now that the word Chomosexual has an unvarying meaning, beyond time and history. In !a#t it is itsel! a "rodu#t o! history, a #ultural arti!a#t designed to ex"ress a "arti#ular #on#e"t. @&ee-s" 2o ing %ut" p. 8B In sum, homosexuality is not one but many things, many "sy#hoso#ial !orms, whi#h #an be viewed as symboli# mediations between "sy#ho#ultural and histori#al #onditions and human "otentials !or sexual res"onse a#ross li!e #ourse. @<erdt" )2ross,2ultural Issues in the Ae#elop ent o! 1ise$uality and <o ose$uality*" p.55B $gainst the #ertainties o! this tradition, I intend in this essay to o!!er an alternative way o! understanding sexually +indeed Csexualities,. This involves seeing sexuality not as a "rimordially Cnatural instin#t "henomenon but rather as a "rodu#t o! so#ial and histori#al !or#es. CSexuality, I shall argue, is a C!i#tional unity, that on#e did not exist, and some time in the !uture may not exist again. It is an invention o! the human mind. $s /arole S. Gan#e has suggested, Cthe most im"ortant organ in humans is lo#ated between the ears. +Gan#e 421L,. @&ee-s" :e$uality" p.9B But i! identity, and sexual di!!eren#e, are "re#arious at the level o! the un#ons#ious, they are also in large "art a !i#tion at the level o! so#ial and #ultural li!e. This is, I &now, a #ontroversial statement, and one that many lesbian and gay a#tivists would bitterly #hallenge. The sear#h !or a

gay gene, or s"e#ial ty"e o! homosexual brain, or whatever, whi#h is !re*uently wel#omed by sel!) a""ointed gay s"o&es"eo"le, attest to a #onstant wish to !ind an ex"lanation rooted in nature !or homosexual di!!eren#e. $s I have already indi#ated, $ltman re.e#ts su#h !antasies, and anti#i"ating Fou#ault and other writers arguments !or the histori#al sha"ing o! the homo)heter distin#tion. This is not to deny the value o! #onstru#ting lesbian and gay identities as an essential way o! #ombating dis#rimination, and negotiating the ha%ards o! every day li!e. Su#h identities are, in words I have used elsewhere, a ne#essary !i#tions. But !i#tions, they are, nonetheless. @(lt an" <o ose$ual: %ppression or 7iberation" p.18B It is the myth o! gay identity, the belie! that homosexuals are a di!!erent &ind o! "eo"le. Gay identity is one o! the great wor&ing myths o! our age. 7ven though it is based on the ideas o! gender and sex that have more to do with !ol&lore than s#ien#e, it o##u"ies a #entral "osition in the belie!s and "rin#i"les that govern our behaviors. It is a signi!i#ant element o! our so#ial organi%ation o! gender and sexuality. The myth holds us all in thrall, not .ust those who have ado"ted the gay role. . . . Being gay is always a matter o! sel!)de!inition. (o matter what your sexual "ro#livities or ex"erien#e, you are not gay until you de#ide you are.+Au1ay" =ay Identity The :el! Fnder 1an" p.1,2B 'esbian and gay historians have as&ed *uestions about the origins o! gay liberation and lesbian !eminism, and have #ome u" with some sur"rising answers. Bather than !inding a silent, o""ressed, gay minority in all times and all "la#es, historians have dis#overed that gay identity is a re#ent, Western, histori#al #onstru#tion. Je!!rey Wee&s, Jonathan Mat% and 'illian Faderman, !or exam"le have tra#ed the emergen#e o! lesbian and gay identity in the late nineteenth #entury. Similarly John =7milio, $llan Berube and the Bu!!alo ?ral ;istory @ro.e#t have des#ribed how this identity laid the basis !or organi%ed "oliti#al a#tivity in the years !ollowing World War II. The wor& o! lesbian and gay historians has also demonstrated that human sexuality is not a natural, timeless given, but is histori#ally sha"ed and "oliti#ally regulated. @Auggan" )<istory/s =ay =hetto: The 2ontradictions o! =rowth in 7esbian and =ay <istory"* p.151,152 in :e$ &ars: :e$ual Aissent and Eolitical 2ulture edited by Auggan T <unterB @sy#hologi#al theory, whi#h should be em"loyed to des#ribe only individual mental, emotional, and behavioral as"e#ts o! homosexuality, has been em"loyed !or building models o! "ersonal develo"ment that "ur"ort to mar& the ste"s in an individuals "rogression toward a mature and egosyntoni# gay or lesbian identity. The embra#ing and dis#losing o! su#h an identity, however, is best understood as a "oliti#al "henomenon o##urring in a histori#al "eriod during whi#h identity "oliti#s has be#ome a be#ome a #onsuming o##u"ation. @Ae 2ecco and Ear-er" )The 1iology o! <o ose$uality: :e$ual %rientation or :e$ual Ere!erence"* p. 20 in :e$" 2ells" and :a e,:e$ Aesire: The 1iology o! :e$ual" Ere!erence" editors Ae 2ecco and Ear-erB I have argued that lesbian and gay identity and #ommunities are histori#ally #reated, the result o! a "ro#ess o! #a"italist develo"ment that has s"anned many generations. $ #orollary o! this argument is that we are not a !ixed so#ial minority #om"osed !or all time o! a #ertain "er#entage o! the "o"ulation. There are more o! us than one hundred years ago, more o! us than !orty years ago. $nd there may very well be more gay men and lesbians in the !uture. /laims made by gays and nongays that sexual orientation is !ixed at an early age, that large numbers o! visible gay men and lesbians in so#iety, the media, and the s#hools will have no in!luen#e on the sexual identities o! the young, are wrong. /a"italism has #reated the material #onditions !or homosexual desire to ex"ress itsel! as a #entral #om"onent o! some individuals livesE now, our "oliti#al movements are #hanging #ons#iousness, #reating the ideologi#al #onditions that ma&e it easier !or "eo"le to ma&e that #hoi#e. @A/? ilio" 6a-ing Trouble ?ssays on =ay <istory" Eolitics" and the Fni#ersity" p.12B

;omosexuality, on the other hand, is a !ar more #om"lex "rotean identity. It is rare that "eo"le are #on!used about their ra#e or gender, but anyone #an be a homosexual or engage in homosexual behavior. @1rons-i" The pleasure Erinciple: :e$" 1ac-lash" and the :truggle !or =ay +reedo " p. 18B For well over a #entury homosexualists have dreamed that the invention o! the homosexual as a "erson would ultimately detoxi#ate homosexual behavior and win a "la#e o! e*uality alongside heterosexual behavior. @Ae 2eeo" )2on!using the (ctor &ith the (ct: 6uddled 0otions (bout <o ose$uality*" p. 411B (!ter reading what sel!,identi!ied gays and lesbians ha#e written one can there!ore understand it best in the !ollowing way. &ho one is" a ho ose$ual or &hat one does ho ose$uality. The support is strongest !or the latter. &hy is it )discri ination* or a )rights issue* i! is about one/s beha#ior. http://www.banap.net/spip.php?article3>

%hat %ill+a!!en( =ay 24, 200>

:unday 2> 6ay 200>. %hat will ha!!en should 6oodridge be overturned or sus!ended( =oodridge the legal decision to allow sa e,se$ @gayB arriage was ruled on the lowest le#el o! legal scrutiny. The :J2 re.ected the plainti!!s/ argu ents !or a decision based on )strict .udicial scrutiny.* It did not address ho ose$uals being a e ber o! a suspect class and it did not !ind a arriage to be a !unda ental right. The =oodridge decision ay be read at www.state. a.us/courts/courtsand.udges/courts/supre e.udicialcourt/goodridge.ht l Where a statute im"li#ates a !undamental right or uses a sus"e#t #lassi!i#ation, we em"loy stri#t .udi#ial s#rutiny. Be#ause the statute does not survive rational basis review, we do not #onsider the "lainti!!s arguments that this #ase merits stri#t .udi#ial s#rutiny. The =oodridge decision was conditional and li ited in its ruling" which was that the Aepart ent o! Eublic <ealth did not ade'uately .usti!y the law" and the law itsel! did not set !orth the grounds on which it is based. The de!endants the 2o onwealth o! 6assachusetts" represented by the (ttorney =eneral/s o!!ice !ailed to present a strong case. There!ore the :J2 le!t open the possibility that the present arriage status could ha#e been ade'uately supported by clearer e#idence. Thus allowing !or the possibility in a !uture legal challenge the =oodridge decision ay be o#erturned or suspended. 2onsistent in =oodridge" the legal challenge !or sa e,se$/gay arriage beginning in the written decision by :u!!ol- :uperior 2ourt Justice 2onnolly has been the ac-nowledge ent by .udges" both in :uperior 2ourt and the :upre e Judicial 2ourt" that the 2onstitution o! the 2o onwealth o! 6assachusetts delegates authority to the 7egislation" not the .udiciary to regulate arriage. Justice 2onnolly @? phasis added with bold typeB writes: While this #ourt understands the reasons !or the "lainti!!s re*uest to reverse the /ommonwealths #enturies)old legal tradition o! restri#ting marriage to o""osite)sex #ou"les, their re&uest should be directed to the 'egislature, not the #ourts.

Justice 2onnolly @? phasis added with bold typeB writes: This #ourt a#&nowledges the inherent #ontradi#tion that the /ommonwealth allows same)sex #ou"les to establish legal relationshi"s with their #hildren but not with ea#h other. $do"tion o! Tammy, L4: 3ass. 986 +4220,E $do"tion o! Susan, L4: 3ass. 4880 +4220,E 7.(.?. v. '.3.(., L92 3ass. 19L, #ert. =enied, 691 .S. 4886 +4222,. Furthermore, the 'egislature amended the ado"tion laws to allow ado"tion o! #hildren by same)sex #ou"les. See $#ts O Besolves 4222, 0 P 46. The /ommonwealths ele#ted re"resentatives, not #ourts, should resolve this "aradox. See /onnors, L08 3ass at L0 +ex#luding the word s"ouse to ex#lude domesti# "artners,. While this #ourt understands the "lainti!!s e!!orts to be married, they should pursue their &uest on (eacon #ill. 2hie! Justice 6arshall o! the :upre e Judicial 2ourt in the a.ority opinion in =oodridge @? phasis added with bold typeB writes: /ivil marriage is #reated and regulated through exer#ise o! the "oli#e "ower. See /ommonwealth v. Stowell, 012 3ass. 454, 456 +4210, +regulation o! marriage is "ro"erly within the s#o"e o! the "oli#e "ower,. D@oli#e "owerD +now more #ommonly termed the States regulatory authority, is an old)!ashioned term !or the /ommonwealths lawma&ing authority, as bounded by the liberty and e*uality guarantees o! the 3assa#husetts /onstitution and its ex"ress delegation o! "ower !rom the "eo"le to their government. In broad terms, it is the 'egislature)s power to enact rules to regulate conduct, to the extent that su#h laws are Dne#essary to se#ure the health, sa!ety, good order, #om!ort, or general wel!are o! the #ommunity +#itations omitted,. ?"inion o! the Justi#es, 0L4 3ass. 5:8, 516 +42:8,. HF(49I See /ommonwealth v. $lger, 5 /ush. 60, 16 +4164,. It leaves inta#t the 'egislatures broad dis#retion to regulate marriage. See /ommonwealth v. Stowell, 012 3ass. 454, 456 +4210,.D ( e ber o! the 6assachusetts 7egislature upon entering o!!ice ta-es an oath o! o!!ice. In this oath they swear to support and uphold the 2onstitution and 7aws o! the 2o onwealth o! 6assachusetts. )Fnder the 2onstitution and 7aws o! the 2o onwealth and o! the Fnited :tates e#ery person chosen or appointed to any o!!ice" ci#il or ilitary" under the go#ern ent o! this 2o onwealth" be!ore he enters on the duties o! his o!!ice" is re'uired to ta-e and subscribe the !ollowing oath or a!!ir ation:* @2o onwealth o! 6assachusetts the 6anual !or the =eneral 2ourt 133>,1334" pg. 283B. T<? %(T< %+ %++I2? I,TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT, do solemnly swear that I will bear true !aith and allegian#e to the /ommonwealth o! 3assa#husetts and will su""ort the /onstitution thereo!. So hel" me, God. I,TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT, do solemnly swear and a!!irm that I will !aith!ully and im"artially dis#harge and "er!orm all the duties in#umbent on me as TTTTTTTTTTT, a##ording to the best o! my abilities and understanding, agreeably, to the rules and regulations o! the #onstitution, and the laws o! this /ommonwealth ) So hel" me God. The current proposed a end ent to the 6assachusetts 2onstitution to aintain the status 'uo that arriage is a relationship between one an and one wo an re'uires a second success!ul #ote in a 2onstitutional 2on#ention to allow the citi5ens o! the 2o onwealth o! 6assachusetts to #ote and participant in the go#erning o! the 2o onwealth o! 6assachusetts. 7i-ewise this proposed a end ent has past constitutional" .udicial" and legal scrutiny in two legal challenges to it that ha#e reached the :upre e Judicial 2ourt o! 6assachusetts. The !irst ruling was that the a end ent is )going !orward* and thereby is not an atte pt o#erturn a pre#ious :J2 ruling in the 2008 =oodridge case. In a side note o! possible interest" the lead plainti!! couple <ilary and Julie =oodridge" in the legal challenge to allow sa e,couple to arry arried in 6ay o! 2004 and separated in July o! 2009. The second ruling addressed the responsibility o! the 6assachusetts

7egislature to #ote on proposed 2onstitutional ( end ents. The :J2 ruled they had no authority to de and the 7egislature to ta-e a #ote. 1ut in strongly worded language encouraged the 6assachusetts :tate 7egislature to uphold their oath o! o!!ice to support the 2onstitution o! 6assachusetts and e$ercise the authority delegated to the in the 6assachusetts 2onstitution to regulate arriage by #oting on the proposed arriage a end ent to the 6assachusetts 2onstitution. The 7egislature !ollowed the ad#ice o! the :J2 by ta-ing a #ote on January 2" 200>" a #ote o! appro#al" thus re'uiring a second #ote. http://www.banap.net/spip.php?article34 <I;/(IA:

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7auritsen" John. Eoison by Erescription The (ZT :tory. (s-lepios. 0ew Gor-" 1330. 7auritsen" John. The (IA: &ar. (s-lepios. 0ew Gor-" 1330. 7eone" Aaniel (.. editor. The :pread o! (IA:. =reenha#en Eress" Inc. :an Aiego" 2(" 134>. 7erner" ?ric J. and 6ary ?llen <o bs. (IA: 2risis in ( erica: ( Ce!erence <andboo-. (12, 27I%. :anta 1arbara" 2(" 1334. 7e#ine" 6artin E." Eeter 6. 0ardi" and John <.=agnon editors. In 2hanging Ti es: =ay 6en and 7esbians ?ncounter <I;/(IA:. The Fni#ersity o! 2hicago Eress. 2hicago and 7ondon" 133>. 7ewis" 7ynette (. and 6ichael &. Coss. ( :elect 1ody: The =ay Aance Earty :ubculture and the <I;/(IA: Eande ic. 2assell 7ondon and 0ew Gor-" 1335 6ah oud" Ar. +ah i 6. (IA: The Fntold :tory. (ldurar Aistributor T 1oo- :ellars. ( Jordan" 1335. 6atthews" Aawn A. editor. (IA: :ourceboo-: <ealth Ce!erence :eries" Third ?dition. % nigraphics. Aetroit" 6I" 2008. 6ayer" Jenneth <. and <+ Ei5er. The (IA: Eande ic: I pact o! :cience and :ociety. ?lse#ier (cade ic Eress. 7ondon" 2005. 6c?lrath" Jaren" ?ditor. <I; and (IA:: ( =lobal ;iew. =reenwood Eress. &estport" 2onnecticut and 7ondon" 2002. 6cJinney" Jathleen and :usan :precher editors. <u an :e$uality: The :ocietal and Interpersonal 2onte$t. (ble$ Eublishing 2orporation. 0orwood" 0ew Jersey" 1343. an"

6iller" <eather =." 2harles +. Turner" and 7incoln ?. 6oses" ?ditors. (IA: The :econd Aecade. 0ational (cade y Eress. &ashington" A.2." 1330. 6urphy +C2EI" :iobha n 6." =ary 1roo- 6A" +C2E" and 6artin (. 1irchall 6A@2ontabB" +C2: " +C2:@%tolB. <I; In!ection and (IA:. 2hurchill 7i#ingstone. 7ondon" 2000. 0ull" Eh.A. =ary with Ja es +east. (IA:: ( :econd %pinion. :e#en :tories Eress. 0ew Gor-" Toronto" 7ondon" and :ydney" 2002. %/Aonnell" C.0." 6.<.6." 6ary. <I;/(IA:: 7oss" =rie!" 2hallenge. Taylor and +rancis. &ashington A2" 1339. Eane " :andra. The (IA: 1ureaucracy. <ar#ard Fni#ersity Eress. 2a bridge" 6( and 7ondon" ?ngland" 1344. Eatton" 2indy. In#enting (IA:. Coutledge. 0ew Gor- and 7ondon" 1330. Eatton" 2indy. +atal (d#ice: <ow :a!e,:e$ ?ducation &ent &rong. Au-e Fni#ersity Eress. Aurha T 7ondon" 1339. Eatten" 2indy. =lobali5ing (IA:. Fni#ersity o! 6innesota Eress. 6inneapolis and 7ondon" 2002. Eerow" 2harles and 6auro +. =uillen. The (IA: Aisaster: The +ailure o! %rgani5ations in 0ew Gor- and the 0ation. Gale Fni#ersity Eress. 0ew <a#en and 7ondon" 1330. Co!es" ?ric. Ary 1ones 1reathe =ay Eress. 0ew Gor- and 7ondon" 1334. en 2reating Eost,(IA: Identities and 2ultures. <arrington

Coot,1erstein" Cobert :. Cethin-ing (IA:: The Tragic 2ost o! Ere ature 2onsensus. The +ree Eress. 0ew Gor-" 1338. Cotello" =abriel. :e$ual ?cology: (IA: and the Aestiny o! =ay 6en. ( Autton 1oo-. 0ew Gor-" 133>. Cushing" &illia (. The (IA: ?pide ic: :ocial Ai ensions o! an In!ectious Aisease. &est#iewEress. 1oulder" 2%" 1335. :adownic-" Aouglas. :e$ 1etween 6en: (n Inti ate <istory o! the :e$ 7i#es o! =ay 6en Eostwar to Eresent. <arper:an+rancisco. :an +rancisco" 1339. :choub" 1arry A. (IA: and <I; in Eerspecti#e. 2a bridge Fni#ersity Eress. 2a bridge FJ" 1333. :chwart5berg" :te#en. ( 2risis o! 6eaning <ow =ay 6en (re 6a-ing :ense o! (IA:. %$!ord Fni#ersity Eress. 0ew Gor- and %$!ord" 1339. :hannon" =ary &. =erald +. Eyle" and Cashid 7. 1ashur. The =eography o! (IA:. The =uild!ord Eress. 0ew Gor- and 7ondon" 1331. :henton" Joan. Eositi#ely +alse: ?$posing the 6yths (round <I; and (IA:. I.1. Tauris. 7ondon and 0ew Gor-" 1334.

:iegal" 6A" +rederic- E. and 6arta :iegal. (IA:: The 6edical 6ystery. =ro#e press" Inc. 0ew Gor-" 1348. :inghal" (r#ind and ?#erett 6. Cogers. 2o bating (IA:: 2o :age Eublications. Thousand %a-s" 2(" 2008. unication :trategies in (ction.

: ith" Eh.A. Cay ond (. editor. ?ncyclopedia o! (IA:: ( :ocial" Eolitical" 2ultural" and :cienti!ic Cecord o! the <I; ?pide ic. Eenguin 1oo-s. 0ew Gor-" 2001. :tine" =erald J." (c'uired I Jersey" 1339. une Ae!iciency :yndro e. Erentice <all. ?nglewoods 2li!!s" 0ew

Turner" 2harles +." <eather =. 6iller" and 7incoln ?. 6oses" ?ditors. (IA: :e$ual 1eha#ior and Intra#enous Arug Fse. 0ational (cade y Eress. &ashington" A.2." 1343. ;aldiserri" 6.A." 6.E.<." Conald %. Aawning (nswers <ow the <I;/(IA: ?pide ic <as <elped to :trengthen Eublic <ealth. %$!ord Fni#ersity Eress. %$!ord and 0ew Gor-" 2008. ;ass" (ntony (. (IA: ( Elague in Fs ( :ocial Eerspecti#e [ The 2ondition and its 2ons'uences. ;enus (cade ica. :t. I#es" 2a bs." 1349. &atstein" 6.7.:." 6.E.(. :arah 1arbara and :tephen ?. :tratton. The ?ncyclopedia o! <I; and (IA:. +acts on +ile. 0ew Gor-" 2008. &atney" :i on. Eractices o! +reedo : :elected &ritings on <I;/(IA:. Au-e Fni#ersity Eress. Aurha " 1334. Zi er an" Cic- :. )(IA:: :ocial 2auses" Eatterns" S2ures/" and Eroble s.* 249,81> in <u an :e$uality: The :ocietal and Interpersonal 2onte$t. Jathleen 6cJinney and :usan :precher editors. (ble$ Eublishing 2orporation. 0orwood" 0ew Jersey http://www.banap.net/spip.php?article105

=aBing +)C*A)$S a $isease Se&tion "

Tuesday 4 6ay 2010. ( #ery strong case ay be ade that a!ter thirty years @three decadesB o! the <I;/(IA: crisis that ore is un-nown than -now. &hy is that? 7oo-ing at the beginning o! the <I;/(IA: crisis and the !oundation upon which it is built is #ery re#ealing. The theory that ;IG #auses $I=S has remained the "reeminent $I=S "aradigm throughout the #ourse o! the e"idemi#, des"ite the !a#t that orthodox resear#hers readily admit to the existen#e o! multi"le la#unae or "aradigmati# anomalies that this theory o! s"e#i!i# etiology does not resolve. 7xam"les in this regard in#lude the !ollowing- there is still no e!!e#tive treatment to #ure the diseaseE there is still no va##ine against ;IG that #an evo&e "rote#tive immunity !or "o"ulations at ris& !or the diseaseE and orthodox $I=S s#ien#e and resear#h #ommunities have !ailed to #onstru#t an ade*uate theoreti#al model that #an des#ribe or model the "athogenesis o! ;IG in!e#tion +e.g. the exa#t me#hanism or means by whi#h the human immunode!i#ien#y virus indu#es immune su""ression in a host in!e#ted with the retrovirus,. D+/o#hrane, When $I=S Began San Fran#is#o and the 3a&ing o! an 7"idemi#, ". 45:)455,

The de!inition o! ;IGQ$I=S has been #hanged numerous times and varies !rom #ountry to #ountry. Some who were ex#luded in the original 4214 de!inition are now in#luded in 4220 de!inition, this #hange also in#luded a gender s"e#i!i# #an#er, #ervi#al #an#er that only o##urs in women. The original de!inition was that the "erson had no &nown #auseQhistory !or su""ression o! their immune system, but those with &nown #auses o! a su""ressed immune system are now in#luded. ?! greater #on#ern should be that the ;IG virus that is attributed to #ausing $I=S has not been isolated as an entity by itsel!. $lso the tests !or the ;IG virus do not dete#t the virus itsel!, but rather dete#t antibodies that are thought be as a result o! in!e#tion by the ;IG virus. The newer viral load tests are said to dete#t "arts o! the virus. ;ow is it that "arts o! the ;IG virus may be dete#ted, but the whole virus itsel! #annot be !ound< The #om"anies that manu!a#ture the ;IG tests in#lude written do#umentation in the test &its themselves that state, These test &its are not to be used !or diagnosing the "resen#e o! ;IG virus in those being tested. This lengthy arti#le has been divided into two se#tions with the !ollowing headings What is ;IGQ$I=S, /hanging =e!initions. The se#ond se#tion in#ludes ;IG Tests, ;ow ;IGQ$I=S =i!!ers !rom ?ther =iseases, and Who is at Bis& !or ;IGQ$I=S<. DBegardless, $I=S remains to this day a government)de!ined syndrome with simultaneously, no s"e#i!i# #lini#al sym"toms o! its own yet a myriad o! indire#t illnesses and sym"toms su""osedly D#ausedD by the immune su""ression)really *uite a #lever idea, sin#e essentially everything is a sym"tom.D +/ulshaw, S#ien#e Sold ?ut =oes ;IG Beally /ause $I=S<, ". 90, The !ollowing three *uotes address the *uestionable start to what be#ame &nown as the ;IGQ$I=S #risis. It was .ust be!ore /hristmas 4218 when immunologist =r. 3i#hael Gottlieb o! /'$s S#hool o! 3edi#ine suggested to his Fellow, =r. ;oward S#han&er, that he hunt u" a #ase that would be good !or tea#hing about the immune system. 3ost Fellows will say, CSure, sure then go to the library and read, but ;oward went to the wards and !ound a thirty)one year old man with a diagnosis o! some sort o! leu&emia Gottlieb re#alls. The man had been admitted through medi#al servi#e with #andidiasis o! the eso"hagus so bad he #ould hardly breathe. ;is throat was blo#&ed by the !lu!!y white growth. +Fettner and /he#&, The Truth $bout $I=S 7volution o! an 7"idemi#, ". 44)49 It remains a matter largely hidden !rom the "ubli# that the !irst #ases o! $I=S did not suddenly arrive all at on#e, but rather were sought out by an assistant "ro!essor o! immunology at /'$ 3edi#al /enter named 3i#hael Gottlieb in 4214. $!ter sear#hing hos"itals in 'os $ngeles !or gay men su!!ering !rom o""ortunisti# in!e#tions, he managed to !ind !ive +Brown 9884,. "on measuring their T)#ells, a subset o! the immune system, he !ound that in all !ive men they were de"leted. What is *uite #urious about this dis#overy is that the te#hnology to #ount T)#ells had only .ust been "er!e#ted. +/ulshaw, S#ien#e Sold ?ut =oes ;IG Beally /ause $I=S<, ". 90, It is assumed that $I=S bro&e out, among gay men, but in !a#t, it was sear#hed out. In 4218, 3i#hael Gottlieb, a resear#her, at the niversity o! /ali!ornia medi#al #enter, wanted to study the immune system and began s#ouring the hos"ital !or "atients with immune de!i#ien#y diseases. ;e !ound a #ase) a man in his early thirties with a yeast in!e#tion in his throat and a #ase o! @neumo#ysti# #ariini "neumonia. sing a new te#hnology that #ounted T)#ells, a subset o! white #ells o! the immune system, Gottlieb !ound out that his "atient had very !ew. Gottlieb &e"t sear#hing, and eventually !ound !our more similar #ases. +Farber, Serious $dverse events- $n n#ensored ;istory o! $I=S, ". 4L,

*hat is #$+,$!SThe most serious substantive di!!i#ulty is that the #riteria !or identi!ying a #ase o! $I=S have #hanged so mu#h over the years that $I=S in 9888 is a#tually an entirely di!!erent set o! diseases than $I=S was in the early 4218s. +Bauer, The ?rigin, @ersisten#e and Failings o! ;IGQ$I=S Theory, ". 4:, What we now &now as D$I=SD bears little resemblan#e to the original #ases o! $I=S, as observed in (ew >or& /ity, 'os $ngeles, and San Fran#is#o in 4214. The original de!inition o! $I=S was based u"on the observation o! very rare o""ortunisti# in!e#tions in "reviously healthy homosexual men. This list o! o""ortunisti# in!e#tions in#luded Ma"ois sar#oma +although it is highly debatable whether MS has anything It all to do with immune su""ression,, @neumo#ystis #arinii "neumonia, #ytomegalovirus +/3G, in!e#tion, and severe #andidiasis +/=/ 421:,. The status D;IG)"ositiveD had nothing to do with a diagnosis o! $I=S "rior to 421L, as ;IG had yet to be identi!ied. DIt is worth noting that $I=S was not originally #on#eived as a s"e#i!i# disease. The de!inition was develo"ed as a surveillan#e tool to assist #lini#ians and e"idemiologists in identi!ying and #ontrolling this strange new syndrome. +/ulshaw, S#ien#e Sold ?ut =oes ;IG Beally /ause $I=S<, ". 90, The story o! ;IGQ$I=S begins in the 4252 and in 4218 when do#tors in the S observed #lusters o! "reviously extremely rare diseases. These in#luded a ty"e o! "neumonia #arried by birds +"neumo#ystis #arinii, and a #an#er #alled Mar"osis sar#oma. The "henomenon was !irst re"orted in the 3orbidity and 3orality Wee&ly re"ort +33WB, o! 6 June 4214, "ublished by the S /enter !or =isease /ontrol in $tlanta. The 33WB re"orted !ive #ases o! "neumo#ystis #arinii. $ month later it re"orted a #lustering o! #ases o! &ar"osis sar#ome in (ew >or&. +Barnett and Whiteside, $I=S in the Twenty)First /entury =isease and Globali%ation, ". 91, It was in 4214 that the !irst #luster o! #ases o! what was eventually to be #alled $I=S, was identi!ied in !ive young homosexual men in /ali!ornia. They all had two medi#al #onditions in #ommon, a ty"e o! "neumonia #alled "neumo#ystis #arinii "neumonia +@/@, and a !orm o! a blood vessel tumor #alled Ma"osis sar#oma #ausing internal and external lesions. They also had one other thing in #ommon, they inhaled "o""ers)amyl and butyl nitrites. +Shenton, @ositively False 7x"osing the 3yths $round ;IG and $I=S, ". xx, $I=S was !irst re#ogni%ed as a new and distin#t #lini#al entity in 4214 +Gottlieb et al,. 4214E 3asur et al., 4214E Siegal et al., 4214,. The !irst #ase were re#ogni%ed be#ause o! an unusual #lustering o! disease su#h as Ma"osis sar#oma and @neumo#ystis #arinii "neumonia +@/@, in young homosexual men. $lthough su#h unusual diseases had been "reviously observed in distin#t subgrou"s o! the "o"ulation)su#h as older men o! 3editerranean origin in the #ase o! Ma"osis sar#oma or severely immunosu""ressed #an#er "atients in the #ase o! @/@)the o##urren#e o! these disease in "reviously healthy young "eo"le was un"re#edented. Sin#e most o! the !irst #ases o! this newly de!ined #lini#al syndrome involved homosexual men, li!estyle "ra#ti#es were !irst im"li#ated and intensely investigated. These in#luded the ex"osure to amyl or butyl nitrate C"o""ers or the !re*uent #onta#t with s"erm through re#tal sex, whi#h might have a#ted as immunostimulatory doses o! !oreign "roteins or antigens. +3ayer and @i%er, editors, The $I=S @andemi#- Im"a#t on S#ien#e and So#iety, ". 46, The !irst identi!ied #ase o! $I=S in the nited States o##urred in the s"ring o! 4214, when the /enters !or =isease /ontrol and @revention +/=/, re"orted that !ive young, "reviously healthy, homosexually a#tive men in 'os $ngeles exhibited a rare u""er res"iratory in!e#tion, @nuemo#ystis #arinii +Fau#i, et al., 421L, Gallo, 4215,. ?ne month later, the /=/ re"orted another 48 #ases o!

this illness and 9: #ases o! Ma"osis sar#oma, a rare #an#er o! #onne#tive and vas#ular tissues. $ll these #ases o##urred in (ew >or& /ity, San Fran#is#o, and 'os $ngeles among "reviously healthy young homosexual men. +Mali#hman, nderstanding $I=S Se#ond 7dition $dvan#es in Besear#h and Treatment, ".48, In 4214, "hysi#ians in the San Fran#is#o Bay area o! /ali!ornia began to see small numbers o! gay men in!e#ted with an unusual "roto%oan "arasite identi!ied as @neumo#ystis #arinii, this in!e#tion be#ame &nown as @neumo#ysti# #arinii "neumonia. ?ther gay men were develo"ing a rare neo"lasm #alled Ma"osis sar#oma, whose lesions #ould #over the body externally and might also internali%e to atta#& some or all o! the ma.or organs. " until this time, &ar"osis sar#oma had been believed to o##ur only in elderly men o! Jewish extra#tion who lived on the shoreline surrounding the 3editerranean. In Jewish men it did not internali%e and was most !re*uently seen as s&in lesions between the &nee and the an&le. Both the "roto%oan in!e#tion and the #an#er a""eared to be o""ortunisti# as they only o##urred in individuals whose immune systems had been #om"rised by an un&nown in!e#tion that #aused massive destru#tion o! the TL lym"ho#ytes. +?=onnell, ;IGQ$I=S- 'oss, Grie!, /hallenge, ". 4)9, The story o! $I=S began long be!ore the !ate!ul 421L "ress #on!eren#e. $t least as early as mid) 4218, re"orts began to sur!a#e o! a small grou" o! gay men who were dying !rom a strange "neumonia and a hitherto rare)and not "reviously !atal)!orm o! s&in #an#er #alled Ma"osis sar#oma. The !irst !ive men with $I=S were "atients o! 3i#hael Gottlieb who used a new te#hnology that enabled te#hni#ians to #ount not .ust the total number o! white blood #ells a "atient has but the number o! ea#h subset o! T)#ells. sing this new te#hnology)whi#h #oin#identally #ame into existen#e and was "atented at the beginning o! the $I=S era)Gottlieb was able to determine that these men su!!ered !rom an unusually low number o! the white blood #ell subset &nown as hel"er T)#ells. +/ulshaw, S#ien#e Sold ?ut =oes ;IG Beally /ause $I=S<, ". 62, It was at the /=/ that the !irst indi#ations o! the im"ending $I=S e"idemi# be#ame evident in the autumn o! 4218. Between ?#tober 4218 and 3ay 4214 an alert "hysi#ian, =r 3i#hael Gottleib, together with #olleagues at three di!!erent hos"itals in 'os $ngeles, be#ame intrigued by a #luster o! !ive young male "atients, whose ages ranged !rom 92 to 0: years, under their #are. Two o! the "atients died and the remaining three were seriously ill. $ll !ive men, who had "reviously been healthy, were diagnosed as having a highly unusual !orm o! "neumonia due to a "arasite #alled @neumo#ystis #arinii. @neumo#ystis #arinii "neumonia +o!ten abbreviated to @/@, had "reviously been !ound virtually ex#lusively in "atients with severe su""ression o! their immune systems #aused by drugs or disease. In addition, all o! these "atients had eviden#e o! having been in!e#ted with a virus #alled #ytomegalovirus +/3G, whi#h is similarly #ommon in immunosu""ressed "atients. $ll !ive o! these "atients were also in!e#ted with thrush, whi#h is again #hara#teristi# o! immunosu""ressed individuals. Indeed, in three o! the !ive who were tested there was eviden#e o! mar&ed disturban#es in the !un#tional #a"a#ities o! their immune systems. $ !urther !eature o! the !ive men was that all were sexually a#tive homosexuals. (one o! them &new ea#h other, however, and there did not a""ear to be a #ommon sexual #onta#t. $t this stage this all "ointed to an asso#iation with a homosexual li!estyle and a sexually transmitted disease. The !irst re"ort o! these observations a""eared in a relatively small unobtrusive insert in the 3orbidity and 3ortality Wee&ly Be"ort o! the /=/ on 6 June 4214. +S#houb, $I=S O ;IG in @ers"e#tive, ". 9, The theory that ;IG #auses $I=$ has remained the "reeminent $I=S "aradigm throughout the #ourse o! the e"idemi#, des"ite the !a#t that orthodox resear#hers readily admit to the existen#e o! multi"le la#unae or "aradigmati# anomalies that this theory o! s"e#i!i# etiology does not resolve. 7xam"les in this regard in#lude the !ollowing- there is still no e!!e#tive treatment to #ure the

diseaseE there is still no va##ine against ;IG that #an evo&e "rote#tive immunity !or "o"ulations at ris& !or the diseaseE and orthodox $I=S s#ien#e and resear#h #ommunities have !ailed to #onstru#t an ade*uate theoreti#al model that #an des#ribe or model the "athogenesis o! ;IG in!e#tion +e.g. the exa#t me#hanism or means by whi#h the human immunode!i#ien#y virus indu#es immune su""ression in a host in!e#ted with the retrovirus,. +/o#hrane, When $I=S Began San Fran#is#o and the 3a&ing o! an 7"idemi#, ". 45:)455, Thus, des"ite re"eated statements by government o!!i#ials that the #ause o! $I=S is &nown and that it is ;IG, I #an no longer !ind any ma.or investigator in the !ield o! $I=S who will de!end the "ro"osition that ;IG is the only immunosu""ressive agent involved in $I=S. 7ven Bobert Gallo, one o! the staun#hest de!enders o! the ;IG)only hy"othesis, has written that although in!e#tion by ;IG)4 has been im"li#ated as the "rimary #ause o! $I=S and related disorders, #o!a#torial me#hanisms may be involved in the "athogenesis o! the disease. +Boot)Bernstein, Bethin&ing $I=S- The Tragi# /ost o! @remature /onsensus, ". 008, $s mentioned in the Introdu#tion, $I=S is the a#ronym !or Ca#*uired immunode!i#ien#y syndrome and was a term #oined early on in the history o! the disease. $I=S is by de!inition, the end)stage disease mani!estation o! an in!e#tion with a virus #alled human immunode!i#ien#y virus +;IG,. The virus in!e#ts mainly two systems o! the body, the immune system and the #entral nervous system, and disease mani!estations are #onse*uent on damage to these two systems. +S#houb, $I=S and ;IG in @ers"e#tive, ". 98, $I=S is a syndrome o! about thirty diseases, not a disease. It dis"lays no uni*ue #ombination o! diseases in the "atient. /lini#ally, it is identi!ied by the diagnosis o! s"e#i!i# diseases &nown to medi#al s#ien#e !or de#ades or #enturies. The /=/ has several times in#reased)but never de#reased)the o!!i#ial list- o! $I=S indi#ator diseases, most re#ently on January 4, 4220 +See Table 9,. The list now in#ludes brain dementia, #hroni# diarrhea, #an#ers su#h as Ma"osis sar#oma and several lym"homas, and su#h o""ortunisti# in!e#tions as @neumo#ystis #arinii "neumonia, #ytomegalovirus in!e#tion, her"es, #andidiasis +yeast in!e#lions,, and tuber#ulosis. 7ven low T)#ell #ounts in the blood #an now be #alled D$I=S,D with or without real #lini#al sym"toms. /ervi#al #an#er has re#ently been added to the list, the !irst $I=S disease that #an a!!e#t only one gender +in this #ase, women,. The "ur"ose behind adding this disease was entirely "oliti#al, admittedly to in#rease the number o! !emale $I=S "atients, #reating an illusion that the syndrome is Ds"readingD into the heterosexual "o"ulation. ?riginally the $I=S diseases were tied together be#ause they were all in#reasing within #ertain ris& grou"s, but today they are assumed to derive !rom the #ommon basis o! immune de!i#ien#y. The overla" between $I=S and #ertain ris& grou"s still holds true but, as "ointed out in Table I, a signi!i#ant number o! these diseases are not "rodu#ts o! wea&ened immune systems. +=uesberg, Inventing the $I=S Girus, ". 982, We have to see what $I=S is, $I=S is not a disease entity, $I=S is a whole bag o! old diseases under a new name. +$dams, $I=S- The ;IG 3yth, ".408, ?ne #ould .usti!iably argue that the $I=S e"idemi# is due at least "artially to the grou"ing o! two do%en #auses o! death under one rubri#, rather than to a new disease. +Boot)Bernstein, Bethin&ing $I=S- The Tragi# /ost o! @remature /onsensus, ". :5, In other words, $I=S is new not only in the sense that it was only re#ently re#ogni%edE $I=S is also new in the way that biomedi#al resear#hers have de!ined it. These are im"ortant "oints to remember when we try to determine what $I=S is, what #auses it, and whether its #auses are in !a#t new. $!ter all, i! the biomedi#al tools and #on#e"ts did not, as Grme& asserts, exists twenty years

ago !or re#ogni%ing $I=S, how #ould it have been observed even i! it had existed< +Boot) Bernstein, Bethin&ing $I=S- The Tragi# /ost o! @remature /onsensus, ". :6, $lthough in aggregate the #ohort studies #orroborate orthodox #onstru#tions o! $I=S historiogra"hy and e"idemiology, a #riti#al reading o! these texts shows, at best, a messier "i#ture o! s#ien#e in the ma&ing. $nd when in &ey instan#es, data !rom the #ohort studies either !ail to #on!irm or ex"li#itly re!ute #entral "remises o! orthodox $I=S s#ien#e, a##e"ted wisdom on ris& !a#tors !or $I=S, or the "ro"ortion o! ;IG)in!e#ted gay men in San Fran#is#o, and so on, these data are marginali%ed or wholly elided !rom subse*uent s#ienti!i# a##ounts. +/o#hrane, When $I=S Began San Fran#is#o and the 3a&ing o! an 7"idemi#, ". 00)0L, This !inding is #onsistent with an argument I have develo"ed throughout this text, namely that the so#ial #onstru#tion o! $I=S as a sexually transmitted disease meant that drug use +and all other ;IGQ$I=S ris&s, among gay male $I=S #ases has always been, and #ontinues to be, signi!i#antly underre"orted in o!!i#ial $I=S surveillan#e statisti#s as homosexual and bisexual orientation "reem"ts all other modes o! ;IG transmission in surveillan#e "ra#ti#e. +/o#hrane, When $I=S Began San Fran#is#o and the 3a&ing o! an 7"idemi#, ". 6:, Begardless, $I=S remains to this day a government)de!ined syndrome with simultaneously, no s"e#i!i# #lini#al sym"toms o! its own yet a myriad o! indire#t illnesses and sym"toms su""osedly D#ausedD by the immune su""ression)really *uite a #lever idea, sin#e essentially everything is a sym"tom. +/ulshaw, S#ien#e Sold ?ut =oes ;IG Beally /ause $I=S<, ". 90, hanging !efinitions $lmost all $I=S statisti#s !or the nited States #ome !rom /=/ "ubli#ations. The number o! $I=S #ases has in#reased over time, "artly be#ause the de!inition o! $I=S has been ex"anded. In "arti#ular, the number o! #onditions that meet the /=/s #riteria !or $I=S #hanged in 4220, resulting in a substantial in#rease in the number o! #ases. +Bushing, The $I=S 7"idemi#- So#ial =imensions o! an In!e#tious =isease, ". 0, ;ere is how the "rogressive re)de!initions o! $I=S #ame about. $!ter 4216, ;IG testing be#ame routine in hos"itals, as "art o! "re#autions ta&en to guard medi#al "ersonnel against a "resumed danger o! in!e#tion through needle)sti#&s or trans!ers o! body !luids. In time, signi!i#ant numbers o! "ositive ;IG)tests were noti#ed among "atients su!!ering !rom a variety o! ailments, and these were re"orted to the /=/. These "ositives were not inter"reted as the rather non)s"e#i!i# indi#ation o! a health #hallenge that they are, li&e a !ever or an in!lammationE they were inter"reted as showing in!e#tion s"e#i!i#ally by an $I=S)#ausing virus, Sin#e that virus is "resumed to wre#& the immune system, it #ould be held res"onsible !or .ust about anything that ails a "erson the reasoning being that had the immune system not already been damaged, the illness might not have o##urred. Thus the /=/ !ound +s"urious, reason to list a "rogressively in#reasing number o! ailments as $I=S) indi#ative. There!ore all the relevant statisti#s have be#ome misleading. The numbers o! "eo"le with $I=S was ex"anded by, !or exam"le, tuber#ulosis "atientsE but in#luding a so #ommon a #ondition as TB turns on its head the original $I=S de!inition o! rare o""ortunisti# in!e#tions. By adding to the $I=S)de!ining disorders *uite #ommon ones that stri&e males and !emales about e*ually, the relative in#iden#e o! $I=S among men and women was distortedE and even more by the in#or"oration o! #ervi#al #an#er, whi#h a!!e#ts only women. So the degree o! a""arent #orrelation between ;IG and $I=S was augmented by de!inition, and the a#tual la#& o! #orrelation be#ame obs#ured. +Bauer, The ?rigins, @ersisten#e and Failings o! the ;IGQ$I=S Theory, ". 440)44L, The #ontinual rede!initions o! $I=S have resulted in a syndrome day whose #lini#al mani!estation is very di!!erent !rom that seen in the original $I=S #ases o! the early 4218s. Some o! the #onditions

listed are not even #aused by immune de!i#ien#y, whereas others are #learly "oliti#ally motivated, su#h as the 4220 in#lusion o! invasive #ervi#al #an#er. ?ne #an only "resume that this disease was added to #orre#t the dis"arity between male and !emale $I=S numbers, as there is little basis !or in#luding as D$I=S)de!iningD a #an#er that is relatively #ommon among women with no eviden#e o! immune su""ression whatsoever. $!ter this addition, the media began issuing alarming statements su#h as Dwomen are the !astest growing grou" o! "eo"le with $I=S,D #onveniently negle#ting to mention that the in#reases were sim"ly small "er#entage di!!eren#es and in some #ase a#tually indi#ated a de#rease in overall in#iden#e. +/ulshaw, S#ien#e Sold ?ut =oes ;IG Beally /ause $I=S<, ". 96, $ study o! the so#ial #onstru#tion o! San Fran#is#o $I=S surveillan#e data and national $I=S statisti#s demonstrates that !re*uent #hanges in the #lini#al #riteria by whi#h "atients are diagnosed has #ontributed in large measure to the dramati# growth in the number o! $I=S #ases re"orted during the "ast two de#ades. $ !ailure to gras" this #entral "oint o! $I=S surveillan#e "ra#ti#es distorts the analysis o! the histori#al evolution o! the e"idemi#, #om"romises a #riti#al understanding o! who is at ris& !or $I=S and why, and #on!ounds evaluation o! the e!!i#a#y o! treatment and "revention initiatives. +/o#hrane, When $I=S Began San Fran#is#o and the 3a&ing o! an 7"idemi#, ". 4L1, The original $I=S was de!ined as an immunode!i#ien#y !or whi#h there was no a""arent reason, and whi#h allowed illness and death to be "rodu#ed by ba#teria and viruses that are wides"read but ty"i#ally held in #he#& by healthy immune systems. The signature diseases were Ma"sosis sar#oma +MS U visible as "ur"le blot#hes on the s&in,, a s"e#i!i# ty"e o! "neumonia +@/@ U @neummo#ystis #arnii "neumonia,, and !ungal in!e#tions U #andidiasis, yeast, thrush +Broder and Gallo 421L,. +Bauer, The ?rigin, @ersisten#e and Failings o! ;IGQ$I=S Theory, ". 41, 7ssentially the #lassi!i#ation systems !or $I=S #onsist o! three ma.or !eatures- !irstly, laboratory test !or ;IG in!e#tion as well as immunosu""ressionE se#ondly, demonstration o! what are #alled indi#ator diseases, that is the s"e#i!i# o""ortunisti# in!e#tions or tumors whi#h "redi#t that the individual is at least signi!i#antly immunosu""ressedE thirdly, the #erebral mani!estations o! $I=S as well as the other dire#t e!!e#ts o! the virus su#h as wasting.D +S#hroub, $I=S and ;IG in @ers"e#tive, ". 0:, 7a#h time the de!inition o! $I=S has been altered by the /=/, it has led to an in#rease in the number o! $I=S #ases. In 4216, the #hange in de!inition led to a 9A in#rease over what would have been diagnosed "rior to the #hange. The 4215 #hange led to a 06A in#rease in new $I=S #ases "er year over that ex"e#ted using the 4216 de!inition. The 4220 #hange resulted in a 69A in#rease in $I=S #ases over that ex"e#ted !or 4220. Su#h ra"id #hanges altars the baseline !rom whi#h !uture "redi#tions are made and ma&es the inter"retations o! trends in in#iden#e and #hara#teristi# o! #ases di!!i#ult to "ro#ess. +Stine, $#*uired Immune =e!i#ien#y Syndrome, ". 95, In 4219, the /=/ develo"ed a surveillan#e #ase de!inition !or this syndrome !o#using on the "resen#e o! o""ortunisti# in!e#tionsE it initially re#eived #ase re"orts dire#tly !rom both health #are "roviders and state and lo#al health de"artments. +Smith, 7n#y#lo"edia o! $I=S, ".00)0L, The $I=S #ase de!inition was ex"anded in 4216 to in#lude a total o! 98 #onditions. Four o! these #onditions were #an#ers- Ma"osis sar#oma and three distin#t ty"es o! lym"homa. The remaining #onditions were o""ortunisti# in!e#tions ) those #aused by ba#teria, !ungi, "roto%oans, and other in!e#tious agents ) that an inta#t immune system #an usually manage but whi#h ta&e advantage o! the o""ortunity "rovided by wea&ened immunity to "roli!erate in the body. +Smith, 7n#y#lo"edia o! $I=S, ".0L,

?ngoing eviden#e about the inade*ua#y o! the #ase de!inition "rom"ted another revision in 4215 and the in#lusion o! three additional #onditions. ?ne o! the new #onditions was an o""ortunisti# in!e#tion, tuber#ulosis +TB,, but only the extra"ulmonary +outside the lungs, ty"e. The other #onditions were not o""ortunisti# in!e#tions, but rather #onditions resulting !rom the dire#t e!!e#ts o! in!e#tion by ;IG in #ells o! the digestive system +wasting syndrome, and the #entral nervous system +en#e"halo"athy or dementia,. +Smith, 7n#y#lo"edia o! $I=S, ".0L, In (ovember 4229, the /=/ announ#ed that it was ex"anding the surveillan#e de!inition, e!!e#tive January 4, 4220, to in#lude the three #onditions !rom the #ommunity "ro"osal and any ;IG "ositive individual with a /=LV #ell #ount o! 988 or less or whose /=LV #ells re"resented less than 4L "er#ent o! all lym"ho#ytes. 7viden#e !or ;IG sero"ositivity #ould be obtained by any means o! an ;IG)antibody test, dire#t identi!i#ation o! the virus in tissues, an ;IG)antigen test, or another highly s"e#i!i# li#ensed test !or ;IG. +Smith, 7n#y#lo"edia o! $I=S, ".06, The nited States /enter !or =isease /ontrols de!ining o! ;IGQ$I=S #hronologi#ally. 3id 4214- a "erson who 4, has either bio"sy )"roven MS or bio"sy)"roven li!e threatening o""ortunisti# in!e#tion, 9, is under age :8, 0, no history o! either immunosu""ressive underlying illness or immunosu""ressive thera"y. Se"tember4219- a disease at least moderately "redi#tive o! a de!e#t in #ell)mediated immunity, o##urring in a "erson with no &nown #ause !or diminished resistan#e to that disease. 4, Ma"osis sar#oma +MS, +W :8 years o! age, 9, @neumo#ystis #arinii "neumonia +@S@, 0, a s"e#i!i# list o! other o""ortunisti# in!e#tions +a list whi#h whi#h the /=/ has amended over the years,. This was a list o! 4L di!!erent o""ortunisti# diseases. June 4216- $!ter dis#overy o! ;IG and its identi!i#ation as the #ause o! $I=S the /=/ on#e again revised the de!inition o! $I=S. It added 5 more diseases to the "revious list o! 4L di!!erent o""ortunisti# in!e#tious diseases. The list now in#luded 94 diseases. $lso this new $I=S de!inition in#luded a "erson who was ;IG sero"ostive by any test. January 4220- This de!inition #hange retained the "revious list o! 9L diseases and added 0 additional diseases, one o! whi#h, invasive #ervi#al #an#er is gender s"e#i!i#. It a!!e#ts only women. The other 9 diseases are "ulmonary tuber#ulosis and re#urrent "neumonia in "ersons with do#umented ;IG in!e#tion. The list o! indi#ator and o""ortunisti# in!e#tious diseases has grown !rom 4L to 92. $lso more signi!i#ant any "erson was #onsidered to have $I=S i! they had develo"ed a signi!i#ant loss o! a "arti#ular white blood #ell, #alled T)hel"er lym"ho#ytes. The "ersons T) hel"er #ell #ount was to below 988 "er #ubi# millimeter o! blood i! the individual is ;IG sero"ositive, even i! they did not have any o""ortunisti# in!e#tious diseases. But the "oint .ust now is not what #auses $I=SE it is how the de!inition o! $I=S has #hanged over the years. Following the announ#ed dis#overy o! ;IG in 421L, what had originally $I=S)de!ining illnesses be#ame $I=S)indi#ating only i! a##om"anied by a "ositive ;IG test. Thereby ;IG be#ame asso#iated with $I=S by de!inition, though at !irst this had little e!!e#t on statisti#al #ounts. In 4215 !urther disease were added as $I=S)de!ining. In 4220 a "ortentous #hange immediately doubled the #ount o! #ases regarded as $I=S by in#luding asym"tomati# ;IG)"ositive "eo"le with low #ounts o! /=L #ells, .ust as long as they were ;IG)"ositive. +Bauer, The ?rigin, @ersisten#e and Failings o! ;IGQ$I=S Theory, ". 42, @erha"s the most egregious addition was the in#lusion o! low T)#ell numbers as *uali!ying a "erson !or an $I=S diagnosis. This #hange #ame about in 4220 and resulted in the number o! re"orted $I=S #ases more than doubling overnight. The rationale !or this #hange was as !ollows-

the immune su""ression observed in $I=S "atients #ould be *uanti!ied by #ounting the number o! /=LV T)#ells "er #ubi# millimeter o! blood. /=LV #ells are those #ells !or whi#h ;IG "ossesses a re#e"tor, and it has been stated that the normal level o! /=LV T)#ells "er #ubi# millimeter o! blood in a healthy individual is about one thousand. ;owever, it is also well established that these #ounts very dramati#ally among healthy individuals and even within the same individual under #onditions as severe illness or drug use, or as mild as over)exer#ise or sim"ly ta&ing the measurements at di!!erent times o! day +Be#& et al. 4216, /arney et al. 4214, =es Jarlais et al. 4215,. +/=LV T)#ell #ounts are sub.e#t to diurnal variation, similar to variations in a""etite and energy level., +/ulshaw, S#ien#e Sold ?ut =oes ;IG Beally /ause $I=S<, ". 96)9:, In other words, a#*uired immune de!i#ien#y syndrome attributed to ;IG in!e#tion is now diagnosed even among "eo"le who were born with #ongenital immune de!i#ien#iesE who have demonstrable, "reexisting, or #oexisting #auses o! immune su""ression due to #hemothera"y, radiation treatment, or #orti#osteroid useE among trans"lant "atients who are on regimens o! immunosu""ressive drugs !or li!eE and so !orth. +Boot)Bernstein, Bethin&ing $I=S- The Tragi# /ost o! @remature /onsensus, ". :0, ?riginally, $I=S had been identi!ied by a#tual sym"toms o! illnessE by a little more than a de#ade later, sym"tom)!ree "eo"le who did !eel ill were being diagnosed as having $I=S on the basis o! laboratory tests) moreover, tests so la#&ing validated standards that the #riteria !or D"ositive vary !rom #ountry to #ountry +/ha"ter 1, D;IGD tests,. In 4222,the "reviously used tests !or ;IG, whi#h were designed to dete#t antibody, were augmented by so)#alled Dviral loadD tests !or "arti#ular bits o! =($, B($, or "rotein that had #ome to be a##e"ted as #hara#teristi# o! ;IG +(a&ashima and Fleming 9880,. Giral loads im"lies that the amount o! ;IG is being measured, an im"li#ation ta&en !or granted by adherents to ;IGQ$I=S theory. ;owever, ma&ers o! the testing &its dis#laim that they even dete#t ;IG, let alone measure the amount o! the virus "resentE there are also te#hni#al grounds to *uestion the validity o! the te#hni*ue used. +See /ha"ter 1. ;IG tests.,D +Bauer, The ?rigins, @ersisten#e and Failings o! the ;IGQ$I=S Theory, ". 98)94,. http://www.banap.net/spip.php?article109

=aBing +)C*A)$S a $isease Se&tion 2

Tuesday 4 6ay 2010. <I; Tests %! great concern should be that the <I; #irus that is attributed to causing (IA: has not been isolated as an entity by itsel!. (lso the tests !or the <I; #irus do not detect the #irus itsel!" but rather detect antibodies that are thought be as a result o! in!ection by the <I; #irus. The newer )#iral load* tests are said to detect parts o! the #irus. <ow is it that parts o! the <I; #irus ay be detected" but the whole #irus itsel! cannot be !ound? The co panies that anu!acture the <I; tests include written docu entation in the test -its the sel#es that state" )These test -its are not to be used !or diagnosing the presence o! <I; #irus in those being tested*. To design a trustworthy test !or something, one needs to &now "re#isely what the thing is. To design a trustworthy test !or a virus, one re*uires a sam"le o! the "ure virusE one must isolate the virus !ree o! all other material. That has been done with many viruses, but it has not been done with ;IG. $ll so)#alled isolations o! ;G are no more than in!eren#es based on "ro#edures in whi#h

#ertain e!!e#ts are ta&en to mean that an a#tive virus was #aused to grow, or to be trans!erredE or it is assumed that "arti#ular dete#ted bits o! =($ or B($ originated in the virus. @1auer" The %rigins" Eersistence and +ailings o! the <I;/(IA: Theory" p. 30,31B nli&e other viruses, ;IG has never been isolated as an inde"endent, stable "rodu#t. @<odg-inson" (IA:: The +ailure 2onte porary :cience" p. 891B Given that "ure ;IG has never been isolated, everything said about its genes and "roteins is based entirely on in!eren#es. @1auer" The %rigins" Eersistence and +ailings o! the <I;/(IA: Theory" p. 34B There are no "hotogra"hs o! ;IG in isolated state sim"ly be#ause it has never been "ossible to isolate ;IG a##ording to a##e"ted methods. Su!!i#e it to say that a blood test that would identi!y ;IG in the body re*uires a #lear "i#ture o! ;IG, whi#h #ould only be obtained through isolation. @0ull" (IA:: ( :econd %pinion" p. 44B It is also relevant to note that the ;IG antibody tests were never originally intended as diagnosti# tools, but rather as s#reening tests to guarantee the sa!ety o! the blood su""ly. @2ulshaw" :cience :old %ut Aoes <I; Ceally 2ause (IA:?" p.85B $lthough it had never been made "lain to the "ubli#, ex"erts &new !rom an early "oint that there were ex#e"tional "roblems with the ;IG test. Some o! these doubts and un#ertainties #ame u" at a meeting at the W;?s head*uarters in Geneva on 4L)4: $"ril 421:, #alled to dis#us the sa!ety o! blood su""lies and issues related to antibody s#reen. There were more than 488 "arti#i"ants, !rom thirty)!our #ountries. @<odg-inson" (IA:: The +ailure o! 2onte porary :cience" p. 243B It may #ome as a sur"rise that no ;IG antibody test has been a""roved by the F=$ to diagnose ;IG in!e#tion on its own. 7a#h test must be tested against or used in #ombination with another invalidated test, and de"ending on where you live it ta&es a magi# #ombination ranging !rom three, two, one, or no "ositive result+s, on three, two, or one unvalidated test+s,, to be #on!irmed ;IG) "ositive. @2ulshaw" :cience :old %ut Aoes <I; Ceally 2ause (IA:?" p.85B ?bvious "roblems with meeting this standard a""ly as mu#h to the 7'IS$ as to the Western Blot, !or while the latters reliability is wea&ened by dis"utes over whi#h grou"ing o! "roteins adds u" to a "ositive assuran#e that ;IG is "resent, the !ormers is wea&ened by *uestion o! whether "roteins used to attra#t antibodies are truly ;IG)derivative. ;owever, in relation to the gold standard, these "oints may almost be #alled *uibbles in #om"arison to the main wea&ness o! both tests, whi#h goes ba#& to the inability o! s#ientists to isolate ;IG. @0ulls" (IA:: ( :econd %pinion" p. 50B 7leo"uloss "a"er was the s#ienti!i# #on!irmation !or that ground)brea&ing s"ee#h o! Ste!an 'an&as in Buenos $ires. (ot only did she des#ribe why the "roteins said to be s"e#i!i# to ;IG were not uni*ue to ;IG, but also that even i! antibodies to these "roteins did show u", they #ould not be assumed to be a sign o! ;IG in!e#tion. 7leo"ulos #riti#i%ed both the 7'IS$ and the Western blot tests. The 7'IS$ antibody test she said, #ould only be meaning!ul when it was standardi%ed, that is when a given test result had the same meaning in all "atients, in all laboratories and in all #ountries. But this was not the #ase and results remained variable be#ause there was no absolute standard. @:henton" Eositi#ely +alse: ?$posing the 6yths around <I; and (IA:" p.224,223B $nother sour#e o! error derived !rom the inability o! some manu!a#turers to "rovide uni!ormly reliable test &its and reagents. @<odg-inson" (IA:: The +ailure o! 2onte porary :cience" p. 243B

DTo my growing ama%ement I !ound out that there was indeed a mass o! eviden#e, "ulled together in 7leo"uloss enormous review arti#le, that what had #ome to be #alled Cthe $I=S test was s#ienti!i#ally invalid. The "roteins used in the test &its were not s"e#i!i# to a uni*ue retrovirus. @ositive results were "rodu#ed in "eo"le whose immune systems had been a#tivated by a wide variety o! #onditions, in#luding tuber#ulosis, multi"le s#lerosis, malaria, malnutrition, and even a #ourse o! !lu .abs. @<odg-inson" (IA:: The +ailure o! 2onte porary :cience" p. 282B 7ven more sho#&ing than the dis#laimers "la#ed in all test &its asserting their la#& o! validation and la#& o! F=$ a""roval to diagnose ;IG in!e#tion is that "atient serum +blood, must be diluted by a !a#tor o! !i!ty to !our hundred times be!ore it is tested !or ;IG antibodies Giraldo 4221, Mremer 4221,. The two ma.or test &its routinely used !or ;IG diagnosis are the en%yme)lin&ed immunosorbent assay +7'IS$, test and the Western Blot +WB, test. The 7'IS$ is run !irst, as a Ds#reeningD tool, and was !irst a""roved on the basis that it would be hel"!ul in s#reening donated blood !or ;IG antibodies. =e"ending where you live, i! your !irst 7'IS$ is rea#tive +what we #all D"ositive,D a label that we shall soon see is *uite misleading,, you may get a se#ond 7'IS$. I! this 7'IS$ is also rea#tive, you are tested with a di!!erent test, the WB. This is the !inal D#on!irmatoryD test !or ;IG in!e#tion. It is extremely im"ortant to reali%e that these tests are all antibody tests, and they are all used to dete#t me "resen#e or absen#e o! #ertain D;IG)s"e#i!i#D antibodies. Why is this so im"ortant< Bemember, were testing !or antibodies ere. In most #ases, antibody tests are used to determine "rior in!e#tion, be#ause the "athogen itsel! is long gone. In #ertain #ases, su#h as her"es and sy"hilis, there is #on#ern about latent in!e#tions "ossibly be#oming rea#tivated some time a!ter the "rodu#tion o! antibodies, so an antibody test is a reasonable measure to ta&e. $ntibody tests are done in general be#ause they are #hea"er and easier to do than to dire#tly test !or viruses or ba#teria. ;owever, in all o! these #ases, the antibody tests have been rigorously veri!ied against the gold standard o! mi#robial isolation)that is, the mi#robe was isolated in "ure !orm and determined to #onsistently and s"e#i!i#ally generate exa#tly those antibodies being tested !or. @2ulshaw" :cience :old %ut Aoes <I; Ceally 2ause (IA:?" p.8>B When I interviewed @ro!essor /harles Geshe&ter, he ex"lained that the most ;IG tests +7'IS$ and Western blot, are &nown to !re*uently "rodu#e !alse "ositive results, be#ause the tests #annot distinguish between ;IG antibodies and mi#robes that are sym"tomati# o! malaria, le"rosy, or tuber#ulosis. +$nita $llen "oints out, !urther, @regnan#y is one #ondition whi#h leads to !alse "ositive., @0ull" (IA:: ( :econd %pinion" p. 58B The results o! these re"eated assays are too detailed to go into in de"th, but not only did they vary dramati#ally within one laboratory and !rom one laboratory to another, but also the #riteria !or de#laring them "ositive or negative would have varied !rom one #ountry to another. =r. Gal Turner in @erth made a study o! the di!!erent #riteria. In $ustralia, !or exam"le, at least !our "rotein bands are re*uired, in /anada and mu#h o! the S$ three or more and a#ross $!ri#a two will do. So all an $!ri#an has to do is be retested in $ustralia where he or she might be !ound negative. In other words, individuals #an be ;IG "ositive or negative de"ending on whi#h laboratory or test &it or in whi#h #ountry they were tested @:henton" Eositi#ely +alse: ?$posing the 6yths around <I; and (IA:" p.23B To show that an antibody test !or ;IG is s#ienti!i#ally valid and reliable, the "a"er said, re*uires !our ste"s. The !irst o! these is to identi!y a sour#e o! ;IG)s"e#i!i# antigens ) the "rotein #om"onents ! the virus to whi#h antibodies bind. ;ere, one o! the !irst sur"rises is that be#ause ;IG is extremely di!!i#ult ) "erha"s im"ossible ) to isolate in a #lear)#ut way, there is no guarantee that the method

used really does obtain the virus or its #om"onents. I shall be dis#ussing these "roblems o! isolation in a later #ha"ter, but !or the moment su!!i#e it to say that the manu!a#tures o! the tests do not have une*uivo#al #olle#tion o! ;IG viruses, visible through ele#tron mi#ros#o"y, whi#h than #an be bro&en down into their various #om"onents. Instead, a multi)ste" "ro#edure has to be !ollowed involving a variety o! assum"tions, ea#h o! whi#h is *uestionable. The !inal assum"tion is that some material whi#h bands at a "arti#ular density +4.44: grams "er milliliter, when s"un in a #entri!uge re"resents C"ure ;IG "rotein and B($ !rom whi#h to ma&e antibody test, or whi#h #an serve as a tem"late !rom whi#h to manu!a#ture the "roteins. @<odg-inson" (IA:: The +ailure o! 2onte porary :cience" p. 284B In sum, as we in*uire systemi#ally into the sub.e#t, it a""ears the ma&ers o! the test &ee" moving !urther out onto a limb. We learn that the test does not a#tually identi!y ;IG "arti#les but antibodies to them. But these antibodies were not a#tually #reated as rea#tants to ;IG "roteins themselves, but to "roteins o! another virus, whi#h su""osedly #losely resembling ;IG. Still, the antibodies !ound were not a#tually rea#ting only to these su""osedly analogous viral "roteins, but also to inevitable #ontaminants. @0ulls" (IA:: ( :econd %pinion" p. 44B $ "rime im"etus !or develo"ing ;IG tests was to s#reen the blood su""ly and avoid s"reading disease via trans!usions. From that stand"oint, it was not "arti#ularly troubling that some sam"les might be wrongly designated ;IG)"ositive, so long as no a#tually "ositive blood entered the su""ly #hain. There!ore the tests were introdu#ed with the #aveat that they #ould not be used !or diagnosing the "resen#e o! ;IG in individuals, and "am"hlets in test &its #ontinue to re!le#t that #aveat +/onlan 9884E htt"-QQhealtoronto,#om, The $I=S test a##essed 9L July 988:,X 7'IS$ test- $bbott 'aboratories, =iagnosti# =ivision, ::)1186QB6E January, 4225 7'IS$ testing alone #annot be used to diagnose $I=S, even i! the re#ommended investigation o! rea#tive s"e#imens suggests a high "robability that the antibody to ;IG)4 is "resent H. . .I there is no re#ogni%ed standard !or establishing "resen#e and absen#e o! ;IG )4 antibody in human blood. X Western Blot test- 7"ito"e, In#., ?rganon Te&ni&a /or"oration @(984)0802 Bevision Y1 =o not use this &it as the sole basis o! diagnosing ;IG)4 in!e#tion. X Giral load test- Bo#he =iagnosti# Systems, $m"li#or ;IG)4 3onitor, Test Mit S-10811, June 422: The $m"li#or ;IG)4 3onitor test is not intended to be used as a s#reening test !or ;IG or as a diagnosti# test to #on!irm the "resen#e o! ;IG in!e#tion. ;odg&son +988La, b, re#ounts how the de!i#ien#ies o! the tests were re#ogni%ed !rom the beginning, yet in "ra#ti#e the #aveats in the test &its have been studiously ignored, !ul!illing a "redi#tion when the tests were !irst a""roved- en!or#ing the intent o! this language would be . . . sim"ly not "ra#ti#al +Zu#& 421:,. For many years, then the diagnosti# "ro#edure !or individuals has ignored that the tests were are not valid !or that "ur"ose. In the nited States, the standard a""roa#h #alls !or du"li#ate 7'IS$ tests +!or antibodies, !ollowed by a Western Blot +!or "roteins,. 7ven beyond the !a#t that these "roteins have never been "roven to be s"e#i!i# !or ;IG, there is no agreed way to de#ide whi#h o! them, or how many o! them, must be "resent to #onstitute a "ositive test. In the nited Mingdom, the Western Blot is o!!i#ially regarded as so unreliable that it may be used !or resear#h but not !or

diagnosti# "ur"oses +;odg&inson 9886b,. @1auer" The %rigins" Eersistence and +ailings o! the <I;/(IA: Theory" p. 32,38B ;IG resear#hers will swear u" and down that ;IG has been "ro"erly isolated and that su#h a""arently sensible #riteria as se"aration o! viral "arti#les !rom everything else and "roo! o! their existen#e as shown by #lear ele#tron mi#rogra"hs are not ne#essary. >ou might thin& that with the hundreds o! billions o! dollars s"ent so !ar on ;I G there would have been by now a su##ess!ul attem"t to demonstrate ;IG isolation by "ubli#ation o! "ro"er ele#tron mi#rogra"hs. The !a#t that there has not indi#ates *uite strongly that no one has been able to do it. Sin#e the Disolation "roblemD has long been an argument "m !orth by s#ientists *uestioning ;IG, it seems that i! it were "ossible to resolve this "roblem, mainstream resear#hers would be eager to do it i! only to shut su#h dissenters u". While this may be alarming enough in and o! itsel!, it is o! "arti#ular #on#ern when one #onsiders that every day "eo"le are given a diagnosis o! imminent death based on a test whose value as a diagnosti# tool is very dubious indeed. ?ne need only #onsider some o! the dis#laimers in#luded in any o! the "o"ular test &its7'IS$ testing alone #annot be used to diagnose $I=S. $bbott 'aboratories test &it +$bbott 4225, =o not use this &it as the sole basis !or ;IG in!e#tion. U 7"ito"e Western Blot &it +7"ito"e 4225, The am"li#or ;IG)l monitor test is not intended to be used as a s#reening test !or ;IG, nor a diagnosti# test to #on!irm the "resen#e o! ;IG in!e#tion. Bo#he viral load &it +Bo#he 422:,D @2ulshaw" :cience :old %ut Aoes <I; Ceally 2ause (IA:?" p.49B +ow +)C*A)$S di''ers 'rom other diseases $I=S is "e#uliar histori#ally in that the de!inition o! the syndrome a#tually be#ame more ex"ansive a!ter the alleged #ausative agent was identi!ied. This is #ontrary to all logi# and #ounter to the reasoning that underlies the existen#e and use!ulness o! #lini#al syndromes in the !irst "la#e. 3oreover, these ex"ansions ma&e it very di!!i#ult to "ro"erly analy%e e"idemiologi#al data. $s the de!inition ex"anded and it be#ame more and more #lear that ;IG did not do at all what it was "ur"orted to do)that is, &ill /=LV T)#ells by any dete#table method)resear#hers began to invent more and more #onvoluted ex"lanations !or why their theory was #orre#t. The logi#al, s#ienti!i# thing to have done would have been to noti#e that their original disease designation did not a##urately identi!y the #ausative agent or agents and, rather than #hanging the syndrome, throw out the su""osed #ausative agent+s, !ind one that ex"lained the observations better. $s we &now, this has not ha""ened. @2ulshaw" :cience :old %ut Aoes <I; Ceally 2ause (IA:?" p. 24B $I=S is loo&ing less and less li&e a disease or even a syndrome at all, as all un#om!ortable #ontradi#tions are swe"t under the rug, and ;IG disease- has be#ome a name !or some #ombination o! the results o! three blood tests)antibody, /=LV, and viral load)o!ten in the "resen#e o! no disease at all. @2ulshaw" :cience :old %ut Aoes <I; Ceally 2ause (IA:?" p. 84B But these data embody "arti#ular "oliti#al de#isions and sub.e#tive #riteria that have signi!i#ant im"li#ations !or understanding the "ast and !uture tra.e#tory o! the $I=S e"idemi# in this #ountry. 3oreover, surveillan#e statisti#s !or $I=S are uni*ue among those !or diseases re"orted by "ubli# health agen#ies. First, $I=S is the !irst +and only, disease re"orted and re#ord #umulatively.

Se#ond, how the $SSB establishes San Fran#is#o residen#y !or $I=S "atients is #ontrary to the usual morbidity re"orts !or other diseases whi#h are based on residen#e. @2ochrane" &hen (IA: 1egan :an +rancisco and the 6a-ing o! an ?pide ic" p. 18>B $I=S has #ome to en#om"ass a number o! things that do not share enough #ommon !eatures to warrant the use o! the single name. $I=S in $!ri#a +and "erha"s the /aribbean, is di!!erent in many res"e#ts !rom $I=S elsewhere. Within the nited States, 4218 $I=S is not the same as "ost)4218s $I=SE and "ost)4220 $I=S is not the same as "re)4220 $I=S. Throughout, there is also unavoidable ambiguity or #on!usion be#ause the diagnosis o! $I=S on the basis o! #ertain #lini#al sym"toms)o""ortunisti# in!e#tions) has shi!ted to diagnosis on the basis o! #ertain laboratory tests intended to dete#t ;IG. But that shi!t, a #orollary o! ;IGQ$I=S theory, has not been universally a""lied in "ra#ti#e. In $!ri#a, !or exam"le, diagnosis #ontinues to be base on sym"toms wherever ;IG)testing is not !easible. 7verywhere, ;IG)tests are not always #onsidered ne#essary, !or instan#e when gay men or drug users "resent o""ortunisti# in!e#tions. ?ne #onse*uen#e is that data, in "arti#ular histori#al data, are la#&ing on several salient "oints +!or exam"le, see below, The strange #ase o! Ma"osis sar#oma,. @1auer" The %rigins" Eersistence and +ailings o! the <I;/(IA: Theory" p. 11>B $s $I=S survivor 3i#hael /allen writes in his in his ins"irational boo&, Surviving $I=S, long) term $I=S survival does o##ur, but no one, on#e diagnosed de!initely with $I=S, has ever been ta&en o!! the lists &e"t by the /=/ ex#e"t at death. This ma&es $I=S the !irst disease that no #an survive, by de!inition. (ot only is this des#ri"tion o! $I=S logi#ally ban&ru"t, it sends the demorali%ing and an ina##urate message to "eo"le with ;IG or $I=S that they have a disease that is not worth !ighting. $ more legitimate, and more ho"e!ul, de!inition must be devised. @Coot, 1ernstein" Cethin-ing (IA:: The Tragic 2ost o! Ere ature 2onsensus" p. 94B %ho is at JisB( (ll these 'uestions and 'uestionable actions result in prolonging and increasing the (IA: epide ic. This was seen in a 1334 declaration o! a second wa#e o! the (IA: epide ic. Today there continue to be warnings and reports in both the ho ose$ual edia and the ainstrea edia o! increasing rates o! (IA: cases a ong those ost e!!ected by (IA:" ale ho ose$uals. It was a standing room only night at the (ew >or& /ity Gay and 'esbian /ommunity Servi#es on the night o! (ovember 4:, 422L. 'eaders !rom sixteen $I=S "revention agen#ies had #alled this emergen#y meeting to announ#e the se#ond wave o! $I=S. @:adownic-" :e$ 1etween 6en" p.225B Aespite all these 'uestions and 'uestionable actions surrounding (IA: what is -now !or certainty are those who are (IA: cases. It has been o#er three decades since the beginning o! the (IA: epide ic in 1341" and today (IA: is still ainly con!ined in the sa e two groups o! people that were initially e!!ected" ale ho ose$uals and intra#enous drug users. The /enters !or =isease /ontrol ;IGQ$I=S Surveillan#e Be"orts notes, $#*uired Immune =e!i#ien#y Syndrome +$I=S, is a s"e#i!i# grou" o! diseases or #onditions whi#h are indi#ative o! severe immunosu""ression related to in!e#tion with the human immunode!i#ien#y virus +;IG,. The "re#ision o! this medi#al de!inition obs#ures the !a#t that has been essential to the "ubli# understanding o! $I=S- most "eo"le with $I=S are gay men or in.e#tion drug users +I= s,.D @Aono#an" Ta-ing (I6: Target Eopulations and the &ars on (IA: and Arugs" p. 54B

$I=S in $meri#a has two "rimary sour#es at "resent- un"rote#ted anal inter#ourse, whi#h is asso#iated with gay male behavior and whi#h "robably a##ounts !or the bul& o! the existing #ases nationwideE and intravenous drug in.e#tion with virus)#ontaminated needles, whi#h is #urrently the ma.or sour#e o! new #ases and is li&ely to be the sour#e o! most #ases within a !ew years. @Eerow and =uillen. The (IA: Aisaster: The +ailure o! %rgani5ations in 0ew Gor- and the 0ation" p.55B $I=S, however, has remained absolutely !ixed in its original ris& grou"s. Today, a !ull de#ade a!ter it !irst a""eared, the syndrome is diagnosed in homosexuals, intravenous drug users, and hemo"hilia#s some 26 "er#ent o! the time, .ust as ten years ago. (ine out every ten $I=S "atients are male, also .ust as be!ore. 7ven the very existen#e o! a latent "eriod strongly suggests that years o! health abuse are re*uired !or su#h !atal #onditions. $mong $I=S "atients in the nited States and 7uro"e, one extremely #ommon health ris& has been identi!ied- the long)term use o! hard drugs +the eviden#e will be "resented in #ha"ter 1 and 44,. $I=S is not #ontagious nor is it even a single e"idemi#.D @Auesburg" In#enting the (IA: ;irus" p. 21>B It is, o! #ourse, always dangerous to generali%e about any grou" o! "eo"le, and "eo"le with $I=S are no ex#e"tion. $nd yet #ertain generali%ations about who is most li&ely to #ontra#t $I=S have "roved to be use!ul !rom a medi#al "ers"e#tive. We re#ogni%e that the vast ma.ority o! "eo"le with $I=S are gay men Qor intravenous drug abusers. These generali%ations "rovide #lues about what may #ause $I=S, what may dis"ose "eo"le to #ontra#t the syndrome, and how the disease may s"read. @Coot,1ernstein" Cethin-ing (IA:: The Tragic 2ost o! Ere ature 2onsensus" p. 224B I! ex"osure to ;IG is su!!i#ient to #ause $I=S, than everyone should be at e*ual ris&, and $I=S should develo" at an e*ual rate among di!!erent ris& grou"s on#e in!e#tion has been established. /learly that is not the #ase. Besear#hers re#ogni%ed by 4215 that the threat o! $I=S to non)ris& grou"s was very small. . . . ?n the other hand, the high ris& grou"s are still the high)ris& grou"s. @Coot,1ernstein" Cethin-ing (IA:: The Tragic 2ost o! Ere ature 2onsensus" p. 220B The !ollowing in!or ation was ta-en !ro the 2A2/s 66&C o! June 2>" 2004 / 5>@25BI 941,949.

Trends in ;IGQ$I=S =iagnoses $mong 3en Who ;ave Sex with 3en ))) 00 States, 9884K988: In 9881, /=/ #ondu#ted an analysis o! trends in diagnoses o! human immunode!i#ien#y virusQa#*uired immunode!i#ien#y syndrome +;IGQ$I=S, among men who have sex with men +3S3, in the 00 statesP that have had #on!idential, name)based ;IG #ase re"orting sin#e at least 9884. This re"ort summari%es the results o! that analysis, whi#h indi#ated that the number o! ;IGQ$I=S diagnoses among 3S3 overall during 9884K988: in#reased 1.:A +estimated annual "er#entage #hange H7$@/I [ 4.6,. =uring 9884K988:, an estimated 94L,052 "ersons had ;IGQ$I=S diagnosed in the 00 states. ?! these diagnoses, L:A were in 3S3, and LA were in 3S3 who engaged in illi#it in.e#tion)drug use +I= , +i.e., 3S3 and I= ,. To redu#e the im"a#t o! ;IGQ$I=S in the nited States, ;IG "revention servi#es that aim to redu#e the ris& !or a#*uiring and transmitting in!e#tion among 3S3 and lin& in!e#ted 3S3 to treatment must be ex"anded. 7ditorial (ote- =uring 9884K988:, male)to)male sex remained the largest ;IG transmission #ategory in the nited States and the only one asso#iated with an in#reasing number o! ;IGQ$I=S diagnoses. In this analysis, statisti#ally signi!i#ant de#reases in ;IGQ$I=S diagnoses were observed !or all other transmission #ategories +i.e., among "ersons li&ely to have been in!e#ted through high) ris& heterosexual #onta#t, I= , 3S3 and I= , and other routes,. $mong 3S3 aged 40K9L years, statisti#ally signi!i#ant in#reases in diagnoses were observed in nearly all ra#ialQethni#

"o"ulations. These !indings unders#ore the need !or #ontinued e!!e#tive testing and ris& redu#tion interventions !or 3S3, "arti#ularly those aged W96 years. http://www.banap.net/spip.php?article10>

==%J
6onday 5 (pril 2010. The !ollowing are two actual reports by the 2enters !or Aisease 2ontrol @2A2B" the !ederal epide iology agency in (tlanta. They are 6orbidity and 6orality &ee-ly Ceports @66&CB" a wee-ly bulletin published by the 2A2. These reports are reporting on what beca e <I;/(IA:" they are dated June 5" 1341and (ugust 80" 1339. The sources ha#e been gi#en" web articles accessible on the cdc.go# website. ( third 66&C report is not a#ailable on the 2A2 website. It is the second report on (IA:. Ma"osis sar#oma and @neumo#ystis "neumonia among homosexual men)(ew >or& and /ali!ornia July L, 4214. http://www.cdc.go#/ wr/pre#iew/ wrht l/.uneV5.ht

2neumo&ystis 2neumonia ,,, Los Angeles Aune 5, "E#" * :0(2")K ",: In the period %ctober 1340,6ay 1341" 5 young en" all acti#e ho ose$uals" were treated !or biopsy,con!ir ed Eneu ocystis carinii pneu onia at 8 di!!erent hospitals in 7os (ngeles" 2ali!ornia. Two o! the patients died. (ll 5 patients had laboratory,con!ir ed pre#ious or current cyto egalo#irus @26;B in!ection and candidal ucosal in!ection. 2ase reports o! these patients !ollow. Eatient 1: ( pre#iously healthy 88,year,old an de#eloped E. carinii pneu onia and oral ucosal candidiasis in 6arch 1341 a!ter a 2, onth history o! !e#er associated with ele#ated li#er en5y es" leu-openia" and 26; #iruria. The seru co ple ent,!i$ation 26; titer in %ctober 1340 was 259I in ay 1341 it was 82.Q The patient/s condition deteriorated despite courses o! treat ent with tri ethopri ,sul!a etho$a5ole @T6E/:6XB" penta idine" and acyclo#ir. <e died 6ay 8" and post orte e$a ination showed residual E. carinii and 26; pneu onia" but no e#idence o! neoplasia. Eatient 2: ( pre#iously healthy 80,year,old an de#eloped p. carinii pneu onia in (pril 1341 a!ter a 5, onth history o! !e#er each day and o! ele#ated li#er,!unction tests" 26; #iruria" and docu ented serocon#ersion to 26;" i.e." an acute,phase titer o! 19 and a con#alescent,phase titer o! 24Q in antico ple ent i uno!luorescence tests. %ther !eatures o! his illness included leu-openia and ucosal candidiasis. <is pneu onia responded to a course o! intra#enous T6E/.:6X" but" as o! the latest reports" he continues to ha#e a !e#er each day. Eatient 8: ( 80,year,old an was well until January 1341 when he de#eloped esophageal and oral candidiasis that responded to ( photericin 1 treat ent. <e was hospitali5ed in +ebruary 1341 !or E. carinii pneu onia that responded to T6E/:6X. <is esophageal candidiasis recurred a!ter the pneu onia was diagnosed" and he was again gi#en ( photericin 1. The 26; co ple ent, !i$ation titer in 6arch 1341 was 4. 6aterial !ro an esophageal biopsy was positi#e !or 26;. Eatient 4: ( 23,year,old an de#eloped E. carinii pneu onia in +ebruary 1341. <e had had <odg-ins disease 8 years earlier" but had been success!ully treated with radiation therapy alone. <e did not i pro#e a!ter being gi#en intra#enous T6E/:6X and corticosteroids and died in 6arch.

Eost orte e$a ination showed no e#idence o! <odg-ins disease" but E. carinii and 26; were !ound in lung tissue. Eatient 5: ( pre#iously healthy 89,year,old an with clinically diagnosed 26; in!ection in :epte ber 1340 was seen in (pril 1341 because o! a 4, onth history o! !e#er" dyspnea" and cough. %n ad ission he was !ound to ha#e E. carinii pneu onia" oral candidiasis" and 26; retinitis. ( co ple ent,!i$ation 26; titer in (pril 1341 was 124. The patient has been treated with 2 short courses o! T6E/:6X that ha#e been li ited because o! a sul!a,induced neutropenia. <e is being treated !or candidiasis with topical nystatin. The diagnosis o! Eneu ocystis pneu onia was con!ir ed !or all 5 patients ante orte by closed or open lung biopsy. The patients did not -now each other and had no -nown co on contacts or -nowledge o! se$ual partners who had had si ilar illnesses. Two o! the 5 reported ha#ing !re'uent ho ose$ual contacts with #arious partners. (ll 5 reported using inhalant drugs" and 1 reported parenteral drug abuse. Three patients had pro!oundly depressed in #itro proli!erati#e responses to itogens and antigens. 7y phocyte studies were not per!or ed on the other 2 patients. Ceported by 6: =ottlieb" 6A" <6 :chan-er" 6A" ET +an" 6A" ( :a$on" 6A" JA &eis an" A%" Ai# o! 2linical I unology,(llergyI Aept o! 6edicine" F27( :chool o! 6edicineI I Eo5als-i" 6A" 2edars,6t. :iani <ospital" 7os (ngelesI +ield ser#ices Ai#" ?pide iology Erogra %!!ice" 2A2. ?ditorial 0ote: Eneu ocystis pneu onia in the Fnited :tates is al ost e$clusi#ely li ited to se#erely i unosuppressed patients @1B. The occurrence o! pneu ocystosis in these 5 pre#iously healthy indi#iduals without a clinically apparent underlying i unode!iciency is unusual. The !act that these patients were all ho ose$uals suggests an association between so e aspect o! a ho ose$ual li!estyle or disease ac'uired through se$ual contact and Eneu ocystis pneu onia in this population. (ll 5 patients described in this report had laboratory,con!ir ed 26; disease or #irus shedding within 5 onths o! the diagnosis o! Eneu ocystis pneu onia. 26; in!ection has been shown to induce transient abnor alities o! in #itro cellular,i une !unction in otherwise healthy hu an hosts @2"8B. (lthough all 8 patients tested had abnor al cellular,i une !unction" no de!initi#e conclusion regarding the role o! 26; in!ection in these 5 cases can be reached because o! the laco! published data on cellular,i une !unction in healthy ho ose$ual ales with and without 26; antibody. In 1 report" > @8.9HB o! 134 patients with pneu ocystosis also had 26; in!ection/ 40 @21HB o! the sa e group had at least 1 other a.or concurrent in!ection @1B. ( high pre#alence o! 26; in!ections a ong ho ose$ual ales was recently reported: 1>3 @34HB had 26; #iruriaI rates !or 101 controls o! si ilar age who were reported to be e$clusi#ely heterose$ual were 54H !or seropositi#ity and 5ero !ro #iruria @4B. In another study o! 94 ales" 4 @9.8HB had positi#e tests !or 26; in se en" but none had 26; reco#ered !ro urine. Two o! the 4 reported recent ho ose$ual contacts. These !indings suggest not only that #irus shedding ay be ore readily detected in se inal !luid than urine" but also that se inal !luid ay be an i portant #ehicle o! 26; trans ission @5B. (ll the abo#e obser#ations suggest the possibility o! a cellular,i une dys!unction related to a co on e$posure that predisposes indi#iduals to opportunistic in!ections such as pneu ocystosis and candidiasis. (lthough the role o! 26; in!ection in the pathogenesis o! pneu ocystosis re ains un-nown" the possibility o! E. carinii in!ection ust be care!ully considered in a di!!erential diagnosis !or pre#iously healthy ho ose$ual ales with dyspnea and pneu onia. Ce!erences

&al5er EA" Eerl AE" Jrogstad AJ" Cawson =" :chult5 6=. Eneu ocystis carinii pneu onia in the Fnited :tates. ?pide iologic" diagnostic" and clinical !eatures. (nn Intern 6ed 13>4I40:48,38. Cinaldo 2C" Jr" 1lac- E<" <irsh 6:. Interaction o! cyto egalo#irus with leu-ocytes !ro with ononucleosis due to cyto egalo#irus. J In!ect Ais 13>>I189:99>,>4. Cinaldo 2C" Jr" 2arney &E" Cichter 1:" 1lac- E<" <irsh 6:. 6echanis s o! i in cyto egalo#iral ononucleosis. J In!ect Ais 1340I141:444,35. patients

unosuppression

Arew &7" 6int5 7" 6iner C2" :ands 6" Jetterer 1. Ere#alence o! cyto egalo#irus in!ection in ho ose$ual en. J In!ect Ais 1341I148:144,32. 7ang AJ" Ju er J+. 2yto egalo#irus in se en: obser#ations in selected populations". J In!ect Ais 13>5I 182:4>2,8. http://www.cdc.go#/ wr/pre#iew/ wrht l/00048434.ht

2neumo&ystis 2neumonia L Los Angeles August :0, "EE? * 45(:4)K >2E,>:: (s part o! its co e oration o! 2A2/s 50th anni#ersary" 66&C is reprinting selected 66&C articles o! historical interest to public health" acco panied by a current editorial note. %n June 4" 1341" 66&C published a report about Eneu ocystis carinii pneu onia in ho ose$ual en in 7os (ngeles. This was the !irst published report o! what" a year later" beca e -nown as ac'uired i unode!iciency syndro e @(IA:B. This report and current editorial note appear below. In the period %ctober 1340,6ay 1341" 5 young en" all acti#e ho ose$uals" were treated !or biopsy,con!ir ed Eneu ocystis carinii pneu onia at 8 di!!erent hospitals in 7os (ngeles" 2ali!ornia. Two o! the patients died. (ll 5 patients had laboratory,con!ir ed pre#ious or current cyto egalo#irus @26;B in!ection and candidal ucosal in!ection. 2ase reports o! these patients !ollow. Eatient 1: ( pre#iously healthy 88,year,old an de#eloped E. carinii pneu onia and oral ucosal candidiasis in 6arch 1341 a!ter a 2, onth history o! !e#er associated with ele#ated li#er en5y es" leu-openia" and 26; #iruria. The seru co ple ent,!i$ation 26; titer in %ctober 1340 was 259I in 6ay 1341 it was 82. Q The patient/s condition deteriorated despite courses o! treat ent with tri ethopri ,sul!a etho$a5ole @T6E/:6XB" penta idine" and acyclo#ir. <e died 6ay 8" and post orte e$a ination showed residual E. carinii and 26; pneu onia" but no e#idence o! neoplasia. Eatient 2: ( pre#iously healthy 80,year,old an de#eloped E. carinii pneu onia in (pril 1341 a!ter 5, onth history o! !e#er each day and o! ele#ated li#er,!unction tests" 26; #iruria" and docu ented serocon#ersion to 26;" i.e." an acute,phase titer o! 19 and a con#alescent,phase titer o! 24 Q in antico ple ent i uno!luorescence tests. %ther !eatures o! his illness included leu-openia and ucosal candidiasis. <is pneu onia responded to a course o! intra#enous T6E/:6X" but" as o! the latest reports" he continues to ha#e a !e#er each day. Eatient 8: ( 80,year,old an was well until January 1341 when he de#eloped esophageal and oral candidiasis that responded to ( photericin 1 treat ent. <e was hospitali5ed in +ebruary 1341 !or E. carinii pneu onia that responded to oral T6E/:6X. <is esophageal candidiasis recurred a!ter the pneu onia was diagnosed" and he was again gi#en ( photericin 1. The 26; co ple ent, !i$ation titer in 6arch 1341 was 4. 6aterial !ro an esophageal biopsy was positi#e !or 26;.

Eatient 4: ( 23,year,old an de#eloped E. carinii pneu onia in +ebruary 1341. <e had had <odg-ins disease 8 years earlier" but had been success!ully treated with radiation therapy alone. <e did not i pro#e a!ter being gi#en intra#enous T6E/:6X and corticosteroids and died in 6arch. Eost orte e$a ination showed no e#idence o! <odg-ins disease" but E. carinii and 26; were !ound in lung tissue. Eatient 5: ( pre#iously healthy 89,year,old an with a clinically diagnosed 26; in!ection in :epte ber 1340 was seen in (pril 1341 because o! a 4, onth history o! !e#er" dyspnea" and cough. %n ad ission he was !ound to ha#e E. carinii pneu onia" oral candidiasis" and 26; retinitis. ( co ple ent,!i$ation 26; titer in (pril 1341 was 124. The patient has been treated with 2 short courses o! T6E/:6X that ha#e been li ited because o! a sul!a,induced neutropenia. <e is being treated !or candidiasis with topical nystatin. The diagnosis o! Eneu ocystis pneu onia was con!ir ed !or all 5 patients ante, orte by closed or open lung biopsy. The patients did not -now each other and had no -nown co on contacts or -nowledge o! se$ual partners who had had si ilar illnesses. The 5 did not ha#e co parable histories o! se$ually trans itted disease. +our had serologic e#idence o! past hepatitis 1 in!ection but had no e#idence o! current hepatitis 1 sur!ace antigen. Two o! the 5 reported ha#ing !re'uent ho ose$ual contacts with #arious partners. (ll 5 reported using inhalant drugs" and 1 reported parenteral drug abuse. Three patients had pro!oundly depressed in #itro proli!erati#e responses to itogens and antigens. 7y phocyte studies were not per!or ed on the other 2 patients. Ceported by 6: =ottlieb" 6A" <6 :chan-er" 6A" ET +an" 6A" ( :a$on" 6A" JA &eis an" A%" Ai# o! 2linical I unology,(llergy" Aept o! 6edicine" F27( :chool o! 6edicineI I Eo5als-i" 6A" 2edars,6t. :inai <ospital" 7os (ngelesI +ield :er#ices Ai#" ?pide iology Erogra %!!ice" 2A2. ?ditorial 0ote Eneu ocystis pneu onia in the Fnited :tates is al ost e$clusi#ely li ited to se#erely i unosuppressed patients @1B. The occurrence o! pneu ocystosis in these 5 pre#iously healthy indi#iduals without a clinically apparent underlying i unode!iciency is unusual. The !act that these patients were all ho ose$uals suggests an association between so e aspect o! a ho ose$ual li!estyle or disease ac'uired through se$ual contact and Eneu ocystis pneu onia in this population. (ll 5 patients described in this report had laboratory,con!ir ed 26; disease or #irus shedding within 5 onths o! the diagnosis o! Eneu ocystis pneu onia. 26; in!ection has been shown to induce transient abnor alities o! in #itro cellular,i une !unction in otherwise healthy hu an hosts @2"8B. (lthough all 8 patients tested had abnor al cellular,i une !unction" no de!initi#e conclusion regarding the role o! 26; in!ection in these 5 cases can be reached because o! the laco! published data on cellular,i une !unction in healthy ho ose$ual ales with and without 26; anti,body. In 1 report" > @8.9HB o! 134 patients with pneu ocystosis also had 26; in!ectionI 40 @21HB o! the sa e group had at least 1 other a.or concurrent in!ection @1B. ( high pre#alence o! 26; in!ections a ong ho ose$ual ales was recently reported: 1>3 @34HB o! 130 ales reported to be e$clusi#ely ho ose$ual had seru antibody to 26;" and 14 @>.4HB had 26; #iruriaI rates !or 101 controls o! si ilar age who were reported to be e$clusi#ely heterose$ual were 54H !or seropositi#ity and 5ero !or #iruria @4B. In another study o! 94 ales" 4 @9.8HB had positi#e tests !or 26; in se en" but none had 26; reco#ered !ro urine. Two o! the 4 reported recent ho ose$ual contacts. These !indings suggest not only that #irus shedding ay be ore readily detected in se inal !luid than in urine" but also that se inal !luid ay be an i portant #ehicle o! 26; trans ission @5B. (ll the abo#e obser#ations suggest the possibility o! a cellular,i une dys!unction related to a co on e$posure that predisposes indi#iduals to opportunistic in!ections such as pneu ocystosis and candidiasis. (lthough the role o! 26; in!ection in the pathogenesis o!

pneu ocystosis re ains un-nown" the possibility o! E. carinii in!ection ust be care!ully considered in a di!!erential diagnosis !or pre#iously healthy ho ose$ual ales with dyspnea and pneu onia. Ce!erences &al5er EA" Eerl AE" Jrogstad AJ" Cawson E=" :chult5 6=. Eneu ocystis carinii pneu onia in the Fnited :tates. ?pide iologic" diagnostic" and clinical !eatures. (nn Intern 6ed 13>4I40:48,38. Cinaldo 2C" Jr" 1lac- E<" <irsch 6:. Interaction o! cyto egalo#irus with leu-ocytes !ro with ononucleosis due to cyto egalo#irus. J In!ect Ais 13>>I189:99>,>4. Cinaldo 2C" Jr" 2arney &E" Cichter 1:" 1lac- E<" <irsch 6:. 6echanis s o! i in cyto egalo#iral ononucleosis. J In!ect Ais 1340I141:444,35. patients

unosuppression

Arew &7" 6int5 7" 6iner C2" :ands 6" Jetterer 1. Ere#alence o! cyto egalo#irus in!ection in ho ose$ual en. J In!ect Ais 1341I148:144,32. 7ang AJ" Ju er J+. 2yto egalo#irus in se en: obser#ations in selected populations. J In!ect Ais 13>5I182:4>2,8. ?ditorial 0ote M 1339: The June 4" 1341" report o! !i#e cases o! Eneu ocystis carinii pneu onia @E2EB in ho ose$ual en in 7os (ngeles was the !irst published report about ac'uired i unode!iciency syndro e @(IA:B. This report in 66&C alerted the edical and public health co unities 4 onths be!ore the !irst peer,re#iewed article was published @1B. The ti eliness o! this report can be credited to the public health sensiti#ity o! the astute reporting physicians and the diligence o! 2A2 sta!!. Ar. =ottlieb and his colleagues at the Fni#ersity o! 2ali!ornia at 7os (ngeles :chool o! 6edicine and 2edars,6t. :inai <ospital wor-ed closely with the 2A2 ?pide ic Intelligence :er#ice %!!icer assigned to the 7os (ngeles Aepart ent o! <ealth :er#ices to su ari5e the data and dra!t this brie! report. &hen news o! these cases reached 2A2" scientists in the Earasitic Aiseases Ai#ision o! 2A2/s 2enter !or In!ectious Aiseases already were concerned about other unusual cases o! E2E. That di#ision housed the Earasitic Aiseases Arug :er#ice and re'uests !or penta idine isethionate to treat E2E in other si ilar patients in 0ew Gor- had been called to the attention o! these scientists by the 2A2 e ployee who ad inistered the distribution o! this drug @which was not yet licensed and was a#ailable in the Fnited :tates only !ro 2A2B. In July 1341" !ollowing the report o! these cases o! E2E and cases o! other rare li!e,threatening opportunistic in!ections and cancers @2B" 2A2 !or ed a Tas- +orce on Japosi/s :arco a and %pportunistic In!ections. ( -ey !irst tas- !acing 2A2 was to de#elop a case de!inition !or this condition and to conduct sur#eillance. The 2A2 case de!inition was adopted 'uic-ly worldwide. Cesults !ro acti#e sur#eillance conducted in the Fnited :tates rapidly established that the syndro e was new" and the nu ber o! cases was increasing rapidly @8B. 1y the end o! 1342" the distribution pattern o! cases strongly suggested that (IA: was caused by an agent trans itted through se$ual contact between en @4"5B and between en and wo en @9">B and trans itted through blood a ong in.ecting,drug users and a ong recipients o! blood or blood products @4,10B. 2ases also were identi!ied a ong in!ants born to wo en with (IA: or at ris- !or (IA: @11B" and the epide ic e$tended beyond the li!e,threatening reported cases to include persistent une$plained ly phadenopathy @12B. To pre#ent trans ission o! (IA:" in 1348 the Eublic <ealth :er#ice used epide iologic in!or ation about the condition to reco end that se$ual contact be a#oided with persons -nown or suspected to ha#e (IA: and that persons at increased ris- !or (IA: re!rain !ro donating plas a or blood @10"18B. In addition" wor- was intensi!ied toward de#eloping sa!er blood products !or persons with he ophilia. These

reco endations were de#eloped and published only 21 onths a!ter the !irst cases were reported and well be!ore the !irst published reports identi!ying what is now ter ed <I; as the etiologic agent o! (IA: @14"15B. Isolation o! <I; enabled de#elop ent o! assays to diagnose in!ectionsI characteri5ation o! the natural history o! <I;I !urther protection o! the blood supplyI de#elop ent o! speci!ic anti#iral therapiesI and e$pansion o! sur#eillance criteria to include other conditions indicati#e o! se#ere <I; disease. Cesearch and pre#ention progra s !or <I; ha#e contributed greatly to scienti!ic and progra atic approaches to other public health proble s. Auring 1341, 1339" appro$i ately 850 reports related to (IA: were published in 66&C" an a#erage o! two per onth since June 1341. Throughout the <I; epide ic" ti ely publication o! reports about (IA: and related topics in 66&C ha#e continued to play a crucial role in alerting health pro!essionals and the public. In 1339" <I; trans ission occurs worldwide and has an i pact in all countries @19B. In the Fnited :tates" pre#ention e!!orts ha#e been success!ul at reducing <I; trans ission. +or e$a ple" blood,donor de!erral and blood screening ha#e #irtually eli inated <I; trans ission through blood and blood products" and adoption o! less ris-y beha#iors has greatly reduced se$ual trans ission between enI ost recently" therapeutic ad#ances ha#e reduced trans ission !ro other to newborn @1>B. <owe#er" in the Fnited :tates" (IA: has been diagnosed in 544"000 persons" and 848"000 ha#e died. <I; in!ection has beco e the leading cause o! death !or persons aged 25,44 years" and an esti ated 950"000,350"000 persons are li#ing with <I; in!ection. Throughout the world" <I; continues to spread rapidly" especially in i po#erished populations in (!rica" (sia" and :outh and 2entral ( erica. The e ergence o! the <I; pande ic de onstrates the #ulnerability o! the world/s populations to pre#iously un-nown in!ectious diseases. The !irst 15 years in the recorded history o! (IA: ha#e included re ar-able scienti!ic successes and countless e$a ples o! indi#idual courage and acco plish ent. (lthough these acco plish ents pro#ide hope !or the !uture" !urther e!!orts are needed to halt the steady spread o! <I; throughout the world. ?ditorial 0ote by: Ja es &. 2urran" 6.A." Aean" Collins :chool o! Eublic <ealth o! ? ory Fni#ersity @(tlantaBI 2oordinator o! the 1341 Tas- +orce on Japosi/s :arco a and %pportunistic In!ectionsI and !or er Airector o! the %!!ice o! <I;/(IA:" 2A2. Ce!erences <y es J1" 2heung T" =reene J1" et al. Japosi/s sarco a in ho ose$ual cases. 7ancet 1341I2:534,900. 2A2. Japosi/s sarco a and Eneu ocystis pneu onia a ong ho ose$ual and 2ali!ornia. 66&C 1341I80:805,4. en: a report o! eight en M 0ew Gor- 2ity

2A2 Tas- +orce on Japosi/s :arco a and %pportunistic In!ections. ?pide iologic aspects o! the current outbrea- o! Japosi/s sarco a and opportunistic in!ections. 0 ?ngl J 6ed 1342I809:244,52. 2A2. ( cluster o! Japosi/s sarco a and Eneu ocystis carinii pneu onia a ong ho ose$ual residents o! 7os (ngeles and %range counties" 2ali!ornia. 66&C 1342I81:805,>. ale

Ja!!e <&" 2hoi J" Tho as E(" et al. 0ational case,control study o! Japosi/s sarco a and Eneu ocystis carinii pneu onia in ho ose$ual en: part 1" epide iologic results. (nn Intern 6ed 1348I33:145,51. 2A2. I unode!iciency a ong !e ale se$ual partners o! syndro e @(IA:B M 0ew Gor-. 66&C 1348I81:93>,4. ales with ac'uired i une de!iciency en with the

<arris 2" : all 21" Jlein C:" et al. I unode!iciency in !e ale se$ual partners o! ac'uired i unode!iciency syndro e. 0 ?ngl J 6ed 1348I804:1141,4.

2A2. Eneu ocystis carinii pneu onia a ong persons with he ophilia (. 66&C 1342I81:895,>. 2A2. Eossible trans!usion,associated ac'uired i 66&C 1342I81:952,54. une de!iciency syndro e @(IA:B M 2ali!ornia.

2A2. (c'uired i une de!iciency syndro e @(IA:B: precautions !or clinical and laboratory sta!!s. 66&C 1342I81:5>>,40. 2A2. Fne$plained i unode!iciency and opportunistic in!ections in in!ants M 0ew Gor-" 0ew Jersey" and 2ali!ornia. 66&C 1342I81:995,>. 2A2. Eersistent" generali5ed ly phadenopathy a ong ho ose$ual 51. ales. 66&C 1342I81: 243,

2A2. Ere#ention o! ac'uired i une de!iciency syndro e @(IA:B: report o! inter,agency reco endations. 66&C 1348I82:101,8. 1arre,:inoussi +" 2her ann J2" Cey +" et al. Isolation o! a T,ly photropic retro#irus !ro at ris- !or ac'uired i une de!iciency syndro e @(IA:B. :cience 1348I220:494,>1. a patient

=allo C2" :alahuddin :Z" Eopo#ic 6" et al. +re'uent detection and isolation o! cytopathic retro#iruses @<T7;,IIIB !ro patients with (IA: and at ris- !or (IA:. :cience 1344I224:500,8. 6ann J" Tarantela A" eds. (IA: in the world II. 0ew Gor-: %$!ord Fni#ersity Eress" 1339. 2A2. Ceco endations o! the F.:. Eublic <ealth :er#ice Tas- +orce on the Fse o! Zido#udine to Ceduce Eerinatal Trans ission o! <u an I unode!iciency ;irus. 66&C 1334I48@no. CC,11B. Eaired speci ens not run in parallel. http://www.banap.net/spip.php?article104

0ew
6onday 5 (pril 2010. )0ew* This article has !our sections" three o! the are re!erencing to )new* that which can characteri5e those who sel!,identi!y as ho ose$ual and lead an openly ho ose$ual li!estyle. +irst it is how they choose to identi!y the sel#es" using the word gay/lesbian instead o! ho ose$ual. The changing ( erica culture/society also allowed !or )new places o! eeting*. The third )new* are the )se$ual beha#iors/practices* o! any o! those who sel!,identi!ied as ho ose$ual and lead an openly ho ose$ual li!estyle. 6any o! the 'uotes !ollowing ha#e been written by those who sel!,identi!y as gay/ho ose$ual and ad#ocate !or li#ing an openly ho ose$ual li!estyle. The !inal section describes the conse'uences/results o! these new dangerous and har !ul se$ual beha#iors/practices that any who sel!,identi!y as gay/ho ose$ual and lead an openly ho ose$ual li!estyles. 0ew )dentity

In short, the "oliti#al and #ultural environment had undergone a liberali%ing shi!t whi#h had #reated the o""ortunity !or the emergen#e o! a mass homosexual movement. @?ngel" The Fn!inished Ce#olution: :ocial 6o#e ent Theory and the =ay and 7esbian 6o#e ent" p.84B The #on!iguring o! the meaning o! homosexuality by its advo#ates into a li!estyle alternative or minority status, and the movement o! lesbians and gay men into the so#ial #enter "arallels the trans!ormation o! the so#ial role o! the $!ri#an)$meri#ans and women during the same "eriod. @:eid an" ? battled ?ros" p.144,143B The idea o! a gay and lesbian identity sexual identity has been !ormulated over the last two de#ades. ;istori#ally it is the "rodu#t o! the gay and lesbian liberation movement, whi#h, itsel!, grew out o! the Bla#& #ivil rights and womens liberation movements o! the !i!ties and sixties. 'i&e ethni# identities, sexual identity assigns individuals to membershi" in a grou", the gay lesbian #ommunity. $lthough sexual identity has be#ome a grou" identity, its histori#al ante#edents #an be tra#ed to the nineteen)#entury notion that homosexual men and women, ea#h re"resentative o! a newly dis#overed biologi#al s"e#imen, re"resented a third sex. ;omosexuality, whi#h had been #on#eived "rimarily as an a#t was thereby trans!ormed into an a#tor. +=e /e##o, 4228b,. ?n#e a#tors had been #reated it was "ossible to assign them a grou" identity. ?n#e a "erson be#ame a member o! a grou", "arti#ularly one that has been stigmati%ed and marginal, identity as an individual was easily subsumed under grou" identity. @Ae 2ecco and Ear-er" )The 1iology o! <o ose$uality: :e$ual %rientation or :e$ual Ere!erence"* p. 22,28 in :e$" 2ells" and :a e,:e$ Aesire: The 1iology o! :e$ual" Ere!erence" editors Ae 2ecco and Ear-erB Trans#ending all these issues o! li!estyle was the "otent *uestion o! the gay identity itsel!. The gay identity is no more a "rodu#t o! nature than any other sexual identity. It has develo"ed through a #om"lex history o! de!initions and sel!)de!inition, and what re#ent histories o! homosexuality have #learly revealed is that there is no ne#essary #onne#tion between sexual "ra#ti#es and sexual identity. @&ee-s" :e$uality and Its Aiscontents 6eanings" 6yths and 6odern :e$ualities" p. 50B Gay liberation had somehow evolved into the right to have a good time)the right to en.oy bars, dis#os, drugs, and !re*uent im"ersonal sex. @2lendinen and 0agourney" %ut !or =ood: The :truggle to 1uild a =ay Cights 6o#e ent in ( erica" p.445B )%ther en who had participated enthusiastically in the li!e o! the ghetto had grown tired o! its anony ity and in#erted #alues. They 'uestioned why e bership in the gay co unity had co e to re'uire that one be alienated !ro his !a ily" ta-e ultiple drugs and ha#e ultiple se$ partners" dance all night at the )right* clubs" and spend su er wee-ends at the )right* part o! +ire Island. Cather than pro#iding genuine liberation" gay li!e in the ghettos had created another sort o! oppression with its pressure to con!or to social e$pectations o! what a gay an was )supposed* to be" belie#e" wear" and do.* @(ndriote" ;ictory Ae!erred: <ow (IA: 2hanged =ay 7i!e in ( erica" p.24B 7viden#e #onvin#ingly argues that be!ore the middle o! the #entury gay sexual behavior was vastly di!!erent !rom what it was to be#ome later, that !rom mid #entury onward there were !undamental #hanges not only in gay male sel!)"er#e"tions and belie!s, but also in sexual habits, &inds and numbers o! "artners, even ways o! ma&ing love. These revolutions rea#hed a !ever "it#h .ust as at the moment ;IG ex"loded li&e a series o! time bombs a#ross the ar#hi"elago o! gay $meri#a. When gay ex"erien#e is viewed #olle#tively, it a""ears that the simultaneous introdu#tion o! new behaviors and a dramati# rise in the s#ale o! old ones "rodu#ed one o! the greatest shi!ts in sexual e#ology ever re#orded. There is #onvin#ing eviden#e that this shi!t had a de#isive im"a#t on the transmission o! virtually every sexually transmitted disease, o! whi#h ;IG was merely one, albeit the most deadly. @Cotello" :e$ual ?cology: (IA: and the Aestiny o! =ay 6en" p. 83B

The "ull o! the !ast)tra#& S)3 gay li!e, whi#h seems to have been the breeding ground)or at least the staging area)!or what in#reasingly a""eared as a new and mysterious disease, is not .ust a "athology the rest o! us #an dismiss. @1lac-" The Elague Gears: ( 2hronicle o! (IA:" The ?pide ic o! %ur Ti es" p. 48B The "rimary !a#tor that led to in#rease ;IG transmission was anal sex #ombined with multi"le "artners, "arti#ularly in #on#entrated #ore grou"s. By the seventies there is little doubt that !or those in the most sexually a#tive #ore grou"s, multi"artner anal sex had be#ome a main event. 3i#hael /allen, both an avid "ra#titioner and a #are!ul observer o! li!e in the gay !ast lane, believed that this was a histori#ally un"re#endented as"e#t o! the gay sexual revolution. @Cotello" :e$ual ?cology: (IA: and the Aestiny o! =ay 6en" p. >5B These data demonstrate de!initively that the gay liberation movement resulted in a great in#rease in "romis#uity among gay men, along with signi!i#ant #hanges in sexual "ra#ti#es that made re#tal trauma, immunologi#al #onta#t with semen, use o! re#reational drugs, and the transmission o! many viral, amoebal, !ungal, and ba#terial in!e#tions !ar more #ommon than in the de#ades "rior to 4258. The same data strongly suggest that re#ent #hanges in sexual and drug a#tivity "layed a ma.or role in vastly enlarging the homo) and bisexual male "o"ulation at ris& !or develo"ing immunosu""ression. Sin#e "romis#uity, engaging in re#e"tive anal inter#ourse, and !isting are the three highest)ris& !a#tors asso#iated with $I=S among gay men and sin#e ea#h o! these ris& !a#tors is #orrelated with &nown #ases o! immunosu""ression, they re"resent signi!i#ant !a#tors in our understanding o! why $I=S emerged as a ma.or medi#al "roblem only in 4258. @Coot,1ernstein" Cethin-ing (IA:: The Tragic 2ost o! Ere ature 2onsensus" p. 230,231B When $I=S hit the homosexual #ommunities o! the S, several studies were #ondu#ted by the vigilant /=/ to determine what it was in the homosexual li!estyle whi#h "redis"osed to this immunosu""ressive #ondition. There were really only two things whi#h distinguished the homosexual li!estyle- the "romis#uous sex and the extensive use o! re#reational drugs. @(da s" (IA:: The <I; 6yth" p.12>B Gay liberation had somehow evolved into the right to have a good time)the right to en.oy bars, dis#os, drugs, and !re*uent im"ersonal sex. @2lendinen and 0agourney" %ut !or =ood: The :truggle to 1uild a =ay Cights 6o#e ent in ( erica" p.445B In short, the gay li!estyle ) i! su#h a #haos #an, a!ter all, legitimately be #alled a li!estyle ) it .ust doesnt wor&- it doesnt serve the two !un#tions !or whi#h all so#ial !ramewor& evolve- to #onstrain "eo"les natural im"ulses to behave badly and to meet their natural needs. While its im"ossible to "rovide an exhaustive analyti# list o! all the root #auses and aggravates o! this !ailure, we #an asseverate at least some o! the ma.or #auses. 3any have been disse#ted, above, as elements o! the Ten 3isbehaviorsE it only remains to dis#uss the !ailure o! the gay #ommunity to "rovide a viable alternative to the heterosexual !amily. @Jir- and 6adsen" (!ter the 1all: <ow ( erica &ill 2on'uer Its +ear and <atred o! the =ay/s in the 30s" p.898B 0ew 2la&es o' =eeting The #om"lex resear#h agenda that #hara#teri%ed the "eriod !rom the early 4258s to the beginning o! the $I=S e"idemi# re!le#ted ma.or #hanges within the gay and lesbian #ommunities themselves. The de#ision by a large number to o"enly label themselves gay men and lesbian #hanged the ex"erien#e o! same)gender sexuality. From a relatively narrow homosexual #ommunity based "rimarily on sexual desire and a!!e#tional #ommitment between lovers and #ir#les o! !riends, there emerged a #ommunity #hara#teri%ed by the building o! residential areas, #ommer#ial enter"rises,

health and so#ial servi#es, "oliti#al #lubs, and intelle#tual movements. @Turner" 6iller" and 6oses" ?ditors. (IA: :e$ual 1eha#ior and Intra#enous Arug Fse" p.12>B In the 4258s an extraordinary "roli!eration o! #lubs, bars, dis#othe*ues, bathhouse, sex sho"s, travel agen#ies, and gay maga%ines allowed the #ommunity to #ome out and ado"t a whole new re"ertoire o! eroti# behavior, out o! all measure to any similar "ast a#tivities. @=r e-" <istory o! (IA:" p. 194,193B In sum, gay sex institutions and the sexual a#tivity in them be#ame the !un#tional so#ial e*uivalent o! !amily, !riends, and #ommunity- They "romoted so#ial bonds that gave gays a sense o! belonging and so#ial su""ort. @Cushing" The (IA: ?pide ic :ocial Ai ensions o! an In!ectious Aisease" p. 80B The institutions o! the gay world have o!ten made it easier !or men to meet !or sex than !or #om"anionshi", and most long)lasting relationshi"s a##e"t sexual Cin!idelity, through the word itsel! rings oddly. @(lt an" Ae!ying =ra#ity: ( Eolitical 7i!e" p.114B The magi#al lin& was through a &ey term. ?ne word, the gay writer (athan Frain has written, Cis li&e a hand grenade in the whole a!!air- "romis#uity. $lthough "romis#uity has long been seen as a #hara#teristi# o! male homosexuals, there is little doubt that the 4258s saw a *uantitative .um" in its in#iden#e as establishments su#h as gay bath)houses and ba#&)room bars, existing s"e#i!i#ally !or the "ur"oses o! #asual sex, s"read in all ma.or #ities o! the nited States and elsewhere !rom Toronto to @airs, $msterdam to Sydney +though 'ondon remained more or less aloo!, largely due to the e!!e#ts o! the 42:5 re!orm,. 3i#hel Fou#alt has written #hara#teristi#ally o! the growth o! Claboratories o! sexual ex"erimentation in #ities su#h as San Fran#is#o and (ew >or&, Cthe #ounter"art o! the medieval #ourts where stri#t rules o! "ro"rietary #ourtshi" were de!ined. For the !irst time !or most male homosexuals, sex be#ame easily available. With it #ame the #han#e not only to have !re*uent "artners but also to ex"lore the varieties o! sex. Where sex be#omes to available, Fou#ault suggests, #onstant variations are ne#essary to enhan#e the "leasure o! the a#t. For many gays #oming out in the 4258s the gay world was a "aradise o! sexual o""ortunity and o! sensual ex"loration. @&ee-s" Je!!ery. :e$uality and Its Aiscontents 6eanings" 6yths and 6odern :e$ualities" p.4>,44B We dont &now, in real *uantitative terms, what really #hanged in homosexual behavior in the 4258s, but it is "ossible to identi!y three ma.or areas o! #hange- the ex"ansion o! homosexual bathhouses and sex #lubs, whi#h !a#ilitate numerous sexual #onta#ts in one night +by 421L one bathhouse #hain in#luded baths in !orty)two $meri#an #ities, in#luding 3em"his and 'ondon, ?ntario,, the emergen#e o! sexually transmitted "arasites as a ma.or homosexual health "roblem, es"e#ially in (ew >or& and /ali!ornia, and a boom in re#reational drugs ) that is, the use o! #hemi#al stimulants su#h as 3=$, angel dust, various nitrates, et#. ) in #on.un#tion with what #ame to be &nown as !ast)lane sex. These three elements would all be lin&ed to various theories about $I=S during the 4218s. @(lt an" (IA: in the 6ind o! ( erica" p. 14B This model, whi#h was sometimes #alled the immune overload or antigen overload hy"othesis, re"resented the initial medi#al !rame !or understanding the e"idemi#- the syndrome was essentially lin&ed to gay men, s"e#i!i#ally to the ex#esses o! the homosexual li!estyle. The e"idemi# #oin#ided histori#ally (ewswee& suggested in the arti#le =iseases That @lague Gays, with the burgeoning o! bathhouse, gay bars and boo&stores in ma.or #ities where homosexual men met. rban gay men, en.oying li!e in the !ast lane, had sub.e#ted themselves to so many sexually transmitted diseases, ta&en so many strong treatments to !ight those diseases, and done so many re#reational drugs that their immune systems had ultimately given u" all together, leaving their bodies o"en to the onslaught o! a range o! o""ortunisti# in!e#tions. $s one ;arvard do#tor is

re"orted to have "ut it in!ormally, overindulgen#e in sex and drugs and the (ew >or& li!estyle were the #ul"rits. What distinguished gay men !rom /3G)in!e#ted, sexually adventurous heterosexuals, and !rom #ardia# "atients inhaling amyl nitrite, and !rom the many "atients who too& strong antibioti# or anti"arasiti# drugs was, these ex"erts suggested, that only gay men +or gay men living in the !ast lane, #on!ronted all o! these ris&s at on#e. @?pstein" I pure :cience" p. 44B 0ew Sexual Dehaviors*2ra&ti&es In general, sexual adventure is regarded within the gay world as an end in itsel!, not ne#essarily lin&ed to emotional #ommitment) while, in reverse, emotional #ommitment does not demand sexual #onstan#y +may not even demand sex at all, to survive. @(lt an" Ae!ying =ra#ity: ( Eolitical 7i!e" p.114B Gay historian =ennis $ltman notes that in the liberated seventies, when "romis#uity was seen as a virtue in some segments o! the gay #ommunity, being res"onsible about ones health was e*uated with having !re*uent #he#&s !or sy"hilis and gonorrhea, and su#h doubt!ul "ra#ti#es as ta&ing a #ou"le o! tetra#y#line #a"sules be!ore going to the baths. To gay men !or whom sex was the #enter and #ir#um!eren#e o! their lives, their only real health #on#ern was that illness would "revent them !rom having sex ) whi#h, to their way o! thin&ing, meant they would no longer be "roudly gay. @(ndriote" ;ictory Ae!erred: <ow (IA: 2hanged =ay 7i!e in ( erica" p.8>B Indeed, there is no re#ord o! any #ulture that a##e"ted both homosexuality and unlimited homosexual "romis#uity. Far !rom being the universal de!ault mode o! male homosexuality, the li!estyle o! $meri#an gay men in the seventies and eighties a""ears uni*ue in history. @Cotello" :e$ual ?cology: (IA: and the Aestiny o! =ay 6en" p. 225B For the !irst time ever, a #ommunity standard develo"ed that trans!ormed anonymous sex into a god thing ) another #hoi#e on the broadening sexual "alette. /asual sex en#ounters no longer too& "la#e sim"ly be#ause men needed to #on#eal their identities, but be#ause it was #onsidered hot to se"arate sex !rom intima#y. @:adownic-" :e$ 1etween 6en" p. 48B $nal sex had #ome to be seen as an essential ) "ossibly the essential ) ex"ression o! homosexual intima#y by the 4218s. @Cotello" :e$ual ?cology: (IA: and the Aestiny o! =ay 6en" p. 101B These observations o! new syndromes asso#iated with a very a#tive male homosexual li!e)style suggests that both the ty"e o! sexual a#tivity and the extent o! "romis#uity asso#iated with it #hanged mar&edly during the 4258s. @Coot,1ernstein" Cethin-ing (IA:: The Tragic 2ost o! Ere ature 2onsensus" p. 245,249B In the middle o! the #entury, and "arti#ularly in the sixties and seventies, gay men began doing something that a""ears rare in sexual history- They began to abandon stri#t role se"aration in sex and alternately "lay both the insertive and re#e"tive roles, a "ra#ti#e sometimes #alled versatility. @Cotello" :e$ual ?cology: (IA: and the Aestiny o! =ay 6en" p. >9B $nother relative novelty was the in#reasing !lexibility o! sex roles. ;omosexuality in more traditional #ultures had ty"i#ally !ollowed rigid "atterns- #ertain men were the insertive "artners in oral and anal inter#ourse, others the re#e"tive ones. In the 4258s and 4218s, however, $meri#an gay men o!ten too& both insertive and re#e"tive roles. Bather than serve as #ul)de)sa# !or the virus, as heterosexual women o!ten did, gay and bisexual men more o!ten a#ted as an extremely e!!e#tive #onduit !or ;IG. @(llen" The &ages o! :in: :e$ and Aisease" East and Eresent" p. 125,129B

$s the gay version o! the sexual revolution too& hold among #ertain grou"s o! gay men in $meri#as largest #ities, it "re#i"itated a #hange in sexual behaviors. @erha"s the most signi!i#ant #hange was the !a#t that some #ore grou"s o! gay men began "ra#ti#ing anal inter#ourse with do%ens or even hundreds o! "artners a year. $lso signi!i#ant was a growing em"hasis on versatile anal sex, in whi#h "artners alternately "layed both re#e"tive and insertive roles, and on new behaviors su#h as analingus, or rimming that !a#ilitated the s"read o! otherwise di!!i#ult)to) transmit mi#robes. Im"ortant, too, was a shi!t in "atterns o! "artnershi", !rom di!!use systems in whi#h a lot o! gay sex was with non)gay identi!ied "artners who themselves had !ew #onta#ts, to !airly #losed systems in whi#h most sexual a#tivity was within a #ir#le o! other gay men. $lso im"ortant was a general de#line in grou" immunity #aused by re"eated in!e#tions o! various ST=s, re"eated ino#ulations o! antibioti#s and other drugs to #ombat them, as well as re#reational substantive abuse, stress, and other behaviors that #om"rised immunity. @Cotello" :e$ual ?cology: (IA: and the Aestiny o! =ay 6en" p. 5>,54B In the 4258s, a new #ultural s#enario develo"ed that #elebrated and en#ouraged sexual ex"erimentation and the se"aration o! sex !rom intima#y among gay menE this, in turn, rein!or#ed the transa#tional nature o! the mar&et as anonymous sexual en#ounters and multi"le "artners be#ame normative +see 3urray, 42:, 456E Sadowni#&, 422:, 55)449,. 'evine +4229, 10, summari%es the e!!e#t o! gay liberation on gay sexual s#ri"ts- Gay liberations rede!inition o! same)sex love as a manly !orm o! eroti# ex"ression "rovo&ed mas#uline identi!i#ation among #lones, whi#h was #onveyed through but#h "resentational strategies, and #ruising, tri#&ing, and "artying . . . In a similar vein, the roughness, ob.e#ti!i#ation, anonymity, and "hallo#entrism asso#iation with #ruising and tri#&ing ex"ressed su#h ma#ho di#tates as toughness and re#reational sex . . . The #ultural idea o! sel!)grati!i#ation !urther en#ouraged these "atterns, san#tioning the sexual and re#reational hedonism inherent in #ruising, tri#&ing, and "artying. While relational sex or #ou"ling and sa!e sex may have be#ome symboli#ally im"ortant in the 4218s and 4228s, s#ri"ts that legitimate the transa#tional mar&et are still "rominent, and there is no #on#lusive eviden#e that the mar&et has be#ome relational +see Sadowni#&, 422: #ha"ters 6)5E 3urray 422:, 456)51E #!. 'evine 4229, 52)19., @7au ann" ?llingson" 6ahay" Eai-" and Gou " The :e$ual %rgani5ation o! the 2ity" p. 3>B Whatever the #ause o! $I=S, single or multi)!a#torial, it is #ertain that the "romis#uous homosexuals o! the late seventies and early eighties were !ertile ground !or an e"idemi#. @(da s" (IA:: The <I; 6yth" p.181B The extensive #asual networ&s o! gays engaging in sex a""arently !or the sole "ur"ose o! sensuous "leasure, and in so many di!!erent ways, went !ar beyond anything that had o##urred be!ore in the nited States or elsewhere or that anyone #ould have imagined .ust a !ew years "reviously. Without *uestion, the sexual style o! gay #ommunities in the 4258s and early 4218s was a s"e#i!i# histori# "henomenon +Bateson and Goldsby, 4211-LL,. @Cushing" The (IA: ?pide ic :ocial Ai ensions o! an In!ectious Aisease" p. 2>B 5onse8uen&es*Jesults It was an histori# a##ident that ;IG disease !irst mani!ested itsel! in the gay "o"ulations o! the east and west #oasts o! the nited States, wrote British so#iologist Je!!rey Wee&s in $I=S and /ontem"orary ;istory in 4220. ;is o"inion has been almost universal among gay and $I=S a#tivists even to this day. >et there is little a##idental about the sexual e#ology des#ribed above. 3ulti"le #on#urrent "artners, versatile anal sex, #ore grou" behavior #entered in #ommer#ial sex establishments, wides"read re#reational drug abuse, re"eated waves o! ST=s and #onstant inta&e o! antibioti#s, sexual tourism and travel )these !a#tors were not a##idents. 3ulti"artner anal sex was en#ouraged, #elebrated, #onsidered a #entral #om"onent o! liberation. /ore grou" behavior in

baths and sex #lubs was deemed by many the *uintessen#e o! !reedom. Gersatility was de#lared a "oliti#al im"erative. $nalingus was "ronoun#ed the #ham"agne o! gay sex, a "al"able gesture o! revolution. ST=s were to be worn li&e badges o! honor, antibioti#s to be ta&en with "ride. Far !rom being a##idents, these things #hara#teri%ed the very !oundation o! what it su""osedly meant to ex"erien#e gay liberation, Ta&en together they !ormed a sexual e#ology o! almost in#al#ulably #atastro"hi# dimensions, a #lassi# !eedba#& loo" in whi#h virtually every !a#tor served to am"li!y every other. From the viruss "oint o! view, the e#ology o! liberation was a royal road to ada"tive trium"h. From many gay mens "oint o! view, it "roved a tra"door to hell on earth. @Cotello" :e$ual ?cology: (IA: and the Aestiny o! =ay 6en" p. 43B ?ver the years the "ro"ortion o! gays among =r. Joel Weismans "atients had in#reased. The do#tor saw in this in#rease not so mu#h a tribute to his ability and dis#retion as the #onse*uen#e o! an in#rease in sexually transmitted diseases with a "redile#tion !or atta#&ing this "arti#ular ris& grou". From the years 4255, 4251, I began to get more and more young men with high !evers, no#turnal sweating, diarrhea, all &inds o! "arasiti# diseases and "arti#ularly with swollen lym"h nodes the si%e o! "igeons eggs, in their ne#&s, in their arm"its, their groin, everywhere. The eviden#e suggested that these in!lammations o! the glands were ex"ressions o! immunode!i#ien#y disorders. 7a#h time, I !eared the worst- #an#er, leu&emia. Fortunately all my bio"sies #ame ba#& to me benign. True, some o! the illnesses identi!ied by analysis were not trivial. There was mononu#leosis, he"atitis, lots o! #ases o! her"es, *uite a bit o! venereal disease. Than& God, the viruses res"onsible did not &ill, at least not yet. Generally, most o! the sym"toms disa""eared a!ter a""ro"riate treatment. ?nly a !ew "atients &e"t their abnormally swollen lym"h nodes. They resigned yes to living with them. @7apierre" 1eyond 7o#e" p.83,40B Dibliogra!hy (da s" Jad. (IA:: The <I; 6yth. 6ac6illian 7ondon" Inc." 7ondon" 1343 . (llen" Eeter 7ewis. The &ages o! :in: :e$ and Aisease" East and Eresent. The Fni#ersity o! 2hicago Eress. 2hicago and 7ondon" 2000. (lt an" Aennis. (IA: in the 6ind o! ( erica. (nchor 1oo-s. =arden 2ity" 0ew Gor-" 134>. (lt an" Aennis. Ae!ying =ra#ity: ( Eolitical 7i!e. (llen T Fnwin Ety 7td. :t 7eonards" (ustralia. 133>. (ndriote" John,6anuel. ;ictory Ae!erred: <ow (IA: 2hanged =ay 7i!e in ( erica. The Fni#ersity o! 2hicago Eress. 2hicago and 7ondon" 1333. 2lendinen" Audley and (da 0agourne. %ut !or =ood: The :truggle to 1uild a =ay Cights 6o#e ent in ( erica. :i on and :chuster. 0ew Gor-" 1330. Ae 2ecco" John E. EhA" and Aa#id (llen Ear-er" 6( editors. :e$" 2ells" and :a e,:e$ Aesire: The 1iology o! :e$ual Ere!erence. <arrington Ear- Eress" 0ew Gor-" 1335. ?ngel" :tephen 6. The Fn!inished Ce#olution: :ocial 6o#e ent Theory and the =ay and 7esbian 6o#e ent. 2a bridge Fni#ersity Eress. 2a bridge" FJ" 2001. ?pstein" :te#en. I pure :cience: (IA:" (cti#is " and the Eolitics o! Jnowledge. Fni#ersity o! 2ali!ornia Eress. 1er-eley" 7os (ngeles" and 0ew Gor-" 1339. =r e-" 6ir-o A. <istory o! (IA:. Erinceton Fni#ersity Eress. Erinceton" 0J" 1330.

Jir-" 6arshall and <unter 6adsen Eh.A. (!ter the 1all <ow ( erica &ill 2on'uer Its +ear and <atred o! the =ay/s in the 30s. Aouble Aay. 0ew Gor-" 1343. 7apierre" Ao ini'ue. Translated !ro Gor-" 1331. +rench by Jathryn :pin-. 1eyond 7o#e. &arner 1oo-s. 0ew

7au ann" ?dward %." :tephen ?llingson" Jenna 6ahay" (nthony Eai-" and Goosi- Gou editors. The :e$ual %rgani5ation o! the 2ity. The Fni#ersity o! 2hicago Eress. 2hicago and 7ondon" 2004. Coot,1erstein" Cobert :. Cethin-ing (IA:: The Tragic 2ost o! Ere ature 2onsensus. The +ree Eress. 0ew Gor-" 1338. Cotello" =abriel. :e$ual ?cology: (IA: and the Aestiny o! =ay 6en. ( Autton 1oo-. 0ew Gor-" 133>. Cushing" &illia (. The (IA: ?pide ic: :ocial Ai ensions o! an In!ectious Aisease. &est#iewEress. 1oulder" 2%" 1335. :adownic-" Aouglas. :e$ 1etween 6en: (n Inti ate <istory o! the :e$ 7i#es o! 6en Eostwar to Eresent. <arper:an+rancisco. :an +rancisco" 1339. :eid an" :te#en. ? battled ?ros: :e$ual Eolitics and ?thnics in 2onte porary ( erica. Coutledge. 0ew Gor-" 1332. Turner" 2harles +." <eather =. 6iller" and 7incoln ?. 6oses" ?ditors. (IA: :e$ual 1eha#ior and Intra#enous Arug Fse. 0ational (cade y Eress. &ashington" A.2." 1343. &ee-s" Je!!ery. :e$uality and Its Aiscontents 6eanings" 6yths and 6odern :e$ualities. Coutledge and Jegan Eaul" 7ondon" 1344. http://www.banap.net/spip.php?article108

2reviously +ealthy, ;oung

Thursday 18 6ay 2010. )Ere#iously <ealthy" Goung* The !irst !i#e patients were reported in 1341" beginning what has beco e -nown as the <I;/(IA: crisis" soon to be entering its 8rd decade" the !i#e ho ose$ual en was characteri5ed as )pre#iously healthy young en*. The doctors writing the !irst report the sel#es were #ery !a iliar with the edical conditions and needs o! any en who were li#ing an openly ho ose$ual li!estyle. Ar. Joel &eis an hi sel! was a gay. The !a#t that Joel Weisman himsel! was gay no doubt #ontributed to the "o"ularity that his #lini# had !ound with that "arti#ular #lientele. 7veryone &new that I didnt stand in .udgment, that with me there was no taboos or "sy#hologi#al barriers, that I was there to treat them and only treat them. @7apierre" 1eyond 7o#e" p. 83B ?ver the years the "ro"ortion o! gays among =r. Joel Weismans "atients had in#reased. The do#tor saw in this in#rease not so mu#h a tribute to his ability and dis#retion as the #onse*uen#e o!

an in#rease in sexually transmitted diseases with a "redile#tion !or atta#&ing this "arti#ular ris& grou". From the years 4255, 4251, I began to get more and more young men with high !evers, no#turnal sweating, diarrhea, all &inds o! "arasiti# diseases and "arti#ularly with swollen lym"h nodes the si%e o! "igeons eggs, in their ne#&s, in their arm"its, their groin, everywhere. The eviden#e suggested that these in!lammations o! the glands were ex"ressions o! immunode!i#ien#y disorders. 7a#h time, I !eared the worst- #an#er, leu&emia. Fortunately all my bio"sies #ame ba#& to me benign. True, some o! the illnesses identi!ied by analysis were not trivial. There was mononu#leosis, he"atitis, lots o! #ases o! her"es, *uite a bit o! venereal disease. Than& God, the viruses res"onsible did not &ill, at least not yet. Generally, most o! the sym"toms disa""eared a!ter a""ro"riate treatment. ?nly a !ew "atients &e"t their abnormally swollen lym"h nodes. They resigned yes to living with them. The arrival, one morning in ?#tober 4218, o! a hairdresser !rom ;ollywood in Joel Weismans #onsulting room was rudely to this relative o"timism. This young gay man o! twenty)!ive, with no &nown medi#al history, was su!!ering !rom a #hroni# in!e#tion o! the s&in, the mu#ous membranes, and the nails. ;is e"idermis is nothing but one big o"en wound, Joel Weisman noted on his #ard. =is#on#erted by the extent o! the in!e#tion, he "i#&ed u" his tele"hone and dialed the number o! the only "erson who in his view was #a"able o! #uring this "atient. @7apierre" 1eyond 7o#e" p.83,40B But only in "art- For a number o! s#ientists and "hysi#ians !irst involved in $I=S were either gay or !amiliar with the gay #ommunity. 3any /=/ sta!! members had wor&ed #losely with the gay #ommunity in the #ourse o! the resear#h on he"atitis B and had !ew illusions about sexual "ra#ti#es and sexual diversity, and were aware that not all gay men were a#tive with multi"le "artners. @Treichler" (IA:" =ender" and 1io edical Aiscourse" p. 200 in (IA: The 1urdens o! <istory editors ?li5abeth +ee and Aaniel 6. +o$B ( #ery i portant 'uestion needs an answer. &hy were these !i#e ho ose$ual en in the initial report characteri5ed as )pre#iously healthy young en*? Their ages were reported as being !ro 23 to 89 years o! age" with an a#erage age o! 80 years and 4 onths. Thus could an argu ent be ade that they were not )young en*? 1ut ore i portantly why were they characteri5ed as )pre#iously healthy? Jnown by the doctors writing the initial report" the edical conditions and needs o! any en who li#ed an open ho ose$ual li!estyle would lead one to be cautious in describing ho ose$ual en as healthy. The edical charts and histories o! these !i#e ho ose$ual en show that their health status was co parable to the en in the general ho ose$ual population. (nd yet these !i#e ho ose$ual en were characteri5ed in the initial report as )pre#iously healthy young en*. What does seem in#ongruous then and now, however, is that these !ive homosexual men with "neumonia were #hara#teri%ed as "reviously healthy or generally healthy young men in the same breath. Given the state o! &nowledge and medi#al s#holarshi" on gay men in the late 4258s and alleged hy"erendemi# levels o! ST=s, meningitis, he"atitis B, #ytomegalovirus +/3G,, gay bowl disease, and so on within their #ommunities)how is it that these men with "neumonia were and #ontinue to be, re"resented as "reviously healthy< @2ochrane" &hen (IA: 1egan :an +rancisco and the 6a-ing o! an ?pide ic" p. 28B Turning to the original 33WB re"ort o! June 6, 4214, however, reveals that all !ive "atients were #hara#teri%ed as "reviously healthy des"ite their dis"arate #lini#al histories- one "atient was an intravenous drug abuser, one had been treated with radiation !or ;odg&ins disease, !our had eviden#e o! "ast he"atitis B in!e#tion, and all !ive re"orted using inhalant drugs. @2ochrane" &hen (IA: 1egan :an +rancisco and the 6a-ing o! an ?pide ic" p. 24B The !ive #ases "resented by 3i#hael Gottlieb in his !orty)six line #ommuni#ation did not, in !a#t su""ly any very startling in!ormation- they #on#erned !ive young gay men who did not &now ea#h

other, who all had a substantial history o! sexually transmitted diseases, who all inhaled toxi# substan#es, and who were su!!ering !rom this in!amous "arasiti# "neumonia that only atta#&ed systems de"rived o! immune de!enses. >et 3i#hael Gottlieb did sti"ulate at the time that the in!e#tion was very serious. Two "atients had already died o! it. @7apierre" 1eyond 7o#e" p.>1B ?ne im"ortant !eature o! the original #lassi!i#ation o! $I=S was its distin#tion as o##urring in D"reviously healthyD homosexuals. While re#ent re"orts have #ast doubt on the "resum"tion that these original $I=S "atients were, in !a#t, "reviously healthy at all +/o#hrane 988L,, this distin#tion raises the *uestion o! why hemo"hilia#s were ever #onsidered $I=S "atients. It is well &nown that the immune system does not o"erate normally in hemo"hilia#s, and that #lotting !a#tor +Fa#tor II, thera"y is itsel! immunosu""ressive +@a"ado"ulos) 7leo"ulos et 4226,. @2ulshaw" :cience :old %ut Aoes <I; Ceally 2ause (IA:?" p. 25B The !irst re"ort #ases o! the new illness were !ive young male homosexuals who re#eived treatment in 'os $ngeles !or a rare in!e#tion, "neumo#ystis #arinii "neumonia, and an even rarer !orm o! a malignan#y in the nited States Ma"osis sar#oma. The !irst indi#ations were that all !ive #ases were #onne#ted by one #ommon !a#tor- a de!e#tive immune system. @;ass" (IA: ( Elague in Fs" ( :ocial Eerspecti#e [ The 2ondition and its :ocial 2onse'uences" p. 28B The !irst identi!ied #ase o! $I=S in the nited States o##urred in the s"ring o! 4214, when the /enters !or =isease /ontrol and @revention +/=/, re"orted that !ive young, "reviously healthy, homosexually a#tive men in 'os $ngeles exhibited a rare u""er res"iratory in!e#tion, @nuemo#ystis #arinii +Fau#i, et al., 421L, Gallo, 4215,. @Jalich an" Fnderstanding (IA: :econd ?dition (d#ances in Cesearch and Treat ent" p.10B ?n June 6, 4214, the /enters !or =isease /ontrol +/=/, re"orted the a""earan#e o! "neumonia in !ive young men during the "revious six months. Five #ases o! "neumonia in eight months at a ma.or medi#al #enter is hardly notable. >et sus"i#ion was aroused be#ause the "atients shared several #hara#teristi#s- they were young, their "neumonias were #aused by @neumo#ystis #arinii, a ty"e o! in!e#tion generally seen only in"atients who were severely immunosu""ressed be#ause o! the #hemothera"y used to treat a &nown disease +!a#tors absent !rom these "atients histories,, and all !ive were homosexuals. @Eane " The (IA: 1ureaucracy" p. 4B The !irst do#umented #ase o! $I=S in the nited States was identi!ied by a young immunologist, =r. 3i#hael S. Gottlieb, at the niversity o! Southern /ali!ornia, 'os $ngeles. ;is !irst "atient sought medi#al #are be#ause o! weight loss. ;e had #andidiosis, a thi#& white #oating in his mouth +Gottlieb, 4221,. ?ne wee& later this "atient was readmitted to the /'$ 3edi#al ;os"ital with !ever and with @neumo#ystis #arinii "neumonia. Soon, lo#al "hysi#ians in 'os $ngeles re!erred several more "atients with weight loss, !ever, and #andidiosis to Gottleib. $ll were young gay men. @:inghal and Cogers" 2o bating (IA: 2o unication :trategies in (ction" p. 43B ?n June 6, 4214, the /enters !or =isease /ontrol and @revention +/=/, re"orted on !ive "reviously healthy, homosexual men who had been treated !or bio"sy)"roven @neumo#ystis #arinii "neumonia +@/@,. The #luster o! #ases was noteworthy be#ause the !ive men had no #lini#ally a""arent underlying immunode!i#ien#y and, as the re"ort stated, @/@ in the nited States is almost ex#lusively limited to severely immunosu""ressed "atients @;aldiserri" Aawning (nswers <ow the <I;/(IA: ?pide ic <as <elped to :trengthed Eublic <ealth" p. 5B The story o! ;IGQ$I=S begins in the 4252 and in 4218 when do#tors in the S observed #lusters o! "reviously extremely rare diseases. These in#luded a ty"e o! "neumonia #arried by birds +"neumo#ystis #arinii, and a #an#er #alled Mar"osis sar#oma. The "henomenon was !irst re"orted in the 3orbidity and 3orality Wee&ly re"ort +33WB, o! 6 June 4214, "ublished by the S /enter

!or =isease /ontrol in $tlanta. The 33WB re"orted !ive #ases o! "neumo#ystis #arinii. @1arnett and &hiteside" (IA: in the Twenty,+irst 2entury Aisease and =lobali5ation" p. 24B $I=S was !irst re#ogni%ed as a new and distin#t #lini#al entity in 4214 +Gottlieb et al,. 4214E 3asur et al., 4214E Siegal et al., 4214,. The !irst #ase were re#ogni%ed be#ause o! an unusual #lustering o! disease su#h as Ma"osis sar#oma and @neumo#ystis #arinii "neumonia +@/@, in young homosexual men. $lthough su#h unusual diseases had been "reviously observed in distin#t subgrou"s o! the "o"ulation)su#h as older men o! 3editerranean origin in the #ase o! Ma"osis sar#oma or severely immunosu""ressed #an#er "atients in the #ase o! @/@)the o##urren#e o! these disease in "reviously healthy young "eo"le was un"re#edented. Sin#e most o! the !irst #ases o! this newly de!ined #lini#al syndrome involved homosexual men, li!estyle "ra#ti#es were !irst im"li#ated and intensely investigated. These in#luded the ex"osure to amyl or butyl nitrate C"o""ers or the !re*uent #onta#t with s"erm through re#tal sex, whi#h might have a#ted as immunostimulatory doses o! !oreign "roteins or antigens. @6ayer and Ei5er" editors" The (IA: Eande ic: I pact on :cience and :ociety" p. 15B The !irst re"orted #ases o! the new syndrome were re#orded in the 3orbidity and 3orality Wee&ly Be"ort +33WB, June 6, 4214. Five young men, all a#tive homosexuals, had been treated in 'os $ngeles hos"itals !or a rare in!e#tion, @neumo#ystis #arnii "neumonia +@/@,. Two o! these !ive "atients had died. $ll had eviden#e o! other in!e#tions and a de!e#tive immune system. @+oege" )The 0ational Eattern o! (IA:* in The (IA: ?pide ic by Je#in 6. 2ahill editor" p. >B The !irst do#umented #ase o! $I=S in the nited States was identi!ied by a young immunologist, =r. 3i#hael S. Gottlieb, at the university o! /ali!ornia, 'os $ngeles. ;is !irst "atient sought medi#al #are be#ause o! weight loss. ;e had #andidiosis, a thi#&, white #oating in his mouth +Gottleib, 4221,. ?ne wee& later, this "atient was readmitted to the /'$ 3edi#al ;os"ital with !ever and with @neumo#ystis #arinii "neumonia. Soon, lo#al "hysi#ians in 'os $ngeles re!erred several more "atients with weight loss, !ever, and #andidiosis to Gottleib. $ll were young gay men. Their o""ortunisti# in!e#tions led Gottlieb to sus"e#t "roblems with their immune systems, and he !ound that the men indeed had a de!i#ien#y o! T lym"ho#ytes +Gottlieb, 9884,. @:inghal and Cogers" 2o bating (IA: 2o unication :trategies in (ction" p. 43,50B In June 4214, the wee&ly newsletter o! the /enters !or =isease /ontrol noted an unusual medi#al o##urren#e. In the "revious six months, !ive young gay men in 'os $ngeles had all been diagnosed with @neumo#ystis #arinii "neumonia +@/@,) a rare disease, virtually seen in young $meri#an men. Two had died. The blurb ran on the newsletters se#ond "age, !ollowed by a long arti#le on al#ohol #onsum"tion in tah. (othing a&in to the 'os $ngeles oddity was mentioned again !or several wee&s. But slowly, new and e*ually "u%%ling re"orts dribbled in. From (ew >or& /ity- twenty #ases o! Mas"osis sar#oma, a rare s&in #an#er, usually !ound in elderly men o! 3editerranean des#ent. From 'os $ngeles- six more #ases o! Ma"osis, and a !ew new ones o! @/@. From San Fran#is#oMarso"is sar#oma, @/@, and a smattering o! other unusual maladies. Within one year, the /=/ a##umulated over 068 o! these in#reasing alarming re"orts. Six months later the number to""ed 4888)almost all !atal, almost all among otherwise healthy gay men. @:chwart5berg" ( 2risis o! 6eaning <ow =ay 6en are 6a-ing :ense o! (IA:" p. 8B $ review o! "rimary sour#e material su#h as medi#al #harts and SF=@; $I=S #ase re"orts ma&es a #om"elling #ase !or seeing the health de"artments re#ords and subse*uent #hara#teri%ation o! these "atients in the "ress and "o"ular narratives as !lawed in several res"e#ts. @2ochrane"&hen (IA: 1egan :an +rancisco and the 6a-ing o! an ?pide ic" p.55B

First, ris& !a#tors were re"orted ina##urately !or one)third o! the initial #ohortE !or exam"le three o! the nine were intravenous drug users, none was initially re"orted with that ris&. @2ochrane" &hen (IA: 1egan :an +rancisco and the 6a-ing o! an ?pide ic" p. 55B Se#ond, #ensus tra#t data used by the #itys =e"artment o! @ubli# ;ealth !or re"orting these "atients were ina##urate !or !ive o! these men +66 "er#ent o! the total, and demonstrated bias toward overem"hasi%ing the gayness o! the disease. @2ochrane" &hen (IA: 1egan :an +rancisco and the 6a-ing o! an ?pide ic" p. 59B $s a third and related "oint, #ontrary to "o"ular #hara#teri%ations o! "atients in the early years o! the e"idemi#, my review o! "rimary sour#e materials indi#ates that the so#ioe#onomi# status o! the ma.ority o! these early $I=S #ases was very tenuous. @2ochrane" &hen (IA: 1egan :an +rancisco and the 6a-ing o! an ?pide ic" p. 59B In sum, many o! the $I=S "atients re"orted in San Fran#is#o during the !irst several years o! this e"idemi# had "reexisting health "roblems +whether #ongenital or #hroni#, andQor engaged in ris& "ra#ti#es that inde"endently elevated the li&elihood that they would ex"erien#e "remature disability or death +e. g. high level o! re#reational drug abuse, in.e#ting drug use, al#oholism, re"eated andQor unresolved systemati# in!e#tions,. ;owever, the ma.ority o! these #ontributing !a#tors to disease were elided !rom o!!i#ial surveillan#e re"orts and histori#al narratives on the e"idemi# that were intended !or the lay "ubli# and re"resentation o! a mysterious e"idemi# stri&ing down "reviously healthy and relatively wealthy gay men "ersisted. @2ochrane" &hen (IA: 1egan :an +rancisco and the 6a-ing o! an ?pide ic" p. 105B Identi!ying the so#ial determinants and #orrelates o! this disease would have been more straight!orward i! the disease had not !irst a""eared)or rather, had not been re"resented)as an e"idemi# o! a!!luent and "reviously healthy white gay men. 7m"iri#al eviden#e #ontradi#ting this re"resentation was #learly evident in medi#al .ournals !rom the late 4258s, whi#h "ublished studies #laiming that the health o! a subset o! gay men in ma.or #ities o! the nited States resembled the tro"i#s in the Third World, with e"idemi# levels o! sexually transmitted diseases, he"atitis B, /3G, gay bowl disease, and other in!e#tious diseases +even #holera and ty"hoid,. @2ochrane" &hen (IA: 1egan :an +rancisco and the 6a-ing o! an ?pide ic" p. 130,131B The !ollowing 'uotes are !ro #arious sources concerning the !irst !i#e cases reported in the 2A2/s 66&C o! June 5" 1341" titled Eneu ocystis Eneu onia ,,, 7os (ngeles June 5" 1341 / 80@21BI 1,8 The !irst o!!i#ial announ#ement was "ublished on June 6, 4214, by the /enters !or =isease /ontrol +/=/,, the !ederal e"idemiology agen#y in $tlanta. Its wee&ly bulletin, the 3orbidity and 3orality Wee&ly Be"ort +33WB,, des#ribed the !ive severe "neumonia #ases observed between ?#tober 4218 and 3ay 4214 in three 'os $ngeles hos"itals. Two unusual !a#ts .usti!ied their warnings- all "atients were young men +twenty)nine to thirty)six old, whose sexual "re!eren#e was homosexual, and all had "neumonia attributable to @neumo#ysstis #arinii. This "roto%oan is nearly ubi*uitous. It "arasiti%es numerous animals. It is !ound o!ten enough in the human body, but #auses serious illness only when !ostered by a de!i#it in the immune system, either in newborns or in adults re#eiving immunosu""ressive drugs. The diagnoses o! @/@ had been #on!irmed by lung bio"sy sam"les obtained either by the bron#hos#o"i# or surgi#al a""roa#h. @=r e-" <istory o! (IA:" @p. 4B It was at the /=/ that the !irst indi#ations o! the im"ending $I=S e"idemi# be#ame evident in the autumn o! 4218. Between ?#tober 4218 and 3ay 4214 an alert "hysi#ian, =r 3i#hael Gottleib, together with #olleagues at three di!!erent hos"itals in 'os $ngeles, be#ame intrigued by a #luster o! !ive young male "atients, whose ages ranged !rom 92 to 0: years, under their #are. Two o! the

"atients died and the remaining three were seriously ill. $ll !ive men, who had "reviously been healthy, were diagnosed as having a highly unusual !orm o! "neumonia due to a "arasite #alled @neumo#ystis #arinii. @neumo#ystis #arinii "neumonia +o!ten abbreviated to @/@, had "reviously been !ound virtually ex#lusively in "atients with severe su""ression o! their immune systems #aused by drugs or disease. In addition, all o! these "atients had eviden#e o! having been in!e#ted with a virus #alled #ytomegalovirus +/3G, whi#h is similarly #ommon in immunosu""ressed "atients. $ll !ive o! these "atients were also in!e#ted with thrush, whi#h is again #hara#teristi# o! immunosu""ressed individuals. Indeed, in three o! the !ive who were tested there was eviden#e o! mar&ed disturban#es in the !un#tional #a"a#ities o! their immune systems. $ !urther !eature o! the !ive men was that all were sexually a#tive homosexuals. (one o! them &new ea#h other, however, and there did not a""ear to be a #ommon sexual #onta#t. $t this stage this all "ointed to an asso#iation with a homosexual li!estyle and a sexually transmitted disease. The !irst re"ort o! these observations a""eared in a relatively small unobtrusive insert in the 3orbidity and 3ortality Wee&ly Be"ort o! the /=/ on 6 June 4214. @:choub" (IA: T <I; in Eerspecti#e" p. 2B In the late s"ring o! 4214, =r. 3i#hael S. Gottlieb, !our o! his #olleagues at the /'S S#hool o! 3edi#ine, and =r.I @o%als&i at /edars 3t. Sinai ;os"ital in 'os $ngeles #ame u"on a remar&able medi#al mystery. Between ?#tober 4218 and 3ay 4214 they treated 6 young male homosexuals hos"itali%ed with @nuemo#ystis #arinii "neumonia +@/@,, a rare in!e#tion. $lso all had other o""ortunisti# in!e#tions, normally seen only in organ trans"lant "atients whose immune systems have been bro&en down intentionally to assist in a##e"tan#e o! the new organ, and two o! the men died during treatment. The sudden a""earan#e o! these diseases in so many otherwise healthy men was alarming. The do#tors re"orted the #ases in June 6, 4214 issue o! the 3orbidity and 3orality Wee&ly Be"ort +33WB,, "ublished by the /enters !or =isease /ontrol +/=/, in $tlanta, Georgia, a "eriodi#al in whi#h #urrent "ubli# health "roblems and statisti#s are dis#ussed. @2hoi" (sse bling the (IA: Eu55le: ?pide iology" p. 15 in (IA: +acts and Issues editors ;ictor =ong 6.A. and 0or n Cudnic-.B DIn 3ar#h o! 4214 Weismans "atient had been admitted to /'$. Tests showed he had the same immune system abnormalities as Gottliebs "atient. ;e too, was diagnosed as having "neumo#ystis. Within a #ou"le o! wee&s another o! Weismans "atients was hos"itali%ed at /'$. ;ed been su!!ering !rom mysterious !atigue and !evers, had been ex"osed to #ytomegalovirus, and had "neumo#ystis. ;is immune system was abnormally de"ressed. $nd he was gay. Gottlieb ran a#ross a!ourth #ase o! a gay man whod been ex"osed to #ytomegalovirus and had .ust died o! "neumon#ystis. Then a !i!th #ase- same "attern. !atigue, !ever, #ytomegalovirus "neumo#ystis, gay.D @1lac-" The Elague Gears: ( 2hronicle o! (IA:" The ?pide ic o! %ur Ti es" p. 84B Eatient \1 In =e#ember o! that year another "hysi#ian in the 'os $ngels area, =r. 3i#hael Gottlieb, was studying a "atient at /'$ who was su!!ering !rom #andida. Gottleib and his #olleagues ran some blood tests and !ound that the mans immune system was in shambles. 7ventually the patient was diagnosed as ha#ing pneu ocystis carinii pneu onia.* @1lac-" The Elague Gears: ( 2hronicle o! (IA:" The ?pide ic o! %ur Ti es" p. 84B It had all begun with an ordinary atta#& o! hives. When he wo&e u" that morning, Ted @eters, thirty)one, a !ree)lan#e model wor&ing !or a !ashion agen#y in Westwood, the residential area o! West 'os $ngeles, !elt some small bum"s on his tongue and the inner lining o! his mouth. $ mirror showed him that the whole o! his mouth and tongue was #overed with a strange whitish #oating.

@u%%led, Ted @eters rinsed his mouth with a gargle. ;e had o!ten su!!ered !rom s&in "roblems, but never be!ore in his mouth. 'i&e many other sexually a#tive young men, he was "rone to e"isodi# outbrea&s her"es. ;e had also been the vi#tim o! several bouts o! venereal disease. $""ro"riate treatment had always #ured su#h irritations. @7apierre" 1eyond 7o#e" p.2>B The man, $rnold, was a su##ess!ul artist in 'os $ngeles and he had never been si#& in his li!e. To the do#tors at the /lini#al /enter he "resented a "u%%ling #onstellation o! sym"toms. /andida, or thrush, is a yeast in!e#tion o! the s&in and mu#ous membranes that is usually seen only in newborn babies whose immune systems are still immature and in older "atients whose immune systems have been de"ressed by medi#ations or by #an#ers. @+ettner and 2hec-" The Truth (bout (IA: ?#olution o! an ?pide ic" p. 12B Eatient \2 The arrival, one morning in ?#tober 4218, a hair dresser !rom West ;ollywood in Joel Weismans #onsulting room was rudely to disru"t this relative o"timism. This young gay man o! twenty)!ive, with no &nown medi#al history, was su!!ering !rom #hroni# in!e#tion o! the s&in, the mu#ous membranes, and the nails. ;is e"idermis is nothing but one big o"en wound, Joel Weisman noted on his #ard. @7apierre" 1eyond 7o#e" p.83,40B In late 4218 one o! Weismans "atients, also a gay man, wasnt res"onding to treatment. For three months hed been getting wea&er. ;e lost thirty "ounds. ;e ran !evers o! around 48L degrees. ;is lym"h glands were slow were slower. $nd he develo"ed a yeast li&e !ungus, #alled #andida or thrush, that #a&ed his mouth, the ba#& o! his throat, all the way down his eso"hagus. @1lac-" The Elague Gears: ( 2hronicle o! (IA:" The ?pide ic o! %ur Ti es" p. 8>B Shortly a!terward, =r. Joel Weisman, a "rivate "hysi#ian in the San Fernando Galley, admitted to /'$ a man in his early thirties who had been ill !or three months with daily !evers o! 48L, weight loss o! more than thirty "ounds, and swollen lym"h glands. $s was $rnold, $l was a homosexual. $l was a hardwor&ing man who didnt use drugs and didnt seem to be sexually a#tive outside his steady relationshi". ;e was an unli&ely #andidate !or a severe illness, Weisman says. (one o! the standard tests and examinations Weisman "er!ormed on $' revealed a reason !or the wasting illness. @+ettner and 2hec-" The Truth (bout (IA: ?#olution o! an ?pide ic" p. 18B Eatient \8 $n event o##urred that altered the situation dramati#ally- the visit in Joel Weismans #lini# o! a se#ond "atient with identi#al sym"toms. This time it was a young "ubli#ist !rom ;ollywood, also gay, and also without any "revious medi#al history.D @7apierre" 1eyond 7o#e" p.41B 'ess than two wee&s later, a man named Bon was admitted to /'$, again re!erred by Weisman. Gottlieb was #on!ronted with #ase number 0. ;e was very mu#h li&e the others, ex#e"t Bon was an IG drug user, a real swinger who had been on a sel!)destru#tive binge !or two years, a##ording to Weisman. @+ettner and 2hec-" The Truth (bout (IA: ?#olution o! an ?pide ic" p. 14B Eatient \ either 2 or 8 ;e was hos"itali%e in February 4214 in the immunology division o! the niversity o! /ali!ornia at 'os $ngeles + /'$, hos"ital. It reminded "hysi#ian 3i#hael Gottlieb o! a #ase he had seen there in =e# 4218- the blood o! a "atient with similar sym"toms had shown a redu#tion in the "o"ulation o! lym"ho#ytes, due to almost #om"lete disa""earan#e o! the hel"er T subgrou". They !ound the same "henomenon in Weismans "atient. In both #ases mi#ros#o"i# examination o! bron#hial

brushings revealed @nuemo#ystis #arinii "neumonia +@/@,. Both "atients shared another #hara#teristi#- they were gay.+=r e-" <istory o! (IA:" p. 4B Eatient \4 and 5 The three men de#ided to regrou" their "atients in the /'$ hos"ital. The a""earan#e at the beginning o! 4214, o! a !ourth #ase o! "neumo#ystis "neumonia, this time in a bla#& homosexual, swi!tly !ollowed by a !i!th #ase, suddenly made the thing loo& li&e a real e"idemi#, Gottlieb would ex"lained. @7apierre" 1eyond 7o#e" p.41B Gottlieb s"o&e with Wayne Shandera, a "hysi#ian with the 'os $ngeles /ounty =e"artment o! @ubli# ;ealth, who !ound a similar #ase in his !iles. By 3ay 4214 the number o! su#h "atients hos"itali%ed in 'os $ngeles, examined by with #are!ul s#ienti!i#, grew to !ive. Soberly and dis#reetly, /ali!ornia "hysi#ians issued the alarm signal. @=r e-" <istory o! (IA:" p. 4B D$s&ing Shndera i! he had re#ently heard o! any unusual diseases in gay men, Gottlieb s"e#i!ied /3G as the organism that had been !ound in the three #ases he had en#ountered. (o, re"lied Shandera, but Ill ta&e a loo& around. ;e did not have to loo& !ar. "stairs in the ;ealth =e"artments laboratory he !ound an isolate o! /3G growing in a #ulture. The mi#robe had been re#overed !rom the lung o! a man who had died a month be!ore)o! "neumo#ystis. Shandera drove out to Santa 3oni#a hos"ital where the man had died and examined his re#ords- they revealed this man, too, had been gay. Ba#& in his o!!i#e, Shandera began tele"honing other hos"itals and "hysi#ians who were li&ely to see in!e#tious disease. $t /edars)Sinai, =r. Irvin @o%als&i said he had a sur"rising #ase o! @/ in a !ormerly healthy gay man. That made !ive. @+ettner and 2hec-" The Truth (bout (IA: ?#olution o! an ?pide ic" p. 19B In 3ar#h o! 4214 Weismans "atient had been admitted to /'$. Tests showed he had the same immune system abnormalities as Gottliebs "atient. ;e too, was diagnosed as having "neumo#ystis. Within a #ou"le o! wee&s another o! Wiesmans "atients was hos"itali%ed at /'$. ;ed been su!!ering !rom mysterious !atigue and !evers, had been ex"osed to #ytomegalovirus, and had "neumo#ystis. ;is immune system was abnormally de"ressed. $nd he was gay. Gottlieb ran a#ross a !ourth #ase o! a gay man whod been ex"osed to #ytomegalovirus and had .ust died o! "neumo#ystis. Then a !i!th #ase- same "attern. Fatigue, !ever, #ytomegalovirus, "neumo#ystis, gay.D @1lac-" The Elague Gears: ( 2hronicle o! (IA:" The ?pide ic o! %ur Ti es" p. 84B Two had routinely used "o""ers +the drugs amyl or butyl nitrite, used by many gays to enhan#e sexual en.oyment, and had been sexually a#tive with large numbers o! other men, many o! whom were anonymous #onta#ts in gay bars and bathhouses. $ll o! the men had high levels o! various in!e#tions or the antibodies that indi#ate "revious ex"osure to in!e#tions. @+ettner and 2hec-" The Truth (bout (ids: ?#olution o! an ?pide ic" p. 15B 46. Gottlieb et al., !or instan#e re"orted in =e#ember 4214 that, o! !our "atients, one had been monogamous !or !our years, two had several regular "artners, and only one was highly sexually a#tive and !re*uented homosexual bars and bathhouses +@neuno#ystis /arinii @neumonia and 3u#osal /andidasis, 4L92, @?pstien" I pure :cience" p. 840B ?ne o! the most obvious #ommon denominators was that all !ive "atients had used "o""ers, amyl or butyl nitrite, inhalants that intensi!y organism. @1lac-" The Elague Gears: ( 2hronicle o! (IA:" The ?pide ic o! %ur Ti es" p. 83B The !ive "atients also su!!ered !rom #andidiase, a benign !ungal disorder o! the mu#ous membranes. Serologi# tests had #on!irmed /3G in!e#tion. $ll !ive used "o""ers +amyl or butyl

nitrite inhalers, so named !or the noise their am"ules made when bro&en,E one was also an intravenous drug abuser. @=r e-" <istory o! (IA: ? ergence and %rigin o! a 6odern Eande ic" p. 5B 1y their own 1341 de!inition @2A2B" there!ore" one o! the !irst !i#e cases in 7os (ngeles would be dis'uali!ied as an (IA: case" by #irtue o! che otherapy and radiation treat ents !or <odg-in/s disease. The de!inition included that there was )no -now underlying cause !or i unode!iciency. The original $I=S was de!ined as an immunode!i#ien#y !or whi#h their was no a""arent reason, and whi#h allowed illnesses and death to be "rodu#ed by ba#teria and viruses that are wides"read but ty"i#ally held in #he#& by healthy immune systems. The signature diseases were Ma"osis sar#oma +MS)visible "ur"le blot#hes on the s&in,, a s"e#i!i# ty"e o! "neumonia +@/@) @neumno#ystis #arinii "eneumonia,, and !ungal in!e#tions)#andidiasis, yeast, thrush +Broder and Gallo 421L,. @1auer" The %rigins" Eersistence and +ailings o! the <I;/(IA: Theory" p. 14B The !irst died in 3ar#h 4214. In 4251 this "atient had been given the diagnosis o! ;odg&ins disease. ;e was treated su##ess!ully by radiothera"hy. @=r e-" <istory o! (IA:" p. 5B Turning to the original 33WB re"ort o! June 6, 4214, however, reveals that all !ive "atients were #hara#teri%ed as "reviously healthy des"ite their dis"arate #lini#al histories- one "atient was an intravenous drug abuser, one had been treated with radiation !or ;odg&ins disease, !our had eviden#e o! "ast he"atitis B in!e#tion, and all !ive re"orted using inhalant drugs. @2ochrane" &hen (IA: 1egan :an +rancisco and the 6a-ing o! an ?pide ic" p. 24B +ollowing this loo- at the !irst !i#e patients that were the beginning o! what beca e -nown as the <I;/(IA: crisis" the ne$t article" titled )0ew* loo-s at a general understanding o! the gay/ho ose$ual li!estyle o! the 13>0s and early 1340s. 1ibliography 1arnett" Tony and (lan &hiteside. (IA: in the Twenty,+irst 2entury Aisease and =lobali5ation. Ealgra#e 6ac illan. 0ew Gor-" 2002. 1auer" <enry <. The %rigin" Eersistence and +ailings o! the <I;/(IA: Theory. 62+arland T 2o pany" Inc. Je!!erson" 02 and 7ondon" 200>. 1lac-" Aa#id. The Elague Gears: ( 2hronicle o! (IA:" The ?pide ic o! %ur Ti es. :i on and :chuster. 0ew Gor-" 1349. 2ochrane" 6ichelle. &hen (IA: 1egan: :an +rancisco and the 6a-ing o! an ?pide ic. Coutledge. 0ew Gor- and 7ondon" 2004. 2ulshaw" Cebecca. :cience :old %ut Aoes <I; Ceally 2ause (IA:? 0orth (tlantic 1oo-s. 1er-eley" 2(" 200>. ?pstein" :te#en. I pure :cience: (IA:" (cti#is " and the Eolitics o! Jnowledge. Fni#ersity o! 2ali!ornia Eress. 1er-eley" 7os (ngeles" and 0ew Gor-" 1339. +ettner" (nn =uidici and &ilia ( 2hec- Eh.A. The Truth (bout (IA:: ?#olution o! an ?pide ic. <enry <olt and 2o pany. 0ew Gor-" 1345. +oege" )The 0ational Eattern o! (IA:* in The (IA: ?pide ic by Je#in 6. 2ahill editor

=r e-" 6ir-o A. <istory o! (IA:. Erinceton Fni#ersity Eress. Erinceton" 0J" 1330. Jalich an" :eth 2. Fnderstanding (IA: :econd ?dition (d#ances in Cesearch and Treat ent. ( erican Esychological (ssociation. &ashington A2" 1344. 7apierre" Ao ini'ue. Translated !ro Gor-" 1331. +rench by Jathryn :pin-. 1eyond 7o#e. &arner 1oo-s. 0ew

6ayer" Jenneth <. and <+ Ei5er" editors. The (IA: Eande ic: I pact on :cience and :ociety. ?lse#ier (cade ic Eress. 7ondon and :an Aiego" 2005. Eane " :andra. The (IA: 1ureaucracy. <ar#ard Fni#ersity Eress. 2a bridge" 6( and 7ondon" ?ngland" 1344. :chwart5berg" :te#en. ( 2risis o! 6eaning <ow =ay 6en (re 6a-ing :ense o! (IA:. %$!ord Fni#ersity Eress. 0ew Gor- and %$!ord" 1339. :choub" 1arry A. (IA: and <I; in Eerspecti#e. 2a bridge Fni#ersity Eress. 2a bridge FJ" 1333. :inghal" (r#ind and ?#erett 6. Cogers. 2o bating (IA:: 2o :age Eublications. Thousand %a-s" 2(" 2008. unication :trategies in (ction.

;aldiserri" 6.A." 6.E.<." Conald %. Aawning (nswers <ow the <I;/(IA: ?pide ic <as <elped to :trengthen Eublic <ealth. %$!ord Fni#ersity Eress. %$!ord and 0ew Gor-" 2008. ;ass" (nthony" (. (IA:: ( Elague in Fs: ( :ocial Eerspecti#e: The 2ondition and its :ocial 2onse'uences. :t. I#es" 2a bs. : ;enus (cade ica" 1349. http://www.banap.net/spip.php?article102

$e'ining A)$S
Tuesday 4 +ebruary 2005. Eerhaps the only thing -nown with certainty in trying to understand the (c'uired I une Ae!iciency :yndro e" (IA:" is that there are ore 'uestions than answers. The 'uestions only begin with trying to de!ine (IA: itsel!. The 'uestion in de!ining (IA: is co pounded by the !act that di!!erent (IA: de!initions are used. The &orld <ealth %rgani5ation has its own de!inition" and the 2enters !or Aisease 2ontrol in the Fnited :tates has a de!inition !or sur#eillance purposes. This latter de!inition has changed since the beginning o! the (IA: epide ic in 1341. 4wo im!ortant &hanges are the list o' indi&ator and o!!ortunisti& in'e&tious diseases asso&iated with A)$S this number went 'rom "4 in "E#2 to 2E in "EE: These opportunistic in!ectious diseases are the result o! in!ection by di!!erent icroorganis s. 1ut not all these diseases are in!ectious so e are #arious cancers with no established etiology or cause. 6ore i portantly in 1338 one disease was added that is gender speci!ic e!!ecting wo en in#asi#e cer#ical cancer 4he se&ond im!ortant &hange was that in "E#2 a !erson had to have no Bnown &ause 'or diminished resistan&e 'or immune su!!ression and in "E#> a !erson &ould have a Bnown &ause 'or diminished resistan&e 'or immune su!!ression +ro 1348 to 1344 there were three clai s o! disco#ery by three di!!erent groups and three di!!erent na es were gi#en to the #irus that is said to be the cause o! (IA:. In 1349 the #irus was rena ed <I;" hu an i unode!iciency #irus.

We have to see what $I=S is, $I=S is not a disease entity, $I=S is a whole bag o! old diseases under a new name. @(da s" (IA:: The <I; 6yth" p.180B ?ne #ould .usti!iably argue that the $I=S e"idemi# is due at least "artially to the grou"ing o! two do%en #auses o! death under one rubri#, rather than to a new disease. @Coot,1ernstein" Cethin-ing (IA:: The Tragic 2ost o! Ere ature 2onsensus" p. 9>B In other words, $I=S is new not only in the sense that it was only re#ently re#ogni%edE $I=S is also new in the way that biomedi#al resear#hers have de!ined it. These are im"ortant "oints to remember when we try to determine what $I=S is, what #auses it, and whether its #auses are in !a#t new. $!ter all, i! the biomedi#al tools and #on#e"ts did not, as Grme& asserts, exists twenty years ago !or re#ogni%ing $I=S, how #ould it have been observed even i! it had existed< @Coot, 1ernstein" Cethin-ing (IA:: The Tragic 2ost o! Ere ature 2onsensus" p. 95B $s mentioned in the Introdu#tion, $I=S is the a#ronym !or Ca#*uired immunode!i#ien#y syndrome and was a term #oined early on in the history o! the disease. $I=S is by de!inition, the end)stage disease mani!estation o! an in!e#tion with a virus #alled human immunode!i#ien#y virus +;IG,. The virus in!e#ts mainly two systems o! the body, the immune system and the #entral nervous system, and disease mani!estations are #onse*uent on damage to these two systems. @:choub" (IA: and <I; in Eerspecti#e" p. 20B The #ause o! this tumult is said to be a mi#robe un&nown until 4210. 7ven be!ore its dis#overy, the "owers #on!erred on this minute entity rivaled ar#hety"al legends o! "ollution and "lague. It is said to be the #ause o! not one, but three, then 4:, then 96, and now 92 diseases ) an un"re#edented !eat !or any mi#robe in the history o! human illness.D @2aton" The (IA: 6irage" p.10B 7ssentially the #lassi!i#ation systems !or $I=S #onsist o! three ma.or !eatures- !irstly, laboratory test !or ;IG in!e#tion as well as immunosu""ressionE se#ondly, demonstration o! what are #alled indi#ator diseases, that is the s"e#i!i# o""ortunisti# in!e#tions or tumors whi#h "redi#t that the individual is at least signi!i#antly immunosu""ressedE thirdly, the #erebral mani!estations o! $I=S as well as the other dire#t e!!e#ts o! the virus su#h as wasting.D @:chroub" (IA: and <I; in Eerspecti#e" p. 89B Full)blown ;IG)related disease, $I=S, is #urrently de!ined as related to one or more o! the !ollowing indi#ator disease- +a, Ma"osis sar#oma, a #an#er o! the blood vessel wallsE +b, @neumo#ystis #arinii "neumonia, an otherwise rare !orm o! "neumoniaE +#, a variety o! other o""ortuntisti# in!e#tions in#luding, #ytomegalovirus and #andidiasis +thrush,E +d, ;IG wasting syndrome +ema#iation, slim disease,E or +e, ;IG en#e"halo"athy +also #alled ;IG dementia or $I=S dementia, +/enters !or =isease /ontrol, 4215e, @Zi er an" )(IA:: :ocial 2auses" Eatterns" S2ures/" and Eroble s"*p. 232 in <u an :e$uality: The :ocietal and Interpersonal 2onte$t. Jathleen 6cJinney and :usan :precherB $I=S is a syndrome o! about thirty diseases, not a disease. It dis"lays no uni*ue #ombination o! diseases in the "atient. /lini#ally, it is identi!ied by the diagnosis o! s"e#i!i# diseases &nown to medi#al s#ien#e !or de#ades or #enturies. The /=/ has several times in#reased)but never de#reased)the o!!i#ial list- o! $I=S indi#ator diseases, most re#ently on January 4, 4220 +See Table 9,. The list now in#ludes brain dementia, #hroni# diarrhea, #an#ers su#h as Ma"osis sar#oma and several lym"homas, and su#h o""ortunisti# in!e#tions as @neumo#ystis #arinii "neumonia, #ytomegalovirus in!e#tion, her"es, #andidiasis +yeast in!e#lions,, and tuber#ulosis. 7ven low T)#ell #ounts in the blood #an now be #alled D$I=S,D with or without real #lini#al sym"toms. /ervi#al #an#er has re#ently been added to the list, the !irst $I=S disease that #an a!!e#t only one gender +in this #ase, women,. The "ur"ose behind adding this disease was entirely "oliti#al, admittedly to

in#rease the number o! !emale $I=S "atients, #reating an illusion that the syndrome is Ds"readingD into the heterosexual "o"ulation. ?riginally the $I=S diseases were tied together be#ause they were all in#reasing within #ertain ris& grou"s, but today they are assumed to derive !rom the #ommon basis o! immune de!i#ien#y. The overla" between $I=S and #ertain ris& grou"s still holds true but, as "ointed out in Table I, a signi!i#ant number o! these diseases are not "rodu#ts o! wea&ened immune systems. @Auesberg" In#enting the (IA: ;irus" p. 203B Q 4he 9nited States 5enter 'or $isease 5ontrols de'ining o' A)$S &hronologi&ally In 4219 and subse*uently in 4216 and 4215, the $meri#an /enters !or =isease /ontrol +/=/, introdu#ed a #ase de!inition !or $I=S, as a #luster o! #onditions seen in the early "art o! the ;IG outbrea&. This de!inition #onsisted o! a list o! in!e#tions, malignan#ies and #onstitutional illnesses that signi!ied immunode!i#ien#y in these "revious healthy "eo"le. @6urphy" 1roo-" 1irchall" <I; In!ection and (IA:" p.5B 6id 1341: )a person who 1B has either biopsy ,pro#en J: or biopsy,pro#en li!e threatening opportunistic in!ection" 2B is under age 90" 8B no history o! either i unosuppressi#e underlying illness or i unosuppressi#e therapy.* :epte ber1342: )a disease at least oderately predicti#e o! a de!ect in cell, ediated i unity" occurring in a person with no Bnown &ause 'or diminished resistan&e to that disease 3 1B Japosi/s sarco a @J:B @] 90 years o! ageB 2B Eneu ocystis carinii pneu onia @E:EB 8B a speci!ic list o! )other opportunistic in!ections* @a list which which the 2A2 has a ended o#er the yearsB. This was a list o! "4 di''erent o!!ortunisti& diseases. In 4219, the /=/ develo"ed a surveillan#e #ase de!inition !or this syndrome !o#using on the "resen#e o! o""ortunisti# in!e#tionsE it initially re#eived #ase re"orts dire#tly !rom both health #are "roviders and state and lo#al health de"artments. @: ith" ?ncyclopedia o! (IA:" p.88,84B June 1345: (!ter disco#ery o! <I; and its identi!ication as )the cause o! (IA:* the 2A2 once again re#ised the de!inition o! (IA:. It added > ore diseases to the pre#ious list o! 14 di!!erent opportunistic in!ectious diseases. The list now included 21 diseases. (lso this new (IA: de!inition included a person who was <I; seroposti#e by any test. The $I=S #ase de!inition was ex"anded in 4216 to in#lude a total o! 98 #onditions. Four o! these #onditions were #an#ers- Ma"osis sar#oma and three distin#t ty"es o! lym"homa. The remaining #onditions were o""ortunisti# in!e#tions ) those #aused by ba#teria, !ungi, "roto%oans, and other in!e#tious agents ) that an inta#t immune system #an usually manage but whi#h ta&e advantage o! the o""ortunity "rovided by wea&ened immunity to "roli!erate in the body. @: ith" ?ncyclopedia o! (IA:" p.84B (ugust 134>: The nu ber o! opportunistic in!ectious diseases on the (IA: de!inition list was increased !ro 21 to 24. %! particular interest was a change that one set o! 12 opportunistic in!ectious diseases were diagnostic !or (IA: regardless o! whether there was any e#idence o! <I; in!ection. Thus i! a person had one o! these 12 opportunistic in!ectious disease" e#en without any other indication o! a relationship to being in!ected with <I;" @including a negati#e <I; testB the person was classi!ied as ha#ing (IA:. Included in this !irst set o! 12 opportunistic in!ectious diseases was Enueu ocystis pneu onia" Japosi/s sarco a" disse inated cyto egalo#irus in!ection" and esophageal candidiasis. ( second set o! 12 other diseases were diagnostic !or (IA: only in con.unction with a positi#e <I; antibody test. The :epte ber 1342 de!inition included re'uired no Bnown &ause 'or diminished resistan&e to that disease" but the (ugust 134>

de!inition now included persons with -nown causes !or di inished resistances to this second set o! 12 speci!ic diseases. ?ngoing eviden#e about the inade*ua#y o! the #ase de!inition "rom"ted another revision in 4215 and the in#lusion o! three additional #onditions. ?ne o! the new #onditions was an o""ortunisti# in!e#tion, tuber#ulosis +TB,, but only the extra"ulmonary +outside the lungs, ty"e. The other #onditions were not o""ortunisti# in!e#tions, but rather #onditions resulting !rom the dire#t e!!e#ts o! in!e#tion by ;IG in #ells o! the digestive system +wasting syndrome, and the #entral nervous system +en#e"halo"athy or dementia,. @: ith" ?ncyclopedia o! (IA:" p.84B In other words, a#*uired immune de!i#ien#y syndrome attributed to ;IG in!e#tion is now diagnosed even among "eo"le who were born with #ongenital immune de!i#ien#iesE who have demonstrable, "reexisting, or #oexisting #auses o! immune su""ression due to #hemothera"y, radiation treatment, or #orti#osteroid useE among trans"lant "atients who are on regimens o! immunosu""ressive drugs !or li!eE and so !orth. @Coot,1ernstein" Cethin-ing (IA:: The Tragic 2ost o! Ere ature 2onsensus" p. 98B January 1338: This de!inition change retained the pre#ious list o! 24 diseases and added 8 additional diseases" one o! which" in#asi#e cer#ical cancer is gender speci!ic. It a!!ects only wo en. The other 2 diseases are pul onary tuberculosis and recurrent pneu onia in persons with docu ented <I; in!ection. The list o! indicator and opportunistic in!ectious diseases has grown !ro 14 to 23. (lso ore signi!icant any person was considered to ha#e (IA: i! they had de#eloped a signi!icant loss o! a particular white blood cell" called T,helper ly phocytes. The person/s T, helper cell count was to below 200 per cubic illi eter o! blood i! the indi#idual is <I; seropositi#e" e#en i! they did not ha#e any opportunistic in!ectious diseases. In (ovember 4229, the /=/ announ#ed that it was ex"anding the surveillan#e de!inition, e!!e#tive January 4, 4220, to in#lude the three #onditions !rom the #ommunity "ro"osal and any ;IG "ositive individual with a /=LV #ell #ount o! 988 or less or whose /=LV #ells re"resented less than 4L "er#ent o! all lym"ho#ytes. 7viden#e !or ;IG sero"ositivity #ould be obtained by any means o! an ;IG)antibody test, dire#t identi!i#ation o! the virus in tissues, an ;IG)antigen test, or another highly s"e#i!i# li#ensed test !or ;IG. @: ith" ?ncyclopedia o! (IA:" p.85B Q %estern (+)C,") * A'ri&an A)$S (+)C,2) (IA: is a di!!erent disease according to geographic location. The di!!erences ay be seen in regards to the in!ected groups o! people within the population. (lso di!!erences are how the <I; #irus is trans itted and the ris- !actors !or ac'uiring (IA:. In &estern countries (IA: is closely lin-ed with ale ho ose$ual beha#ior and intra#enous drug use. (IA: in (!rica is !ound e!!ecting ales and !e ales ali-e" as a result o! alnutrition and parasitic diseases. In 421L, the transmissible agent was identi!ied and !inally named as human immunode!i#ien#y virus ty"e 4 +;IG)4,. In 4216, a se#ond human immunode!i#ien#y virus +;IG)9, was identi!ied in Western $!ri#a, whi#h gave rise to a #lini#ally similar disease. There are di!!erent strains o! ;IG)4 &nown as Csubty"es or C#lades and designated $ to ;. Subty"e B is the most #ommon strain in the M and S$, subty"e $ in $!ri#a and subty"e 7 in Thailand. @6urphy" 1roo-" and 1irchall" <I; In!ection and (IA:" p. 1B The distin#tion between Western $I=S and $!ri#an $I=S, as the two !orms o! the disease be#ame &nown, was based "rimarily on e"idemiologi#al di!!eren#es, es"e#ially with regards to the grou"s o! "eo"le within the "o"ulation who were mainly a!!e#ted and how the virus was "redominately transmitted. @:choub" (IA: and <I; in Eerspecti#e" p. 22B

;IG is the only mi#robe that behaves di!!erently a##ording to the geogra"hi# lo#ation o! its host. In $!ri#a it a#ts li&e other in!e#tious agent, atta#&ing male and !emales ali&e. But in (orth $meri#a and 7uro"e it is so#iotro"i#, see&ing out adult gay men and intravenous drug users. 3oreover, the ris& !a#tors vary by geogra"hy. In $!ri#a they are not re#e"tive anal inter#ourse and drug use, but "arasiti# diseases and malnutrition. @<ira " The (IA: 6irage" p.11B /lassi!i#ation systems have been modi!ied !or s"e#i!i# #ir#umstan#esE !or exam"le, in 421: the W;? at a meeting in Bangui, in the /entral $!ri#an Be"ubli#, "ro"osed a wor&ing de!inition !or $!ri#a whi#h soon be#ame &nown as the Bangui de!inition. This #lassi!i#ation was tailored !or $!ri#an #onditions where the s"e#trum o! o""ortunisti# in!e#tions is di!!erent !rom that in the S$ and 7uro"e, and it also ma&es "rovisions !or the inade*ua#ies in laboratory testing !a#ilities in many $!ri#an #ountries, both !or ;IG as well as !or a number o! the o""ortunisti# in!e#tions. @:choub" (IA: and <I; in Eerspecti#e" p. 89B Q 4he %orld +ealth @rganiMations : !atterns o' A)$S In 4211 the W;? "ro"osed that the global e"idemiology o! $I=S be divided into three "atterns.D @:choub" (IA: and <I; in Eerspecti#e" p. 22B Within the global #ommunity three general "atterns o! ;IG transmission have been identi!ied by the World ;ealth ?rgani%ation and the .S. /ommuni#able =isease /enter- @atterns I, II, III. @:tine" (c'uired I une Ae!iciency :yndro e" p. 141B Eattern 1 1. Industriali5ed parts o! the world: F:" 2anada" &estern ?urope" (ustralia" 0ew Zealand and so e 7atin ( erican countries such as 1ra5il" 6e$ico" T Euerto Cico. 2. <I; introduced in the late 13>0s 8. Erincipal odes o! trans ission are through ho ose$ual se$" bise$ual se$" in.ection drug use" and se$ with a drug user. 4. Catio o! ale to !e ale (IA: cases is 10:1 to 15: 1

Thus an essential #om"onent o! @attern 4 ;IG e"idemiology is that in!e#tion is #on#entrated in so) #alled high)ris& grou"s, mainly homosexual and bisexual men and intravenous drug abusers, where the "revalen#e o! in!e#tion may be u" to 68A or more. @:choub" (IA: and <I; in Eerspecti#e" p. 22B Eattern II 1. Ae#eloping countries in (!rica" 2aribbean" @<aiti and the Ao inican CepublicB and parts o! :outh ( erica. 2. <I; was introduced in the late 13>0s. 8. <eterose$ual intercourse 4. Catio o! ale to !e ale (IA: cases is 1:1

7arly in 422L, the World ;ealth ?rgani%ation sto""ed using the term @attern II to des#ribe regional di!!eren#es in transmission be#ause this was no longer a use!ul way to des#ribe all #ountries where heterosexual #onta#t is a ma.or mode o! ;IG transmission. @:tine" (c'uired I une Ae!iciency :yndro e" p. 141B 0ow the category is )ris- not reported or identi!ied*. Eattern III 1. %ccurs in countries o! ?astern ?urope" the 6iddle ?ast" 0orth (!rica" (sia" and the Eaci!ic. @Spatterns/ !ro :tine" (c'uired I une Ae!iciency :yndro e" 141,142B Q 5onse8uen&es o' how A)$S is 1de'ined3 %ne result o! this changing de!inition !or (IA: is the increasing nu ber o! groups o! people who are said to ha#e (IA: as the de!inition is broadened. (s the nu ber o! new groups is included so does the nu ber o! people who are said to ha#e (IA: increases. In so e cases this increase in the nu ber o! people with (IA: has been a result de!initional !iat that is .ust by changing the de!inition o! (IA: itsel!. There does not even exist a single "ro"er de!inition o! $I=S on whi#h dis#ourse or statisti#s #an reliably be based. Indeed, #ertain "ra#ti#es o! the /enters !or =isease /ontrol +/=/, obstru#t a s#ienti!i# a""raisal o! the $I=S situation. The /=/ de!inition o! $I=S is #ir#ular. It involves a list o! 9L)92 diseases +de"ending on the year,, about :8A o! whi#h have to do with immunode!i#ien#y +in#luding tuber#ulosis,, and L8A have to do with other ty"es o! diseases, some o! whi#h are o! #an#er ty"e, su#h as #ervi#al #an#er +in#luded in 4229)4220,, or Ma"osis sar#oma. The /=/ #alls these diseases $I=S only when antibodies against ;IG are #on!irmed or "resumed to be "resent. I! a "erson tests ;IG negative, then the diseases are given another name. Statisti#s based on su#h a de!inition are very misleading, be#ause the de!inition assumes #orrelation. Furthermore, some statisti#s !rom some sour#es are based on the /=/ de!inition, while others are not. @7ang" )<I; and (IA:: <a#e &e 1een 6isled?* p. 2>4 in (IA:: ;irus, or Arug Induced" Eeter Auesberg editorB To my &nowledge, I am the !irst writer to #om"ile a numbered list o! the o!!i#ial $I=S)indi#ator diseases or #onditions. It is a very mixed bag. 3any o! the diseases are #aused by !unguses- !or exam"le, #andidiasis, #o##idiodomy#osis, #ry"to#o##osis, histo"lasmosis, and @neumo#ystis #arinii. ?thers are #aused by ba#teria, li&e salmonella. ?thers, by my#oba#teria, li&e tuber#ulosis. Still others, by viruses, li&e #ytomegalovirus or her"es. $nd still others, li&e the various #an#ers and neo"lasms, in#luding lym"homa and Ma"osis sar#oma, have no established etiology. $nd still others, li&e dementia or wasting, are "oorly de!ined and #an have many di!!erent #auses.D @7auritsen" )The Incidence Duag ire*" p. 88> in (IA:: ;irus, or Arug Induced" Eeter Auesberg editorB 3oreover, the existen#e o! multi"le #auses o! immune su""ression uni*ue to or unusually #ommon among those at high ris& !or $I=S must also #ause us to re#onsider the de!inition o! $I=S itsel!. Be#all that $I=S was de!ined in 4215 as a syndrome #hara#teri%ed by signi!i#ant immune su""ression leading to o""ortunisti# disease in "reviously healthy "eo"le without identi!ied #auses o! immune su""ression. But every $I=S "atient !or whom #om"lete re#ords exist #an be shown to have had multi"le #auses o! immune su""ression other than ;IG and to have been ill or unhealthy "rior to develo"ing either ;IG or $I=S. These "re)$I=S health "roblems were ignored, and generally #ontinue to be ignored, in #onsidering the #auses o! $I=S and in #arrying e"idemiologi#al studies o! ris& !a#tors !or $I=S. ntil they are re#ogni%ed and the de!inition is altered to re!le#t their existen#e, we may never understand $I=S be#ause we will be utili%ing an ina##urate and misleading guide. @Coot,1ernstein" Cethin-ing (IA:: The Tragic 2ost o! Ere ature 2onsensus" p. 114,115B

Thus, a number o! grou"s that had "reviously been ex#luded !rom diagnoses o! $I=S, su#h as #ertain #an#er "atients and elderly men with Ma"osis sar#oma, were suddenly "otential $I=S "atients des"ite "reviously demonstrated ris&s !or o""ortunisti# diseases. @Coot,1ernstein" Cethin-ing (IA:: The Tragic 2ost o! Ere ature 2onsensus" p. 91,92B In other words, the number o! $I=S #ases may double with one !ell swoo", not be#ause o! $I=S has suddenly s"read to new ris&s grou"s or even be#ause it has s"read within a#&nowledged ris&s grou"s, but by de!initional !iat. @Coot,1ernstein" Cethin-ing (IA:: The Tragic 2ost o! Ere ature 2onsensus" p. 94B The e!!e#ts o! the de!inition #hanges go !ar beyond mere *uestions o! who has $I=S or how it is to be diagnosed. 3u#h o! our "ubli# health "oli#y rests u"on #al#ulations o! how !ast $I=S is growing and into what grou"s it seems to be s"reading. 7a#h time the de!inition o! $I=S #hanges, all these #al#ulations #hange as well. @reviously ex#luded "eo"le suddenly *uali!y as $I=S "atients. =iagnoses s&yro#&et. The 4216 de!inition #hange resulted in about a L "er#ent in#rease in the number o! diagnoses, a small enough !ra#tion that translates into 9,888 additional #ases a year in the .S. The 4215 revision resulted in about 08 "er#ent in#rease in diagnoses, or some 48,888 #ases in 4211 and some additional #ases during 4224. The "ro"osed 4229 de!inition may double the number o! diagnoses overnight. In #onse*uen#e, a signi!i#ant "ro"ortion o! the #ontinued ex"losive growth o! $I=S throughout the "ast de#ade has been !ueled not by transmission o! $I=S to new grou"s o! "eo"le but rather by the in#lusion o! "reviously ex#luded grou"s o! "eo"le into the #ategory o! $I=S. @eo"le !itting these revised de!initions o! $I=S have always existed, but they were not #ounted as $I=S #ases. @Coot,1ernstein" Cethin-ing (IA:: The Tragic 2ost o! Ere ature 2onsensus" p. 9>,94B $lmost all $I=S statisti#s !or the united States #ome !rom /=/ "ubli#ations. The number o! $I=S #ases has in#reased over time, "artly be#ause the de!inition o! $I=S has been ex"anded. In "arti#ular, the number o! #onditions that meet the /=/s #riteria !or $I=S #hanged in 4220, resulting in a substantial in#rease in the number o! #ases. @Cushing" The (IA: ?pide ic: :ocial Ai ensions o! an In!ectious Aisease" p. 8B 7a#h time the de!inition o! $I=S has been altered by the /=/, it has led to an in#rease in the number o! $I=S #ases. In 4216, the #hange in de!inition led to a 9A in#rease over what would have been diagnosed "rior to the #hange. The 4215 #hange led to a 06A in#rease in new $I=S #ases "er year over that ex"e#ted using the 4216 de!inition. The 4220 #hange resulted in a 69A in#rease in $I=S #ases over that ex"e#ted !or 4220. Su#h ra"id #hanges altars the baseline !rom whi#h !uture "redi#tions are made and ma&es the inter"retations o! trends in in#iden#e and #hara#teristi# o! #ases di!!i#ult to "ro#ess. @:tine" (c'uired I une Ae!iciency :yndro e" p. 2>B $s $I=S survivor 3i#hael /allen writes in his in his ins"irational boo&, Surviving $I=S, long) term $I=S survival does o##ur, but no one, on#e diagnosed de!initely with $I=S, has ever been ta&en o!! the lists &e"t by the /=/ ex#e"t at death. This ma&es $I=S the !irst disease that no #an survive, by de!inition. (ot only is this des#ri"tion o! $I=S logi#ally ban&ru"t, it sends the demorali%ing and an ina##urate message to "eo"le with ;IG or $I=S that they have a disease that is not worth !ighting. $ more legitimate, and more ho"e!ul, de!inition must be devised. @Coot, 1ernstein" Cethin-ing (IA:: The Tragic 2ost o! Ere ature 2onsensus" p. 94B The /enters !or =isease /ontrol ;IGQ$I=S Surveillan#e Be"orts notes, $#*uired Immune =e!i#ien#y Syndrome +$I=S, is a s"e#i!i# grou" o! diseases or #onditions whi#h are indi#ative o! severe immunosu""ression related to in!e#tion with the human immunode!i#ien#y virus +;IG,. The "re#ision o! this medi#al de!inition obs#ures the !a#t that has been essential to the "ubli#

understanding o! $I=S- most "eo"le with $I=S are gay men or in.e#tion drug users +I= s,.D @Aono#an" Ta-ing (I6: target Eopulations and the &ars on (IA: and Arugs" p. 54B http://www.banap.net/spip.php?article84

+)C 4ests
Thursday 10 +ebruary 2005.

Dy the same authors

7arry <ouston o 2hapter %ne ?ssentialis or :ocial 2onstructionis o 2hapter Ten <o ose$ual Identity +or ation o 2hapter 4 Ten Eercent <o ose$ual 6yth o 2hapter 8 (l!red Jinsey o 2hapter 11 <o ose$ual Earenting 6yth

)n the same se&tion

In the sa e section %#er#iew 1ibliography Ae!ining (IA: K +)C 4ests Testing !or the <I; #irus usually in#ol#es two separate tests. 1oth tests do not detect the <I; #irus itsel!" but !or the antibodies to the <I; #irus present in the blood. The ?7I:( test is gi#en two ti es and is a highly sensiti#e test. Two positi#e test results are !ollowed by the &estern blot test that is less sensiti#e but ore speci!ic. This test is supposed to easure the speci!ic <I; #irus proteins in the blood. The <I; #irus itsel! has ne#er been isolated as a entity unto itsel! and photographed with an electron icroscope. There!ore the two <I; tests are to test !or antibodies in the blood to the <I; #irus. The WB is less sensitive than the 7'IS$ but more s"e#i!i#. @:tine" (c'uired I :yndro e" p.885B une Ae!iciency

Both "ur"ort to show whether or not a "erson has been in!e#ted by ;IG on the basis o! dete#ting the "resen#e in their blood o! antibodies to various #om"onents o! the virus. @<odg-inson" (IA:: The +ailure o! 2onte porary :cience" p. 288B The #ombination o! the highly sensitive 7'IS$ test !or s#reening +#arried out in du"li#ate, !ollowed by the high s"e#i!i#ity o! the Western Blot test be#ame the standard "ro#edure !or the diagnosis o! in!e#tion and is still the norm in a number o! #ountries su#h as the nited States. @:choub" (IA: and <I; in perspecti#e" p.124B DThe routine "ro#edure worldwide +ex#e"t !or 7ngland sin#e 4229, !or testing !or ;IG has been to "er!orm a double 7'IS$ +en%yme)lin&ed immunosorbent assay, test to #he#& the level o! allegedly

;IG s"e#i!i# antibodies, and !urther #on!irm wit a Western blot test. @:henton" Eositi#ely +alse: ?$posing the 6yths around <I; and (IA:" p.224B +=ire#t visuali%ation o! the virus by ele#tron mi#ros#o"y is not used as diagnosti# test. Firstly, the virus is rarely !ound in su!!i#ient *uantities in any #lini#al s"e#imen !or it to be visible under the ele#tron mi#ros#o"e, remembering that at least a million "arti#les "er milliliter are re*uired !or visibility. Se#ondly, the virus is di!!i#ult to re#ogni%e in the ele#tron mi#ros#o"e as it does not have a #hara#teristi# a""earan#e as do many other virus, and only !ew highly s&illed and ex"erien#ed ele#tron mi#ros#o"ists are readily able to re#ogni%e ;IG., @:choub" (IA: and <I; in perspecti#e" p.183B In sum, as we in*uire systemi#ally into the sub.e#t, it a""ears the ma&ers o! the test &ee" moving !urther out onto a limb. We learn that the test does not a#tually identi!y ;IG "arti#les but antibodies to them. But these antibodies were not a#tually #reated as rea#tants to ;IG "roteins themselves, but to "roteins o! another virus, whi#h su""osedly #losely resembling ;IG. Still, the antibodies !ound were not a#tually rea#ting only to these su""osedly analogous viral "roteins, but also to inevitable #ontaminants. @0ulls" (IA:: ( :econd %pinion" p. 44B The debate about the ;IG antibody test had been long, #om"lex and anguished. (o single diagnosti# test in history o! modern medi#ine has had su#h a momentous im"a#t on the lives o! the individuals who rely on it. Sin#e the beginning o! the $I=S #risis, "eo"le have had very dramati# res"onses to the test ) la"sing into severe #hroni# de"ression and anxiety, *uitting or losing their .obs, ta&ing very toxi# medi#ations su#h as $ZT and ddI, getting divor#ed, having abortions, ta&ing their lives and sometimes even other "eo"les lives, ) all based, not on diagnosis o! $I=S, but merely a "ositive antibody test. Given that the test holds su#h "ower, its !laws and short#omings are extremely signi!i#ant. n!ortunately, it is only now that this immensely im"ortant sub.e#t is being investigated. @+arber" )The <I; test"* p. 848 in (IA:: ;irus, or Arug Induced? by Eeter AuesbergB To show that an antibody test !or ;IG is s#ienti!i#ally valid and reliable, the "a"er said, re*uires !our ste"s. The !irst o! these is to identi!y a sour#e o! ;IG)s"e#i!i# antigens ) the "rotein #om"onents ! the virus to whi#h antibodies bind. ;ere, one o! the !irst sur"rises is that be#ause ;IG is extremely di!!i#ult ) "erha"s im"ossible ) to isolate in a #lear)#ut way, there is no guarantee that the method used really does obtain the virus or its #om"onents. I shall be dis#ussing these "roblems o! isolation in a later #ha"ter, but !or the moment su!!i#e it to say that the manu!a#tures o! the tests do not have une*uivo#al #olle#tion o! ;IG viruses, visible through ele#tron mi#ros#o"y, whi#h than #an be bro&en down into their various #om"onents. Instead, a multi)ste" "ro#edure has to be !ollowed involving a variety o! assum"tions, ea#h o! whi#h is *uestionable. The !inal assum"tion is that some material whi#h bands at a "arti#ular density +4.44: grams "er milliliter, when s"un in a #entri!uge re"resents C"ure ;IG "rotein and B($ !rom whi#h to ma&e antibody test, or whi#h #an serve as a tem"late !rom whi#h to manu!a#ture the "roteins. @<odg-inson" (IA:: The +ailure o! 2onte porary :cience" p. 284B Q 7L)SA (enMyme linBed immunosorbent assay) The !irst test develo"ed !or ;IG in 4216, the 7'IS$ test, was develo"ed to s#reen out ;IG !rom the blood su""ly. It is highly sensitive, and very nons"e#i!i#, whi#h means it gives a "ositive result easily even when there is no ;IG "resent. $s many as !our out !ive 7'IS$ tests #annot be #on!irmed by Western Blot. @+arber" )The <I; test"* p. 844 in (IA:: ;irus, or Arug Induced? by Eeter AuesbergB

The 7'IS$ test determines i! a "ersons serum #ontains antibodies to one or more ;IG antigens. @:tine" (c'uired I une Ae!iciency :yndro e" p.882B The 7'IS$ test relies on antibody dete#tion rather than !inding tra#es o! the virus itsel! be#ause ;IG has not been isolated. @0ull" (IA:: ( :econd %pinion" p. 45B The 7'IS$ test involves in#ubating a sam"le o! blood serum with a mixture o! the C;IG s"e#i!i# "roteins. The 7'IS$ is "ositive i! the solution #hanges #olor to a #ertain density, thereby indi#ating a rea#tion between "roteins in the test &it and the "atients antibodies. Be#ause the 7'IS$ is not s"e#i!i#, and #an rea#t to non);IG generated antibodies, most testing authorities strive to eliminate C!alse "ositives by re"eating the 7'IS$ test and #arrying a !urther di!!erent test #alled the Western Blot. @:henton" Eositi#ely +alse: ?$posing the 6yths around <I; and (IA:" p.224B The underlying assum"tion o! an 7'IS$ test is that all ;IG)in!e#ted "eo"le will "rodu#e dete#table ;IG antibodies. ;owever, the ;I)in!e#ted "o"ulation in general does not "rodu#e dete#table antibodies !or : wee&s to 4 or more years a!ter ;IG in!e#tion. 3ost o!ten, ;IG antibody is "resent within : to 41 wee&s. @:tine" (c'uired I une Ae!iciency :yndro e" p.882B Q %estern blot The Western blot test is su""osed to be able to !ind whi#h o! the ;IG "roteins are "resent by identi!ying antibodies to them. This shows u" in a series o! bands identi!ying the "resen#e o! a s"e#i!i# set o! antibodyQ"rotein rea#tions. @:henton" Eositi#ely +alse: ?$posing the 6yths around <I; and (IA:" p.224B This is a test method in whi#h individual ;IG "roteins are used to rea#t with ;IG antibody in a "ersons serum. @:tine" (c'uired I une Ae!iciency :yndro e" p.885B In #ontrast to the 7'IS$ test, whi#h indi#ates only the "resen#e or absen#e o! ;IG antibodies, the WB stri" *ualitatively identi!ies whi#h o! the ;IG antigens the antibodies are dire#ted against. @:tine" (c'uired I une Ae!iciency :yndro e" p.885B /onse*uently, The Western Blot dete#ts "atterns o! "roteins thought to be s"e#i!i# to ;IG. These are s"e#i!ied as C" !or "rotein, !ollowed by a number whi#h re"resents a mole#ular weight. ;IG is re#ogni%ed by "roteins "9L, "45, g"L4, g"498, et#. These "roteins have been said to be ex#lusive to ;IG, but 7leo"ulos and #olleagues demonstrate that they are not. @+arber" )The <I; test"* p. 844 in (IA:: ;irus, or Arug Induced? by Eeter AuesbergB Q Short&omings and 'ailures o' +)C testing The !irst and largest proble with testing !or the <I; #irus is that the <I; #irus itsel! has ne#er been isolated as a entity unto itsel! and photographed with an electron icroscope. (lso there are proble s with the tests the sel#es. %ne source o! error deri#es !ro the inability o! so e anu!acturers o! the tests the sel#es to pro#ide uni!or ly reliable test -its and reagents. (lso the test -its !ro di!!erent anu!acturers will yield di!!erent results in testing the sa e indi#idual. In addition there ha#e been no )standard criteria* de#eloped !or the tests results. That is" the tests should ha#e the sa e eaning" positi#e or negati#e in all patients" in all laboratories" in all countries. +inally the tests ay yield )!alse positi#es*. The test can cross react with antibodies to other co on diseases such as alaria" tuberculosis" leprosy and hepatitis. )+alse positi#es* ay result a!ter ta-ing a !lu shot and e#en with the condition o! pregnancy in wo en.

$lthough it had never been made "lain to the "ubli#, ex"erts &new !rom an early "oint that there were ex#e"tional "roblems with the ;IG test. Some o! these doubts and un#ertainties #ame u" at a meeting at the W;?s head*uarters in Geneva on 4L)4: $"ril 421:, #alled to dis#us the sa!ety o! blood su""lies and issues related to antibody s#reen. There were more than 488 "arti#i"ants, !rom thirty)!our #ountries. @<odg-inson" (IA:: The +ailure o! 2onte porary :cience" p. 243B ?bvious "roblems with meeting this standard a""ly as mu#h to the 7'IS$ as to the Western Blot, !or while the latters reliability is wea&ened by dis"utes over whi#h grou"ing o! "roteins adds u" to a "ositive assuran#e that ;IG is "resent, the !ormers is wea&ened by *uestion o! whether "roteins used to attra#t antibodies are truly ;IG)derivative. ;owever, in relation to the gold standard, these "oints may almost be #alled *uibbles in #om"arison to the main wea&ness o! both tests, whi#h goes ba#& to the inability o! s#ientists to isolate ;IG. @0ulls" (IA:: ( :econd %pinion" p. 50B 7leo"uloss "a"er was the s#ienti!i# #on!irmation !or that ground)brea&ing s"ee#h o! Ste!an 'an&as in Buenos $ires. (ot only did she des#ribe why the "roteins said to be s"e#i!i# to ;IG were not uni*ue to ;IG, but also that even i! antibodies to these "roteins did show u", they #ould not be assumed to be a sign o! ;IG in!e#tion. 7leo"ulos #riti#i%ed both the 7'IS$ and the Western blot tests. The 7'IS$ antibody test she said, #ould only be meaning!ul when it was standardi%ed, that is when a given test result had the same meaning in all "atients, in all laboratories and in all #ountries. But this was not the #ase and results remained variable be#ause there was no absolute standard. @:henton" Eositi#ely +alse: ?$posing the 6yths around <I; and (IA:" p.224,223B $nother sour#e o! error derived !rom the inability o! some manu!a#turers to "rovide uni!ormly reliable test &its and reagents. @<odg-inson" (IA:: The +ailure o! 2onte porary :cience" p. 243B Standards The BioQTe#hnology "a"er s"e#i!i#s the vastly di!!erent #riteria used by di!!erent institutions to inter"ret the WB test, and "oint out that an antibody test #an only be meaning!ul when it is standardi%ed, that is Cwhen a given test result had the same meaning in all "atients, in all laboratories, in all #ountries. @+arber" )The <I; test"* p. 844,845 in (IA:: ;irus, or Arug Induced? by Eeter AuesbergB In the s#ienti!i# literature, no stri"s had been "ublished o! a standard "ositive western blot. Inter"retations, even with a single &it, le!t mu#h to the sub.e#tive ex"erien#e o! a "arti#ular #lini#ian or laboratory. @<odg-inson" (IA:: The +ailure o! 2onte porary :cience" p. 289B In #an be #on#luded !rom the #riteria set u" by di!!erent organi%ations to de!ine a "ositive result that although the WB may be the gold standard o! #on!irmatory testing, there is no agreement on what #onstitutes a "ositive WB test +3ii&e, 4215,. @:tine" (c'uired I une Ae!iciency :yndro e" p.885B =i!!erent #ountries have di!!erent #riteria !or the number o! bands on the Western blot test that are re*uired in order to de#lare a test ;IG "ositive. @:henton" Eositi#ely +alse: ?$posing the 6yths around <I; and (IA:" p.224B The results o! these re"eated assays are too detailed to go into in de"th, but not only did they vary dramati#ally within one laboratory and !rom one laboratory to another, but also the #riteria !or de#laring them "ositive or negative would have varied !rom one #ountry to another. =r. Gal Turner in @erth made a study o! the di!!erent #riteria. In $ustralia, !or exam"le, at least !our "rotein bands are re*uired, in /anada and mu#h o! the S$ three or more and a#ross $!ri#a two will do. So all an $!ri#an has to do is be retested in $ustralia where he or she might be !ound negative.

In other words, individuals #an be ;IG "ositive or negative de"ending on whi#h laboratory or test &it or in whi#h #ountry they were tested @:henton" Eositi#ely +alse: ?$posing the 6yths around <I; and (IA:" p.23B Halse 2ositives $ ma.or "roblem with the Western Blot that has never been assessed be!ore is the !a#t that it #ross rea#ts with other mi#robes. @eo"le who have #ertain auto)immune disorders, lu"us and rheumatoid arthritis !or instan#e, have been &nown to test "ositive !or ;IG even though they are not e!!e#ted. The BioQTe#hnology "a"er demonstrates how the test #an #ross rea#t with other mi#robes, in#luding ones as #ommon as malaria and TB.D @+arber" )The <I; test"* p. 844 in (IA:: ;irus, or Arug Induced? by Eeter AuesbergB When I interviewed @ro!essor /harles Geshe&ter, he ex"lained that the most ;IG tests +7'IS$ and Western blot, are &nown to !re*uently "rodu#e !alse "ositive results, be#ause the tests #annot distinguish between ;IG antibodies and mi#robes that are sym"tomati# o! malaria, le"rosy, or tuber#ulosis. +$nita $llen "oints out, !urther, @regnan#y is one #ondition whi#h leads to !alse "ositive., @0ull" (IA:: ( :econd %pinion" p. 58B ;e mentioned le"rosy, malaria, and tuber#ulosis. ?nly the last would be !ound and even that not in great !re*uen#y, in the ntied States. ;owever, another, more !re*uently en#ountered disease on these shores, whi#h also !ools the ;IG test, is he"atitis. @0ulls" (IA:: ( :econd %pinion" p. 54B Just as the va##ination against he"atitis will give !alse "ositive, the inno#uous !lu shot will #reate the same mista&en result. @0ull" (IA:: ( :econd %pinion" p. 54B DTo my growing ama%ement I !ound out that there was indeed a mass o! eviden#e, "ulled together in 7leo"uloss enormous review arti#le, that what had #ome to be #alled Cthe $I=S test was s#ienti!i#ally invalid. The "roteins used in the test &its were not s"e#i!i# to a uni*ue retrovirus. @ositive results were "rodu#ed in "eo"le whose immune systems had been a#tivated by a wide variety o! #onditions, in#luding tuber#ulosis, multi"le s#lerosis, malaria, malnutrition, and even a #ourse o! !lu .abs. @<odg-inson" (IA:: The +ailure o! 2onte porary :cience" p. 282B nli&e other viruses, ;IG has never been isolated as an inde"endent, stable "rodu#t. @<odg-inson" (IA:: The +ailure 2onte porary :cience" p. 891B There are no "hotogra"hs o! ;IG in isolated state sim"ly be#ause it has never been "ossible to isolate ;IG a##ording to a##e"ted methods. Su!!i#e it to say that a blood test that would identi!y ;IG in the body re*uires a #lear "i#ture o! ;IG, whi#h #ould only be obtained through isolation. @0ull" (IA:: ( :econd %pinion" p. 44B http://www.banap.net/spip.php?article83

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7arry <ouston

o o o o o

2hapter %ne ?ssentialis or :ocial 2onstructionis 2hapter Ten <o ose$ual Identity +or ation 2hapter 4 Ten Eercent <o ose$ual 6yth 2hapter 8 (l!red Jinsey 2hapter 11 <o ose$ual Earenting 6yth

)n the same se&tion

In the sa e section 1ibliography Ae!ining (IA: <I; Tests Eerhaps the only thing -nown with certainty in trying to understand the (c'uired I une Ae!iciency :yndro e" (IA:" is that there are ore 'uestions than answers. The 'uestions only begin with trying to de!ine (IA: itsel!. $I=S is a syndrome o! about thirty diseases, not a disease. It dis"lays no uni*ue #ombination o! diseases in the "atient. /lini#ally, it is identi!ied by the diagnosis o! s"e#i!i# diseases &nown to medi#al s#ien#e !or de#ades or #enturies. The /=/ has several times in#reased)but never de#reased)the o!!i#ial list- o! $I=S indi#ator diseases, most re#ently on January 4, 4220 +See Table 9,. The list now in#ludes brain dementia, #hroni# diarrhea, #an#ers su#h as Ma"osis sar#oma and several lym"homas, and su#h o""ortunisti# in!e#tions as @neumo#ystis #arinii "neumonia, #ytomegalovirus in!e#tion, her"es, #andidiasis +yeast in!e#lions,, and tuber#ulosis. 7ven low T)#ell #ounts in the blood #an now be #alled D$I=S,D with or without real #lini#al sym"toms. /ervi#al #an#er has re#ently been added to the list, the !irst $I=S disease that #an a!!e#t only one gender +in this #ase, women,. The "ur"ose behind adding this disease was entirely "oliti#al, admittedly to in#rease the number o! !emale $I=S "atients, #reating an illusion that the syndrome is Ds"readingD into the heterosexual "o"ulation. ?riginally the $I=S diseases were tied together be#ause they were all in#reasing within #ertain ris& grou"s, but today they are assumed to derive !rom the #ommon basis o! immune de!i#ien#y. The overla" between $I=S and #ertain ris& grou"s still holds true but, as "ointed out in Table I, a signi!i#ant number o! these diseases are not "rodu#ts o! wea&ened immune systems. @Auesberg" In#enting the (IA: ;irus" p. 203B K 4here are also 8uestions o' what a&tually &ases A)$S 4he human immunode'i&ien&y virus, +)C is attributed to be the !rimary &ause o' A)$S Thus, des"ite re"eated statements by government o!!i#ials that the #ause o! $I=S is &nown and that it is ;IG, I #an no longer !ind any ma.or investigator in the !ield o! $I=S who will de!end the "ro"osition that ;IG is the only immunosu""ressive agent involved in $I=S. 7ven Bobert Gallo, one o! the staun#hest de!enders o! the ;IG)only hy"othesis, has written that although in!e#tion by ;IG)4 has been im"li#ated as the "rimary #ause o! $I=S and related disorders, #o!a#torial me#hanisms may be involved in the "athogenesis o! the disease. @Coot,1ernstein" Cethin-ing (IA:: The Tragic 2ost o! Ere ature 2onsensus" p. 880*B The theory that ;IG #auses $I=S has remained the "reeminent $I=S "aradigm throughout the #ourse o! the e"idemi#, des"ite the !a#t that orthodox resear#hers readily admit to the existen#e o! multi"le la#unae or "aradigmati# anomalies that this theory o! s"e#i!i# etiology does not resolve. 7xam"les in this regard in#lude the !ollowing- there is still no e!!e#tive treatment to #ure o! the

diseaseE there is still no va##ine against ;IG that #an evo&e "rote#tive immunity !or "o"ulations at ris& !or the diseaseE and orthodox $I=S s#ien#e and resear#h #ommunities have !ailed to #onstru#t an ade*uate theoreti#al model that #an des#ribe or model the "athogenesis o! ;IG in!e#tion +e.g., the exa#t me#hanism or means by whi#h the human immunode!i#ien#y virus indu#es immune su""ression in a host in!e#ted with the retrovirus. @2ochrane" &hen (IA: 1egan: :an +rancisco and the 6a-ing o! an ?pide ic" p.1>9,1>>B K ;et this virus has never been isolated as an entity unto itsel' and !hotogra!hed by the use o' an ele&tron mi&ros&o!e It was that $I=S s#ientists, in#luding 3ontagnier and Gallo, had been unable to isolate ;IG in an une*uivo#al way. @<odg-inson" (IA:: The +ailure 2onte porary :cience" p. 283B nli&e other viruses, ;IG has never been isolated as an inde"endent, stable "rodu#t. @<odg-inson" (IA:: The +ailure 2onte porary :cience" p. 891B There are no "hotogra"hs o! ;IG in isolated state sim"ly be#ause it has never been "ossible to isolate ;IG a##ording to a##e"ted methods. Su!!i#e it to say that a blood test that would identi!y ;IG in the body re*uires a #lear "i#ture o! ;IG, whi#h #ould only be obtained through isolation. @0ull" (IA:: ( :econd %pinion" p. 44B K 4he two tests, 7L)SA and %estern blot, 'or identi'ying 'or the +)C virus do not test 'or the virus itsel', but to the antibodies !rodu&ed against the virus )n addition to not a&tually identi'ying the +)C virus itsel', these tests result in many 'alse !ositives and la&B international standards 'or determining a !ositive test result Both "ur"ort to show whether or not a "erson has been in!e#ted by ;IG on the basis o! dete#ting the "resen#e in their blood o! antibodies to various #om"onents o! the virus. @<odg-inson" (IA:: The +ailure o! 2onte porary :cience" p. 288B When I interviewed @ro!essor /harles Geshe&ter, he ex"lained that the most ;IG tests +7'IS$ and Western blot, are &nown to !re*uently "rodu#e !alse "ositive results, be#ause the tests #annot distinguish between ;IG antibodies and mi#robes that are sym"tomati# o! malaria, le"rosy, or tuber#ulosis. +$nita $llen "oints out, !urther, @regnan#y is one #ondition whi#h leads to !alse "ositive., @0ull" (IA:: ( :econd %pinion" p. 58B The BioQTe#hnology "a"er s"e#i!i#s the vastly di!!erent #riteria used by di!!erent institutions to inter"ret the WB test, and "oint out that an antibody test #an only be meaning!ul when it is standardi%ed, that is Cwhen a given test result had the same meaning in all "atients, in all laboratories, in all #ountries. @+arber" )The <I; test"* p. 844,845 in (IA:: ;irus, or Arug Induced? by Eeter AuesbergB K <uestions and &on&erns also abound with the drugs used in &ombating +)C*A)$S The "rin#i"al limitations are +4, they will not #ure ;IG diseaseE +9, "ositive medi#al e!!e#ts are short term, they are not sustainedE +0, ea#h drug has its own set o! toxi# side e!!e#tsE and +L, their ability to delay the onset o! $I=S was brought into *uestion by the 7uro"ean /on#orde studies. @:tine" (c'uired I une Ae!iciency :yndro e" p. 141B The toxi# e!!e#ts o! the tri"le #o#&tail are so strong that 98)08 "er#ent o! ;IGV individuals #annot ta&e the anti)retroviral thera"y. @:inghal" and Cogers. 2o bating (IA:: 2o unication :trategies in (ction" 43B

$bout 18 "er#ent o! a large sam"le @W$s in /anada and the nited States in 4222 were #arrying mutated versions o! the virus that were resistant to at least one o! the drugs in the tri"le #o#&tail +Sussman 9889,. @:inghal" and Cogers. 2o bating (IA:: 2o unication :trategies in (ction" 12>B ;owever, ta&ing the anti)retrovirals involves a grueling, long)term regimen o! treatments. Gery un"leasant side)e!!e#ts #ome with the tri"le #o#&tail. @:inghal" and Cogers. 2o bating (IA:: 2o unication :trategies in (ction" 12>B K )n addition to the 8uestions surrounding A)$S, the disease itsel', there are 8uestions about the dis&overy o' the +)C virus and 8uestionable a&tions o' some individuals involved in the A)$S e!idemi& 4here have been dis!utes between nations, 9 S government investigations and lawsuits over 9 S !atents The s#ienti!i# #ommunity had now a##e"ted that ;IG was !irst isolated in 4210 by the grou" led by 3ontagnier, and had been sent to Gallos laboratory !or !urther testing. $ (ational Institutes o! ;ealth in*uiry "anel had a##used Gallo o! Cintelle#tual misa""ro"riation o! the virus. It said a 421L arti#le in S#ien#e #ontained Cmisre"resentations or !alsi!i#ations o! methodology and data, errors whi#h Gallo had blamed on a rush to "ublish. @<odg-inson" (IA:: The +ailure 2onte porary :cience" p. 148B We &now a lot about what =r. Gallos lab did toward dis#overing the ;IG virus, sin#e it has been the sub.e#t o! a number o! government investigations, most "arti#ularly a two)year in*uiry by the Ins"e#tor Generals ?!!i#e o! the de"artment o! ;ealth and ;uman Servi#es, a three)year investigation by the Federal ?!!i#e o! Besear#h Integrity, and one #ondu#ted by Be". John =ingell as head o! the ;ouse sub#ommittee that oversees the (I;. $ll these grou"s, and others we will mention, !ound rather dis#ouraging !a#ts about both the history o! =r. Gallos dis#overy o! ;IG virus #ells and the subse*uent "atent a""li#ation "ro#ess !or a blood test to determine i! a "erson had the virus. @0ull" (IA:: ( :econd %pinion" p. 23B K 4hose most e''e&ted by A)$S, homosexuals and A)$S advo&a&y grou!s may also be seen as using 8uestionable a&tions @ne exam!le is the de,gaying the A)$S early on in the e!idemi& =e)gaying the e"idemi#, and "laying u"on the !ears o! heterosexuals that they were also were at high ris&, be#ame the main strategy o! gay $I=S advo#ate, in#luding $I=S $#tion /oun#il. @(ndriote" ;ictory Ae!erred: <ow (IA: 2hanged =ay 7i!e in ( erica" p. 223B The de)gaying strategy was ne#essary, a##ording to Gi# Basile, dire#tor o! ;B/F !rom June 4210 until June 4212, who .o&ingly re!erred himsel! as something o! a "oliti#al whore in our interview. For him, "laying down the overwhelming number o! gay men a!!e#ted by $I=S, and "laying u" !or "oliti#ians the relatively !ew $meri#an women and #hildren with $I=S at the time, was merely a "oliti#al move to win sym"athy and su""ort !rom antigay "oliti#ians. @(ndriote" ;ictory Ae!erred: <ow (IA: 2hanged =ay 7i!e in ( erica" p.223B The de)gaying o! $I=S was now #om"lete in the minds o! $I=S advo#ates as the nations leading $I=S advo#a#y grou", #reated in 421L to re"resent the $I=S organi%ations that had been !ounded and run by gay "eo"le, loo&ed !or an exe#utive dire#tor who was sim"ly a well)s"o&en !undraiser and #oa#h. (ow gay rights organi%ations !elt they #ould return to the business o! gay and lesbian liberation ) des"ite an ongoing e"idemi# that #ontinues to &ill tens o! thousands o! gay men ) be#ause $I=S was being ta&en #are o! by the $I=S industry. Few sto""ed to thin& that any industry, even one #reated by gay "eo"le, is above all interested in its bottom line. In the #ase o! $I=S organi%ations, that meant "reserving their !unding at all #osts, even when they !elt it re*uired

them disso#iate themselves !rom the #ommunity that gave them li!e in the !irst "la#e. @(ndriote" ;ictory Ae!erred: <ow (IA: 2hanged =ay 7i!e in ( erica" p.241,242B K All these 8uestions and 8uestionable a&tions result in !rolonging and in&reasing the A)$S e!idemi& 4his was seen in a "EE4 de&laration o' a se&ond wave o' the A)$S e!idemi& 4oday there &ontinue to be warnings and re!orts in both the homosexual media and the mainstream media o' in&reasing rates o' A)$S &ases among those most e''e&ted by A)$S, male homosexuals It was a standing room only night at the (ew >or& /ity Gay and 'esbian /ommunity Servi#es on the night o! (ovember 4:, 422L. 'eaders !rom sixteen $I=S "revention agen#ies had #alled this emergen#y meeting to announ#e the se#ond wave o! $I=S. @:adownic-" :e$ 1etween 6en" p.225B K $es!ite all these 8uestions and 8uestionable a&tions surrounding A)$S what is Bnow 'or &ertainty are those who are A)$S &ases )t has been over three de&ades sin&e the beginning o' the A)$S e!idemi& in "E#:, and today A)$S is still mainly &on'ined in the same two grou!s o' !eo!le that were initially e''e&ted, male homosexuals and intravenous drug users The /enters !or =isease /ontrol ;IGQ$I=S Surveillan#e Be"orts notes, $#*uired Immune =e!i#ien#y Syndrome +$I=S, is a s"e#i!i# grou" o! diseases or #onditions whi#h are indi#ative o! severe immunosu""ression related to in!e#tion with the human immunode!i#ien#y virus +;IG,. The "re#ision o! this medi#al de!inition obs#ures the !a#t that has been essential to the "ubli# understanding o! $I=S- most "eo"le with $I=S are gay men or in.e#tion drug users +I= s,.D @Aono#an" Ta-ing (I6: Target Eopulations and the &ars on (IA: and Arugs" p. 54B $I=S in $meri#a has two "rimary sour#es at "resent- un"rote#ted anal inter#ourse, whi#h is asso#iated with gay male behavior and whi#h "robably a##ounts !or the bul& o! the existing #ases nationwideE and intravenous drug in.e#tion with virus)#ontaminated needles, whi#h is #urrently the ma.or sour#e o! new #ases and is li&ely to be the sour#e o! most #ases within a !ew years. @Eerow and =uillen. The (IA: Aisaster: The +ailure o! %rgani5ations in 0ew Gor- and the 0ation" p.55B $I=S, however, has remained absolutely !ixed in its original ris& grou"s. Today, a !ull de#ade a!ter it !irst a""eared, the syndrome is diagnosed in homosexuals, intravenous drug users, and hemo"hilia#s some 26 "er#ent o! the time, .ust as ten years ago. (ine out every ten $I=S "atients are male, also .ust as be!ore. 7ven the very existen#e o! a latent "eriod strongly suggests that years o! health abuse are re*uired !or su#h !atal #onditions. $mong $I=S "atients in the nited States and 7uro"e, one extremely #ommon health ris& has been identi!ied- the long)term use o! hard drugs +the eviden#e will be "resented in #ha"ter 1 and 44,. $I=S is not #ontagious nor is it even a single e"idemi#.D @Auesburg" In#enting the (IA: ;irus" p. 21>B It is, o! #ourse, always dangerous to generali%e about any grou" o! "eo"le, and "eo"le with $I=S are no ex#e"tion. $nd yet #ertain generali%ations about who is most li&ely to #ontra#t $I=S have "roved to be use!ul !rom a medi#al "ers"e#tive. We re#ogni%e that the vast ma.ority o! "eo"le with $I=S are gay men Qor intravenous drug abusers. These generali%ations "rovide #lues about what may #ause $I=S, what may dis"ose "eo"le to #ontra#t the syndrome, and how the disease may s"read. @Coot,1ernstein" Cethin-ing (IA:: The Tragic 2ost o! Ere ature 2onsensus" p. 224B I! ex"osure to ;IG is su!!i#ient to #ause $I=S, than everyone should be at e*ual ris&, and $I=S should develo" at an e*ual rate among di!!erent ris& grou"s on#e in!e#tion has been established. /learly that is not the #ase.

Besear#hers re#ogni%ed by 4215 that the threat o! $I=S to non)ris& grou"s was very small. . . . ?n the other hand, the high ris& grou"s are still the high)ris& grou"s. @Coot,1ernstein" Cethin-ing (IA:: The Tragic 2ost o! Ere ature 2onsensus" p. 220B http://www.banap.net/spip.php?article85

Dehavior and 0ot a 2erson

:unday 10 :epte ber 2009.

Dy the same authors

7arry <ouston o 2hapter %ne ?ssentialis or :ocial 2onstructionis o 2hapter Ten <o ose$ual Identity +or ation o 2hapter 4 Ten Eercent <o ose$ual 6yth o 2hapter 8 (l!red Jinsey o 2hapter 11 <o ose$ual Earenting 6yth

In short, the gay li!estyle ) i! su#h a #haos #an, a!ter all, legitimately be #alled a li!estyle ) it .ust doesnt wor&- it doesnt serve the two !un#tions !or whi#h all so#ial !ramewor& evolve- to #onstrain "eo"les natural im"ulses to behave badly and to meet their natural needs. While its im"ossible to "rovide an exhaustive analyti# list o! all the root #auses and aggravants o! this !ailure, we #an asseverate at least some o! the ma.or #auses. 3any have been disse#ted, above, as elements o! the Ten 3isbehaviorsE it only remains to dis#uss the !ailure o! the gay #ommunity to "rovide a viable alternative to the heterosexual !amily. @Jir- and 6adsen" (!ter the 1all: <ow ( erica &ill 2on'uer Its +ear and <atred o! the =ay/s in the 30s" p.898B The authors o! this boo- published in 1343 sel!,identi!y as gay. Jir- graduated !ro <ar#ard Fni#ersity in 1340. 6adsen has taught on the !aculty o! <ar#ard Fni#ersity. <e is a public, co unications e$pert" designed co ercial ad#ertising !or 6adsen (#enue" and guided strategy !or the Eositi#e I ages 2a paign. This ca paign was the !irst national gay ad#ertising e!!ort in ( erican. The !ollowing 'uote !ro the introduction o! their boo- along with the title o! the booperhaps gi#es a #ery strong indication o! the authors/ belie! in a ho ose$ual agenda. Eerhaps this ay be their oti#ation !or writing the boo-. The #am"aign we outline in this boo&, though #om"lex, de"ends #entrally u"on a "rogram o! unabashed "ro"aganda, !irmly grounded in long)established "rin#i"les o! "sy#hology and advertising. @Jir- and 6adsen" (!ter the 1all: <ow ( erica &ill 2on'uer Its +ear and <atred o! the =ay/s in the 30s" p.$$#iB These two 'uotes are .ust a sa pling o! any others written in boo-s and articles published by those who ad#ocate !or ho ose$uality or sel!,identi!y as gay that ay be read on this web site. 7arry <ouston who is writing the articles on this web site sel!,identi!ies as a !or er ho ose$ual. <is story ay be read in the section" Larrys story. This section also includes an article about 7arry !acing discri ination at <ar#ard Fni#ersity !or being an e$,gay. In the section @ver&oming +omosexuality are articles help!ul not only to those struggling with ho ose$uality but also to anyone who desires a better understanding about ho ose$uality. The section Legal and 2oliti&al has articles 7arry uses lobbying the 6assachusetts :tate 7egislature on the issue o! sa e,se$

arriage. This section also has docu ents that were apart o! a direct legal challenge to =oodridge" the legal case that resulted in allowing sa e,se$ arriage in 6assachusetts by .udicial decree" 4 non,elected 6assachusetts .udges. The para eters o! a discussion o! ho ose$uality are best !ra ed in the !ollowing way. %ho one is, a homosexual or what one does, homosexuality The support is strongest !or the latter. The !ollowing 'uotes are by a an who sel!,identi!ies as gay. John A/? ilio is a uni#ersity pro!essor" author" and a gay historian. <e too agrees that it is ho ose$uality" what one does. +omosexuality is an illegitimate attem!t to meet the legitimate need 'or intima&y in same,sex relationshi!s There is another histori#al myth that en.oys nearly universal a##e"tan#e in the gay movement, the myth o! the eternal homosexual. The argument runs something li&e this- Gay men and lesbians always were and always will be. We are everywhereE not .ust now, but throughout history, in all so#ieties and all "eriods. This myth served a "ositive "oliti#al !un#tion in the !irst years o! gay liberation. In the early 4258s, when we battled an ideology that either denied our existen#e or de!ined us as "sy#ho"athi# individuals or !rea&s o! nature, it was em"owering to assert that we are everywhere. But in re#ent years it has #on!ined us as surely as the most homo"hobi# medi#al theories, and lo#&ed our movement in "la#e. ;ere I wish to #hallenge this myth. I want to argue that gay men and lesbians have not always existed. Instead they are a "rodu#t o! history, and have #ome into existen#e in a s"e#i!i# histori#al era. Their emergen#e is asso#iated with the relations o! #a"italismE it has been the histori#al develo"ment o! #a"italism)more s"e#i!i#ally, its !ree)labor system)that has allowed a large numbers o! men and women in the late twentieth #entury to #all themselves gay, to see themselves as "art o! a #ommunity o! similar men and women, to organi%e "oliti#ally on the basis o! that identity. @A/? ilio" 6a-ing Trouble ?ssays on =ay <istory" Eolitics" and the Fni#ersity" p.5B I have argued that lesbian and gay identity and #ommunities are histori#ally #reated, as a result o! a "ro#ess o! #a"italist develo"ment that has s"anned many generations. $ #orollary o! this argument is that we are not a !ixed so#ial minority #om"osed !or all time o! a #ertain "er#entage o! the "o"ulation. There are more o! us than one hundred years ago, more o! us than !orty years ago. $nd there may very well be more gay men and lesbians in the !uture. /laims made by gays and nongays that sexual orientation is !ixed at an early age, that large numbers o! visible gay men and lesbians in so#iety, the media, and the s#hools will have no in!luen#e on the sexual identities o! the young are wrong. /a"italism has #reated the material #onditions !or homosexual desire to ex"ress itsel! as a #entral #om"onent o! some individuals livesE now, our "oliti#al movements are #hanging #ons#iousness, #reating the ideologi#al #onditions that ma&e it easier !or "eo"le to ma&e that #hoi#e. @A/? ilio" 6a-ing Trouble ?ssays on =ay <istory" Eolitics" and the Fni#ersity" p.12B )nventing the 1+omosexual3 and )denti'iting a -+omosexual- are the two ain sections on banap. The abo#e two 'uotes are used ore than once in these two sections. In#enting the )<o ose$ual* is a historical loo- o! people and e#ents that traces the history o! ho ose$uality. The concept o! ho ose$uality has a #ery short history" the word )ho ose$ual* was coined in the late 1490s in =er any. The section Identi!ying a )<o ose$ual* has articles contianing in!or ation by those ad#ocating !or ho ose$uality atte pting to to pro#ide support !or the ideal o! a distinct indi#idual" called a ho ose$ual. In this section you will !ind in!or ation !or a biological basis !or ho ose$uality. The section" Dibliogra!hy" is an alphabetical list o! sources used in co piling the in!or ation !or banap. The nu ber o! sources is large so this section has two articles. %ne article is a list o! boo-s" and the second is a list o! .ournal articles. Than- you !or #isiting banap.net This web site is regularly being re#ised and updated. Elans are being ade to publish this in!or ation in a boo- !or . banap.net is a resource !or those see-ing a greater understanding o! )ho ose$uality.* +omosexuality is an illegitimate attem!t to meet the legitimate need 'or intima&y in same,sex relationshi!s

http://www.banap.net/spip.php?article4

)denti'ying a -+omosexual7atest addition : :unday 20 6arch 2011.

4his se&tionNs arti&les

5ha!ter 7ight -5ir&uit 2arties- and -6ay =ale 5lone:aturday 29 6ay 200> by 7arry <ouston

5ha!ter HiveF 4y!es o' +omosexualities * Age,Stru&tured

:unday 20 6arch 2011 by 7arry <ouston

5ha!ter HourF 4y!es o' +omosexualities

:aturday 29 6ay 200> by 7arry <ouston

5ha!ter 0ine 6ay =ale +omosexual and Sexual Dehavior o' 6ay =ale +omosexuals
:aturday 29 6ay 200> by 7arry <ouston

5ha!ter @ne 7ssentialism or So&ial 5onstru&tionism

:aturday 29 6ay 200> by 7arry <ouston

5ha!ter SevenF Stonewall and the Ameri&an 2sy&hiatri& Asso&iation

:aturday 29 6ay 200> by 7arry <ouston

5ha!ter Six 4y!es o' +omosexualities* 6ay and Lesbian +omosexual )dentity
:aturday 29 6ay 200> by 7arry <ouston

5ha!ter 4en +omosexual )dentity Hormation

:aturday 29 6ay 200> by 7arry <ouston

5ha!ter 4hree -6ay Drains- and 6ay 6enes:aturday 29 6ay 200> by 7arry <ouston

5ha!ter 4wo Diologi&al Dasis 'or +omosexuality

:aturday 29 6ay 200> by 7arry <ouston

5ha!ter 7ight -5ir&uit 2arties- and -6ay =ale 5lone:aturday 29 6ay 200>.

Dy the same authors

7arry <ouston o 2hapter %ne ?ssentialis or :ocial 2onstructionis o 2hapter Ten <o ose$ual Identity +or ation o 2hapter 4 Ten Eercent <o ose$ual 6yth o 2hapter 8 (l!red Jinsey o 2hapter 11 <o ose$ual Earenting 6yth

)n the same se&tion

In the sa e section 2hapter 0ine =ay 6ale <o ose$ual and :e$ual 1eha#ior o! =ay 6ale <o ose$uals 2hapter :e#en: :tonewall and the ( erican Esychiatric (ssociation 2hapter Three L=ay 1rainsL and =ay =enesL 2hapter +our: Types o! <o ose$ualities 2hapter Two 1iological 1asis !or <o ose$uality 2hapter +i#e: Types o! <o ose$ualities / (ge,:tructured 2hapter %ne ?ssentialis or :ocial 2onstructionis 2hapter :i$ Types o! <o ose$ualities/ =ay and 7esbian <o ose$ual Identity

5ha!ter @ne 7ssentialism or So&ial 5onstru&tionism

:aturday 29 6ay 200>.

Dy the same authors

7arry <ouston o 2hapter %ne ?ssentialis or :ocial 2onstructionis o 2hapter Ten <o ose$ual Identity +or ation o 2hapter 4 Ten Eercent <o ose$ual 6yth o 2hapter 8 (l!red Jinsey o 2hapter 11 <o ose$ual Earenting 6yth

)n the same se&tion

In the sa e section 2hapter +i#e: Types o! <o ose$ualities / (ge,:tructured 2hapter ?ight L2ircuit EartiesL and L=ay 6ale 2loneL 2hapter :e#en: :tonewall and the ( erican Esychiatric (ssociation 2hapter 0ine =ay 6ale <o ose$ual and :e$ual 1eha#ior o! =ay 6ale <o ose$uals 2hapter Two 1iological 1asis !or <o ose$uality 2hapter Three L=ay 1rainsL and =ay =enesL 2hapter Ten <o ose$ual Identity +or ation 2hapter +our: Types o! <o ose$ualities 5ha!ter @ne So&ial 5onstru&tionism or 7ssentialism Aoes a ho ose$ual e$ist .ust as an-ind is o! the species" <o o :apiens? Is a ho ose$ual orientation inti ately intertwined with a person/s true identity as a hu an being? &hen using the ter ho ose$ual" is one accurately de!ining a person/s sel!" his inner core" and the nature o! his being? I! it is true" then ho ose$uality ay be i plied as natural" and that it is essential to their hu an wholeness. There are those ad#ocating !or ho ose$uality who hold such a #iew" that one is born a ho ose$ual. 1ut there are others ad#ocating !or ho ose$uality who hold a con!licting #iew" that ho ose$uality only has the eaning which is gi#en to it by the society and culture it is apart o!. These con!licting #iews are usually !ra ed by the para eters o! the words )essentialis * and )social constructionis . This discussion o! the causes o! ho ose$uality is usually a philosophical tug o! war with con!licting ideologies. Garious theories o! homosexuality are derived !rom either an essentialist a""roa#h or a so#ial #onstru#tionist a""roa#h. 7ssentialism #laims that homosexuality is a #onstru#t that is both ahistori#al and a#ultural, a "art o! human #ivili%ation !or all timeE whereas #onstru#tionialsm suggests homosexuality is de!ined more by tem"oral "eriods and #ultural #ontext. @:ulli#an" <o ophobia" <istory" and <o ose$uality: Trends !or :e$ual 6inorities" p.8 in :e$ual 6inorities: Aiscri ination" 2hallenges" and Ae#elop ent in ( erican" 6ichael J. :ulli#an" EhA" editorB ?ut o! all the issues in the essentialistQso#ial #onstru#tionist debate, whether or not same gender or bisexual sexual orientation is a #hoi#e is "robably the sole interest o! many individuals and grou"s. It is one o! the most !ier#ely debated issues among s#holars, s#ientists, and the lay "ubli#. It is also debated by some members o! gay, lesbian, and bisexual #ommunities. 7ssentialists assume that no sexual orientation, whether same)gender, bisexual, or heterosexual, is a #ons#ious #hoi#e +Gonsiore& O Weinri#h, 4224E ;erdt, 4228, Instead, a !ixed, inde"endent biologi#al me#hanism steers individual desire or behavior either toward men or toward women irres"e#tive o! #ir#umstan#es and ex"erien#e +=e /e##o O 7lia. 4220, ".44,. In distin#t #ontrast to this view is the #laim that ones sexual orientation is #hosen or #onstru#ted. This is one o! the most basi# tenets o! so#ial #onstru#tionism +Golden, 4215E ;art O Bi#hardson, 4214E 'ongino, 4211E Gan#e, 4211E Wee&s, 4224E Weinberg O Willliams, 425L,. Instead o! sexual orientation, the "hrase sexual "re!eren#e is o!ten used by so#ial #onstru#tionists to indi#ate that "eo"le ta&e an a#tive "art in

#onstru#ting their sexuality +Weinberg, Williams, O @ryor, 422L, or ma&e a #ons#ious, intentional #hoi#e o! sexual "artners +Baumrind, 4226,.D ?ssentialists o!ten hold to bio edical #iew o! ho ose$uality" and use scienti!ic studies to !ind a cause !or ho ose$uality. 7ater on a discussion will loo- at so e o! these scienti!ic studies that are used in an atte pt !or supporting a bio edical cause !or ho ose$uality. &ithin this essentialist #iew there are non,relational 'ualities or properties. %ne is who they are and that it is without any relationship to any other people or ob.ects in the world. There!ore in se$uality" particularly concerning ho ose$uality one is born a ho ose$ual" it is )nature* that is causati#e !or ho ose$uality 7ssentialist a""roa#hes to resear#h on sexual orientation)whether they be evolutionary a""roa#hes or a""roa#hes that rely on hormones, geneti#s, or brain !a#tors)rest on assum"tions that +a, there are underlying true essen#es +homosexuality and heterosexuality,, +b, there is dis#ontinuity between !orms +homosexuality and heterosexuality are two distin#t, se"arate #ategories, rather than "oints on a #ontinuum,, and +#, there is #onstan#y o! these true essen#es over time and a#ross #ultures +homosexuality and heterosexuality have the same !orm today in $meri#an #ulture as they have had !or #enturies and as they have had in other #ultures today,. @Aela ater T :hibley <yde. )?ssentialis #s :ocial 2onstructionis in the :tudy o! <u an :e$uality.* p.19B 7ssentialism regarded homosexuality as a !orm o! gender inversion that arose !rom su#h "reso#ial !or#es as genes, hormones, instin#ts, or s"e#i!i# &inds o! develo"mental "sy#hodynami#s +Bi#hardson 4214,. In other words, it viewed same)sex desire and its "er#eived behavioral "attern o! gender non#on!ormity as a mani!estation o! some biologi#al or "sy#hologi#al inner sense +Greenberg 4211, L16, It regarded homosexuality as a distin#t and se"arate !orm o! being, with modes o! ex"ression that trans#ended time and "la#e +Troiden 4211,. @7e#ine" =ay 6acho: The 7i!e and Aeath o! the <o ose$ual 2lone" p. 288B The #ategory o! homosexuality #arries a de!inition o! the essential nature o! the sel!. $s individuals are inserted into this dis#ursive !ramewor& through the growing authority o! medi#ine, s#ien#e, "sy#hiatry, and law, individuals who have same)sex longings are de!ined as uni*ue, abnormal human ty"e- the homosexual. @:eid an" ? battled ?ros" p.14>B Get we can !ind within this philosophical belie! syste there is a heterose$ist essentialis and a ho ose$ist essentialis . Those indi#iduals who adhere to heterose$ist essentialis assu e an un itigated di orphis o! se$uality" hetero/ho o,se$uality. :eeing the co ple entary dualities o! hu an e$istence" the heterose$ist essentialist is i plying that ho ose$uality is an i ature or in!erior de#elop ental trac-. The indi#idual that adheres to a ho ose$ual essentialis would i pose a gay or lesbian identity on those indi#iduals who e$perience sa e,se$ attractions" and encourage the acceptance o! a gay identity. )2o ing out*" is a concept that encourages indi#iduals to celebrate their ho ose$uality. In doing so" ho ose$ual essentialists are i plying that a person was always essentially ho ose$ual in orientation but has only now beco e ready and willing to ac-nowledge their true se$ual nature and identity. Those who hold to this ho ose$ist essentialis identitarian or beha#ioral essentialis . ay ha#e two #ariants to support their #iews" an

But essentialism as an intelle#tual "rogram in lesbian and gay studies has two variants. The !irst one to develo" was essentialism as a meta"hysi#al or universal #ategory o! sexual identity, whi#h might be #alled identitarian essentialism. The se#ond variant to emerge !o#used on the biologi#al

ex"lanation o! sexual orientation and inter"reted it as a naturali%ed #ategory o! behaviorE this is behavorial essentialism. ?scho!!ier" ( erican <o o: 2o unity and Eer#ersity" p.180B The identitarian essentialist loo-s bac- into history and sees those who co it ho ose$ual beha#ior as being a ho ose$ual or gay. The beha#orial essentialist loo-s to ho ose$ual beha#ior in other species !or supporting the #iew that hu ans are born ho ose$ual. This idea o! a )gay identity* is relati#ely new" beco ing populari5ed only since the late 1390/s and early 13>0/s in the Fnited :tates and &estern ?urope. :o it ay be #iewed" as a )type* o! ho ose$uality and it will be discussed in !urther depth later. Fn!ortunately authors now so eti es use a ho ose$ual and a gay/lesbian identity interchangeably. (lso there is so e possibility o! con!usion when authors write about se$ual orientation and se$ual pre!erence. :o o!ten when writing about ho ose$uality there is a con!using use o! ter s" ho ose$uality/gay and lesbian identity" se$ual orientation/se$ual pre!erence. (lso so e authors want to spea- o! an erotic orientation instead o! se$ual orientation. (n essentialist and a social constructionist ay ha#e #arying de!initions !or the sa e word or idea. Then there are those who hold to an interactionist #iew o! ho ose$uality. That is they would say we should ha#e a co bination o! essentialistis and social constructionis ideas. Their de!ining o! ter s need to be understood in this conte$t also. Interestingly, the term essentialism is generally used by those who are o""ose to it and not those who "ra#ti#e it. @Aela ater T :hibley <yde. )?ssentialis #s :ocial 2onstructionis in the :tudy o! <u an :e$uality.* p.11B The #rises have arisen in de#iding what is essential to the homosexual #ategory- Is it a "arti#ular "attern o! sexual behavior< Is it a "arti#ular sexual identity< Is it an underlying orientation< @Cichardson" )The Aile na o! ?ssentiality in <o ose$ual Theory"* p.43 in 1ise$ual and <o ose$ual Identities: 2ritical Theoretical Issues" John E. Ae 2ecco" editors EhA and 6ichael =. :hi#ely" 6(B Individual eroti# "re!eren#es are #ertainly not #reated solely by the so#ial stru#tural arrangements. But the integration o! these "re!eren#es into a system o! "ersonal values, motives, and sel!)image very mu#h de"ends on histori#al #onditions. To de!ine the traits o! the homosexual "ersonality outside the #on#rete so#ionormative milieu is im"ossible. @Jon" )( :ocicultural (pproach* in Theories o! <u an :e$uality" editors Ja es <. =eer and &illia T. %/Aonohue" E.2>3,240B The essentialis #iew o! ho ose$uality ay be traced to the late nineteenth century and to Jarl Flrichs who li#ed in what is present day =er any. Flrichs was a ho ose$ual hi sel!" and was the !irst person to theori5e about the concept o! a ho ose$ual being a )third se$*. <e was ad#ocating !or legal and social rights !or ho ose$uals. lri#hs goal was to !ree "eo"le li&e himsel! !rom the legal, religious, and so#ial #ondemnation o! homosexual a#ts as unnatural. For this, he invented a new terminology that would re!er to the nature o! the individual, and not to the a#ts "er!ormed. @Jennedy" Jarl <einrichs Flrichs in Cosario" :cience and <o ose$ualities" p.80B The social constructionist #iew ay be traced to the 13>0s" being ad#ocating !or by ho ose$uals in ?ngland and the Fnited :tates. This was the beginning o! the era" which has now been ter ed" )gay liberation*. The #onstru#tionist "ers"e#tive began to generate theoreti#al writing beginning in the 4258s. British histori#al so#iologist Je!!rey Wee&s, in!luen#ed by the earlier wor& o! 3ary 3#Intosh,

a""ro"riated and rewor&ed the so#iologi#al theories &nown as symboli# intera#tionism or labeling theory to under"in his a##ount o! emergen#e o! a homosexual identity in Western so#ieties during the nineteen #entury. ?ther British writers asso#iated with the Gay 'e!t /olle#tive "rodu#ed wor& !rom within this same !ield o! in!luen#e. .S. historians Jonathan (ed Mat% and John =7imilio, in!luen#ed "rimarily by !eminist theory and the wor& o! 3arxists su#h as 7.@. Thom"son, began to "rodu#e so#ial #onstru#tion theories o! homosexuality by the early 4218s. @Auggan" )6a-ing It Eer!ectly 2lear"* p.119 in :e$ &ars edited by Auggan T <unterB The #onstru#tionist "ers"e#tive trans!ormed so#ial s#ien#e thin&ing about human sexuality +Gagnon O Simon, 4250,. It #hallenged us to see the #on#e"tual #ategories through whi#h individuals inter"ret eroti#ism are not, as "reviously thought, as biologi#ally or "sy#hologi#ally determined but so#ially #onstituted +Simon O Gagnon, 4215,. /ulture, that is, "rovided the #on#e"tual meanings through whi#h "eo"le distinguished sexual !eelings, identities, and "ra#ti#es. It thus e!!e#tively #laimed that these de!initions were #ulturally relative +@lummer, 4256,.D @7e#ine" =ay 6acho: The 7i!e and Aeath o! the <o ose$ual 2lone" p. 288B The philosophical social constructionist #iew o! se$uality is based upon beha#iors and attitudes. (n indi#idual/s se$ual identity" reaching e#en as !ar as the pre!erred ob.ect o! erotic attraction" is socially created" bestowed" and aintained. %ne is heterose$ual because their se$ual attitudes and beha#iors are toward e bers o! the opposite se$. +or the ho ose$ual" these se$ual attitudes and beha#iors would be !or e bers o! the sa e se$. There!ore" social constructionists would suggest there is nothing LrealL about se$ual orientation" e$cept !or a society/s construction. $##ording to this view, sexual roles and behaviors arise out o! a #ultures religious, moral, and ethi#al belie!s, its legal traditions, "oliti#s, aestheti#s, whatever s#ienti!i# or traditional views biology and "sy#hology it may have, even !a#tors li&e geogra"hy and #limate. The #onstru#tionist view holds that sexual roles vary !rom one #ivili%ation to another be#ause there are no innately "redetermined s#ri"ts !or human sexuality. @6ondi ore" ( 0atural <istory o! <o ose$uality" p. 13B ;omosexuality has everywhere existed, but it is only in some #ultures that it has be#ome stru#tured into a sub)#ulture. ;omosexuality in the "re)modern "eriod was !re*uent, but only in #ertain #losed #ommunities was it ever institutionali%ed ) "erha"s in some monasteries and nunneries, as many o! the medieval "enitentials suggestE in some o! the &nightly orders +in#luding the Mnights Tem"lars,, as the great medieval s#andals hintE and in the #ourts o! #ertain monar#hs +su#h as James I o! 7ngland, William III,. ?ther homosexual #onta#ts, though re#urrent, are li&ely to have been #asual, !leeting, and unde!ined. @&ee-s" 2o ing %ut" p. 85B /onversely, #onstru#tionism inter"reted homosexuality as a #on#e"tual #ategory that varied between #ultural and histori#al settings +Troiden 4211,. =e!initions o! same)sex eroti#ism were viewed as #ultural inventions that were s"e#i!i# to "arti#ular so#ieties at "arti#ular times. It also held that #on#e"tuali%ations o! homosexuality determined the !orms same)sex eroti#ism too& within a given so#iety +Greenberg 4211,. In other words, the so#ial meaning o! homosexuality sha"ed the domain o! emotions, identity, and #ondu#t asso#iated with sex between men. @7e#ine" =ay 6acho: The 7i!e and Aeath o! the <o ose$ual 2lone" p. 288,284B Thus" not surprisingly" they would re.ect the possibility o! bio edical !actors" i.e. nature" being in#ol#ed with se$ual orientation. %ne cannot be born a ho ose$ual. It is )nurture* which plays the role in creating ho ose$uality. ( social constructionist #iew o! ho ose$uality is not ob.ecti#eI it has relationship 'ualities and properties that are culturally de!ined and dependent. Trans#ending all these issues o! li!estyle was the "otent *uestion o! the gay identity itsel!. The gay identity is no more a "rodu#t o! nature than any other sexual identity. It has develo"ed through a #om"lex history o! de!initions and sel!)de!inition, and what re#ent histories o! homosexuality have

#learly revealed is that there is no ne#essary #onne#tion between sexual "ra#ti#es and sexual identity. @&ee-s" :e$uality and Its Aiscontents 6eanings" 6yths and 6odern :e$ualities p. 50B We tend to thin& now that the word Chomosexual has an unvarying meaning, beyond time and history. In !a#t it is itsel! a "rodu#t o! history, a #ultural arti!a#t designed to ex"ress a "arti#ular #on#e"t. @&ee-s" 2o ing %ut" p. 8B In sum, homosexuality is not one but many things, many "sy#hoso#ial !orms, whi#h #an be viewed as symboli# mediations between "sy#ho#ultural and histori#al #onditions and human "otentials !or sexual res"onse a#ross li!e #ourse. @<erdt" )2ross,2ultural Issues in the Ae#elop ent o! 1ise$uality and <o ose$uality" p. 55B =ilbert <erdt is an anthropologist" who sel!,identi!ies as a gay ale. <e has written any boo-s ad#ocating !or ho ose$uality and I will be repeatedly 'uoting !ro his writings. <erdt is best -now !or his wor- a ong the :a bia people o! the eastern highlands o! 0ew =uinea. <e could be considered to hold to a social constructionis #iew o! ho ose$uality. The !ollowing 'uote ta-en !ro the introduction o! his boo-" :a e :e$" Ai!!erent that was published in 133>" is #ery interesting. 'iving among the Sambia and understanding their #ulture thus #ame to sha"e and in!luen#e my own sexuality and the sense whi#h I de!ined mysel! as being gay and in a "artnershi" !or li!e with another man in my own so#iety. Just as one might ex"e#t, it was very im"ortant to my Sambia !riends not only that I was interested in their #ustoms and #ould be trusted to &ee" the se#rets o! the initiation rituals !rom the women and #hildren, but also that I was #urious and #om!ortable about their homoeroti# relations. I understood their !eelings well enough. $nd I was sensitive enough to in*uire about issues o! sexual attra#tion and ex#itement that another "erson in my "osition might have !ound o!!ensive or re"ulsive i! he la#&ed the ex"erien#e or #uriosity to go on. But e*ually true, as the years went by, the Sambia #ould not understand my own sexuality, and even my #losest !riends, su#h as Weiyu and 3oondi, would im"lore me to #onsider getting married and having #hildren. They even tried to arrange a marriage !or me with a Sambia woman, and on more than one o##asion, be#ause they !elt sorry !or me\ 3ore than on#e I #an remember 3oondi as&ing about my relationshi" with my !riend +"artner, in the nited StatesE and I would even use the word gay to re!er to this relationshi", but 3oondi was unable to understand what this meant to me. I had rea#hed the limits o! #ross)#ultural understanding even among the "eo"le #losest to me in the Sambia #ulture. Their so#iety did not have a #on#e"t !or homosexual or gay, and these notions, when I translated them in the a""ro"riate way, were alien and unmanageable. Thus, it is remar&able !or me to thin& that, even though living with the Sambia enabled me to a##e"t in a way "erha"s strange to the nited States #on#e"t o! same)sex relations as normal and natural, the Sambia in their own way #ould only regard my own #ultures identity #onstru#ts o! homosexual and gay as strange. ;erein lies a "ower!ul lesson about #ross)#ultural study o! homosexuality)and a warning about the im"ortan#e o! being #are!ul in the statements and assum"tions we ma&e about another "eo"le, as well as the need to res"e#t their own #ustoms !or what they are)and are not. @<erdt" :a e :e$" Ai!!erent 2ultures" p. $i#,$#B ?#en though writing this" <erdt and any others continue to try to use the ):a bia cultural ho ose$uality* as a type o! age,structured ho ose$uality to support the post, odern western concept o! ho ose$uality" a )gay identity.* Those ad#ocating !or a ho ose$ual identity ha#e not resol#ed this philosophical tug o! war o! con!licting ideologies" essentialis #ersus social constructionis . In !act the strongest criticis s

between these two #iews ha#e been a ong ho ose$uals the sel#es. There is a logical e$planation !or this philosophical ideological tug o! war. 1oth sides as- di!!erent 'uestions" !ind di!!erent answers" and there!ore this philosophical tug o! war will ha#e no winner. So#ial #onstru#tionism does not o!!er alternative answers to *uestions "osed by essentialism- it raises a wholly di!!erent set o! *uestions. Instead o! sear#hing !or truths about homosexuals and lesbians, it as&s about the dis#ursive "ra#ti#es, the narrative !orms, within whi#h homosexuals and lesbians are "rodu#ed and re"rodu#ed. In its o""osition to, and de#onstru#tion o!, both homosexuals and s#ien#e itsel!, it #an never be rendered #om"atible with the essentialist "ro.e#t. @Jit5inge" ):ocial 2onstructionis : I plications !or =ay and 7esbian Esychology"* p.150 in 7esbian" =ay" and 1ise$ual Identities o#er the 7i!espan: Esychological Eerspecti#es" A/(ugelli T EattersonB The so#ial #onstru#tionistQessentialist debate is ultimately irresolvable, be#ause these two "ositions are not #ommensurate. So#ial #onstru#tistism and essentialistism not only o!!er di!!erent answers, but also as& di!!erent *uestions and rely on di!!erent a""roa#hes to !inding the answers, +em"iri#ism versus rhetori#,. @Jit5inge" ):ocial 2onstructionis : I plications !or gay 7esbian Esychology"* p.159 in. 7esbian" =ay" and 1ise$ual Identities o#er the 7i!espan: Esychological Eerspecti#es" A/(ugelli T EattersonB 1oth essentialis and social construct #iews o! ho ose$uality ha#e their li itations. :cience or edical theories ha#e ne#er been pro#en. ( discussion will !ollow loo-ing at so e o! these scienti!ic studies. 7i-ewise the social construct #iew has serious shortco ings. The so#ial)#onstru#tionist theory o! homosexual identity has its own wea&nesses, however. $##ording to some eviden#e, sexual behavior is a #ontinuum and varies over the li!e #y#le. This eviden#e brings into doubt the !ixedness or stability o! "eo"les sexual identities. @?sco!!ier" ( erican <o o: 2o unity and Eer#ersity" p. 123B To es#a"e the stranglehold that so#ial #onstru#tionism has "la#ed on the !ield o! sexuality, we must understand the strengths and wea&nesses o! the theory. First, the theory is a strategy !or #riti#al analysisE it is not a s#ienti!i# theory. In !a#t, so#ial #onstru#tionism ma&es a "oor theory. The goal o! #onstru#tionists is to "oint out how in!ormation and #on#e"ts within so#ial dis#ourse su""ort various so#ial grou"s and "arti#ular versions o! so#ial reality. They #annot say what reality should be. So#ial #onstru#tionism is a relativist "hiloso"hy that holds that so#ial narratives about reality have value to the "eo"le invested in themE belie!s have no ob.e#tive value. For so#ial #onstru#tionists, so#ial belie!s that gay "eo"le are demon)"ossessed and should have holes drilled into their heads in order to release the evil s"irits that reside therein is as valid an ex"lanation as believing that there is a gay gene. The so#io"oliti#al #limate determines what belie!s are valued. When these belie!s are identi!ied, #onstru#tionism #an be used to !a#ilitate so#ial #hange, i! #hange is desired. @Jauth" True 0ature ( Theory o! :e$ual attraction" p.105B Jauth is his boo- goes on to write about the li its o! social construction. <is !irst li it placed on a social construction #iew is as !ollows. Feminists, gayQlesbian theorists, so#ial a#tivists, and others who !eel marginali%ed by so#iety ma&e u" the largest grou" o! adherents to so#ial #onstru#tionism. For these !ollowers, so#ial #onstru#tionism re"resents a tool !or so#ial liberation. @Jauth" True 0ature ( Theory o! :e$ual (ttraction" p.105B <e also writes that a social constructionist base their conde nation o! essentialis on the single, !actor bio edical theories o! sa e se$ eroticis . &hile at the sa e ti e they hold to their own

single,!actor social labeling theory o! ho ose$uality. ( third li it he says is o! a !ailure o! any discussion o! bise$uality. 1ut at the sa e ti e pro oting the idea that the absence o! se$ual categories will result in di#erse se$ual relationships. Jauth/s !ourth li itation o! a social construction is that it e$presses a dise bodied" purely social #iew o! hu an beings. In regards to se$uality they want to discuss the social i pact" and not the in!luence upon people as well as all ani als the si ilar biological and instinctual !orces to sur#i#e and reproduce. Ael ater and <yde in their article" ) ?ssentialis #s :ocial 2onstructionis in the :tudy o! <u an :e$uality* write o! two ore wea-nesses. In social constructionis there is a tendency to assign a passi#e role to the indi#idual. 6ore pu55ling is the li ited e$planatory and predicti#e power o! constructionists theories" gi#en their e phasis on #ariability. In brie!, although so#ial #onstru#tionists are very good at "o&ing holes in #onventional thin&ing, the theory o!!ers little in the way o! a use!ul #on#e"tuali%ation !or the develo"ment o! sexual attra#tion. The theory .ust does not mat#h re#orded ex"erien#e and observations a#ross #ultures, and its "redi#tions !all short. @Jauth" True 0ature ( Theory o! :e$ual (ttraction" p.104B Eerhaps as any people ha#e theori5e" including Jauth" an interactionist odel !or ho ose$uality ay be the best logical and practical outco e !or the understanding ho ose$uality. $ #ommon assum"tion o! most theories is a multi)dimensional develo"mental model with several !a#tors +e.g., "sy#hologi#al, biologi#al, and so#iologi#al , intera#ting with in a #om"lex manner to determine homosexuality +3armor, 422:6,. @6artin" ?arly :e$ual 1eha#ior in (dult <o ose$ual and <eterose$ual 6ales" p.839B The literature on sexual orientation is re"lete with theories about the #auses o! homosexuality. While it is beyond the s#o"e o! this arti#le to dis#uss ea#h o! those theories, individually. It should be noted that almost all o! the theories o! homosexual are "redi#ated on the same basi# assum"tion. 3ost theories "resume that homosexuality is #aused by abnormalities in biologi#al, "sy#hologi#al, or so#ial develo"ment leading to sexual inversion)that is, having or desiring to have #hara#teristi#s o! the o""osite sex in#luding sexual attra#tion to ones own sex. @:tor s" )( Theory o! ?rotic %rientation Ae#elop ent"* p.850B It develo"s in some individuals as a result o! in!luen#es o! heredity, "renatal develo"ment, #hildhood ex"erien#es, and #ultural milieu in varying #ombinations. (o one in!luen#e seems either ne#essary or su!!i#ient)homosexual orientation is a "ossible out#ome in many di!!erent #ir#umstan#es be#ause the human mind is uni*uely evolved to be ri#h in "ossibilities. @6ondi ore" ( 0atural <istory o! <o ose$uality" p.243B 1ut a!ter reading and trying to understand what these and any other authors ha#e written" ad#ocating !or ho ose$uality I a e#en ore con!used about what I read in an article !ro The Journal o! :e$ Cesearch. These authors are writing o! concerns about holding to an interactionist #iew o! ho ose$uality. In our view, the basi# de!initions o! essentialism and so#ial #onstu#tionism may well "rohibit e!!orts to !rame #on.oint theories. 7ssentialism relies on a notion o! true essen#es, with an im"li#ation +!ound in "ostivism, that we #an &now these true essen#es dire#tly and ob.e#tively. So#ial #onstru#tionist argue the o""osite, that we #annot &now anything about true essen#es or reality dire#tly, but rather that humans always engage in so#ially #onstru#ting reality. There is no ha""y detente between these a""roa#hes. Similarly, the essentialist em"hasis on se"arate and distin#t #ategories or essen#es is at odds with the so#ial #onstru#tionist view o! the startling diversity o! human sexual ex"ression a#ross time and #ulture, and even within the individual. There!ore, although one may !rame intea#tionist or #on.oint theories o! biologi#al and #ultural

in!luen#es, it seems to us unli&ely that there #an be a true #on.oining essentialist and so#ial #onstru#tionist a""roa#hes. @Aela ater T :hibley <yde. )?ssentialis #s :ocial 2onstructionis in the :tudy o! <u an :e$uality.* p. 1>B &hat are we then le!t to belie#e !ro this philosophical discussion o! con!licting ideologies o! the causes o! ho ose$uality? (lthough what all these authors ha#e written ay contain truth@sB. This is also true" our physical bodies do respond to any sti uli" including sa e,se$ se$ual/erotic sti uli. There!ore we cannot lea#e out a oral aspect to hu an se$uality. :e$ual pro iscuity" usually with anony ous partners" is o!ten associated with ho ose$uality. 0or can we deny there are negati#e physical conse'uences" i.e. se$ually trans itted diseases @:TAsB that include (IA:. ?#en those ad#ocating !or ho ose$uality" ust ac-nowledge these oral and edical conse'uences. Dibliogra!hy 1au rind" Aiana. )2o entary on :e$ual %rientation: Cesearch and :ocial Eolicy I plications.* Ae#elop ental Esychology 1335" ;ol.81" 0o.1" 180,189. 1yne 6A" EhA" &illia T 1ruce Earsons" 6A" EhA. )<u an :e$ual %rientation The 1iological Theories Ceappraised.* (rchi#es o! =eneral Esychiatry. 6arch 1338" ;ol 50" 224,283. 2onnell" C. &. and =. &. Aowsett. Cethin-ing :e$ :ocial Theory and :e$uality Cesearch. 6elbourne Fni#ersity Eress. 6elbourne" 1332. A/(ugelli" (nthony C. T 2harlotte J. Eatterson. 7esbian" =ay" and 1ise$ual Identities o#er the 7i!espan. %$!ord Fni#ersity Eress. 0ew Gor- T %$!ord" 1335. Ae 2ecco" John E. EhA" and Aa#id (llen Ear-er" 6( editors. :e$" 2ells" and :a e,:e$ Aesire: The 1iology o! :e$ual Ere!erence. <arrington Ear- Eress" 0ew Gor-" 1335. Aela ater" John A. T Janet :hibley <yde. )?ssentialis #s :ocial 2onstructionis <u an :e$uality.* The Journal o! :e$ Cesearch. 1334" ;ol. 85" 0o. 1" 10,14. in the :tudy o!

Aia ant" 7ouis and Cichard A. 6c(nulty" editors. The Esychology o! :e$ual %rientation" 1eha#ior" and Identity ( <andboo-. =reenwood Eress. &estport" 2onnecticut" 1335. Aowning" 2hristine. 6yths and 6ysteries o! :a e,:e$ 7o#e. 2ontinuu 0ew Gor-" 1343. Eublishing 2o pany.

Arescher" Jac-. 6.A. Esychoanalytic Therapy and the =ay 6an. The (nalytic Eress. <illsdale" 0J" 1334. Auggan" 7isa T 0an A. <unter. :e$ &ars :e$ual Aissent and Eolitical 2ulture. Coutledge. 0ew Gor- T 7ondon" 1335. Ay-es" 1en.a in. )Eroble s in Ae!ining 2ross,2ultural ) Jinds o! <o ose$uality* , and a :olution.* Journal o! <o ose$uality. 2001" ;ol. 42 @2B" 1,14. ?scho!!ier" Je!!rey. ( erican <o o: 2o unity and Eer#ersity. Fni#ersity o! 2ali!ornia Eress. 1er-eley" 7os (ngeles and 7ondon" 1334. +ried an" Cichard 2. 6.A." and Jenni!er I Aowney" 6.A. )<o ose$uality.* The 0ew ?ngland Journal o! 6edicine. %ct. 9" 1334" ;ol. 881" 0o. 4" 328,380. <erdt" =ilbert. :a e :e$" Ai!!erent 2ultures. &est#iewEress. 133>.

<unter" :-i" 2oleen :hannon" Jo Jno$" Ja es I. 6artin. 7esbian" =ay" and 1ise$ual Gouths and (dults. :age Eublications. Thousand oa-s" 2(" 1334. Jones" :tanton 7 T Garhouse" 6ar- (.. <o ose$uality The Fse o! :cienti!ic Cesearch in the 2hurch/s 6oral Aebate. Inter;arsity Eress. Aowners =ro#e" 2000. Jauth" 6ichael C. True 0ature ( Theory o! :e$ual (ttraction. Jluwer (cade ic/Elenu Eublishers. 0ew Gor-" 1oston" Aordrecht" 7ondon" 6oscow" 2000. 7e#ine" 6artin E. =ay 6acho: The 7i!e and Aeath o! the <o ose$ual 2lone. 0ew Gor- Fni#ersity Eress. 0ew Gor- and 7ondon" 1334. 6anose#it5" 6artin. )?arly :e$ual 1eha#ior in (dult <o ose$ual and <eterose$ual 6ales.* Journal o! (bnor al Esychology 13>0" ;ol. >9" 0o. 8" 839,402. 6cIntosh" 6ary. )The <o ose$ual Cole.* :ocial Eroble s. 1394" 19" p.142,132. 6ondi ore" +rancis 6ar-. ( 0atural <istory o! <o ose$uality. The John <op-ins Fni#ersity Eress. 1alti ore and 7ondon" 1339. Eatterson" 2harolette J. ):e$ual %rientation and <u an Ae#elop ent: (n %#er#iew.* Ae#elop ental Esychology 1335" ;ol. 81" 0o.1" 8,11. Cosario" ;ernon (.. editor. :cience and <o ose$ualities. Coutledge. 0ew Gor- and 7ondon" 133>. :ch idt" Tho as ?. :traight and 0arrow? Inter;arsity Eress. Aowners =ro#e" I7" 1335. :eid an" :te#en. ? battled ?ros. Coutledge. 0ew Gor-" 1332. :tor s " 6ichael A. )( Theory o! ?rotic %rientation Ae#elop ent.* Esychological Ce#iew. 1341" ;ol. 44" 0o. 4" 840,858. :tro en" 6erton E. The 2hurch and <o ose$uality :earching !or a 6iddle =round. Jir- <ouse Eublishers. 6inneapolis" 60" 2001. :ulli#an" 6ichael J. )<o ophobia" <istory" and <o ose$uality: Trends !or :e$ual 6inorities*" p.1,18 in :e$ual 6inorities: Aiscri ination" 2hallenges" and Ae#elop ent in ( erican" 6ichael J. :ulli#an" EhA" editor :ulli#an" EhA." 6ichael J. :e$ual 6inorities: Aiscri ination" 2hallenges" and Ae#elop ent in ( erica. The <aworth :ocial &or- Eractice Eress. 0ew Gor-" 2008. Terry" Jenni!er. (n ( erican %bsession :cience" 6edicine" and <o ose$uality in 6odern :ociety. The Fni#ersity o! 2hicago Eress. 2hicago and 7ondon" 1333. &ee-s" Je!!rey. 2o ing %ut <o ose$ual Eolitics in 1ritain" !ro the 0ineteenth 2entury to the Eresent. Duartet 1oo-s. 7ondon" 6elbourne" T 0ew Gor-" 13>>. &ee-s" Je!!ery. :e$uality and Its Aiscontents 6eanings" 6yths and 6odern :e$ualities. Coutledge and Jegan Eaul. 7ondon" 1344. http://www.banap.net/spip.php?article45

5ha!ter 4wo Diologi&al Dasis 'or +omosexuality

:aturday 29 6ay 200>.

Dy the same authors

7arry <ouston o 2hapter %ne ?ssentialis or :ocial 2onstructionis o 2hapter Ten <o ose$ual Identity +or ation o 2hapter 4 Ten Eercent <o ose$ual 6yth o 2hapter 8 (l!red Jinsey o 2hapter 11 <o ose$ual Earenting 6yth

)n the same se&tion

In the sa e section 2hapter +our: Types o! <o ose$ualities 2hapter :i$ Types o! <o ose$ualities/ =ay and 7esbian <o ose$ual Identity 2hapter %ne ?ssentialis or :ocial 2onstructionis 2hapter :e#en: :tonewall and the ( erican Esychiatric (ssociation 2hapter +i#e: Types o! <o ose$ualities / (ge,:tructured 2hapter 0ine =ay 6ale <o ose$ual and :e$ual 1eha#ior o! =ay 6ale <o ose$uals 2hapter Three L=ay 1rainsL and =ay =enesL 2hapter Ten <o ose$ual Identity +or ation 5ha!ter 4wo Diologi&al Dasis 'or +omosexuality In this discussion o! changing the traditional de!inition o! arriage" that it is the union o! one an and one wo an" has been !ra e in the para eters as a )rights* issue. The change that is being ad#ocated !or is the gender o! one o! the partners in arriage" with the result being sa e,se$ arriage. 1ut it is one particular groupI ho ose$ual ad#ocates who are trying to change the de!inition o! arriage. :o they atte pt to spea- o! this change as ho ose$ual arriage. In doing so there is one 'uestion that has yet to be answered. &ho is a ho ose$ual? &hen this 'uestion is answered" it then answers the 'uestion within the discussion o! changing the de!inition o! arriage as it pertains to being a )rights* issue. I! there is no ho ose$ual as a distinct class o! indi#iduals" in essence what is being ad#ocated !or is the legally sanctioning o! ho ose$ual beha#ior. &hat !ollows are 'uotes to help answer the 'uestion. &ho is a ho ose$ual? 6any o! the boo-s and articles cited below are by those ad#ocating !or ho ose$uality. +irst are 'uotes that address a biological basis !or ho ose$uality. Then 'uotes are gi#en in the para eter o! )who one is a ho ose$ual or what one does ho ose$ual beha#ior.* In northern ( erica and &estern ?urope ho ose$uals ha#e chosen the ter s )gay and lesbian* and there are 'uotes to help understand this concept o! ho ose$uals as )gay and lesbian*. I a challenging the para eters o! the discussion o! ho ose$uality and the de!ining o! ter s within this discussion and I a doing so by using what ho ose$ual ad#ocates write in their boo-s and articles. ?! relevan#e to this #olle#tion o! "a"ers is the danger o! having the sear#h !or s#ienti!i# !a#ts #om"rised by the "oliti#al ideologies o! the investigators. In the #ase o! histori#al there have been egregious exam"les o! ana#hronism in the sear#h !or gay men and lesbians o! the "ast and the attribution o! the gay identity to the bibli#al =avid and (aomi, to Julius /aesar and $lexander the

Great, to the tem"le "riests o! #lassi#al Gree#e, and to medieval wit#hes. By ta&ing on the #on!lated notion o! sexual identity, the biologi#al resear#h, in its sear#h !or "hysi#al mar&ers that distinguish heterosexuals !rom homosexuals, has unwittingly enlisted itsel! in the "oliti#s o! sexual identity. @Ae 2ecco" and Ear-er" editors. :e$" 2ells" and :a e,:e$ Aesire: The 1iology o! :e$ual Ere!erence" p. 24B I Diologi&al 5ausation $s this survey indi#ates, resear#h #urrently #ited in su""ort o! a biologi#al model o! human sexuality is methodologi#ally de!i#ient, in#lusive, or o"en to #ontradi#tory theoreti#al inter"retations. In addition, mu#h o! su#h resear#h #on#entrates on animal studies and there!ore has little relationshi" to human behavior whi#h is generally a!!e#ted by #ultural values. There!ore, this "a"er basi# *uestion is- ;ow #onvin#ing is the biologi#al eviden#e that details o! human sexuality are dire#tly due to innate traits and "ro#esses< The answer is the eviden#e is !ar !rom "ersuasive. We may #on#lude that the biologi#al "ers"e#tive on human sexuality has not yet made a substantial #ontribution to the balan#ed bioso#ial synthesis that the Baldwins +4218, have re#ommended This #on#lusion is not intended to im"ly that biology has nothing to do with human sexuality +sin#e the two, are o! #ourse, inextri#ably intertwined,. It means sim"ly this- The #laim that biologi#al !a#tors have an immediate, dire#t in!luen#e on su#h things as sexual identity, behavior, or orientation remains un"roven. When biology seems to be #riti#al in su#h matters, an intervening #ultural !a#tor is o!ten more immediate. @Ae 2ecco and :hi#ely" 1ise$ual and <o ose$ual Identities: 2ritical Theoretical Issues p.150,151B $s this #olle#tion o! "a"ers has shown, the sear#h !or "urely biologi#al determines o! sexual "re!eren#e is !raught with short)#omings. It #on!lates biologi#al sex with gender and gender with sexuality, it redu#es a given sexual "re!eren#e to s"e#i!i# behaviors and !urther redu#es those behaviors to biologi#al "ro#esses, and it a##e"ts and rein!or#es so#ietys whimsi#al moral .udgments, #ategories, and "ros#ri"tions regarding sexuality. It is no wonder, then, that in s"ite o! the %eal shown by resear#hers and the availability o! so"histi#ated e*ui"ment and methodology over the "ast de#ade, the sear#h !or biologi#al mar&ers o! sexual "re!eren#e has !ailed to "rodu#e any #on#lusive eviden#e. @Ear-er and Ae 2ecco" ):e$ual ?$pression: ( =lobal Eerspecti#e"* p. 42>,424 in :e$" 2ells" and :a e,:e$ Aesire" edited by Ae 2ecco and Ear-erB 3ost resear#hers, however, a#&nowledge that biology does not #om"letely a##ount !or homosexuality and that so#iety and environment also #ontribute to gay and lesbian identities. In addition, be#ause resear#h on homosexuality does not o##ur in isolation, but rather in a #ultural and histori#al #ontext, it is sub.e#t to mani"ulation by "ersons with moral and "oliti#al agendas. /riti#s have res"onded to this "ossible abuse o! both s#ien#e and sub.e#ts in two ways. They either #on#lude that any s#ienti!i# investigation is #om"rised by the s#ientists sub.e#tive bias, or they assert that in the rigorous s#rutiny o! s#ienti!i# methodologies will "revent unreasonable bias. @6urphy" Ceaders =uide to 7esbian and =ay :tudies" p.44,45B It remains di!!i#ult, on s#ienti!i# grounds, to avoid the #on#lusion that the uni*uely human "henomenon o! sexual orientation is a #onse*uen#e o! a multi!a#torial develo"mental "ro#ess in whi#h biologi#al !a#tors "lay a "art, but in whi#h "sy#hoso#ial !a#tors remain #ru#ially im"ortant. I! so, the moral and "oliti#al issues must be resolved on other grounds. @1ancro!t" )<o ose$ual %rientation The :earch !or a biological basis"* p.483B The argument !or homosexual immutability betrays a misreading o! the s#ienti!i# resear#h itsel!. (othing in any o! these studies #an !ully su""ort the idea that homosexuality is biologi#ally immutableE ea#h study leaves o"en the "ossibility that homosexuality is the result o! a #ombination o! biologi#al and environmental !a#tors, and several suggest that homosexuality may be tied to a

"redis"osition in tem"erament that #ould mani!est itsel! in a number o! ways. $ll agree that biologi#al, so#ial, and "sy#hologi#al !a#tors intera#t to "rodu#e and #hange the signs o! homosexuality. Furthermore, these studies #annot #omment e!!e#tively on the !re*uen#y o! homosexuality in the general "o"ulation. @Terry" (n ( erican %bsession p.834B Biologi# theories #an a##ount !or the !eelings that motivate behaviorsE the behaviors themselves will be strongly determined by the environmental !a#tors)in the #ase o! sexual orientation su#h !a#tors as available o""ortunities and so#ial and legal san#tions. @6c2onaghy" ) 1iologic Theories o! :e$ual %rientation"* p.481B I 1%ho one isF a homosexual3 We tend to thin& now that the word Chomosexual has an unvarying meaning, beyond time and history. In !a#t it is itsel! a "rodu#t o! history, a #ultural arti!a#t designed to ex"ress a "arti#ular #on#e"t. @&ee-s" 2o ing %ut" p. 8B While homosexual behavior #an be !ound in all so#ieties, though with very di!!erent #ultural meanings, the emergen#e o! Cthe homosexual as a #ultural #onstru#t #an be tra#ed to the late seventeenth and early eighteenth #entury in urban #enters o! north)west 7uro"e +Trumna#h 4212a, 4212b, and also lin&ed with the rise o! #a"italism +=7milio 4210,. 3edi#al and "sy#hiatri# dis#ourses "rovided the #on#e"t and labels o! homosexuality and inversion !rom the 41:8s, . . . @1allard" ):e$uality and the :tate in Ti e o! ?pide ic"* p. 104 in Cethin-ing :e$: :ocial Theory and :e$uality Cesearch editors C. &. 2onnell and =. &. AowsettB For well over a #entury homosexualists have dreamed that the invention o! the homosexual as a "erson would ultimately detoxi#ate homosexual behavior and win a "la#e o! e*uality alongside heterosexual behavior. @Ae 2eeo" )2on!using the (ctor &ith the (ct: 6uddled 0otions (bout <o ose$uality*" p. 411B ;istorians unders#ore an im"ortant distin#tion between homosexual behavior and homosexual identity. The !ormer is said to be universal, whereas the later is viewed as histori#ally uni*ue. Indeed, some historians hold that a homosexual identity is a "rodu#t o! the so#ial develo"ments o! the late nineteenth)#entury 7uro"e and the nited States. In any event, it seems !air to say that a uni*ue #onstru#tion o! identity #rystalli%ed around same)sex desire between 4118 and 4298 in $meri#a. The modern western #on#e"t o! the homosexual is, a##ording to some historians, "rimarily a #reation o! late nineteenth)#entury medi#al)s#ien#e dis#ourses. In the #ontext o! elaborating systems o! #lassi!i#ation and des#ri"tions o! di!!erent sexualities, as "art o! a *uest to un#over the truth about human nature, the homosexual is said to have ste""ed !orward as a distin#t human ty"e with hisQher own mental and "hysi#al nature. @:eid an" ? battled ?ros: :e$ual Eolitics and ?thics in 2onte porary ( erica" p.149B @sy#hologi#al theory, whi#h should be em"loyed to des#ribe only individual mental, emotional, and behavioral as"e#ts o! homosexuality, has been em"loyed !or building models o! "ersonal develo"ment that "ur"ort to mar& the ste"s in an individuals "rogression toward a mature and egosyntoni# gay or lesbian identity. The embra#ing and dis#losing o! su#h an identity, however, is best understood as a "oliti#al "henomenon o##urring in a histori#al "eriod during whi#h identity "oliti#s has be#ome a be#ome a #onsuming o##u"ation. @Ae 2ecco and Ear-er" )The 1iology o! <o ose$uality: :e$ual %rientation or :e$ual Ere!erence"* p. 20 in :e$" 2ells" and :a e,:e$ Aesire: The 1iology o! :e$ual" Ere!erence" editors Ae 2ecco and Ear-erB

I 1%ho one isF homosexual as gay and lesbian3 'esbian and gay historians have as&ed *uestions about the origins o! gay liberation and lesbian !eminism, and have #ome u" with some sur"rising answers. Bather than !inding a silent, o""ressed, gay minority in all times and all "la#es, historians have dis#overed that gay identity is a re#ent, Western, histori#al #onstru#tion. Je!!rey Wee&s, Jonathan Mat% and 'illian Faderman, !or exam"le have tra#ed the emergen#e o! lesbian and gay identity in the late nineteenth #entury. Similarly John =7milio, $llan Berube and the Bu!!alo ?ral ;istory @ro.e#t have des#ribed how this identity laid the basis !or organi%ed "oliti#al a#tivity in the years !ollowing World War II. The wor& o! lesbian and gay historians has also demonstrated that human sexuality is not a natural, timeless given, but is histori#ally sha"ed and "oliti#ally regulated. @Auggan T <unter" :e$ &ars" p.151,152B The idea o! a gay and lesbian identity sexual identity has been !ormulated over the last two de#ades. ;istori#ally it is the "rodu#t o! the gay and lesbian liberation movement, whi#h, itsel!, grew out o! the Bla#& #ivil rights and womens liberation movements o! the !i!ties and sixties. 'i&e ethni# identities, sexual identity assigns individuals to membershi" in a grou", the gay lesbian #ommunity. $lthough sexual identity has be#ome a grou" identity, its histori#al ante#edents #an be tra#ed to the nineteen)#entury notion that homosexual men and women, ea#h a re"resentative o! a newly dis#overed biologi#al s"e#imen, re"resented a third sex. ;omosexuality, whi#h had been #on#eived "rimarily as an a#t was thereby trans!ormed into an a#tor. +=e /e##o, 4228b,. ?n#e a#tors had been #reated it was "ossible to assign them a grou" identity. ?n#e a "erson be#ame a member o! a grou", "arti#ularly one that has been stigmati%ed and marginal, identity as an individual was easily subsumed under grou" identity. @Ae 2ecco and Ear-er" )The 1iology o! <o ose$uality: :e$ual %rientation or :e$ual Ere!erence"* p. 22,28 in :e$" 2ells" and :a e,:e$ Aesire: The 1iology o! :e$ual" Ere!erence" editors Ae 2ecco and Ear-erB It isnt at all obvious why a gay rights movement should ever have arisen in the nited States in the !irst "la#e. $nd its "ro!oundly "u%%ling why that movement should have be#ome !ar and away the most "ower!ul su#h "oliti#al !ormation in the world. Same gender sexual a#ts have been #ommon"la#e throughout history and a#ross #ultures. Today, to s"ea& with surety about a matter !or whi#h there is absolutely no statisti#al eviden#e, more adoles#ent male butts are being "enetrated in the $rab world, 'atin $meri#an, (orth $!ri#a and Southeast $sia then in the west. But the notion o! a gay identity rarely a##om"anies su#h sexual a#ts, nor do "oliti#al movements arise to ma&e demands in the name o! that identity. Its still almost entirely in the Western world that the genders o! ones "artner is #onsidered a "rime mar&er o! "ersonality and among Western nations it is the nited States ) a #ountry otherwise #onsidered a bastion o! #onservatism ) that the strongest "oliti#al movement has arisen #entered around that identity. Weve only begun to analy%e why, and to date #an say little more then that #ertain signi!i#ant "re) re*uisites develo"ed in this #ountry, and to some degree everywhere in the western world, that werent "resent, or hadnt a#hieved the ne#essary #riti#al mass, elsewhere. $mong su#h !a#tors were the wea&ening o! the traditional religious lin& between sexuality and "ro#reation +one whi#h had made non)"ro#reative same gender desire an automati# #andidate !or denun#iation as unnatural,. Se#ondly the ra"id urbani%ation and industriali%ation o! the nited States, and the West in general, in the nineteen #entury wea&ened the material +and moral, authority o! the nu#lear !amily, and allowed maveri#&s to es#a"e into wel#ome anonymity o! #ity li!e, where they #ould #hoose a "reviously una##e"table li!estyle o! singleness and non#on!ormity without #onstantly worrying about "arental or village busybodies "oun#ing on them. @Auber an" 7e!t %ut" p. 414, 415B

I 1%hat one doesF homosexuality*homosexual behavior3 ?ur #on#e"ts and #ategories o! sexual ex"ression are based on the genders o! the two "artners involved- heterosexuality when the "artners are o! the o""osite sex, and homosexuality when the "artners are o! the same sex. In other times and among other "eo"les, this way o! thin&ing about "eo"le sim"ly doesnt seem to a""ly)anthro"ologists, historians, so#iologists have des#ribed many #ultures in whi#h same)sex eroti#ism o##u"ies a very di!!erent "la#e than it does in our own. . . . Just as the Gree&s and Bomans had no words !or our sexual #ategories, the (ative $meri#an so#ieties des#ribed by ex"lorers, missionaries, and anthro"ologists !rom the seventeenth onward had sexual #ategories !or whi#h we have no words. /onse*uently, in the se#tions that !ollow) an ex"loration o! attitudes and #ustoms o! an#ient "eo"les toward same)sex eroti#ism) the modern #on#e"ts o! homosexuality or sexual orientation will be #ons"i#uous by their absen#e. Within these #ultures, sexual #onta#t between "ersons o! the same sex is not ne#essarily seen as #hara#teristi# o! a "arti#ular grou" or subset o! "ersons, there is no #ategory !or homosexuals. ?n the #ontrary, in some #ultures, same)sex eroti#ism was an ex"e#ted "art o! the sexual ex"erien#e o! every member o! so#iety, whi#h would seem to argue against the existen#e o! homosexuality as a "ersonal attribute at all. @6ondi ore" ( 0atural <istory o! <o ose$uality" p.8,4B $ se#ond assum"tion is that homosexuality is a unitary #onstru#t that is #ulturally trans#endent. ;owever, a wealth o! #ross)#ultural eviden#e "oints to the existen#e o! numerous "atterns o! homosexuality varying in origins, sub.e#tive states, and mani!est behaviors. In !a#t, the "attern o! essentially ex#lusive male homosexuality !amiliar to us has been ex#eedingly rare or un&nown in #ultures that re*uired or ex"e#ted all males to engage in homosexual a#tivity. @1yrne and Earsons" )<u an :e$ual %rientation*" p.224B The "resently dominant myth im"lies that DhomosexualityD is a uni!orm #ategory, that the history, the ex"erien#e, the sel!) understanding o! those whose love is dire#ted to members o! the same gender #an be subsumed within the same de!inition, the same ex"lanatory "aradigm. Whereas in a#tuality, as many re#ent studies have a#&nowledged, even as they still use the word, we would do better to s"ea& in the "lural, to s"ea& o! homosexualities. @Aowning" 6yths and 6ysteries o! :a e,:e$ 7o#e" p.9,>B In sum, homosexuality is not one but many things, many "sy#hoso#ial !orms, whi#h #an be viewed as symboli# mediations between "sy#ho#ultural and histori#al #onditions and human "otentials !or sexual res"onse a#ross li!e #ourse. @<erdt" )2ross,2ultural Issues in the Ae#elop ent o! 1ise$uality and <o ose$uality" p.55B 6y interest in the discussion o! ho ose$uality is a personal one. Fp until ten years ago I belie#ed I was a ho ose$ual. &hat was ost instru ental in y o#erco ing ho ose$uality was when I understand the idea that it was not )who one is a ho ose$ual but what one did ho ose$ual beha#ior*. &hen I understood this and was able to separate the beha#ior !ro the person" it e powered e to accept personal responsibility !or attitudes and acts. It also ga#e e hope to loo!orward to the day when y li!e would not ruled and led by y !eelings and e otions" which can change !ro o ent to o ent and day to day" o!ten in!luenced by e$ternal circu stances. I also ha#e to accept the reality that y body will respond to sa e,se$ se$ual sti uli. 1ut the 'uestion is not )can I* but )should I* allow it to repeatedly do so. In essence see-ing sa e,se$ inti acy with others o! the sa e,se$ in se$ual acts is an illegiti ate way o! eeting the legiti ate need !or sa e, se$ inti acy. I a lobbying to aintain the status 'uo that arriage be de!ined as the union between one an and one wo an. In doing so I understand to change the gender o! one o! the partners will only lead to !urther changes as in the nu ber o! partners" age o! partners etc. I a not

lobbying against indi#iduals but how indi#iduals wish to de!ine the sel#es by the attitudes and acts they co it. 1ecause I along with thousands o! others ha#e changed how we once de!ined oursel#es in si ilar ways. (lso I lobby understanding this is not an issues o! )rights* but one o! legally sanctioning ho ose$ual beha#ior. &ith the end result being the continuation o! the nor ali5ation and legiti ati5ation o! ho ose$uality. Dibliogra!hy 1ancro!t" John. )<o ose$ual %rientation The search !or a biological basis.* 1ritish Journal %! Esychiatry. 1334" 194" 48>,440. 1yne 6A" EhA" &illia T 1ruce Earsons" 6A" EhA. )<u an :e$ual %rientation The 1iological Theories Ceappraised*. (rchi#es o! =eneral Esychiatry. ;ol 50" 6arch 1338" 224,283. 2onnell" C. &. and =. &. Aowsett. Cethin-ing :e$ :ocial Theory and :e$uality Cesearch. 6elbourne Fni#ersity Eress. 6elbourne" 1332. Ae 2ecco" John E. )2on!using the (ctor &ith the (ct: 6uddled 0otions (bout <o ose$uality.* (rchi#es o! :e$ual 1eha#ior. 1330. ;ol.13" 0o.4" 403,412. Ae 2ecco" John E. EhA" and 6ichael =. :hi#ely" 6(" editors. 1ise$ual and <o ose$ual Identities: 2ritical Theoretical Issues. The <aworth Eress. 0ew Gor-" 1344. Ae 2ecco" John E. EhA" and Aa#id (llen Ear-er" 6( editors. :e$" 2ells" and :a e,:e$ Aesire: The 1iology o! :e$ual Ere!erence. <arrington Ear- Eress" 0ew Gor-" Aowning" 2hristine. 6yths and 6ysteries o! :a e,:e$ 7o#e. 2ontinuu 0ew Gor-" 1343. Auber an" 6artin. 7e!t %ut. :outh ?nd Eress. 2a bridge" 6(" 2002. Auggan" 7isa T 0an A. <unter. :e$ &ars :e$ual Aissent and Eolitical 2ulture. Coutledge. 0ew Gor- T 7ondon" 1335. <erdt" =ilbert. :a e :e$" Ai!!erent 2ultures. &est#iewEress. 133>. 6c2onaghy" A:c" 6A" 0athaniel. )1iologic Theories o! :e$ual %rientation.* (rchi#es o! =eneral Esychiatry 6ay. 1334" ;olu e 51" 481,481. 6ondi ore" +rancis 6ar-. ( 0atural <istory o! <o ose$uality. The John <op-ins Fni#ersity Eress. 1alti ore and 7ondon" 1339. 6urphy" Ti othy +. Ceaders =uide to 7esbian and =ay :tudies. +it5roy Aearborn Eublishers. 2hicago T 7ondon" 2000. :eid an" :te#en. ? battled ?ros. Coutledge. 0ew Gor-" 1332. Terry" Jenni!er. (n ( erican %bession :cience" 6edicine" and <o ose$uality in 6odern :ociety. The Fni#ersity o! 2hicago Eress. 2hicago and 7ondon" 1333. &ee-s" Je!!rey. 2o ing %ut <o ose$ual Eolitics in 1ritain" !ro the 0ineteenth 2entury to the Eresent. Duartet 1oo-s. 7ondon" 6elbourne" T 0ew Gor-" 13>>. Eublishing 2o pany.

http://www.banap.net/spip.php?article>5

5ha!ter 4hree -6ay Drains- and 6ay 6enes:aturday 29 6ay 200>.

Dy the same authors

7arry <ouston o 2hapter %ne ?ssentialis or :ocial 2onstructionis o 2hapter Ten <o ose$ual Identity +or ation o 2hapter 4 Ten Eercent <o ose$ual 6yth o 2hapter 8 (l!red Jinsey o 2hapter 11 <o ose$ual Earenting 6yth

)n the same se&tion

In the sa e section 2hapter :e#en: :tonewall and the ( erican Esychiatric (ssociation 2hapter Ten <o ose$ual Identity +or ation 2hapter %ne ?ssentialis or :ocial 2onstructionis 2hapter :i$ Types o! <o ose$ualities/ =ay and 7esbian <o ose$ual Identity 2hapter Two 1iological 1asis !or <o ose$uality 2hapter 0ine =ay 6ale <o ose$ual and :e$ual 1eha#ior o! =ay 6ale <o ose$uals 2hapter ?ight L2ircuit EartiesL and L=ay 6ale 2loneL 2hapter +our: Types o! <o ose$ualities :ch idt" Tho as ?. :traight and 0arrow? Inter;arsity Eress. Aowners =ro#e" I7" 1335. :eid an" :te#en. ? battled ?ros. Coutledge. 0ew Gor-" 1332. :i-er" Je!!ery :. editor. <o ose$uality in the 2hurch. &est inster John Jno$ Eress. 7ouis#ille" JG" 1334. :tein" ?dward. The 6is easure o! Aesire. %$!ord Fni#ersity Eress. %$!ord" 1333. :tric-land" 1onnie C. )Cesearch on :e$ual %rientation and <u an Ae#elop ent: ( 2o Ae#elop ental Esychology 1335" ;ol.81" 0o.1" 18>,140. entary.*

:tro en" 6erton E. The 2hurch and <o ose$uality :earching !or a 6iddle =round. Jir- <ouse Eublishers. 6inneapolis" 60" 2001. Terry" Jenni!er. (n ( erican %bsession :cience" 6edicine" and <o ose$uality in 6odern :ociety. The Fni#ersity o! 2hicago Eress. 2hicago and 7ondon" 1333. &ee-s" Je!!ery. :e$uality and Its Aiscontents 6eanings" 6yths and 6odern :e$ualities. Coutledge and Jegan Eaul" 7ondon" 1344. &est" Aonald J and Cichard =reen" editors. :ociolegal 2ontrol o! <o ose$uality ( 6ulti,0ation 2o parison. Elenu Eress. 0ew Gor- and 7ondon" 133>.

5ha!ter 4hree 16ay Drains and 6ay 6enes3 Those ad#ocating !or ho ose$uality o!ten isused the s all nu ber o! studies that ha#e been conducted which ha#e shown a possible biological basis !or ho ose$uality. This isuse actually began with the researchers the sel#es. The isuse is o!ten with the intention o! achie#ing a political ob.ecti#e. (!ter ha#ing their research results published in the highly respected .ournal" :cience" both 7e;ay and <a er went on to write boo-s. The use and isuse o! this research !or a biological basis !or ho ose$uality has co e with i$ed results. In !inding a )ho ose$ual person* it is hoped that the treat ent o! such indi#iduals by others will be ore !a#orable" and e#en gaining speci!ic legal rights !or ho ose$uals. Get there is also the ris- !or greater un!a#orable treat ent" with possible atte pts !or the pre#ention o! beco ing a ho ose$ual. The search !or a biological basis to ho ose$uality !irst began in =er any during the 1490s. For well over a #entury homosexualists have dreamed that the invention o! the homosexual as a "erson would ultimately detoxi#ate homosexual behavior and win it a "la#e o! e*uality alongside heterosexual behavior. @Ae 2eeo")2on!using the (ctor &ith the (ct: 6uddled 0otions (bout <o ose$uality*" p. 411B The biologi#al #laims o! gay brains and genes, while "ower)#harged interventions in the #urrent #ultural and "oliti#al debates o! di!!eren#e, are by no means histori#ally innovatory, as so#ial historians o! sexuality have long re#ogni%ed +Wee&s 4214,. The #laims instead resurre#t the essentialist thesis advan#ed by "oliti#ally engaged gay men and argued intermittently sin#e the mid)nineteenth #entury to se#ure "oliti#al and #ulture s"a#e !or homosexuality. In a #ontext o! wides"read "oliti#al moves within the .S. to deny homosexuals their #onstitutional rights, this o""ositional dis#ourse, with its twin lo#ation in the neuros#ien#es and in mole#ular geneti#s, see&s to ground the #laim !or #ivil rights in the body. @Cose" )=ay 1rains" =ay =enes and +e inist :cience Theory* in &ee-s" and <olland editors. :e$ual 2ultures 2o unities" ;alues" and Inti acy" p.54B $s this #olle#tion o! "a"ers has shown, the sear#h !or "urely biologi#al determines o! sexual "re!eren#e is !raught with short)#omings. It #on!lates biologi#al sex with gender and gender with sexuality, it redu#es a given sexual "re!eren#e to s"e#i!i# behaviors and !urther redu#es those behaviors to biologi#al "ro#esses, and it a##e"ts and rein!or#es so#ietys whimsi#al moral .udgments, #ategories, and "ros#ri"tions regarding sexuality. It is no wonder, then, that in s"ite o! the %eal shown by resear#hers and the availability o! so"histi#ated e*ui"ment and methodology over the "ast de#ade, the sear#h !or biologi#al mar&ers o! sexual "re!eren#e has !ailed to "rodu#e any #on#lusive eviden#e. @Ear-er and Ae 2ecco" ):e$ual ?$pression: ( =lobal Eerspecti#e"* p. 42>,424 in :e$" 2ells" and :a e,:e$ Aesire" edited by Ae 2ecco and Ear-erB (s noted be!ore the )biological basis* !or ho ose$uality ay be historically traced to the 13th century in =er any when )ho ose$uals* the sel#es begin ad#ocating !or legal rights. Fp until this ti e ho ose$uality was as seen what one did" and it was a sin and a cri e. 0ow it would also begin to ha#e a edical and scienti!ic connotation" there could now be a )ho ose$ual person*. Get in o#er 180 years there has not been !ound one )ho ose$ual person.* Today any o! those who practice ho ose$uality sel!,identi!y as ho ose$uals and ha#e created and organi5ed based these se$ual acts. The modern western #on#e"t o! the homosexual is, a##ording to some historians, "rimarily a #reation o! late nineteenth)#entury medi#al)s#ien#e dis#ourses. In the #ontext o! elaborating systems o! #lassi!i#ation and des#ri"tions o! di!!erent sexualities, as "art o! a *uest to un#over the truth about human nature, the homosexual is said to have ste""ed !orward as a distin#t human ty"e with hisQher own mental and "hysi#al nature. @:eid an. ? battled ?ros" p.149B

The se#ond and related assum"tion o! these resear#h re"orts was that homosexuality, as a biologi#al given, existed as the antithesis o! heterosexuality. ?ver the "ast two de#ades, however, gay and lesbian s#holarshi" has do#umented the !a#t that the notion that individuals exist as two distin#t s"e#ies, one ex#lusively heterosexual, the other ex#lusively homosexual, is o! !airly re#ent origin, born in the eighteenth and nineteenth #enturies and institutionali%ed in 42th #entury medi#ine +Fou#ault, 425:E Wee&s 4224E Trumba#h, 4224,. In several histori#al "eriods and in many #ultures, "ast and "resent, no su#h antithesis has existed. $lmost anyone who engaged in homosexual "ra#ti#e was believed to be #a"able also o! heterosexual "ra#ti#e. (or was it thought that homosexual "ra#ti#e, es"e#ially in youth, in any way "re#luded adult heterosexuality +e.g., =over, 4251E ;erdt, 4214E Bla#&wood, 4216,. @Ae 2ecco and Ear-er" )The 1iology o! <o ose$uality: :e$ual %rientation or :e$ual Ere!erence?* p. 11 in :e$" 2ells" and :a e,:e$ Aesire: The 1iology o! :e$ual Ere!erence edited by John E. Ae 2ecco" EhA and Aa#id (llen Ear-er" 6(.B 6odern edicine and science has only added to the con!usion. The discussion o! ho ose$uality continues to be co prised o! a see ingly endless philosophical battle between con!licting ideologies o! )essentialis * and )social constructionis *. The best possible su ary o! this philosophical battle o! ideologies ay be stated in the !ollowing state ents. )&ho one is" a ho ose$ual"* or )&hat one does" ho ose$uality.* The strongest e#idence and support is !or ho ose$uality" what one does. Those ad#ocating !or ho ose$uality ha#e created these con!licting ideologies o! )essentialis * and )social constructionis *. The #ategory o! homosexuality #arries a de!inition o! the essential nature itsel!. $s individuals are inserted into this dis#ursive !ramewor& through the growing authority o! medi#ine, s#ien#e, "sy#hiatry, and law, individuals who have same)sex longings are de!ines as uni*ue, abnormal human ty"e- the homosexual. @:eid an. ? battled ?ros" 14>B In the early 1330s a s all nu ber o! scienti!ic studies reporting to !ind a Sbiological basis/ !or a Sho ose$ual person/ were published. The use o! and response to these reports were a surprise to any people. The Sessentialis / side te porally began to hold sway o#er those who hold to )social constructionis *. The strongest criticis to these published studies are a ong others who also ad#ocate !or ho ose$uality" but do so !ro a )social constructionis * perspecti#e. To no small extent, the am"li!i#ation o! the twin Cgay brains and Cgay genes these has "rodu#ed not sim"ly by media misre"resenting s#ien#e ) as s#ien#e #ommonly #laims ) but dire#tly through the language and a#tivities o! the s#ientists themselves. This "ro#ess has wor&ed its way through a mixture o! "ress releases, titles and "ubli# #omment. . . But most o! all, neither 'eGay nor ;ammer re!le#t on the #ategory Chomosexual- !or both it is !ixed as, say, brown eyes. 'eGay in "arti#ular has a very sim"le)minded view o! sexuality. Thus he re!le#ts in "assing that heterosexual #o"ulation is Cso sim"le, one hardly needs brain to do it +'eGay, 4220, ".L5,. Thus it is not the media whi#h biologises the #ategory but the gay s#ientist themselves. @Cose" )=ay 1rains" =ay =enes and +e inist :cience Theory* in &ee-s" and <olland editors. :e$ual 2ultures 2o unities" ;alues" and Inti acy" p.92,98B The argument !or homosexual immutability betrays a misreading o! the s#ienti!i# resear#h itsel!. (othing in any o! these studies #an !ully su""ort the idea that homosexuality is biologi#ally immutableE ea#h study leaves o"en the "ossibility that homosexuality is the result o! a #ombination o! biologi#al and environmental !a#tors, and several suggest that homosexuality may be tied to a "redis"osition in tem"erament that #ould mani!est itsel! in a number o! ways. $ll agree that biologi#al, so#ial, and "sy#hologi#al !a#tors intera#t to "rodu#e and #hange the signs o! homosexuality. Furthermore, these studies #annot #omment e!!e#tively on the !re*uen#y o! homosexuality in the general "o"ulation. @Terry" (n ( erican %bsession p.834B

In studies li&e these, a ty"e o! #ir#ulating reasoning o!ten !ollows the delineation o! the sub.e#t "o"ulation- s#ienti!i# resear#h on homosexuality does not begin with random "o"ulations, but rather with grou"s o! "eo"le who are de!ined as homosexual to begin with +by themselves, by s#ientist, or by both,E then, resear#hers sear#h !or a biologi#al +or so#ial, mar&er #ommon to the grou" +whether it be a gene a "ortion o! the brain, or an overwhelming mother,E !inally, i! su#h a mar&er is !ound, homosexuality is rede!ined by the "resen#e o! the mar&er itsel!. In a #urious way, than, ea#h study #an be said to reinvent its own ob.e#t. @Jenen" )&ho 2ounts &hen Gou/re 2ounting <o ose$uals? <or ones and <o ose$uality in 6id,Twentieth,2entury ( erica"* p. 13> in :cience and <o ose$ualities edited by ;ernon (. CosarioB S#ien#e #annot yet "rodu#e une*uivo#al answers to many o! the *uestions that exer#ise "oliti#ians or ex#ite moral debate. Besear#h "oints to a mani!estations o! homosexuality being the out#ome o! ongoing inter"lay between a multi"li#ity o! !a#tors, some geneti#, some environmental, the latter in#luding the environment o! the develo"ing !etus as well as u"bringing, !amily situation, so#ial and legal #limate, and #ulturally "ermitted outlets. It a""ears li&ely that the dire#tion o! sexual im"ulses in some individuals is largely a matter o! innate, biologi#al dis"osition, whereas in others the &ind o! sexual ex"erien#es to whi#h they are ex"osed is more in!luential. There a""ears to be in many #ontrasting so#ieties a hard #ore o! homosexuals whose behavior is not altered by even the most dra#onian san#tions. The #auses may well be di!!erent !or homosexuals whose general behavior #on!orms to what is ex"e#ted o! their sex than those who do not #om"ly with gender ex"e#tations in either so#ial behavior or heterosexual "er!orman#e. @&est" ):upposed %rigins o! <o ose$uality and I plications !or :ocial 2ontrol"* p. 812 in. :ociolegal 2ontrol o! <o ose$uality ( 6ulti, 0ation 2o parison" editors &est" and =reenB In summary, with the ex#e"tion o! the !ew #lear biologi#al anomalies that result in #ross)gender stru#tural anomalies, it is im"ossible to disentangle the biologi#al and "sy#hologi#al #ontributions to the behavioral di!!eren#es that #onstitute sexual orientation. $s Breedlove +422L, a!!irmed, biology and "sy#hology are sim"ly dis#i"lines that o!!er di!!erent means o! des#ribing the same "henomena. @1au rind" Aiana. )2o entary on :e$ual %rientation: Cesearch and :ocial Eolicy I plications"* p.182B Biologi# theories #an a##ount !or the !eelings that motivate behaviorsE the behaviors themselves will be strongly determined by the environmental !a#tors)in the #ase o! sexual orientation su#h !a#tors as available o""ortunities and so#ial and legal san#tions. @6c2onaghy" ) 1iologic Theories o! :e$ual %rientation"* p.481B /ertainly, as biologi#al organisms, any and all o! our behaviors must have biologi#al #orrelates, but that does not mean that those #orrelates determine our behavior. In !a#t one o! the maxims o! s#ienti!i# resear#h is, #orrelation is not #ausation. We are more then biologi#al organismsE we are #reatures sha"ed by ex"erien#e, emotion, time, and #ir#umstan#e, and in turn, we re)sha"e ourselves !or our needs and our goals. Sexuality #an be redu#ed to neither a "urely biologi#al state nor a "urely "sy#hoso#ial one. $ny "lausible ex"lanation o! sexual ex"ression would have to in#lude all its #om"onents. @Ear-er and Ae 2ecco" ):e$ual ?$pression: ( =lobal Eerspecti#e"* p. 424 in :e$" 2ells" and :a e,:e$ Aesire" edited by Ae 2ecco and Ear-erB It remains di!!i#ult, on s#ienti!i# grounds, to avoid the #on#lusion that the uni*uely human "henomenon o! sexual orientation is a #onse*uen#e o! a multi!a#torial develo"mental "ro#ess in whi#h biologi#al !a#tors "lay a "art, but in whi#h "sy#hologi#al !a#tors remain #ru#ially im"ortant. I! so, the moral and "oliti#al issues must be resolved on other grounds. @1ancro!t" )<o ose$ual %rientation The search !or a biological basis"* p.483B

In the literature that discusses a biological basis !or ho ose$uality usually there are three broad categories !or those biological causes o! ho ose$uality" hor onal" within the brain" and genes. They are then bro-en down into subcategories with any ore details then what is really needed. In the hor onal category they are di#ided into prenatal" be!ore birth" and postnatal" a!ter birt. The hor ones are usually those that deal with gender" i.e. they e!!ect asculinity and !e inity" or hor ones that interact with se$ual !unctioning. The hor ones are testosterone" estrogen" and 7< @luteini5ing hor oneB. In the brain the area studied is the hypothala us" and there are !our regions o! the anterior hypothala us which is discussed @I0(< 1" 2" 8" 4B. &hen doing gene studies they are di#ided into two categories" indirect where twins and !a ilies are studiedI and direct" where speci!ic genes the sel#es are studied. There are three ma.or ty"es o! biologi#al models o! same)gender orientation +Byne and Stein 4225,. Formative ex"erien#e models assume biology sha"es the organi%ing and inter"retation o! li!e ex"erien#es, in#luding sexual desire. =ire#t e!!e#ts models hold that !a#tors li&e geneti# "redis"osition or "renatal hormones "rodu#e brain #ir#uits determinative o! sexual orientation. $nd indire#t models suggest that biologi#al !a#tors li&e tem"erament, not dire#tly related to sexuality, indire#tly sha"es sexual orientation. =ire#t e!!e#t models involving behavioral geneti#s, hormonal in!luen#es, and regional brain studies have gained "arti#ular "rominen#e in the last de#ade. Whatever their intrinsi# merits, sear#hes !or a biologi#al bases !or homosexuality have been "lagued by the di!!i#ulty o! !inding reliable and valid means to identi!y #lear grou"s di!!erentiated by sexual orientation. @2ohler and =alat5er,7e#y" The 2ourse o! =ay and 7esbian 7i#es: :ocial and Esychoanalytic Eerspecti#es" p. 58B ( ore detailed loo- at studies by 7e;ay" a Sgay brain/" and <a er" a Sgay gene/ !ollows. These indi#iduals and their studies were the ones that see to generate the ost e$cite ent in the popular press. Fpon their release in the .ournal" :cience" they subse'uently beca e the headlines in the popular edia with the resulting politici5ing and propagandi5ing 'uic-ly !ollowing. &ho are these scientists" and what are their 'uali!ications" will tell us uch about their intent in publishing their studies. &hat is o!ten not discussed is the )loss o! scienti!ic ob.ecti#ity* with the use o! these studies !or a possible biological basis !or ho ose$uality in atte pting to gain popular support and e#en political gain !or ho ose$uality. The two scientists 7e;ay and <a er" who conducted these studies o! a )gay brian* and a )gay gene* sel! identi!y asa ho ose$uals. These two studies ha#e ne#er been replicated" and subse'uent studies ha#e shown results that contradict the original studies. The popular edia has gi#en uch ore press to the original )gay brain* and )gay gene* studies" but all o! the studies ha#e been reported in scienti!ic literature. 1oth 7e;ay and <a er conducted their studies in areas that they nor ally did not study. They were both ac-nowledged scientists in their !ields" and their research was conducted at well renowned !acilities" which helped to lend credit ability to their studies. 1oth 7e;ay and <a er went on to write boo-s a!ter publishing their research !indings ad#ocating biological causations !or ho ose$uality. &ith this all said and done" though 7e;ay and <a er were passionate researchers" their research was less then i partial. 7e;ay conducted his )gay brain* research and study a!ter his ale lo#er died !ro co plications o! (IA:. <a er a!ter seeing any o! his !riends dying !ro Japosi/s sarco a decided to loo- into a possible genetic predisposition !or gay en to get this rare and now predo inantly (IA:,related cancer. The origins and determinants o! sexual orientation, both heterosexual and homosexual, "ose unanswered *uestions o! genuine s#ienti!i# interest. But the s#ienti!i# en*uiry they have engendered reveals a long history o! distortion by moral and "oliti#al #onsiderations. This is an area, "ar

ex#ellen#e, where s#ienti!i# ob.e#tivity has little #han#e o! survival. @1an-cro!t" )<o ose$ual %rientation The search !or a biological basis.* p.48>B nder the sort o! s#ienti!i#)te#hni#al a""roa#h !avored by a ;amer or 'eGay, in!ormation that does not !it existing theories and "re!erred modes o! resear#h in e!!e#ts !alls into limboE it is made to disa""ear, as though it had never existed. @2lausen" 1eyond =ay or :traight" p.12>B In studies li&e these, a ty"e o! #ir#ulating reasoning o!ten !ollows the delinearation o! the sub.e#t "o"ulation- s#ienti!i# resear#h on homosexuality does not begin with random "o"ulations, but rather with grou"s o! "eo"le who are de!ined as homosexual to begin with +by themselves, by s#ientist, or by both,E then, resear#hers sear#h !or a biologi#al +or so#ial, mar&er #ommon to the grou" +whether it be a gene a "ortion o! the brain, or an overwhelming mother,E !inally, i! su#h a mar&er is !ound, homosexuality is rede!ined by the "resen#e o! the mar&er itsel!. In a #urious way, than ea#h study #an be said to reinvent its own ob.e#t. @Jenen" <or ones and <o ose$uality in 6id,Twentieth,2entury ( erica" Cosario" ;ernon (. editor. :cience and <o ose$ualities" p.13>B To be s"e#i!i#, it is ne#essary to investigate the biologi#al resear#h to determine exa#tly what it has to say about homosexuality. The studies o! 'eGay and ;amer, !or exam"le, whi#h are o!ten asso#iated with the biologi#al argument, were limited in #o"e and never have been satis!a#torily re"li#ated +/rewdson 4226,. In addition, both studies used only male sub.e#tsE there!ore, the data only su""ort the biologi#al argument as a""lied to male homosexuals. Finally both 'eGays and ;amers studies draw on a wide variety o! s#ienti!i# studies that #ontain varying theories o! male homosexuality, many o! whi#h #on#e"tuali%e male homosexuality as "athology. @1roo-ey" Cein#enting the 6ale <o ose$ual: The Chetoric and Eower o! the =ay =ene" p. >B I LeCays 16ay Drain:cience" one o! the leading .ournals in the scienti!ic !ield published in 1331 an article by :i on 7e;ay" )( Ai!!erence in <ypothala ic :tructure 1etween <eterose$ual and <o ose$ual 6en.* This is the article and study that beca e the basis !or the )gay brain* headlines. 1ut it was not without contro#ersy !or both the .ournal and its author. 7e;ay was a neurobiologist who per!or ed his research at the :al- Institute !or 1iological :tudies in 2(. <is pre#ious research had been on a distinctly di!!erent region o! the brain -nown as the #isual corte$. 7e;ay hi sel! said on a The Ehil Aonahue show" @)=enetically =ay: 1orn =ay or 1eco e =ay" January 8" 1332B that his study was not entirely a dispassionate scienti!ic endea#or. <e conducted his research and study a!ter his ale lo#er died !ro co plications o! (IA:. In a sense 7e;ay was personally outing hi sel! with the publication o! his research and study. 'eGay has said that the motive !or his resear#h was to honor the nature o! his relationship with his lo#er" Cichard <ersey" who died o! (IA:.* @6urphy" =ay :cience The ?thics o! :e$ual %rientation Cesearch" p.25B The #laims were immediately #ontentious both within and without s#ien#e. =es"ite 'eGays evident #ultural #a"ital whi#h would ma&e him more "ublishable than an outsider, it is *uestionable whether S#ien#e would have "ublished an arti#le o! similar methologi#al vulnerabilty had it !o#used on anything less #harged than homosexuality. The sam"le was small, and $I=S #ommonly "rodu#es severe neurologi#al #onse*uen#es. There were no Cnormal #ontrols, and he sought to measure a brain region whose boundaries are notoriously di!!i#ult to de!ine. ;is !indings have not been re"li#ated. @Cose" )=ay 1rains" =ay =enes and +e inist :cience Theory*in &ee-s and <olland editors. :e$ual 2ultures 2o unities" ;alues" and Inti acy. p.53B

'eGays study was initially re.e#ted by the in)house reviewers at S#ien#e +'eGay, "ersonal #ommuni#ation,. $lthough S#ien#e rarely allows resubmission o! manus#ri"ts, an ex#e"tion was made in this #ase. Be#ause S#ien#e re!uses to #omment on this ex#e"tional treatment, one #an only s"e#ulate as to why their initial de#ision had been to re.e#t the manus#ri"t even be!ore sending it out !or "eer review. @erha"s the reason !or this is that "a"er did not meet the minimal standards to whi#h even animal resear#h in this area is held. This "a"er had a single author who did all o! the tissue "ro#essing as well as all o! the anatomi#al measurements and statisti#al tests. 7ven in animal wor&, the standard has been that all measurements are made not only blindly but also by more than one investigator. /ertainly, the editors at S#ien#e should have been more #autious and re*uired that a #o)investigator re"eat and veri!y 'eGays measurements "rior to "ubli#ation o! a study that was sure to be o! great interest to the general "ubli# as well as to the s#ienti!i# #ommunity. While 'eGay has stated that there was no suitable #o)investigator in his laboratory at the time he #ondu#ted this study +*uoted in 3arshall, 4229,, there is no la#& o! *uali!ied anatomists who would have been +and still would be, more than willing to #he#& his measurements. @1yne" ):cience and 1elie!: Esychobiological Cesearch on :e$ual %rientation"* p.884 in :e$" 2ells and :a e,:e$ Aesire" editors John E. Ae 2ecco EhA and 6ichael =. :hi#ely" 6(B 7e;ay/s research was the study o! the brain tissue !ro 41 sub.ects that was obtained !ro routine autopsies o! those who died at > etropolitan hospitals in 0ew Gor- and 2ali!ornia. 13 o! the sub.ects were ho ose$ual en who died o! co plications !ro (IA: @1 was a bise$ualB. There was an additional 19 ale sub.ects which were presu ed to be heterose$ual" o! these" 9 died !ro (IA: and 10 !ro other causes. The !inal 9 sub.ects were wo en presu ed to be heterose$ual" o! these 1 died !ro (IA: and 5 !ro other causes. &hat 7e;ay did was to easure the si5e o! the I0(<8 portion o! the hypothala us. <is research and results were published in the :cience article. The dis#overy that a nu#leus di!!ers in si%e between heterosexual and homosexual men illustrates that sexual orientation in humans is amenable to study at the biologi#al level, and this dis#overy o"ens the door to the studies o! neurotransmitters or re#"tors that might be involved in regulating this as"e#t o! "ersonality. Further inter"retation o! the results o! this study must be #onsidered s"e#ulative. In "arti#ular, the results do not allow one to de#ide i! the si%e o! I($; 0 in an individual is the #ause or #onse*uen#e o! the individual sexuals orientation, or i! the si%e o! I($; 0 and sexual orientation #ovary under the in!luen#e o! some third, unidenti!ied variable. @7e;ay" )( Ai!!erence in <ypothala ic :tructure 1etween <eterose$ual and <o ose$ual 6en"* p. 1089B It had also been determined that human hy"othalamus was sexually dimor"hi#, whi#h is to say, #ertain #lusters o! #ells in the gland were de"endably larger in men than in women. ;y"othesi%ing that "erha"s the #ells were dimor"hi# !or sexual orientation rather than sex, 'eGay !ound in his !orty)one brains that #lusters o! I($;0 #ells in the hy"othalamus glands o! men who had a""arently been gay were #onsistently smaller than those men who had a""arently been heterosexual. The brains o! the women, all who were +almost groundlessly, "resumed to be heterosexual, had similarly smaller I($; #lusters. 'eGay ultimately de#ided that the si%e o! the I($;0 #lusters were determined by sexual ob.e#t #hoi#e, and not by sex itsel!. So, brains that were attra#ted to women were had large I($;0 #on#entrations, brains that were attra#ted to men had smaller ones. @(rcher" The ?nd o! =ay and the death o! heterose$uality" p.182B This study by 7e;ay was heralded by those ad#ocating !or ho ose$uality as proo! !or the biological basis and innateness o! ho ose$uality. Those who oppose ho ose$uality ha#e raised 'uestions concerning 7e;ay/s study. 1ut o! ost interest is the response to 7e;ay/s study by those ad#ocating !or ho ose$uality. 0u erous articles and boo-s ha#e been written o! 7e;ay/s study o! a )gay brain*.

The study, as 'eGay himsel! admits, has several "roblems- a small sam"le grou", great variation in an individual nu#leus si%e, and "ossibly s&ewed results be#ause all o! the gay men had $I=S +although 'eGay !ound no signi!i#ant di!!eren#e in the volume o! I($;0 between the heterosexual men who died o! $I=S and those who died o! other #auses,. $s o! this writing, 'evays !indings have yet to be re"li#ated by other resear#hers. @1urr" )<o ose$uality and 1iology* in :il-er" <o ose$uality in the 2hurch" p.124B The reader is entitled to be s&e"ti#al i! not #on!used by these !indings. There is either la#& o! #onsisten#y or o! re"li#ation. There are methodologi#al "roblems. (umbers are inevitably small, and most studies homosexual sub.e#ts have died o! $I=SE the "ossibility that su#h stru#tural #hanges #ould be the #onse*uen#e o! disease, su#h as $I=S, remains. But even i! these !indings are substantiated, and s"e#i!i# areas o! the hy"othalamus or elsewhere are !ound to be lin&ed to sexual orientation, it is di!!i#ult to imagine what the nature o! su#h lin& would be. It is #ertainly unli&ely that there is any dire#t relationshi" between stru#ture o! a s"e#i!i# area o! the brain and sexual orientation "er se. @1ancro!t" )<o ose$ual %rientation The search !or a biological basis.* p.484B $ se#ond "roblem is that to date, there have been no re"li#ations o! 'eGays !indingE Byne +422L, re"orts that 3an!red Gahr at the 3ax @lan#& Institute has tried unsu##ess!ully to re"li#ate 'eGays !indings. 3oreover, the interstitial nu#lei in the anterior hy"othalamus vary in si%e, in "art in relation to seasonal !a#tors, suggesting that these stru#tures are not so immutable as 'eGays resear#h a""ears to assume. 3ore than three do%en studies have !ailed to #on!irm 'eGays +4224, #laim that the #or"us #allosum is larger in male homosexuals than in heterosexual men. @2ohler and =alat5er,7e#y" The 2ourse o! =ay and 7esbian 7i#es: :ocial and Esychoanalytic Eerspecti#es" p. 42B There ha#e been other #arious studies that con!lict each other" and 7e;ay/s speci!ic research has not been replicated. 2o on criticis s o! 7e;ay/s research are with ethodological shortco ings. +irst is the s all sa ple si5e" there were only 41 sa ples o! brain tissues. There are any 'uestions about the role o! (IA:" which 7e;ay hi sel! ac-nowledges. 1ut the one area o! his study that has resulted in the ost criticis is how 7e;ay deter ined the se$ual orientation o! the sub.ects. This deter ination was a!ter the !act" without any input by the sub.ects the sel#es. They had died. In ost studies and research deter ination o! se$ual orientation or ho ose$uality is by sel!, procla ation o! the participants the sel#es. Se#ond, *uestions have been raised about the !ashion in whi#h 'eGay determined the orientation o! the "ersons whose brains he was disse#ting a!ter death. (ineteen o! the men were assigned the designation homosexual based on it being noted in the medi#al #harts by their do#torsE the remaining 4: men were "resumed to be heterosexual on the basis that their sexual orientation was not mentioned in their #harts. This leads us to sus"e#t 'eGay did not &now !or sure whether the brains o! nearly hal! o! the "eo"le he was studying were !rom homosexual or heterosexual "ersons. Further more, all o! the homosexual men and : o! the "resumed 4: heterosexual men died o! $I=S. @Jones T Garhouse" <o ose$uality The Fse o! :cienti!ic Cesearch in the 2hurch/s 6oral Aebate" p. >0B 7e;ay hi sel! has also noted that one sub.ect who was listed as bise$ual on his lu ped in with the ho ose$ual sub.ects. edical charts was

3edi#al re#ords were his only sour#e o! in!ormation as to the sexuality o! his sub.e#ts. While the #harts o! those who died !rom other #auses than $I=S !ailed to s"e#i!y sexual orientation, he assumed that, based on statisti#al "robability, not more than one or two were li&ely to have been gay, and so !elt .usti!ied in using them to re"resent the heterosexual male and !emale brain. @2lausen" 1eyond =ay or :traight: Fnderstanding :e$ual %rientation" p. 109,10>B

Gan#e and others have been stru#& by the #ontrast between the #are with whi#h 'eGay measured his brain sam"les and the slo""iness o! his assum"tions #on#erning his sub.e#ts sexuality. ;e had no idea how hos"ital wor&ers arrived at the #on#lusion that the $I=S "atients !or whom they re#orded a sexual orientation were indeed gay. Given what is &nown o! human sexual diversity, it seems sa!e to assume that 'eGays sim"le labels #overed a wide range o! s"e#i!i# desires and behaviors. Those sub.e#ts who did not die o! $I=S were sim"ly assumed, in the absen#e o! eviden#e to the #ontrary, to be heterosexual) a "e#uliarly heterosexist assum"tion !or a gay male resear#her to ma&e. @2lausen" 1eyond =ay or :traight: Fnderstanding :e$ual %rientation" p. 103B @roblems he didnt "ay mu#h attention to in#lude the "resum"tion o! sexual identity in #or"ses that were doing no tal&ing !or themselves. I! an $I=S "atient had denied any homosexual a#tivity to do#tors be!ore his death, his brain was labeled heterosexual. The "resum"tion o! heterosexuality among the women, as well, as among the men who died o! #ause other than $I=S, was based "rimarily, a##ording to a note, on that misinter"reted Minsey 48 "er#ent. /han#es were, 'eGay said, these "eo"le were straight. @(rcher" The ?nd o! =ay and the death o! heterose$uality" p.188B There is also a large and co on critical basis o! any scienti!ic studies loo-ing !or Sbiological causes/ this is ta-ing ani al research and applying it towards hu ans. (s noted be!ore sa e,se$ physical acti#ity and beha#ior is seen in ani als" but not a Sho ose$ual ani al/. Cesearch has been done trying to understand the S echanics/ o! this sa e,se$ erotic acti#ity" what are the Sbiological underpinnings./ There are any studies using sheep and rats. :o e o! these studies in rats ha#e located in the rat/s brain a location that regulates se$ual physical beha#ior" the :A0,E%(. :o this area is thought to be si ilar to the portion o! the hu an hypothala us" I0(<8. 1ut !irst" di!!erent studies ha#e !ound di!!erent portions o! the hypothala us to regulate se$ual beha#ior. Ce e ber there are 4 parts to the anterior hypothala us. 7e;ay studied the I0(<8 section o! the hypothala us. %thers ha#e critici5ed 7e;ay !or trying to connect the rat/s brain" @:A0,E%(B and the part it plays in se$ual acti#ity to the hu an/s I0(<8 portion o! the hypothala us. Jauth/s criticis in his boo- is particularly pointed and direct. /on#e"tually, 'eGays !inding #ould "resent a "roblem. 'eGay asserted that the I($;0 !un#tions mu#h li&e the S=()@?$ does in ratsE the S=()@?$ regulates sexual behavior but is not &nown to #ontrol sexual desire. The ability to "er!orm #ertain sexual behaviors is not e*uivalent to sexual desire. 'eGay #on!uses sexual orientation and sexual behavior. $s motivated human behavior, eroti# !eelings are more #om"lex than re!lexively thrusting a "enis into an o"ening or "resenting ones ba#&side to be "enetrated. >et, by #om"aring the human I($;0 to the rats S=()@?$, 'eGay em"hasi%es the im"ortan#e o! sexual behavior over sexual !eelings and im"lies that me#hani#al behavior is the sine *ua non o! human sexuality. In a#tuality, the me#hani#s o! sexual behavior )mounting, thrusting, rubbing, !ondling, &issing, li#&ing, and su#&ing )di!!er little a#ross individuals o! various eroti# interests. ?nly the sex o! the desired "artner varies. There!ore, it is unli&ely that the human I($;0 is !un#tionally similar to the rat S=()@?$. 'eGays "remise is !aulty, and his #on#lusions are sus"e#t. ;is !indings #ould easily re!le#t the di!!erent environmental ex"erien#es o! his sub.e#ts rather than reveal anything about sexual orientation. (o meaning!ul #on#lusions #an be drawn !rom 'eGays study. @Jauth" True 0ature ( Theory o! :e$ual (ttraction" p.129,12>B When it is all said and done, the wor& o! 'eGay is more suggestive than anything else. It #ertainly does not show that there is a hard and !ast #orrelation between I($;0 si%e and sexual orientation. @6urphy" =ay :cience The ?thics o! :e$ual %rientation Cesearch" p.80B (ot that there werent reservations and "roblems. $s 'eGay himsel! "ointed out at the end o! his S#ien#e re"ort, $I=S #ould have "layed a role in varying the si%es o! I($;0. I($;0 #ould also determined by ones sexual behavior rather than being the #ause o! it. ?r there #ould be some third

!a#tor that triangulates with sexual behavior and I($;0 #lusters, mitigating the #ause)and)e!!e#t between the two. @(rcher" The ?nd o! =ay and the death o! heterose$uality" p.182,188B &hat critical and ob.ecti#e conclusion can be gained !ro a close loo- at 7e;ay/s study published in the .ournal :cience? 1oth the .ournal" and 7e;ay ca e under intense scrutiny. :cience was !aulted !or not !ollowing their own procedures and policies !or publication o! articles. 7e;ay ac-nowledges it was not an i partial study by an i partial researcher. The results the sel#es are open to ethodological concerns" s all sa ple si5e" deter ination o! the se$ual orientation o! sub.ects !ro which the brain tissue sa ples were ta-en" and drawing conclusions !ro parallel ani al research. +inally no !ollow up research has replicated his original results. I +ammers 16ay Drain3 The publication o! <a er/s study that has been used to herald the !inding o! a Sgay gene/ has had si ilar conse'uences o! acclai and criticis . ;e "ublished a "a"er with this !indings, whi#h "roved to be so media)!riendly that he wrote a boo& about the whole thing, in whi#h he said several times that as !ar as he &new there was no su#h thing as a gay gene, and that, even i! there was, he hadnt !ound one. @(rcher" The ?nd o! =ay and the death o! heterose$uality" p.189B While in the "a"er "ublished in S#ien#e ;ammer and his #olleagues #laim only to have !ound an asso#iation between mar&ers in the R*91 region and a behavioral out#ome +homosexuality,, in more "o"ular writings +;ammer and /o"eland 422L, 4221E 'eGay and ;ammer 422L, they blur the distin#tion between asso#iation and #ausation in a way that more strongly suggests a geneti# basis !or homosexual behavior +$llen 4225,. @2ohler and =alat5er,7e#y" The 2ourse o! =ay and 7esbian 7i#es: :ocial and Esychoanalytic Eerspecti#es" p. 94B Ba#& in the early "art o! this de#ade, a!ter he got !ed u" with so many o! his !riends dying !rom Ma"osis sar#oma, he de#ided to loo& into a "ossible geneti# "redis"osition !or gay men to get this anomalous and now "redominantly $I=S)related #an#er. ;e didnt !ind any, but in the #ourse o! studying the gay)man =($ hed #olle#ted, he noti#ed a greater than average #oin#iden#e o! a #ertain geneti# mar&er along a #ertain "art o! the long arm o! the R #hromosome. $!ter a little more #asting about, he #ame u" with some results that showed the mar&er, R*91, seemed to "layed some role in the sexual orientation o! somewhere between 6 and 08 "er#ent o! gay men. @(rcher" The ?nd o! =ay and the death o! heterose$uality" p.189B This was not, as the media #hose #alled it, a Cgay gene, but "ersuasive eviden#e o! a geneti# !a#tor or !a#tors, whi#h in this se#tion o! the gay #ommunity at least, are sex li&ed. $s "reviously, the genoty"e remains obs#ure. It #ould be o! indire#t relevan#e +e.g. relating to some behavioral or gender role C"henoty"e whi#h intera#ts with other in!luen#es on sexual develo"ment,. It is unli&ely to be a gene whi#h determines sexual orientation "er se. @1ancro!t" )<o ose$ual %rientation The search !or a biological basis.* p.483B This study does not identi!y a gene !or homosexuality, as many ill)in!ormed re"orts have had it. In !a#t, the #hromosomal region in *uestion is large enough to #ontain several hundred genes. 3oreover, the geneti# a#tion at wor& is not de#isive by itsel! be#ause there were seven "airs o! gay brothers in the study who did not share the same geneti# #ommonality at this region. @6urphy" =ay :cience The ?thics o! :e$ual %rientation Cesearch" p.82,84B In both re"ort and boo&, ;amer made it #lear that he did not !igure hed !ound a gay gene. ;ed !ound a #ons"i#uous #on#urren#e o! a s"e#i!i# geneti# mar&er among sel!)de#lared homosexuals.

The !indings were statisti#ally signi!i#ant, but the relationshi" o! the geneti# mar&er to the behaviour was as yet undetermined @(rcher" The ?nd o! =ay and the death o! heterose$uality" p.185B <a er/s study was set up in a way that it al ost guaranteed success" in that he would !ind what he was loo-ing !or. The study was o! 40 brother pairs o! ho ose$uals !ro !a ilies in which the pattern o! occurrence o! ho ose$uality suggested inheritance through the other. In the co parison o! the $,chro oso es o! the ho ose$ual brothers" 94H o! the brother pairs shared an identical section o! A0(" a di!!erent ) ar-er* !or each pair. <a er and his colleagues also had their research published in an by :cience in 1338" )( 7in-age 1etween A0( 6ar-ers on the X 2hro oso e and 6ale :e$ual %rientation* by Aean <. <a er" :tella <u" ;ictoria 7 6agnuson" 0an <u" T (ngela 6. 7. Eattatucci. <a er and others on this research tea are sel!,a#owed ho ose$uals. In addition to widespread popular edia co#erage si ilar to 7e;ay/s study" there were in#estigations by F.:. go#ern ental agencies o! <a er/s research. The initial in#estigation was concerning possible !raud" the selecti#e use o! data" where pairs o! brothers whose genetic a-eup contradicted the !inding were not included in the !indings. This in#estigation was conducted by the 0ational Institutes o! <ealth" and was !ollowed by an in#estigation o! the +ederal %!!ice o! Cesearch Integrity. ( co,wor-er within <a er/s group o! researchers ade the clai and it was !irst reported in 1335 article in the 2hicago Tribune newspaper. In Aece ber o! 1339 the second in#estigation was closed and no charges were !iled against the researchers. <a er/s criticis ca e !ro both sides o! the issue" those !or and those against ho ose$uality. It was co on criticis o! ethodology by any people" but as with 7e;ay !or those ad#ocating !or ho ose$uality it was direct and pointed. :a ple si5e and how sub.ects were included in the study was noted. In this study it included only those where trans ission o! the trait was !ro the other/s side. In spite o! it being called a )gay gene* the actual study was loo-ing !or genetic ar-ers and not !or the genes the sel#es. 6ost interesting is that initially the research was not to loo- !or a )gay gene*. The study was to deter ine i! ho ose$uals were genetically predisposed to alcoholis and the (IA:,related s-in cancer" Japosi/s sarco a. This study has also not been replicated. (nother study by 2anadian researchers has !ound di!!erent results. Failure to use #ontrols limits the #on#lusions in the resear#h re"orted by ;ammer and his #olleagues. @2ohler and =alat5er,7e#y" The 2ourse o! =ay and 7esbian 7i#es: :ocial and Esychoanalytic Eerspecti#es" p. 99B Ta&en as a whole, ;amers study !a#es various methodologi#al "roblems, its results are o"en to various inter"retations +several whi#h are more "lausible then the existen#e o! a gay gene,, and it has not been re"li#ated. ;amers study, whi#h has been ta&en by many to be the #enter"ie#e o! the emerging resear#h "rogram, a#tually exem"li!ies many o! its "roblems. @:tein" The 6is easure o! Aesire" p. 221B ;amer and asso#iates did not identi!y genes that #ause same sex eroti# attra#tion. They identi!ied #ommon mar&ers !or male same)sex eroti#ism among related individuals with the same trait. To enhan#e their #han#es o! !inding "ositive results, ;amer and asso#iates limited ex"ression o! the trait to maternal transmission. There!ore, genes !or the trait would be s"e#i!i# to the R #hromosome. /onse*uently, gay men with gay !athers)who might transmit the trait on the > #hromosome)were ex#luded !rom the study. @Jauth" True 0ature" p. 184,183B ;ammer and /o"eland note that the gay gene has not been isolated and that R*91 "lays some role in about 6 to 08A o! gay men. The broad range o! these estimates is "roo! that mu#h more wor& remains to be done +422L,4L:,. @2ohler and =alat5er,7e#y" The 2ourse o! =ay and 7esbian 7i#es: :ocial and Esychoanalytic Eerspecti#es" p. 9>B

Geneti# lin&age studies are "arti#ularly #om"li#ated, te#hni#al, and vulnerable to #on!usion and misinter"retation be#ause su#h tiny bits o! material are said to in!luen#e su#h ma.or traits as sexual attra#tion. /onse*uently, disagreements among s#ientists about these analysis are many. @Jauth" True 0ature" p. 140B ;amer identi!ied !ive geneti# mar&ers !or maternally transmitted same)sex eroti#ism in males. 7ven so, this ty"e o! wor& is in its in!an#y, and ;ammers !indings need to be #on!irmed by inde"endent resear#hers. The !ive mar&ers en#om"ass hundreds o! genes. @Jauth" True 0ature" p. 219B ;amers e!!ort to generali%e !rom genes to behavior would be immensely #om"li#ated by a #on!rontation with the a#tual #om"lexities o! human "sy#hology, so#ial organi%ation, and #ultural !orms. Starting !rom a "resu""osition that sexuality is an either)or matter and that gay and straight are essential, timeless orientations)his de#ision to ex#lude bisexuals !rom the study was, he says, intentional);amer sets u" his resear#h in su#h a way to by"ass any in!ormation to the #ontrary and then #omes u" with eviden#e !or a gene that in turn seems to #on!irm his initial #ategories. @2lausen" 1eyond =ay or :traight" p.129,12>B Bi#e et al. +4222, re"ort !ailure to re"li#ate ;ammers wor&. This resear#h grou" was unable to !ind a lin& between male homosexuality and R*91, and maintains that gay brothers are no more li&ely than straight brothers to share the R*91 geneti# mar&er. Further, this grou" !ound little eviden#e su""orting ;ammers #laim o! maternal transmission. Wi#&elgren +4222, reviews !indings re"orted at the 4221 meetings o! the $meri#an @sy#hiatri# $sso#iation whi#h also !ailed to re"li#ate the !indings o! ;ammer and #on#ludes that there is very little eviden#e su""orting the hy"othesis that R*91 is a geneti# mar&er lin&ed to homosexuality. @2ohler and =alat5er,7e#y" The 2ourse o! =ay and 7esbian 7i#es: :ocial and Esychoanalytic Eerspecti#es" p. 9>B The eviden#e !or a geneti# #om"onent !or homosexuality is hardly overwhelming. (umerous studies that "ur"ort to "rove the existen#e o! a geneti# as"e#t to homosexuality are either ane#dotal or seriously !lawed. ;omosexuality is o!ten "oorly de!ined and resear#hers use a variety o! behavioral measures. The sam"le si%es are too small and re#ruitment o! sub.e#ts is biased. @6c=uire" )Is <o ose$uality =enetic? ( 2ritical Ce#iew and :o e :uggestions.* p. 140,141 in :e$" 2ells" and :a e,:e$ Aesire: The 1iology o! :e$ual Ere!erence editors John E. Ae 2ecco" EhA and Aa#id (llen Ear-er" 6(B To be s"e#i!i#, it is ne#essary to investigate the biologi#al resear#h to determine exa#tly what it has to say about homosexuality. The studies o! 'eGay and ;amer, !or exam"le, whi#h are o!ten asso#iated with the biologi#al argument, were limited in #o"e and never have been satis!a#torily re"li#ated +/rewdson 4226,. In addition, both studies used only male sub.e#tsE there!ore, the data only su""ort the biologi#al argument as a""lied to male homosexuals. Finally both 'eGays and ;amers studies draw on a wide variety o! s#ienti!i# studies that #ontain varying theories o! male homosexuality, many o! whi#h #on#e"tuali%e male homosexuality as "athology. @1roo-ey" Cein#enting the 6ale <o ose$ual: The Chetoric and Eower o! the =ay =ene" p. >B The argument !or homosexual immutability betrays a misreading o! the s#ienti!i# resear#h itsel!. (othing in any o! these studies #an !ully su""ort the idea that homosexuality is biologi#ally immutable, ea#h study leaves o"en the "ossibility that homosexuality is the result o! a #ombination o! biologi#al and environmental !a#tors, and several suggest that homosexuality may be tied to a "redis"osition in tem"erament that #ould mani!est itsel! in a number o! ways. $ll agree that biologi#al, so#ial, and "sy#hologi#al !a#tors intera#t to "rodu#e and #hange the signs o! homosexuality. Furthermore, these studies #annot #omment e!!e#tively on the !re*uen#y o! homosexuality in the general "o"ulation. @Terry" (n ( erican %bsession p.834B

$s this survey indi#ates, resear#h #urrently #ited in su""ort o! a biologi#al model o! human sexuality is methodologi#ally de!i#ient, in#lusive, or o"en to #ontradi#tory theoreti#al inter"retations. In addition, mu#h o! su#h resear#h #on#entrates on animal studies and there!ore has little relationshi" to human behavior whi#h is generally a!!e#ted by #ultural values. There!ore, this "a"er basi# *uestion is- ;ow #onvin#ing is the biologi#al eviden#e that the details o! human sexuality are dire#tly due to innate traits and "ro#esses< The answer is the eviden#e is !ar !rom "ersuasive. We may #on#lude that the biologi#al "ers"e#tive on human sexuality has not yet made a substantial #ontribution to the balan#ed bioso#ial synthesis that the Baldwins +4218, have re#ommended. This #on#lusion is not intended to im"ly that biology has nothing to do with human sexuality +sin#e the two, are o! #ourse, inextri#ably intertwined,. It means sim"ly this- The #laim that biologi#al !a#tors have an immediate, dire#t in!luen#e on su#h things as sexual identity, behavior, or orientation remains un"roven. When biology seems to be #riti#al in su#h matters, an intervening #ultural !a#tor is o!ten more immediate. @<oult" )<u an :e$uality in 1iological Eerspecti#e: Theoretical and 6ethodological 2onsiderations"* p.150,151 in Ae 2ecco and :hi#ely" 1ise$ual and <o ose$ual Identities: 2ritical Theoretical Issues editors John E. Ae 2ecco and 6ichael =. :hi#elyB $lthough we have sought to "rovide a balan#ed understanding o! the issues involved in study and treatment, review o! extant !indings has led to several #on#lusions whi#h in!orm the boo&. In the !irst "la#e, while geneti# in!luen#es might "lay some role in determining sexual orientation, eviden#e re"orted to date does not "ermit su#h a #on#lusion. (either do extant studies o! biologi#al !a#tors su#h as hormonal #hanges in "renatal li!e among men later identi!ying as gay su""ort the hy"othesis that su#h !a#tors have an im"ortant role in ex"laining same)gender sexual orientation. Findings !rom develo"mental studies suggest that sexual orientation is mu#h more !luid a#ross the #ourse o! li!e than has o!ten been re#ogni%ed. @2ohler and =alat5er,7e#y. The 2ourse o! =ay and 7esbian 7i#es: :ocial and Esychoanalytic Eerspecti#es" p.3B &hat is i portant is to understand what is now co only spo-en o! as )se$ual orientation.* &hether it is heterose$ual" ho ose$ual" or bise$ual. (nd ost i portant o! all is the biological role that ay play in one being a heterose$ual" ho ose$ual" or a bise$ual. I Sexual @rientation There are no sexual instin#ts in man. ;uman sexual behavior, as we have seen, varies widely !rom individual to individual and !rom #ulture to #ulture, and human sexual behavior is entirely de"endent u"on learning and #onditioning. The tastes, "re!eren#es, goals, and motives that determine the individuals "attern o! sexual behavior are a#*uired in the #ontext o! his uni*ue ex"erien#es and are in no sense innate or inherited. ?nly i! this !a#t is thoroughly integrated and absorbed is it "ossible to dis#uss human sexual "henomena !rom a s#ienti!i# stand"oint. @2hurchill" <o ose$ual 1eha#ior ( ong 6ales: ( 2ross,2ultural and 2ross,:pecies In#estigation" p. 101B 'i&e other as"e#ts o! human behavior, sexual orientation is the out#ome o! a #om"lex inter"lay o! di!!erent !a#tors, some o! them "hysi#al, some o! them hereditary, but most o! them environmental. 7nvironmental in!luen#es in#lude general #ultural habits and ex"e#tations, as well as "arti#ular #hara#teristi#s o! the individuals !amily u"bringing and "erson #ir#umstan#es. (o single, "redominant #ause !or all #ases o! homosexual orientation is ever li&ely to be !ound. @&est" <o ose$uality Ce,?$a ined" p.820B

$lthough there is no reliable eviden#e that sexual orientation is geneti#ally inherited, neither is there eviden#e !or the #on#lusion by ;oult +421L, that it is the result o! so#ial)learning. The available eviden#e !or#es one to #onsider that neither nature or nurture "rovides the sole answer to the #ause o! sexual orientation, either heterosexual or homosexual. ?ne may #onsider that geneti# material +nature, is a#ted u"on during a #riti#al "eriod by environmental in!luen#es +nurture, or, in a more general sense, that neither in!luen#e #an a#t without the other. ;uman beings are born with the "otential !or sexual behavior. @<aynes")( 2riti'ue o! the Eossibility o! =enetic Inheritance and <o ose$ual %rientation"* p. 104,103 in :e$" 2ells" and :a e,:e$ Aesire: The 1iology o! :e$ual Ere!erence editors John E. Ae 2ecco" EhA and Aa#id (llen Ear-er" 6(B $ll available s#ienti!i# eviden#e "oints to the #on#lusion that sexual orientation, be it heterosexual, ambisexual, or homosexual, is a result o! the intera#tion o! genoty"e and environment. @eo"le are born with the innate ability to "er!orm sexually, but the !o#us o! that "er!orman#e is no more immutable than language s&ills. Further, there is evidently great "lasti#ity in orientation, as one moves !rom one "oint on the sexual #ontinuum to another, !or di!!ering lengths o! time, and at di!!erent "eriods o! ones li!e. The #onstraints "la#ed by so#ial order on "arti#ular orientations have no basis in biology. Thus homosexuals should see& their liberation through "oliti#al and so#ial e!!orts rather than biologi#al resear#h. @<aynes" EhA Ja es A. )( 2riti'ue o! the Eossibility o! =enetic Inheritance and <o ose$ual %rientation"* p. 111 in :e$" 2ells" and :a e,:e$ Aesire: The 1iology o! :e$ual Ere!erence editors John E. Ae 2ecco" EhA and Aa#id (llen Ear-er" 6(.B So#ial theory and the study o! the lives o! gay and straight men and women #onverge to show that the ex"erien#e o! sexual desire is not !ixed but varies a#ross the #ourse o! li!e. Sexual orientation should not be viewed !rom an essentialists "ers"e#tive that regards sexual desire as "redetermined by either innate or develo"mental !a#torsE sexual desire is !luid and #hanging in its signi!i#an#e !or so#iety and "ersons over histori#al time and in lived ex"erien#e within li!etimes. 'ittle is &nown about !a#tors leading to either heterosexuality or homosexuality. The meaning o! same)gender desire is !ounded in so#ial and histori#al #ir#umstan#es, whi#h #hange over time and a#ross generations or #ohorts. So#ial #ontexts and "ersonal li!e #ir#umstan#es ali&e in!luen#e the "resently told li!e story narrated and #ollaboratively re)#onstru#ted in "sy#hoanalysis. @2ohler and =alat5er,7e#y" The 2ourse o! =ay and 7esbian 7i#es: :ocial and Esychoanalytic Eerspecti#es" p. 421B Dibliogra!hy (rcher" 1ert. The ?nd o! =ay @and the death o! heterose$ualityB. Thunder/s 6outh Eress. 0ew Gor-" 2002. 1ailey" J. 6ichael. EhA. T Cichard 2 Eillard" 6A. )( =enetic :tudy o! 6ale :e$ual %rientation.* (rchi#es o! =eneral Esychiatry. Aece ber 1331. ;ol. 44" 1043,1039. 1ancro!t" John. )<o ose$ual %rientation The search !or a biological basis.* 1ritish Journal %! Esychiatry. 1334" 194" 48>,440. 1au rind" Aiana. )2o entary on :e$ual %rientation: Cesearch and :ocial Eolicy I plications.* Ae#elop ental Esychology 1335" ;ol.81" 0o.1" 180,189. 1roo-ey" Cobert (lan. Cein#enting the 6ale <o ose$ual: The Chetoric and Eower o! the =ay =ene. Indiana Fni#ersity Eress. 1loo ington T Indianapolis" 2002.

1urr" 2handler. )<o ose$uality and 1iology* p. 119,184. in :il-er" Je!!ery. <o ose$uality and the 2hurch. &est inster John Jno$ Eress. 7ouis#ille" JG" 1334. 1yne" &illia 6A" EhA" and 1ruce Earsons" 6A" EhA. )<u an :e$ual %rientation The 1iological Theories Ceappraised.* (rchi#es o! =eneral Esychiatry 6arch 1338. ;ol.50" 224,283. 1yne" &illia 6A" EhA. ):cience and 1elie!: Esychobiological Cesearch on :e$ual %rientation.* in Ae 2ecco" John E. EhA" and Aa#id (llen Ear-er" 6( editors. :e$" 2ells" and :a e,:e$ Aesire: The 1iology o! :e$ual Ere!erence. <aworth Eress. 0ew Gor-" 7ondon" T 0orwood (ustralia" 1335. 2hurchill" 6.A." &ainwright. <o ose$ual 1eha#ior ( ong 6ales: ( 2ross,:pecies In#estigation. <awthorn 1oo-s" Inc. Eublishers. 0ew Gor-" 149>. 2lausen" Jan. 1eyond =ay or :traight: Fnderstanding :e$ual %rientation. 2helsa <ouse Eublishers. Ehiladelphia" 133>. 2ohler" 1ertrai J." Cobert 6. =alat5er,7e#y. The 2ourse o! =ay and 7esbian 7i#es: :ocial and Esychoanalytic Eerspecti#es. The Fni#ersity o! 2hicago Eress. 2hicago and 7ondon" 2000. Ae 2ecco" John E. EhA" and 6ichael =. :hi#ely" 6(" editors. 1ise$ual and <o ose$ual Identities: 2ritical Theoretical Issues. The <aworth Eress. 0ew Gor-" 1344. Ae 2ecco" John E. EhA" and Aa#id (llen Ear-er" 6( editors. :e$" 2ells" and :a e,:e$ Aesire: The 1iology o! :e$ual Ere!erence. <aworth Eress. 0ew Gor-" 7ondon" T 0orwood (ustralia" 1335. ?llis" 7ee and 7inda ?bert5. :e$ual %rientation Toward 1iological Fnderstanding. Eraeger. &estport" 2onnecticut and 7ondon" 133>. ?hrhardt" (n-e (. T <eino +. 7. 6eyer,1ahlburg. ?!!ects o! Erenatal :e$ <or ones on =ender, Celated 1eha#ior. :cience. 6arch 20" 1341. ;ol. 211" 0o. 4444" 1812,1814. +ried an" Cichard 2. 6.A." and Jenni!er I Aowney" 6.A. )<o ose$uality.* The 0ew ?ngland Journal o! 6edicine %ct. 9" 1334" ;ol. 881" 0o. 4" 328,380. =udel" Joseph E. )<o ose$uality: +act and +iction*. 2hristian Cesearch Journal :u page 80. @:ee also 2CI Journal web site" article" cr.010>aB er 1332"

<a er" Aean <." :tella <u" ;ictoria 7 6agnuson" 0an <u" T (ngela 6. 7. Eattatucci. )( 7in-age 1etween A0( 6ar-ers on the X 2hro oso e and 6ale :e$ual %rientation.* :cience. July 19" 1338" ;ol. 291" 0o.5113" 821,82>. Jones" :tanton 7. T Garhouse" 6ar- (. <o ose$uality The Fse o! :cienti!ic Cesearch in the 2hurch/s 6oral Aebate. Inter;arsity Eress. Aowners =ro#e" 2000. Jing" 6ichael T ?li5abeth 6cAonald. )<o ose$uals who are Twins.* The 1ritish Journal o! Esychiatry. 6arch 1332" ;ol. 190" 40> , 403. Jauth" 6ichael C. True 0ature ( Theory o! :e$ual (ttraction. Jluwer (cade ic/Elenu Eublishers" 0ew Gor-" 2000. 7e;ay" :i on. )( Ai!!erence in <ypothala ic :tructure 1etween <eterose$ual and <o ose$ual 6en.* :cience. (ugust 80" 1331" ;ol. 258" 0o. 5028" 1084,108>.

7e;ay" :i on. Dueer :cience. The 6IT Eress. 2a bridge" 6( T 7ondon" 1339. 6c2onaghy" A:c" 6A" 0athaniel. )1iologic Theories o! :e$ual %rientation*. (rchi#es o! =eneral Esychiatry. ;olu e 51" 6ay 1334" p. 481,481. 6cJnight" Ji . :traight :cience? <o ose$uality" ?#olution and (daptation. Coutledge. 7ondon and 0ew Gor-" 133>. 6urphy" Ti othy +. =ay :cience The ?thics o! :e$ual %rientation Cesearch. 2olu bia Fni#ersity Eress. 0ew Gor-" 133>. 6oney" John. ):in" :ic-ness" or :tatus?* ( erican Esychologist (pril 134>" ;ol.42" 0o.4" 844,833. Cose" <ilary. )=ay 1rains" =ay =enes and +e inist :cience* in &ee-s" Je!!ery. :e$uality and Its Aiscontents 6eanings" 6yths and 6odern :e$ualities. Coutledge and Jegan Eaul" 7ondon" 1344. http://www.banap.net/spip.php?article>9

5ha!ter HourF 4y!es o' +omosexualities

:aturday 29 6ay 200>.

Dy the same authors

7arry <ouston o 2hapter %ne ?ssentialis or :ocial 2onstructionis o 2hapter Ten <o ose$ual Identity +or ation o 2hapter 4 Ten Eercent <o ose$ual 6yth o 2hapter 8 (l!red Jinsey o 2hapter 11 <o ose$ual Earenting 6yth

)n the same se&tion

In the sa e section 2hapter Ten <o ose$ual Identity +or ation 2hapter Two 1iological 1asis !or <o ose$uality 2hapter :i$ Types o! <o ose$ualities/ =ay and 7esbian <o ose$ual Identity 2hapter +i#e: Types o! <o ose$ualities / (ge,:tructured 2hapter :e#en: :tonewall and the ( erican Esychiatric (ssociation 2hapter %ne ?ssentialis or :ocial 2onstructionis 2hapter ?ight L2ircuit EartiesL and L=ay 6ale 2loneL 2hapter 0ine =ay 6ale <o ose$ual and :e$ual 1eha#ior o! =ay 6ale <o ose$uals 5ha!ter Hour 4y!es o' +omosexualities :a e se$ physical se$ual acti#ity" Sho ose$uality"/ can be historically docu entedI this acti#ity in and o! it is not disputed. This sa e se$ physical se$ual acti#ity" Sho ose$uality"/ has been toleratedI but the eaning gi#en to it has been culturally speci!ic according the indi#idual society in which it

ta-es place. The nor in all cultures and societies is opposite se$ physical se$ual acti#ity" Sheterose$uality"/ arriage and procreation. The idea o! a Sgay identity"/ @two adults in a ho ose$ual relationshipB is a odern western cultural type o! ho ose$uality. ( Sgay identity/ also ust be #iewed in the social political conte$t in which gi#es it its na e and !or . +urther ore it was not until near the end o! the twentieth century that a Sgay liberation/ o#e ent has e erged and ade ho ose$uality a contro#ersial issue. 6ost co only seen is that reluctantly societies tolerated so e adult ale sa e,se$ relations with e#en ore acceptance o! adult !e ale sa e,se$ relations. &hile they ore generously appro#ed se$ual relations between en and boys with so e 'uali!ications: the practice was understood ore or less as a rite o! passage which ust end !or the an in his late twenties and !or the boy in early teens. In all instances o! Sho ose$uality/ continuing on today" Sho ose$uality/ is based on beha#iors and sa e,se$ physical se$ual acti#ity" today the e phasis is based on sel!,identi!ication as being a Sho ose$ual./ This Sho ose$ual/ today is a pattern o! essentially e$clusi#e adult sa e,se$ relationships" that historically and culturally speci!ic to post, odern western societies. 7*ually diverse are the !orms o! its a##e"tan#e. In one grou" o! so#ieties homosexual #onta#ts are ta#itly allowed or tolerated !or a de!inite #ategory o! "eo"le, !or exam"le, adoles#ent boys or ba#helors, or !or a de!inite situation, as something tem"orary, unavoidable, or unim"ortant. In other so#ieties su#h #ontra#ts are "res#ribed as a ne#essary element o! some sa#red rites, !or exam"le, in initiation rites. In the third #ase homosexual relationshi"s #onstitute an as"e#t o! a more or less "rolonged so#ial "ro#ess, li&e so#iali%ation o! adoles#ents. In the !ourth #ase homosexuality is symboli%ed as a "ermanent li!e)style with a #orres"onding so#ial roleQidentity. Individual sexual motivation is de"endent on these #ultural variations. @Jon" )( :ocicultural (pproach"* p.2>4,2>3 in Theories o! <u an :e$uality" editors Ja es <. =eer and &illia T. %/Aonohue. Elenu Eress. 0ew Gor- and 7ondon" 134>.B ;omosexual a#ts are "robably universal in humans but institutionali%ed !orms o! homosexual a#tivity are notE and these de"end to a great extent, u"on s"e#i!i# histori#al "roblems and outloo&s o! a #ulture. @<erdt" :a e :e$" Ai!!erent 2ultures p.55B ;omosexuality as we &now it )that is, long)term relationshi"s o! mutual #onsent between adults) sim"ly did not exist be!ore the nineteen #entury, when it was invented by s#ientists to #reate a "athologi#al #ondition out o! a rarely "ra#ti#ed behavior +"reviously &nown "rimarily as sodomy, The #onstru#tion o! the #ondition made it "ossible !or in#reasing numbers o! "eo"le to identi!y with it, and eventually to rea#t against its "athologi#al status. @:ch idt" :traight and 0arrow? p. 142,148B $lthough same)sex attra#tions and sexual behavior have undoubtedly o##urred throughout history, lesbian, gay, and bisexual identities are relatively new +=7milio, 4210,. The #ontem"orary notion o! identity is itsel! histori#ally #reated +Baummeister, 421:,. The #on#e"t o! a s"e#i!i#ally homosexual identity seems to have emerged at the end o! the nineteen)#entury. Indeed, only in relatively re#ent years have large numbers o! individuals identi!ied themselves o"enly as gay or lesbian or bisexual. Gay, lesbian, and bisexual "ubli# identities, then, are a "henomenon o! our #urrent histori#al era +=7milio, 4210E Faderman, 4224,. @Eatterson" ):e$ual %rientation and <u an Ae#elop ent: (n %#er#iew"* p. 8B ;istori#al and anthro"ologi#al resear#h has shown that homosexual "ersons +i.e. "eo"le who o##u"y a so#ial "osition or role as homosexuals, do not exist in many so#ieties, whereas homosexual behavior o##urs in virtually so#iety. There!ore, we must distinguish between homosexual behavior and homosexual identity. ?ne term re!ers to ones sexual a#tivity "er se +whether #asual or regular,E the other word de!ines homosexuality as a so#ial role, with its

emotional and sexual #om"onents. Su#h distin#tion is #ons#iously rooted in histori#al and #ross) #ultural #om"arisons between homosexuality in advan#ed so#ieties and homosexuality in other #ultures or eras. @?sco!!ier" ( erican <o o: 2o unity and Eer#ersity" p. 8>B 'esbian and gay historians also dis#overed that homosexual a#tivity !re*uently too& "la#e in some so#ieties without the "resen#e o! "eo"le de!ined as homosexuals, and that intense homoso#ial or eroti# relationshi"s existed between "eo"le who did not otherwise a""ear to be homosexuals. @?sco!!ier" ( erican <o o: 2o unity and Eer#ersity" p. 110B The #ross)#ultural data on homosexuality +and almost all it #on#erns males alone, is also s#ar#e, o! dubious *uality and sometimes di!!i#ult to inter"ret. There are, o! #ourse, the !amous instan#es o! wides"read male homosexual "ra#ti#es, but the data are o!ten less than the !ame. /lassi#al Gree#e and some $rab so#ieties are #ases o! this sort, and one is !or#ed to #onsider the "ossibility that these exam"les have as mu#h to do with #ultural stereoty"ing as with a genuine #ultural "attern. @Aa#enport ):e$ual in 2ross,2ultural Eerspecti#e in 1each" <u an :e$uality in +our Eerspecti#es" p.158B When #ontem"orary homosexuals invo&e history and anthro"ology in de!ense o! homosexuality and in o""osition to ex#lusive and universal heterosexuality, their argument is em"iri#ally sha&y. $#tually, history and anthro"ology "rovide no eviden#e !or the toleran#e o! ex#lusive homosexuality !or any general "o"ulation. There is no so#iety that a""roves o! ex#lusive homosexuality !or the general "o"ulation, male or !emale. Some so#ieties "ermit a small number o! men +less #ommonly women, to engage in nothing but homosexual liaisons, o!ten in #on.un#tion with other roles, su#h as shamans, magi#ians, or sor#erers. @=oode" Ae#iant 1eha#ior" p.138B There!ore in the past" ho ose$uality has not posed the sa e issues as today. ;omosexuality may be the &ey to understanding the whole o! human sexuality. (o sub.e#t #uts in so many dire#tions into "sy#hology, so#iology, history, and morality. The in#iden#e, as well as visibility, o! homosexuality has #ertainly in#reased in the Western world in the "ast twenty)!ive years. But dis#ussion o! it ra"idly be#ame over "oliti#i%ed a!ter the Stonewall rebellion o! 42:2, whi#h began the gay liberation movement. Giew"oints "olari%ed- "eo"le were labeled "ro)gay or anti)gay, with little room in between. For the "ast de#ade, the situation has been out o! #ontrolres"onsible s#holarshi" is im"ossible when rational dis#ourse is being "oli#ed by storm troo"ers, in this #ase gay a#tivists, who have the absolutism o! all !anati#s in #laiming sole a##ess to the truth. @Eaglia" ;a ps and Tra ps" p. 9>B /onse*uently in se#tions that !ollow ) an ex"loration o! attitudes and #ustoms o! an#ient "eo"les toward same)sex eroti#ism the modern #on#e"ts o! homosexuality or sexual orientation will be #ons"i#uous by their absen#e. Within these #ultures, sexual #onta#t between "ersons o! the same sex is not ne#essarily seen as #hara#teristi# o! a "arti#ular grou" or subset o! "ersonsE there is no #ategory or homosexuals. ?n the #ontrary, in some #ultures, same)sex eroti#ism was an ex"e#ted "art o! the sexual ex"erien#e o! every member o! so#iety, whi#h would seem to argue against the existen#e o! homosexuality as a "ersonal attribute at all. @6ondi ore" ( 0atural <istory o! <o ose$uality p. 4B =es#ri"tions o! the Gree&s, the berda#hes, and the Sambia should ma&e us a little unsure about our #ategories homosexual and heterosexual)at least, they should ma&e us thin& more #are!ully about what we mean by these words. But i! we are now a little #on!used about #ategories, "erha"s we #an agree on a !ew sim"le !a#ts about human sexuality- +4, same)sex eroti#ism has existed !or thousands o! years in vastly di!!erent times and #ulturesE +9, in some #ultures, same)sex eroti#ism was a##e"ted as a normal as"e#t o! human sexuality, "ra#ti#ed by nearly all individuals some time

o! the timeE and +0, in nearly every #ulture that has been examined in any detail, a !ew individuals seem to ex"erien#e a #om"elling and abiding sexual orientation toward their own sex. @6oni ore" ( 0atural <istory o! <o ose$uality" p. 20B The universal #laims o! the gay myth have sedu#ed otherwise #are!ul s#holars to reinter"ret history and anthro"ology in the same way, a""lying our "e#uliar ex"lanation o! homosexual behaviors to other #ultures and other times. Wor&s on ;omosexuality in Gree#e, !or exam"le, have attem"ted to ex"lain the homosexual habits o! the Gree&s in terms o! sexual orientation, an ex"lanation the Gree&s themselves would have !ound e##entri# and "robably o!!ensive +along with our #on#e"ts o! sexuality U another #on#e"t o! *uite modern origins,. Similar des#ri"tions o! the berda#hes !ound among $meri#an Indian so#ieties as a #ommon institutionali%ed !orm o! homosexuality are also a mista&e. There is no indi#ation that sexual orientation had anything to do with #hoosing the li!e o! a berda#he. (orth $meri#an Indians had a toleran#e !or gender ambiguity that "rovided !or more than one gender role without re!eren#e to sexual orientation. The sexual "ra#ti#es o! other so#ieties are !re*uently similar in a""earan#e but ex"ress *uite di!!erent belie!s and so#ial "riorities. $s anthro"ologists have told us, no human behaviors are more !lexible, more malleable, or more ex"ressive o! the so#ial stru#ture o! so#iety than sexual behaviors, and it does no good to im"ose the sexual meanings o! one so#iety on others. @Au1ay" =ay Identity The :el! Fnder 1an" p.9B Today as we discuss the topic o! ho ose$uality" we see a wide #ariety o! e$pressions o! it in the li#es o! people. :o now the ter Sho ose$ualities/ is o!ten applied in the literature on this topic. &hen tal-ing about types o! Sho ose$ualities/ we ust re e ber we are ta-ing a L#erbL and using it as a LnounLI using two di!!erent parts o! speech to label the sa e idea. I want to !ra e the discussion this way" )who one is" a ho ose$ual* and )what one does" ho ose$uality.* (lso as we discuss types o! Sho ose$ualities/ today we are doing so !ro a !ra ewor- o! our Lpost odern generationL and Lwestern culturalL lenses. There ha#e beco e two sides in this discussion" with a oral line di#iding the : a pro,gay side" @those who support a ho ose$ual identity" including indi#iduals who accept this identityB" and those who oppose this Sho ose$ual or gay identity/. :o o!ten ob.ecti#ity has beco e the Lbaby thrown out with the bath waterL. 2o on sense has been replaced by blind passion. This ob.ecti#ity has also been lost in the scienti!ic co unity. 1e!ore accepting the outco e o! a scienti!ic pro.ect" we ust deter ine" whether the scientists ha#e a particular political/societal agenda. Is the scientist hi sel! accepting a Lgay identityL? This present discussion" types o! Sho ose$ualities is co ing !ro a sociological !ra ewor-" loo-ing !or a scienti!ic causation ay be !ound within y discussion about scienti!ic studies. I Ha&ultative and @bligative +omosexuality ;arious authors use se#eral ter s in spea-ing about types o! )ho ose$ualities*. :o eti es you will see the ter s !acultati#e and obligati#e used describing ho ose$uality. The later" obligati#e" is considered e$clusi#e ho ose$uality" a condition in which a person can only bond or pair with a person o! the sa e se$. There is no option !or bise$ual or heterose$ual bonding. +acultati#e ho ose$uality is a technical ter !or se$ual orientation and se$ual acti#ity with persons o! the sa e se$. This ter does not e$clude se$ual relations with e bers o! the opposite se$I it also ay be re!erred to as bise$uality. The sa e,se$ physical acti#ity ay be engaged in only !or se$ual release" power" or control" or in situations where there are no e bers o! the opposite se$" such as in a prison. I 5om!ulsive, sym!tomati&, and e!isodi& homosexuality

%ne author uses three broad categories" co pulsi#e" sy pto atic" and episodic ho ose$uality. @:ee John + <ar#ey" The Truth (bout <o ose$ualityB This last one" episodic" is a catchall ter and is also called )situational or #ariational*. <ere an indi#idual participates in sa e,se$ physical acts @ho ose$ual acti#ityB" but they would nor ally be heterose$ual in their orientation. <o ose$ual acti#ity ta-es place in ti es or places where heterose$ual acti#ity is not possible" where people are separated by their se$" !or e$a ple prisons" schools etc. (lso this ho ose$ual acti#ity ay be seen in children or adolescents who do so out o! curiosity or in learning about se$. %lder indi#iduals ay engage in ho ose$ual acti#ity !or oney" in search o! a new thrill" !ro indi!!erence to se$ual orals" or e#en in rebellion to cultural nor s. &hen spea-ing about sy pto atic ho ose$uality" one is acting ho ose$ually as a sy pto o! a ore general personality proble . The stronger i petus to ho ose$ual acti#ity is to resol#e a )personality/relational* con!lict* which has beco e se$uali5ed. Three possible areas" though there ay be others" can be su ari5ed. There ay be proble s o! unsatis!ied dependency needs" such as !or lo#e and a!!ir ation. It ay be in the area o! control issues" seen in unresol#ed power or do inance needs. :o o!ten this is in#ol#ed with se$ual abuse as a child" which possibly leads the to abuse others later on. 1oys who are abused by other older ales" o!ten !eel because this has happened to the " he ust be a ho ose$ual hi sel!. This sel! labeling ay result in these indi#iduals continuing on with a !alse line o! thin-ing" gi#ing into ho ose$ual physical acts and accepting the ho ose$ual identity and beha#ior. 2o pulsi#e or obligatory ho ose$uality has its origins with childhood de#elop ental relational con!licts with their parents and peers. This category is associated with what is being called se$ual orientation. The child ay pre!er and e$hibit non,gender con!or ing beha#ior" which results in labeling and identi!ying with ho ose$uality. %ther typical patterns are a passi#e" absent" or re.ecting sa e se$ parent. +or ales it is a strong other" )o#ershadowing* the !ather. +or !e ales it is o!ten seen as a result o! se$ual abuse. +or both se$es it ay be a result o! early e$posure to se$" which is not age appropriate. (t a #ery early age the indi#idual child )sees and !eels* hi sel! as being di!!erent and not accepted. (s a result o! )relational/e otional* needs beco e se$uali5ed during puberty. &hate#er the i petus that results into ac'uiring co pulsi#e ho ose$uality" its underlying cause is not o! being born a ho ose$ual. I )nstitutional homosexualities 6ore o!ten by any authors ho ose$uality is discussed within the !ra ewor- o! three types o! institutional Sho ose$ualities/ gender,re#ersed" role,speciali5ed" and age,structured to pro#e a !ourth co only identi!ied )ho ose$uality* the Lgay identityL. 6any o! these authors are ad#ocates !or ho ose$uality. To !a#ilitate the "resentation o! the #ross)#ultural #ases, I use a model that ta&es into a##ount !ive widely agreed on !orms o! same)gender relations around the world. These !orms are +4, age) stru#tured relations as the basis !or homoeroti# relationshi"s between older and younger males, +9, gender)trans!ormed homoeroti# roles that allow a "erson to ta&e the sexQgender role o! the other gender, +0, so#ial roles that "ermit or re*uire the ex"ression o! same)gender relations as a "arti#ular ni#he in so#iety, +L, western homosexuality as a nineteenth)#entury !orm o! sexual identity, and +6, late)twentieth)#entury western egalitarian relationshi"s between "ersons o! the same gender who are sel!)#ons#iously identi!ied as gay or lesbian !or all o! their lives. @<erdt" =ilbert. :a e :e$" Ai!!erent 2ultures: =ays and 7esbians (cross 2ultures" p.22,28B " 6ender,reversed homosexuality

%ne institutional e$a ple is the berdache" a ong 0ati#e ( erican groups. The role o! the berdache" is in a religious conte$t. This person is spo-en o! as being )two spirited.* This is re!erred to as transgenderal or gender,re#ersed ho ose$uality. <ere typically a ale plays out the role o! a !e ale. The anato ical se$ o! these indi#iduals are not 'uestion" it is the echanis o! selection o! an indi#idual that is not -nown. %ne contro#ersial thought is that an indi#idual ay be selected because o! a genetic predisposition to the role" !or e$a ple they ha#e !e inine physical traits and characteristics. This is not unli-e the labeling o! those in western culture as Lgay or 'ueerL gi#en by peers today to indi#iduals based on their physical appearance and anneris s. They Lloo- and !itL the role. In these societies heterose$ual arriage and parenthood are the nor ati#e. The berache is accepted" but is not the nor ati#e. The gender re#ersal o! this nor therein i plies discontinuity !ro childhood to adult se$ual de#elop ent. 1erache could arry and ha#e children. $nother institutionali%ed !rom o! homosexuality existed in many $meri#an Indian so#ieties. Girls and boys in these so#ieties #ould re!use initiation into their adult gender roles and instead ado"t the so#ial role o! the other gender. For exam"le, men who dressed and a#ted in a##ordan#e with the adult !emale role were &nown as two)s"irited or berda#he +originally the Fren#h term !or these Indians,. The berda#he o!ten married Indian men. The "artners in these marriages did not de!ine themselves as homosexuals, nor did their so#ieties re#ogni%e them as su#h, but their marital sex li!e #onsisted o! homosexual sexual relations. @?sco!!ier" Je!!rey. ( erican <o o 2o unity and Eer#ersity" p.8>B $ third #hara#teristi# o! a bera#he is that she or he was allowed to #hoose a marital "artner o! the same sex. This is not ne#essarily "res#ribed- !emale berda#hes are &nown to have married men, and male ones have married women in both #ases without losing their berda#he status. So the element whi#h detemined the identityo! the berda#he was not the #hoi#e o! sexual "artner but rather her or his o##u"ation. @&iering" )(n (nthropological 2riti'ue o! 2onstructionis: 1erdaches and 1utches"* p. 224,225 in <o ose$uality" &hich <o ose$uality? by Aennis (lt anB 2 Jole,s!e&ialiMed homosexuality ( second type" role,speciali5ed ho ose$uality is less co only discussed" but ay still be docu ented. <ere so ething ust be added and adapted !or ho ose$uality to occur. It is recogni5ed only !or people who occupy a certain status role. (n institutional e$a ple !or this type is the 2huc-ee sha an. (gain as with the berdache" we ha#e a religious conte$t. The 2huc-ee sha an has a religious #ision 'uest that leads to the !eeling that he should cross,dress and engage in ho ose$ual acti#ity. 6ost o! this type o! ho ose$uality" role,speciali5ed" is seen a ong !e ales" with there being a !urther di#ision a ong wo an in class,strati!ied and nonclass societies. (nother stri-ing si ilarity as seen in gender,re#ersed ho ose$uality discussed be!ore" we !ind this type also to be a discontinuity. <eterose$uality is the nor ati#e se$uality" resulting in arriage and parenthood. There ust be the allowance !or enduring ho oerotic bonding that ay occur" but i! it does" it is rare and in!re'uent. http://www.banap.net/spip.php?article34

5ha!ter HiveF 4y!es o' +omosexualities * Age,Stru&tured

:unday 20 6arch 2011.

Dy the same authors

7arry <ouston

o o o o o

2hapter %ne ?ssentialis or :ocial 2onstructionis 2hapter Ten <o ose$ual Identity +or ation 2hapter 4 Ten Eercent <o ose$ual 6yth 2hapter 8 (l!red Jinsey 2hapter 11 <o ose$ual Earenting 6yth

)n the same se&tion

In the sa e section 2hapter +our: Types o! <o ose$ualities 2hapter Three L=ay 1rainsL and =ay =enesL 2hapter Two 1iological 1asis !or <o ose$uality 2hapter ?ight L2ircuit EartiesL and L=ay 6ale 2loneL 2hapter :e#en: :tonewall and the ( erican Esychiatric (ssociation 2hapter Ten <o ose$ual Identity +or ation 2hapter %ne ?ssentialis or :ocial 2onstructionis 2hapter 0ine =ay 6ale <o ose$ual and :e$ual 1eha#ior o! =ay 6ale <o ose$uals 5ha!ter Hive Age,Stru&tured +omosexuality : Age Stru&tured +omosexuality The third type o! ho ose$uality is transgenerational or age,structured" usually between en and boys. This is the type o! ho ose$uality that !inds ost disappro#al in our western culture today. Get this type o! ho ose$uality is still sited today to allow !or appro#al o! ho ose$uality in general. 6ost o!ten entioned is the =ree- pederasty and ilitari5ed societies" i.e. 0ew =uinea. 2haracteristic o! this type o! ho ose$uality is that it is seen as a regular and nor al part o! de#elop ent. In ilitari5ed societies it is the conte$t !or installing o! the #alues o! courage" prowess" aggressi#eness" and asculine #alue by older en into younger boys. This type o! ho ose$uality is strongly correlated with ritual echanis s" such as initiation cere onies. 1oys are raised by their others to a certain age is reached" and then the boy goes through a cultural ritual and begins segregated li#ing with other ales. In general there is a greater segregation o! the se$esI less e phasis is placed on a !a ily structure. (gain ost notably we are re!erring to tribal agrarian societies. &e can !ind that the ho ose$ual acti#ity is practiced by older ales on younger ales who are in the late childhood through early adulthood age. (s the ales grow older the roles are re#ersed" !ro being passi#e recipients" to being the acti#e partners in the ho ose$uality acti#ity. ?#en a!ter arriage the ale was able to participate in this ho ose$ual acti#ity. It was only a!ter !atherhood that he was no longer able to participate in ho ose$ual acti#ity. )&ith !atherhood" howe#er" all sa e,gender acti#ity is e$pected to cease.* @Turner" 6iller" and 6oses" ?ditors. (IA: :e$ual 1eha#ior and Intra#enous Arug Fse" p.191B The ost co on type o! ho ose$ual acti#ity is oral se$" the idea being that se en ust be trans!erred !ro older ales to younger ales. =ilbert <erdt" a gay anthropologist" has written e$tensi#ely about this type o! ho ose$uality. The Sambia "eo"le +;erdt 4214, o! the eastern highlands o! (ew Guinea are among those whose traditional !ol& wisdom "rovided a rationale !or the "oli#y o! "re"ubertal homosexuality. $##ording to this wisdom, a "re"ubertal boy must leave the so#iety o! his mother and sisters and enter the se#ret so#iety o! men in order to a#hieve the !ier#e manhood o! a head hunter. Whereas in in!an#y he must have been !ed womans mil& in order to grow, in the se#ret so#iety o! men he must be !ed mens mil&) that is, the semen o! mature youths and unmarried men) in order to be#ome "ubertal and grow mature himsel!. It is the duty o! the young ba#helors to !eed him their semen. They are

obliged to "ra#ti#e institutionali%ed "edo"hilia. For them to give their semen to another who #ould already e.a#ulate his own is !orbidden, !or it robs a "re"ubetal boy o! a substan#e he re*uires to be#ome an adult. When a ba#helor rea#hes the marrying age, his !amily negotiates the "ro#urement o! a wi!e and arranges the marriage. ;e then embar&s on the heterosexual "hase o! his #areer. ;e #ould not, however, have be#ome a #om"lete man on the basis o! heterosexual ex"erien#e alone. Full manhood ne#essitates a "rior "hase o! ex#lusively homosexual ex"erien#e. Thus homosexuality is universali%ed and is a de!ining #hara#teristi# o! head)hunting, ma#ho manhood. @6oney" ):in" :ic-ness" or :tatus?"* p. 844,845B Sin#e homosexual behavior in 3elanesian so#ieties is routine and obligatory as "art o! the so#ial organi%ation o! these so#ieties, it is not "er#eived as deviant or abnormal behavior. /learly, we #annot label this behavior a##ording to our norms or view these men as homosexuals U a term that derives !rom our Western #ulture +see ;erdt, 421LE Stroller, 4218., @<eyl" )<o ose$uality: ( :ocial Eheno enon"* p. 828 in <u an :e$uality: The :ocietal and Interpersonal 2onte$t. Jathleen 6cJinney and :usan :precher.B (ge,structured ho ose$uality occurs in any places and ti es in history" although it is not uni#ersal. %! the three types o! ho ose$uality discussed it could be argued that it is the ost !re'uent !or o! institutionali5ed sa e,se$ erotic contact around the world. This type o! ho ose$ually occurs a ong the nor o! heterose$uality !or the adult ale that is arried and has children. ( uch ore detailed loo- at =ree- pederasty will now !ollow. 1y any )ho ose$ual apologists* there is uch ade o! =ree- pederasty. Get i! we let the !acts spea- !or the sel#es" perhaps we ay see =ree- pederasty ore as the =ree-s #iewed it. It is 'uite interesting that the any recent boo-s written about =ree- se$uality by those ad#ocating !or ho ose$uality ha#e tended to ro antici5e it. In the !ollowing discussion I ha#e also included those who ha#e not done so. The di!!erence ay be seen in their titles and the 'uotes I use. 3any o! us, too, may imagine that world as one where our dreams o! a truly healthy and !ully a!!irmed homosexuality were reali%ed. >et while it is true that the Gree&s believed that sexual desire !or members o! ones own sex was something that almost everyone would !eel at some time, and also true there were #ulturally san#tioned ways o! living that desire, those a##e"ted ways are not ne#essarily #ongruent with our #ontem"orary !antasies about how same)sex love might most !ul!illingly be lived. Indeed, some s#holars believe that the an#ient Gree& "resu""ositions surrounding the a##e"ted !orms o! male love o! males are so radi#ally di!!erent !rom the modern #on#e"t o! homosexuality as to ma&e their "ers"e#tives irrelevant to our lives. @Aowning" 6yths and 6ysteries o! :a e,:e$ 7o#e" p.188B ;owever, an#ient Gree& ideali%ation o! the athleti# male !orm were always grounded in a larger #ontext o! both aestheti#s and religion. $nd, it must be remembered, $thenian boy)lovers always married and never sto""ed honoring !emale divinities. @Eaglia" ;a ps and Tra ps" p.93B For the an#ients, many historians agree, sexuality was not a se"arate realm o! ex"erien#e, the #ore o! "rivate li!eE instead it was dire#tly lin&ed to so#ial "ower and status. @eo"le were .udged by "ubli# behavior, !or whi#h there were #lear rolesE marriage, !or instan#e, was a duty that bore no ne#essary relationshi" to eroti# satis!a#tion. So#ially "ower!ul males +#iti%ens, en.oyed sexual a##ess to almost all other members o! the so#iety +in#luding, in Gree#e, enslaved males, younger !ree males, !oreigners, and women o! all #lasses,. @2lausen" 1eyond =ay or :traight" p. 51B They were tied together in a "a#t e*ually #om"elling !or both. It was the obligation o! the erastes always to be an outstanding and im"e##able exam"le to the boy. ;e should not #ommit any deed that would shame the boy. ;is total res"onsibility to the boy made him de"endent on the boy in

ways !ar beyond the "urely eroti#. ;e was .udged by the develo"ment and #ondu#t o! the boy. 7ven in regards to the bodily as"e#t o! the relationshi" the boy #ould assert himsel! against his tutor. @;anggard" Ehallos ( :y bol and Its <istory in the 6ale &orld" p. 44B The #ross)#ultural data on homosexuality +and almost all it #on#erns males alone, is also s#ar#e, o! dubious *uality and sometimes di!!i#ult to inter"ret. There are, o! #ourse, the !amous instan#es o! wides"read male homosexual "ra#ti#es, but the data are o!ten less than the !ame. /lassi#al Gree#e and some $rab so#ieties are #ases o! this sort, and one is !or#ed to #onsider the "ossibility that these exam"les have as mu#h to do with #ultural stereoty"ing as with a genuine #ultural "attern. @Aa#enport ):e$ual in 2ross,2ultural Eerspecti#e" p.158 in <u an :e$uality in +our Eerspecti#es" ?ditor +ran- (. 1each.B 1ecause o! !unda ental di!!erences between the se$ual ores o! ancient =reece and those o! our society" to a-e co parisons between cultures is di!!icult. &e ust try to a#oid interpreting the =ree- e$perience through our post odern" western linguistic categories" e#en though the se$ual ores o! our society and culture ha#e their roots in both Co an/=ree- and Judea/2hristian se$uality. First, most o! the writing on an#ient sexuality these days grinds the eviden#e in the mill o! an advo#a#y agenda su""orted by some !ashionable theory that says more about the #risis o! Western rationalism than it does about an#ient Gree#e. Thus we are told that the Gree&s saw nothing inherently wrong with sodomy between males as long as #ertain "roto#ols o! age, so#ial status, and "osition were honored, an inter"retation maintained des"ite the abundan#e o! eviden#e, detailed below in /ha"ter L, that the Gree&s)in#luding "ederasti# a"ologists li&e @lato)were horri!ied and disgusted by the idea o! male being analling "enetrated by another male and #alled su#h behavior against nature. ?ne "ur"ose here is to get ba#& to what the Gree&s a#tually say without burying it in "olysyllabi# sludge. @Thornton" ?ros The 6yth o! (ncient =ree- :e$uality" p. $iiiB The Gree&s asso#iated sexual desire #losely with other human a""etites U the desire !or !ood, drin&, and slee" U and saw all these a""etites as entailing the same moral "roblem, the "roblem o! avoiding ex#ess. @Aowning" 6yths and 6ysteries o! :a e,:e$ 7o#e" p.184B The Gree& sexual ethi# em"hasi%ed not what one did but how one did itE it involved not an index o! "arti#ular !orbidden a#ts but an in#ul#ation to a#t with moderation. @Aowning" 6yths and 6ysteries o! :a e,:e$ 7o#e" p.185B In Gree#e the sexual relationshi" was assumed to be a "ower relationshi", where one "arti#i"ant is dominate and the other in!erior. ?n one side stands the !ree adult maleE on the other, women, slaves, and boys. Sexual roles are isomor"hi# with so#ial rolesE indeed, sexual behavior is seen as a re!le#tion o! so#ial relationshi" not as itsel! the dominant theme. Thus it is im"ortant !or us to remember that !or the Gree&s it was ones role, not ones gender, that was salient. Sexual ob.e#ts #ome in two di!!erent &inds U not male and !emale but a#tive and "assive. @Aowning" 6yths and 6ysteries o! :a e,:e$ 7o#e" p.185,189B In its basi# #hara#teristi#s, the Boman sexQgender system was hardly unusual. Its #on#e"tual blue"rint o! sexual relations, li&e that o! #lassi#al $thens, #orres"onded to so#ial "atterns o! dominan#e and submission, re"rodu#ing "ower di!!erentials between "artners in #on!iguring gender roles and assigning by #riteria not always #oterminous with biologi#al sex. Inter#ourse was #onstru#ted solely as bodily "enetration o! an in!erior, a s#enario that automati#ally redu#ed the "enetrated individual)woman, boy, or even adult male) to a !emini%ed state. @:-inner" Introduction" p.8 in Co an :e$ualities editors Judith E. <allett and 6arilyn 1. :-innerB

In doing so they had a double standard" in that they tolerated ost se$ual acti#ity" as long as it did not threaten the sur#i#al o! the !a ily. +or the =ree-s se$ual acti#ity has a directional 'uality" se$ was so ething one did to so eone else. It also had anato ic i perati#e" which dictated that it was the an" or ore precisely the penis that did the doing. :o !or the =ree-s it ay be seen that the social acceptability o! a se$ual act was not deter ined by the gender o! the partners but rather by the balance o! the power between the . The acceptability o! a particular se$ual pairing depended on the age and social standing o! the partner. (lso se$ual acts were #iewed !ro the prospecti#e o! do ination and sub ission. This ay be constantly seen across cultures and history. ?$a ples o! this ay include the practice o! hu iliating con'uered ene ies , both ales and !e ales by raping the . To be penetrated unwilling is sha e!ul and degrading. The se#ond !eature is more a""li#able to #lassi#al Gree#e #ulture. 3ale homosexual a#tivity was, to some extent, seen as normal, but only i! it was &e"t within #ertain #learly de!ined so#ial "arameters. Belationshi"s between e*uals in age were !rown u"on. In #lassi#al $thens, homosexual relationshi"s ideally had some !eatures o! an initiation rite, between a young, beardless boy and an older mentor. ;owever, even su#h relationshi"s were hedged round with eti*uette regarding the "ro#ess o! #ourtshi" and the giving and re#eiving o! gi!ts and other signals, while a Cdee")rooted anxiety about "ederasty was ex"ressed in #lassi#al $thenian law. $ristotle argues that any en.oyment o! what he saw as the subordinate, de!eated role o! the "assive "artner in a homoeroti# relationshi" was unnaturalE on $thenian vase)"aintings, the "assive "artner is never showed with an ere#tion. The $thenian !igure o! the &inaidos, the man who a#tually en.oys the "assive role, is "resented as a Cs#are)!igure, both so#ially and sexually deviant. @Eorter T Teich editors" :e$ual Jnowledge" :e$ual :cience: The <istory o! the (ttitudes to :e$uality" p. B The an#ient world, both Gree& and Boman, did not base its #lassi!i#ation on gender, but on a #om"letely di!!erent axis, that o! a#tive versus "assive. This has one immediate and im"ortant #onse*uen#e, whi#h we must !a#e in the beginning. Sim"ly "ut, there was no su#h emi#, #ultural abstra#tion as homosexuality in the an#ient world. The !a#t that a man had sex with other men did not determine his sexual #ategory. 7*ually, it must be em"hasi%ed, there was no su#h #on#e"t as heterosexuality. The a""li#ation o! these terms to the an#ient world is ana#hronisti# and #an lead to serious misunderstandings. By the !i!th time one has made the *uali!i#ation, The "assive homosexual was not re.e#ted !or his homosexuality but !or his "assivity, it ought to be#ome #lear that we are tal&ing not about homosexuality but about "assivity. It is very di!!i#ult !or us to ignore our own "re.udi#es and reali%e that what may be literally a matter o! li!e and death in our #ulture would have been a matter o! indi!!eren#e or bewilderment to the Bomans +see below,. But anthro"ologi#al data shows that a#tive versus "assive as a basis !or determining sexual #ategories is "aralleled in a wide variety o! so#ieties. ?utside our own system o! #ultural ty"es, homosexual a""lies meaning!ully only to a#ts, not to "eo"leE it is an ad.e#tive, not a noun. 7ven then we must add the warning that the ad.e#tive may serve to gather together a#ts o! signi!i#an#e only to our #ulture. We all re#ogni%e that di!!erent so#ieties have totally di!!erent lines !rom ours that divide sa#red and se#ular, edible and inedible, &in and non&in. We are willingly to believe that the Bomans inhabited a di!!erent "hysi#al world, a di!!erent s"iritual world, a di!!erent "sy#hologi#al world. We must be willing to a##e"t the !a#t that they inhabited a di!!erent sexual world as well. @Ear-er" The Teratogenic =rid" p.4>,44 in Co an :e$ualities editors Judith E. <allett and 6arilyn 1. :-innerB In actuality there is #ery little sur#i#ing historical e#idences and records o! how the =ree-s #iewed se$uality. 1ut what we -now is that the nor !or an adult =ree- ale was predo inantly heterose$ual and his se$ual responsibilities were pri arily !or his wi!e. (s seen in other cultures" there was a )ho ose$ual period* in the li!e o! a =ree- an. Their society e$pected a ale to pass through predo inately ho ose$ual stages o! li!e on their way to !ull asculinity. The end" this )!ull

asculinity* !or the =ree- ale was heterose$uality" arriage" and !atherhood. =reeho ose$uality was not a stable pattern in li!e" but only a pheno enon o! puberty" that ight later be integrated into adult heterose$ual li!e. Thus though ho ose$ual dri#es ay ha#e re ained into adulthood" they need not be denied" nor was sha e attached to the . The =ree- culture allowed !or their physical e$pression pro#ided the proper social eti'uette was obser#ed. &hen studying the )art* o! ancient =reece" there is al ost no written record o! the circu stances standing what the artist atte pts to portray. (re they atte pting to portray se$ acts? &e are #iewing these arti!acts hundreds o! years later and !ro a radically di!!erent world #iewpoint. +ro the little sur#i#ing historical e#idence there is e#en less i! any" showing sa e se$ adults as )couples*. The a.ority o! sur#i#ing e#idence and records !ro ancient =reece is related to an,youth ho ose$uality or the precisely de!ined passi#e ho ose$ual" -inaidos. Gase "aintings are very #lear about the #orre#t sexual "osition, showing male #iti%en lovers as standing u" !a#ing one another, not "enetrating any ori!i#e but with the erastes rubbing his "enis inside the boys thigh +inter!emoral inter#ourse,. @1ishop and %sthelder" :e$ualia +ro Erehistory to 2yberspace" p.204,203B ( re#iew o! the sur#i#ing historical written records !ro the three greatest philosophers" :ocrates" Elato" and (ristotle will show that they regarded ho ose$ual conduct as intrinsically i oral. They re.ected the )idea o! a odern gay identity*. (lso there are written records o! legal pro#isions regulating #arious !or s o! ho oerotic beha#ior. These legal pro#isions ay be ay be grouped into three categories. The !irst group has been entioned be!ore" legal pro#isions surrounding ale prostitution. The ale lost the right to address the (sse bly and to participate in other areas o! ci#il li!e i! he engaged in ho ose$ual intercourse !or gain. These legal pro#isions against ale prostitution also applied to pederasty. This was es"e#ially so i! the youth allowed himsel! to be "enetrated, an a#t #onsidered unworthy o! a man and a !ree #iti%en, and one whi#h #ould threaten his #iti%enshi". @1ishop and %sthelder" :e$ualia +ro Erehistory to 2yberspace" p.204B ( second group o! legal pro#isions regulating ho oerotic beha#ior were laws relating to education and courtship. The growth o! pederasty had also resulted in a )proper way* !or wooing the boy" so as to protect the integrity o! both parties. This also was to pro#ide !or the protection o! the boy/s !a ily. This group o! legal pro#isions set out a series o! detailed prohibitions designed" a ong other things" to protect schoolboys !ro the erotic attention o! older ales. The !inal group was a ore general set o! legal pro#isions. They were general pro#isions concerning se$ual assault" and !ell under the 7aw o! hubris @insult" outrage" or abuseB. Thus they were applicable to both ales and !e ales. S#holars usually do not re!er to hubris in #onne#tion with "ederasty be#ause they believe hubris to re*uire violent insult and outrage. They have not "aid su!!i#ient attention, however, to the way in whi#h the law o! hubris may have "rovided !or the "rin#i"le #riminal "enalties !or ra"e. But although ra"e is o!ten #hara#teri%ed as hubris, so is sedu#tion. 7u"hiletus, !oe exam"le, re!ers to the hubris whi#h the lover o! his wi!e has #ommitted against him +'ysias 4.L, 45, 96, and an oration o! =emosthenes involves a "rose#ution !or hubris +hubreos gra"he, brought by a son on a##ount o! the sedu#tion o! his mother. Su#h #ontexts "er!e#tly mat#h $ristotles de!inition o! hubris as any behaviors whi#h dishonors and shames the vi#tim !or the "leasure or grati!i#ation o! the o!!ender +Bhetori# 4015b,. Indeed, it is in this #onne#tion that $es#hines introdu#ed the law o! hubris into the #atalogue o! statutes whi#h he enumerated as regulating "aederasty in $thens in the !ourth #entury B./. In !a#t, when he !irst re!ers to the law o! hubris he #hara#teri%es it as the statute whi#h in#ludes all su#h #ondu#t in one summary "rohibition- I! anyone #onmmits hubris against a #hild or man or woman or anyone !ree

or slave . . . +$es#hines 4, 46,. $##ordingly, $thenian sour#es *uali!y both ra"e and sedu#tion o! women and #hildren as a#ts o! hubris, !or both violate the sexual integrity and honor o! the !amily. @2ohen" 7aw" :e$uality" and :ociety The ?n!orce ent o! 6orals in 2lassical (thens" p.1>4,1>3B :o what can we -now about how the =ree-s #iewed ho ose$uality and pederasty. I ho"e that su!!i#ient do#umentary eviden#e has been given to show that "aiderasty was #ultivated by heterosexually normal men in an#ient Gree#e, where it did not "resu""ose an inversely homosexual ty"e o! "ersonality. It was not #onsidered a transgression, to be tolerated, nor was it !elt to beto&en to any laxity in moral standardsE it was a natural "art o! the li!e)style o! the best o! men, re!le#ted in the stories o! the gods and heroes o! the "eo"le. @;anggard" Ehallos ( :y bol and Its <istory in the 6ale &orld" p. 82B ;omosexuality, then, to the Gree&s is a histori#al innovation, a result o! the de"raved human imagination and vulnerability to "leasure. @Thornton" ?ros The 6yth o! (ncient =ree- :e$uality" p. 102B The "eo"le o! the an#ient world were not only un!amiliar with the #on#e"t o! homosexuality, they would have been e*ually "u%%led by the #on#e"t o! sexuality. Indeed, we #an legitimately *uestion whether either o! these terms has any #lini#al validity at all. The Gree&s were aware that some "eo"le en.oyed tender relations with members o! their own sex and others did not. @eriod. @Au1ay" =ay Identity The :el! Fnder 1an" p.154B The situation was totally di!!erent in the #ase o! grown e*uals, however. Whereas the =orian boy would attain manhood through his submission, the grown man who submitted to another man would lose his manliness and be#ome e!!eminate, ex"osed to shame and s#orn. @;anggard" Ehallos ( :y bol and Its <istory in the 6ale &orld" p. 43B $ll three o! the greatest Gree& "hiloso"hers, So#rates, @lato, and $ristotle, regarded homosexual #ondu#t intrinsi#ally immoral. $ll three re.e#ted the lin#h"in o! modern gay ideology and li!estyle. $t the heart o! the @latoni#)$ristotelian and later an#ient "hiloso"hi#al re.e#tions o! all homosexual #ondu#t, and thus o! the modern gay ideology, are three !undamental theses- +4, The #ommitment o! a man and a woman to ea#h other in the sexual union o! marriage is intrinsi#ally good and reasonable, and is in#om"atible with sexual relations outside o! marriage. +9, ;omosexual a#ts are radi#ally and "e#uliarly non)martial, and !or that reason intrinsi#ally unreasonable and unnatural. +0, Furthermore, a##ording to @lato, i! not $ristolte, homosexual a#ts have a s"e#ial similarity to solitary masturbation, and both ty"es o! radi#ally non)martial a#t are mani!estly unworthy o! the human being and immoral. @+innis" )7aw" 6orality" and ):e$ual %rientation" p.88B Eederasty de#eloped !ro a rite o! passage to an educational institution. This institution was !or the noble en !ro the pri#ilege class o! leading =ree- city,states to pass onto the adolescents o! the sa e social class the anly #irtues they would need to ta-e their place in =ree- society. 2onse'uently there ay be less )se$* between the ale adult and youth" then ho ose$ual ad#ocates ay wish to portray. &hat se$ual contact too- place between ales o! the sa e social groups was #ery uch concerned with the status and was played out according to rules that neither party was degraded or open to accusations o! licentiousness. The little se$ual contact that ay ha#e ta-en place was to be se$ual release and pleasure !or the adult ale and not !or the youth. It was not oral or anal se$ual acti#ity. 6ost o!ten it is thought to occur by the adult rubbing his penis between the thighs o! the youth to obtain organis " while both are standing up and !acing each other. &hat

this acco plished was to allow the older acti#e partner to achie#e orgas " a#oiding !or the young an the )sha e o! penetration*. +or the young an" whate#er his a!!ections !or the older an" he was not to !eel or e$press se$ual desire towards the older an. The =ree- nor was always heterose$uality and arriage. =ree- pederasty was pri arily restricted to the )pri#ileged noble classes* o! so e =ree- city,states. 1oth e bers the adult and youth were !ro the sa e )social class*. The relationship !or the youth ended when he hi sel! beca e an adult. =reece placed a strong e phasis on ilitary and sport abilities" i.e. the %ly pics. So these love relationshi"s were not "rivate eroti# enter"rises. They too& "la#e o"enly be!ore the eyes o! the "ubli#, were regarded as o! great im"ortan#e by the state, and were su"ervised by its res"onsible authorities. @;anggard" Ehallos ( :y bol and Its <istory in the 6ale &orld" p. 83B Su#h "ederasty was su""osed to transmit manly virtues o! mind and body !rom nobleman to young lover +Gangaard, 4259,. @Jarlen" )<o ose$uality in <istory"* p.>3 in <o ose$ual 1eha#ior: ( 6odern Ceappraisal" editor Judd 6ar orB @aiderasty served the highest goal U edu#ation +"aideia,. 7ros was the medium o! "aideia, uniting tutor and "u"il. The boy submitted and let himsel! be ta&en in the "ossession o! the man. @;anggard" Ehallos ( :y bol and Its <istory in the 6ale &orld" p. 4> $n#ient Gree#e is o!ten #ited as an exam"le o! a #ivili%ation in whi#h homosexuality was a##e"ted as normal, even en#ouraged. This is not *uite true. $ll males were ex"e#ted to ma&e love to women, to marry, and to sire a !amily, whether or they a male lover or not. 3oreover, love and sex between adult males was thought to be a bit ridi#ulous. The norm was !or an adult male to have a relationshi" that lasted several years with and adoles#ent boy. When the boy rea#hed maturity, he, then, was also ex"e#ted to ta&e a young lover. @=oode" Ae#iant 1eha#ior" p.138,134B For instan#e, in an#ient Gree#e, homosexual relationshi"s between older men and younger men were #ommonly a##e"ted as "edagogi#. Within the #ontext o! an eroti# relation, the older man taught the younger one military, intelle#tual, and "oliti#al s&ills. The older men, however, were also o!ten husbands and !athers. (either sexual relationshi" ex#luded the other. Thus, although an#ient Gree& so#iety re#ogni%ed male homosexual a#tivity, the men in these relationshi"s rarely de!ined themselves as "rimarily homosexual. @?sco!!ier" ( erican <o o: 2o unity and Eer#ersity" p. 8>B To !a#ilitate the understanding o! the ;elleni# love o! boys, it will be as well to say something about the Gree& idea o! beauty. The most !undamental di!!eren#e between an#ient and modern #ulture is that the an#ient is throughout male and that the woman only #omes into the s#heme o! the Gree& man as a mother o! his #hildren and as manager o! household manners. $nti*uity treated the man, and the man only, as the !o#us o! all intelligent li!e. This ex"lains why the bringing u" and develo"ment o! girls was negle#ted in a way we #an hardly understandE but the boys, on the other hand, were su""osed to #ontinue their edu#ation mu#h later then is usual with us. The most "e#uliar #ustom, a##ording to our ideas, was that every man attra#ted to him some boy or youth and, in the intima#y o! daily li!e, a#ted as his #ounselor, guardian, and !riend, and "rom"ted him in all manly virtues. @7icht" :e$ual 7i!e in (ncient =reece" p.414B For instan#e, in an#ient Gree#e, homosexual relationshi"s between older men and younger men were #ommonly a##e"ted as "edagogi#. Within the #ontext o! an eroti# relation, the older man taught the younger one military, intelle#tual, and "oliti#al s&ills. The older men, however, were o!ten husbands and !athers. (either sexual relationshi" ex#luded the other. Thus, although an#ient Gree#e so#iety re#ogni%ed male homosexual a#tivity as valid !orm o! sexuality, the men involved in

these relationshi"s rarely de!ined themselves as "rimarily homosexual. @?sco!!ier" Je!!rey. ( erican <o o 2o unity and Eer#ersity" p.8>B Throughout history the a.ority o! societies were essentially asculine" although there were e$ceptions. :o we ust be care!ul not to add a strong se$ual e phasis to =ree- pederasty. $mong the =orians it was the best men who #ultivated "aiderasty as something worthy o! "raise, as an obligation the state. @;anggard" Ehallos ( :y bol and Its <istory in the 6ale &orld" p. 52B The truth is that "ederasty is a vi#e en#ouraged by abnormal so#ial #onditions, su#h as li!e in military #am"s or "urely mas#uline #ommunities. So#iety was essentially mas#uline in the #lassi#al "eriod o! Gree& #ivilisation, even outside o! S"arta. ;omosexuality in !a#t develo"s wherever men and women live se"arate lives and di!!eren#es in edu#ation and re!inement between the sexes militate against normal sexual attra#tion. The more un#om"romising su#h se"aration and diversity be#ome, more wides"read homosexuality will be. @+laceleitere" 7o#e in (ncient =reece" p.215, 219B What then is one to #on#lude about a #ulture whose laws ex"ressed a dee" rooted anxiety about "ederasty while not altogether !orbidding it. $ #ulture in whi#h attitudes and values range !rom the di!!ering modes o! a""robation re"resented in @latos Sym"osium to the star& realism o! $risto"hanes and the .udgement o! $ristotle, that in a man, the #a"a#ity to !eel "leasure in a "assive sexual role is a diseased or morbid state, a#*uired by habit, and #om"arable to biting !ingernails or habitually eating earth or ashes. $ #ulture is not a homogeneous unityE there was no one $thenian attitude towards homoeroti#ism. The widely di!!ering attitudes and #on!li#ting norms and "ra#ti#es whi#h have been dis#ussed above re"resent the disagreements, #ontradi#tions, and anxieties whi#h ma&e u" the "atterned #haos o! a #om"lex #ulture. They should not be rationali%ed away. To ma&e them over into a nearly #oherent and internally #onsistent system would only serve to diminish our understanding o! the many)hued nature o! $thenian homosexuality. @2ohen" 7aw" :e$uality" and :ociety The ?n!orce ent o! 6orals in 2lassical (thens" p. 201,202B. Basi# to the understanding o! the nature, meaning, and im"ortan#e o! "aiderasty is the !ollowingFirstly, the age di!!eren#e between the erastes and his eromenos was always #onsiderable. The eraste was a grown man, the eromenos still an immature boy or youth. @;anggard" Ehallos ( :y bol and Its <istory in the 6ale &orld" p.48B Se#ondly, as has been demonstrated, an ethi#al basis was essential !or the =orian relationshi". @;anggard" Ehallos ( :y bol and Its <istory in the 6ale &orld" p. 48B Thirdly, the homosexuality o! the "aidersty relationshi" had nothing to do with e!!emina#y. ?n the #ontrary, among the =orians the obvious aim o! edu#ation was manliness in its most "ronoun#ed !orms. Be!inement in the manner o! dressing and in regards to !ood, house, !urniture or other #ir#umstan#es o! daily li!e was loo&ed u"on with #ontem"t. /ontem"orary as well as later sour#es agree in stressing that it was among the warli&e =orians in "arti#ular that "aidersty !lourished. @;anggard" Ehallos ( :y bol and Its <istory in the 6ale &orld" p. 44B Fourthly, =orian "aiderasty was something entirely di!!erent !rom homosexuality in the usual sense in whi#h we use the term, as inversion +see de!inition on "age 45,. We have re"eatedly "ointed out that ordinary men regularly #ultivated "aiderasty and a#tive heterosexuality at the same time. 3en who stu#& ex#lusively to boys and did not marry were "unished, s#orned, and ridi#uled by the S"artan authorities, and treated disres"e#t!ully by the young men. @;anggard" Ehallos ( :y bol and Its <istory in the 6ale &orld" p. 44B (gain here" with pederasty as an e$a ple o! age,structured ho ose$uality" along with the other two types o! ho ose$ualities" gender re#ersed and role,speciali5ed discussed" heterose$uality in adulthood with arriage and parenthood is seen as being the nor . Thus the nature o! sa e,se$ erotic contact is se'uential" not linearI in ti e it e#ol#es into a di!!erent ode o! se$ual e$perience

!or the indi#idual. (lso it is in the conte$t that se$ual aturity is bro-en by the discontinuity o! adolescent ho ose$uality. <eterose$uality is the end result" with ho ose$uality being a transitional phase state. +inally it is i portant to notice that one se$uality" ho ose$uality is replaced by another se$uality" heterose$uality. &hat is learned and accepted ust be unlearned and re.ected. In all three o! these types o! ho ose$ualities there is no concept o! the ) odern western gay identity*. That is a ho ose$ual identity" a person who is habitually and e$clusi#ely se$ually bonded to a sa e se$, partner through the li!e span. (s with the other two types o! ho ose$ualities we ust ac-nowledge the e$istence o! the possibility o! adulthood ho oerotic attractions. 1ut they are by !ar not the nor . http://www.banap.net/spip.php?article35

http://www.banap.net/spip.php?article94

5ha!ter Six 4y!es o' +omosexualities* 6ay and Lesbian +omosexual )dentity
:aturday 29 6ay 200>.

Dy the same authors

7arry <ouston o 2hapter %ne ?ssentialis or :ocial 2onstructionis o 2hapter Ten <o ose$ual Identity +or ation o 2hapter 4 Ten Eercent <o ose$ual 6yth o 2hapter 8 (l!red Jinsey o 2hapter 11 <o ose$ual Earenting 6yth

)n the same se&tion

In the sa e section 2hapter %ne ?ssentialis or :ocial 2onstructionis 2hapter Three L=ay 1rainsL and =ay =enesL 2hapter Ten <o ose$ual Identity +or ation 2hapter +i#e: Types o! <o ose$ualities / (ge,:tructured 2hapter ?ight L2ircuit EartiesL and L=ay 6ale 2loneL 2hapter 0ine =ay 6ale <o ose$ual and :e$ual 1eha#ior o! =ay 6ale <o ose$uals 2hapter Two 1iological 1asis !or <o ose$uality 2hapter :e#en: :tonewall and the ( erican Esychiatric (ssociation 5ha!ter Six 6ay and Lesbian +omosexual )dentity 4 6ay and Lesbian +omosexuality )dentity <o ose$uality today e$pressed in a gay and lesbian identity ay possibly be #iewed as another type o! ho ose$uality. Just as the others are historically and culturally speci!ic so is the odern gay

and lesbian. 1eing a gay and lesbian is not a unitary construct that is culturally transcendent across all societies today. ( gay and lesbian is a social political identity li ited to odern western cultures" although this gay and lesbian identity is gradually being e$pressed and adopted in other parts o! the world. The sear#h !or a theory o! gay identity originated among gay 'e!t intelle#tuals. Starting !rom an ethni# model o! history that at !irst assumed an already existing identity or so#ial grou", they eventually dis#overed that homosexuals were histori#ally #onstru#ted sub.e#ts. @?sco!!ier" Je!!rey. ( erican <o o 2o unity and Eer#ersity" p.92B We should em"loy #ross)#ultural and histori#al eviden#e not only to #hart #hanging attitudes but to #hallenge the very #on#e"t o! a single trans)histori#al notion o! homosexuality. In di!!erent #ultures +and at di!!erent histori#al moments or #on.un#tures within the same #ulture, very di!!erent meanings are given to same)sex a#tivity both by so#iety at large and by the individual "arti#i"ants. The "hysi#al a#ts might be similar, but the so#ial #onstru#tion o! meanings around them are "ro!oundly di!!erent. The so#ial integration o! !orms o! "edagogi# homosexual relations in an#ient Gree#e have no #ontinuity with #ontem"orary notions o! homosexual identity. To "ut it another way, the various "ossibilities o! what ;o#*uenghem #alls homosexual desire, or what more neutrally might be termed homosexual behaviors, whi#h seem !rom histori#al eviden#e to be a "ermanent and ineradi#able as"e#t o! human sexual "ossibilities, are variously #onstru#ted in di!!erent #ultures as an as"e#t o! wider gender and sexual regulation. I! this is the #ase, it is "ointless dis#ussing *uestions su#h as, what are the origins o! homosexual o""ression, or what is the nature o! the homosexual taboo, as i! there was a single, #ausative !a#tor. The #ru#ial *uestion must be- what are the #onditions !or the emergen#e o! this "arti#ular !orm o! regulation o! sexual behavior in this "arti#ular so#iety< @&ee-s" (gainst 0ature" p. 15,19B Trans#ending all these issues o! li!estyle was the "otent *uestion o! the gay identity itsel!. The gay identity is no more a "rodu#t o! nature than any other sexual identity. It has develo"ed through a #om"lex history o! de!initions and sel!)de!inition, and what re#ent histories o! homosexuality have #learly revealed is that there is no ne#essary #onne#tion between sexual "ra#ti#es and sexual identity. @&ee-s" :e$uality and Its Aiscontents 6eanings" 6yths and 6odern :e$ualities" p. 50B The idea o! a gay and lesbian identity sexual identity has been !ormulated over the last two de#ades. ;istori#ally it is the "rodu#t o! the gay and lesbian liberation movement, whi#h, itsel!, grew out o! the Bla#& #ivil rights and womens liberation movements o! the !i!ties and sixties. 'i&e ethni# identities, sexual identity assigns individuals to membershi" in a grou", the gay lesbian #ommunity. $lthough sexual identity has be#ome a grou" identity, its histori#al ante#edents #an be tra#ed to the nineteen)#entury notion that homosexual men and women, ea#h re"resentative o! a newly dis#overed biologi#al s"e#imen, re"resented a third sex. ;omosexuality, whi#h had been #on#eived "rimarily as an a#t was thereby trans!ormed into an a#tor. +=e /e##o, 4228b,. ?n#e a#tors had been #reated it was "ossible to assign them a grou" identity. ?n#e a "erson be#ame a member o! a grou", "arti#ularly one that has been stigmati%ed and marginal, identity as an individual was easily subsumed under grou" identity. @Ae 2ecco and Ear-er" )The 1iology o! <o ose$uality: :e$ual %rientation or :e$ual Ere!erence"* p. 22,28 in :e$" 2ells" and :a e,:e$ Aesire: The 1iology o! :e$ual" Ere!erence" editors Ae 2ecco and Ear-erB The #on!iguring o! the meaning o! homosexuality by its advo#ates into a li!estyle alternative or minority status, and the movement o! lesbians and gay men into the so#ial #enter "arallels the trans!ormation o! the so#ial role o! the $!ri#an)$meri#ans and women during the same "eriod. @:eid an" ? battled ?ros" p.144,143B

?n the one hand, lesbians and gay men have made themselves an e!!e#tive !or#e in the S$ over the "ast several de#ades largely by giving themselves what the #ivil rights movement had- a "ubli# #olle#tive identity. Gay and lesbian so#ial movements have built a *uasi)ethni#ity, #om"lete with its own "oliti#al and #ulture institutions, !estivals, neighborhoods, even its own !lag. nderlying that ethni#ity is ty"i#ally the notion that what gays and lesbians share ) the an#hor o! minority rights #laim U is the same !ixed, natural essen#e, a sel! with same)sex desires. The shared o""ression, these movements have !or#e!ully #laimed, is denial o! the !reedoms and o""ortunities to a#tuali%e this sel!. In this ethini#lessentialist "oliti#, #lear #ategories o! #olle#tive identity are ne#essary !or su##ess!ul resistan#e and "oliti#al gain. @=a son" )6ust Identity 6o#e ents :el!,Aestruct?*" p.519B 'esbian and gay historians have as&ed *uestions about the origins o! gay liberation and lesbian !eminism, and have #ome u" with some sur"rising answers. Bather than !inding a silent, o""ressed, gay minority in all times and all "la#es, historians have dis#overed that gay identity is a re#ent, Western, histori#al #onstru#tion. Je!!rey Wee&s, Jonathan Mat% and 'illian Faderman, !or exam"le have tra#ed the emergen#e o! lesbian and gay identity in the late nineteenth #entury. Similarly John =7milio, $llan Berube and the Bu!!alo ?ral ;istory @ro.e#t have des#ribed how this identity laid the basis !or organi%ed "oliti#al a#tivity in the years !ollowing World War II. The wor& o! lesbian and gay historians has also demonstrated that human sexuality is not a natural, timeless given, but is histori#ally sha"ed and "oliti#ally regulated. @Auggan" )<istory/s =ay =hetto: The 2ontradictions o! =rowth in 7esbian and =ay <istory"* p.151,152 in :e$ &ars edited by Auggan T <unter" :e$ &arsB It isnt at all obvious why a gay rights movement should ever have arisen in the nited States in the !irst "la#e. $nd its "ro!oundly "u%%ling why that movement should have be#ome !ar and away the most "ower!ul su#h "oliti#al !ormation in the world. Same gender sexual a#ts have been #ommon"la#e throughout history and a#ross #ultures. Today, to s"ea& with surety about a matter !or whi#h there is absolutely no statisti#al eviden#e, more adoles#ent male butts are being "enetrated in the $rab world, 'atin $meri#an, (orth $!ri#a and Southeast $sia then in the west. But the notion o! a gay identity rarely a##om"anies su#h sexual a#ts, nor do "oliti#al movements arise to ma&e demands in the name o! that identity. Its still almost entirely in the Western world that the genders o! ones "artner is #onsidered a "rime mar&er o! "ersonality and among Western nations it is the nited States ) a #ountry otherwise #onsidered a bastion o! #onservatism ) that the strongest "oliti#al movement has arisen #entered around that identity. Weve only begun to analy%e why, and to date #an say little more then that #ertain signi!i#ant "re) re*uisites develo"ed in this #ountry, and to some degree everywhere in the western world, that werent "resent, or hadnt a#hieved the ne#essary #riti#al mass, elsewhere. $mong su#h !a#tors were the wea&ening o! the traditional religious lin& between sexuality and "ro#reation +one whi#h had made non)"ro#reative same gender desire an automati# #andidate !or denun#iation as unnatural,. Se#ondly the ra"id urbani%ation and industriali%ation o! the nited States, and the West in general, in the nineteen #entury wea&ened the material +and moral, authority o! the nu#lear !amily, and allowed maveri#&s to es#a"e into wel#ome anonymity o! #ity li!e, where they #ould #hoose a "reviously una##e"table li!estyle o! singleness and non#on!ormity without #onstantly worrying about "arental or village busybodies "oun#ing on them. @Auber an" 7e!t %ut" p. 414 , 415.B I have argued that lesbian and gay identity and #ommunities are histori#ally #reated, the result o! a "ro#ess o! #a"italist develo"ment that has s"anned many generations. $ #orollary o! this argument is that we are not a !ixed so#ial minority #om"osed !or all time o! a #ertain "er#entage o!

the "o"ulation. There are more o! us than one hundred years ago, more o! us than !orty years ago. $nd there may very well be more gay men and lesbians in the !uture. /laims made by gays and nongays that sexual orientation is !ixed at an early age, that large numbers o! visible gay men and lesbians in so#iety, the media, and s#hools will have no in!luen#e on the sexual identities o! the young, are wrong. /a"italism has #reated the material #onditions !or homosexual desire to ex"ress itsel! as a #entral #om"onent o! some individuals livesE now, our "oliti#al movements are #hanging #ons#iousness, #reating the ideologi#al conditions that a-e it easier !or people to a-e that choice.* @A/? ilio" )2apitalis and =ay Identity" p. 4>8,4>4 in The 7esbian and =ay :tudies Ceader by <enry (belo#e" 6ichele (ine 1arale and Aa#id 6. <alperinB There is a wealth o! cross,cultural e#idence that point to the e$istence o! nu erous patterns o! ho ose$uality #arying in origins" sub.ecti#e states and ani!est beha#iors. 1ut the para enters o! the discussion are still best !ra ed as &ho one is" a ho ose$ual or &hat one does" ho ose$uality. The support !or the latter is the strongest. =es#ri"tions o! the Gree&s, the berda#hes, and the Sambia should ma&e us a little unsure about our #ategories homosexual and heterosexual )least, they should ma&e us thin& more #are!ully about what we mean by these words. But i! we are a little #on!used about #ategories, "erha"s we #an agree on a !ew sim"le !a#ts about human sexuality- +4, same)sex eroti#ism has existed !or thousands o! years in vastly di!!erent times #ulturesE +9, in some #ultures, same)sex eroti#ism was a##e"ted as normal as"e#t o! human sexuality, "ra#ti#ed by nearly all individuals some o! the timeE and +0, in nearly every #ulture that has been examined in any detail, a !ew individuals seem to ex"erien#e a #om"elling and abiding sexual orientation toward their own sex. @6ondi ore" ( 0atural <istory o! <o ose$uality" p.20B The reality is that this )gay identity*" a pattern o! essentially e$clusi#e ale ho ose$uality !a iliar to us which has been e$ceedingly rare or un-nown in cultures that re'uired or e$pected all ales to engage in ho ose$ual acti#ity. :o I would argue this )gay identity* should be seen not as a type o! ho ose$uality" but rather as a social o#e ent" a political cause" a new !or o! gender identity" and a li!e,style. There!ore the psychosocial conditions o! being gay today ust be understood in their own place and historical ti e. @sy#hologi#al theory, whi#h should be em"loyed to des#ribe only individual mental, emotional, and behavioral as"e#ts o! homosexuality, has been em"loyed !or building models o! "ersonal develo"ment that "ur"ort to mar& the ste"s in an individuals "rogression toward a mature and egosyntoni# gay or lesbian identity. The embra#ing and dis#losing o! su#h an identity, however, is best understood as a "oliti#al "henomenon o##urring in a histori#al "eriod during whi#h identity "oliti#s has be#ome a be#ome a #onsuming o##u"ation. @Ae 2ecco" :e$" 2ells" and :a e,:e$ Aesire: The 1iology o! :e$ual" Ere!erence p.21B 1eing )gay* cannot be seen as onolithlic and in#ariant identity label culturally #alid !or ancient and edie#al societies. (s has been repeatedly stated" historical culturally the pattern was !or heterose$uality" arriage" and procreation. (lthough there ha#e been cases" which are e$ceptions to the nor " instances o! adult sa e se$ beha#ior" are al ost always tolerated" but loo-ed down upon with disappro#al. /ertainly the gay movement is s"e#iali%ed somewhat to #lass and urban so#ial !ormations, and it must be seen !rom the "ers"e#tive o! the de#ontextuali%ation o! sex. ?nly by disengaging sexuality !rom the traditions o! !amily, re"rodu#tion, and "arenthood was the evolution o! the gay movement a so#ial and histori#al li&eihood. +;erdt, 4215b,.@<erdt" )Ae#elop ental Aiscontuntinuties and :e$ual %rientation (cross 2ultures"* p. 224 in <o ose$uality/<eterose$uality 2oncepts o! :e$ual %rientation edited by 6c&hirter" :anders" and CeinischB

It is the myth o! gay identity, the belie! that homosexuals are a di!!erent &ind o! "eo"le. Gay identity is one o! the great wor&ing myths o! our age. 7ven though it is based on the ideas o! gender and sex that have more to do with !ol&lore than s#ien#e, it o##u"ies a #entral "osition in the belie!s and "rin#i"les that govern our behaviors. It is a signi!i#ant element o! our so#ial organi%ation o! gender and sexuality. The myth holds us all in thrall, not .ust those who have ado"ted the gay role. We begin with the "remise that there exists an evident distin#tion between +4, homosexual !eelings, +9, homosexual behavior, and +0, the homosexual role. The argument "resented here is that homosexual !eelings "lay a minor "art in be#oming gay, whi#h is #hie!ly is the result o! ado"ting the homosexual role. Being gay is always a matter o! sel!)de!inition. (o matter what your sexual "ro#livities or ex"erien#e, you are not gay until you de#ide you are.+Au1ay" =ay Identity The :el! Fnder 1an" p.1,2B The gay myth is res"onsible !or the #reation o! the gay #ommunity, whi#h is an assemblage, not o! "eo"le who share the same sexual orientation +they dont,, but o! those who have ado"ted the gay role. nderlying the many !a#ets o! gay li!e is an overriding #on#ern with the gay role. The #onversation and behavior o! gay)identi!ied individual reveals that what distinguishes them !rom others is not their sexual identity but their identity, their #ons#iousness o! being a "eo"le set a"art. $nd what sets them a"art is their .oint #ommitment to a role #reated by a so#iety solely !or the "ur"oses o! #ontrolling and isolating behaviors. @Au1ay" =ay Identity The :el! Fnder 1an" p.2,8B Gay "eo"le there are, and some are indeed di!!erent, but it is not their sexuality that ma&es them di!!erent. Their real di!!eren#es, as signi!i#ant as they may be, are now submerged in the em"hasis o! the gay myth on sexual di!!eren#e. I! anything, it is their sexuality that they have most in #ommon with all humans. We #an end this introdu#tion with one more a""eal added to #ountless others, an a""eal almost totally ignored by the a#ademi# and medi#al establishments- Gayness, unli&e the medi#al term homosexuality, has nothing to do with sex or sexual orientation. It #on#erns a wide range o! divergent behaviors that set some "eo"le a"art !rom others in their a""earan#e, gender behavior, emotional sensibilities, intelle#tual "owers, and their "ers"e#tive o! the world. @Au1ay" =ay Identity The :el! Fnder 1an" p.12B ?#en today in our L odern western cultureL" being and acting gay is a de#elop ental discontinuity in our society. <eterose$uality still continues to be the nor . ( Lgay identityL began e#ol#ing within large population centers in the late nineteenth century. In the Fnited :tates there was rapid growth as the result o! the co ing together o! large groups o! en to !ight in &orld &ar Two. These en !ro rural and s all town ( erica began -nowing Lothers .ust li-e the sel#esL. It has been ore recent" since the 1390s that there has been the e ergence o! the indi#iduals who do not arry" but accept the idea o! being single and gay. 1e!ore this ti e ost indi#iduals would be arried and their ho ose$uality was e$pressed in se$ual acts with e bers o! the sa e se$. Eerhaps the largest ilestone in the e ergence o! a odern Lgay identityL too- place on June 12" 1393" in 0ew Gor- 2ity at a gay bar called :tonewall Inn. This was an act o! resistance" a riot by drag 'ueens ourning the death o! Judy =arland. It was a group o! e!!e inate en" wearing wo en/s clothes resisting police authority" during a raid on the gay bar. This e#ent is o!ten lin-ed with the beginning o! the gay liberation o#e ent. $!ter the 42:2 Stonewall riots, a homosexual eman#i"ation movement emerged. This movement, #alled gay liberation, resulted !rom a #lash o! two #ultures and two generations)the homosexual sub#ulture o! the 4268 and 42:8s and the (ew 'e!t #ounter#ulture o! 42:8s youth. Ideologi#ally, the

#am" sensibility o! the 4268s and early 42:8s had served as a strategy o! #ontainmentE it ha balan#ed its s#orn !or the "rin#i"le o! #onsisten#y with a bitter #ons#iousness o! o""ression in a !ramewor& that o!!ered no vision o! histori#al #hange. The gay liberationists, who had rarely had mu#h a""re#iation !or traditional gay li!e, "ro"osed a radi#al #ultural revolution. Instead o! "rote#ting the right to "riva#y, gay liberation radi#als insisted on #oming out) the "ubli# dis#losure o! ones homosexuality) whi#h then be#ame the #enter"ie#e o! gay "oliti#al strategy. @?sco!!ier" ( erican <o o 2o unity and Eer#ersity" p.54B Stonewall was an a#t o! resistan#e to "oli#e authority by multira#ial drag *ueens mourning the death o! Judy Garland, long divini%ed by gays. There!ore Stonewall had a #ultural meaning beyond the "oliti#al- it was a "agan insurre#tion by the reborn transvestite "riests o! /ybele. @Eaglia" ;a ps and Tra ps" p. 9>B ( second i portant e#ent allowing !or the idea o! a )gay identity* was the re o#al o! ho ose$uality as a psychiatric disorder. In 13>8 the ( erican Esychiatric (ssociation re o#ed ho ose$uality !ro its Aiagnostic and :tatistical 6anuel o! 6ental Aisorders. It was the militant organi%ation o! homosexuals, not any s#ienti!i# brea&through, that led to the removal o! homosexuality !rom the list o! diseases o! the $meri#an @sy#hiatri# $sso#iation in 425L. @&ee-s" :e$uality" p.45B The de#ision o! the $meri#an @sy#hiatri# $sso#iation to delete homosexuality !rom its "ublished list o! sexual disorders in 4250 was s#ar#ely a #ool, s#ienti!i# de#ision. It was a res"onse to a "oliti#al #am"aign !ueled by the belie! that its original in#lusion as a disorder was a re!le#tion o! an o""ressive "oliti#o)medi#al de!inition o! homosexuality as a "roblem. @&ee-s" Je!!ery. :e$uality and Its Aiscontents 6eanings" 6yths and 6odern :e$ualities" p. 218B &hy was it decided at this speci!ic point in ti e that ho ose$uality was not pathological a!ter being listed as one !or 28 years? +or certain it was not a decision based upon new scienti!ic e#idence" !or there was #ery little to support ho ose$uality. It was as a result o! a three,year social/political ca paign by gay acti#ists" pro,gay psychiatrists and gay psychiatrists" not as a result o! #alid scienti!ic studies. Cather the acti#ities were public disturbances" rallies" protests" and social/political pressure !ro others outside o! the (E( upon the (E(. There also was a sincere belie! held by liberal, inded and co passionate psychiatrists that listing ho ose$uality as a psychiatric disorder supported and rein!orced pre.udice against ho ose$uals. Ce o#al o! the ter !ro the diagnostic anual was #iewed as a hu ane" progressi#e act. ( third in!luencing !actor was an acceptance o! new criteria to de!ine psychiatric conditions. %nly those disorders that caused a patient to su!!er or that resulted in ad.ust ent proble s were thought to be appropriate !or inclusion in the Aiagnostic and :tatistical 6anual. (dding to the push !or re o#al was an ac-nowledg ent o! the e$traordinary resistance o! ho ose$uality to psychiatric inter#ention" !or o#erco ing ho ose$uality. :o e passions and pre.udices were in#ol#ed with this decision as well. In actuality this action was ta-en with such uncon#entional speed that nor al channels !or consideration o! the issues were circu #ented. This was a ti e period o! great social uphea#al and change" ci#il rights !or blac-s" the ;ietna war" and o! course" the )se$ual re#olution*. Though the 1oard o! Trustees #oted 18 to 0" a re!erendu sent to 25"000 (E( e bers only 25 H responded" and o! these only 54H !a#ored re o#ing ho ose$uality !ro the list o! disorders. +ollow up sur#eys o! the e bers o! the (E( continued to show that any e bers consider ho ose$uality to be pathological and a disorder. (lso (E( e bers report that the proble s o! ho ose$uals had ore to do with their inner con!licts then with stig ati5ation by society at large. It is not what is now ter ed )ho ophobia. Conald 1ayer in his boo-" <o ose$uality and the ( erican Esychiatry: The Eolitics o! Aiagnosis co#ers in depth the re o#al o! ho ose$uality by the (E( !ro the Aiagnostic and :tatistical 6anuel o! 6ental Aisorders.

This action ta-en in the (E( had dra atic conse'uences on psychose$ual li!e according to 2harles :ocarides in a article published in The Journal o! Esychohistory" ):e$ual Eolitics and :cienti!ic 7ogic: The Issue o! <o ose$uality.* <e described a o#e ent within the ( erican Esychiatric (ssociation in which through social/political acti#is resulted in a two,phase radicali5ation o! a ain pillar o! psychosocial li!e. The !irst phase was the erosion o! heterose$uality as the single acceptable se$ual pattern in our culture. This was !ollowed by the second phase being the raising o! ho ose$uality to the le#el o! an alternati#e li!e. (s a result ho ose$uality beca e an acceptable psychosocial institution alongside heterose$uality as the pre#ailing nor o! beha#ior. In essen#e, this movement within the $meri#an @sy#hiatri# $sso#iation has a##om"lished what every other so#iety, with rare ex#e"tions, would have trembled to tam"er with, a revision o! the basi# #ode and #on#e"t o! li!e and biology- that men and women normally mate with the o""osite sex and not with ea#h other. @:ocarides" ):e$ual Eolitics and :cienti!ic 7ogic: The Issue o! <o ose$uality"* p. 821B 6ore recent e#ents ha#e shown interesting perspecti#es. There has been the !or ation o! 0(CT<" 0ational (ssociation !or Cesearch and Therapy o! <o ose$uality in 1332 that was in response to the growing threat o! scienti!ic censorship. In 6ay o! 2001 Ar. Cobert 7 :pit5er reported a study that ho ose$uality ay so eti es be changeable. Ar :pit5er was the psychiatrist who headed the (E( co ittee that led to the 13>8 re o#al o! ho ose$uality !ro the (E(/s list o! disorders. These e#ents coincide with a growing in!luential o#e ent o! people who ha#e o#erco e ho ose$uality" and are usually sel!,identi!y as e$,gay. $nother as"e#t o! the develo"ment o! sexual orientation and identity whi#h would seem to re*uire investigation is the redu#tion o! the "er#entage o! men and women engaging in homosexual behavior with age. $ signi!i#ant "er#entage o! the medi#al students and male twins investigated by 3#/onaghy and #olleagues +4215, 422L, re"orted that they were not #urrently aware o! homosexual !eelings they ex"erien#ed in adoles#en#e indi#ating homosexual !eelings diminished or disa""ear with age in a "ro"ortion o! the "o"ulation. @6c2onaghy" )Fnresol#ed Issues in :cienti!ic :e$ology"* p. 800B There are indi#iduals who o#erco e ho ose$uality and they do so in ultiple ways. 1ut what is o! great interest are those indi#iduals who choose to continue to sel!,identi!y as gay or lesbian but ha#e as their ob.ects o! se$ual acti#ity e bers o! the opposite se$. The !ollowing are e$a ples o! such people who ha#e ade public declarations. Jo(nn 7oulan was a pro inent lesbian acti#ist in the se#enties and eighties who et and !ell in lo#e with a an in the late nineties" and e#en appeared on a 20/20 tele#ision episode in 1334. Jan 2lausen also a lesbian acti#ist writes in two o! her boo-s 1eyond =ay or :traight" (pples and %ranges o! a se$ual relationship with a an. This latter boo- is autobiographical. :he began a long,ter onoga ous relationship with a an in 134>. In ?ngland Cussell T. Aa#ies wrote Dueer as +ol- and also wrote !or 1ritish T; the show 1ob and Cose airing in :epte ber 2001. This second show is about a gay an who !alls in lo#e with a wo an and has a se$ual relationship with her. This series was based on a !riend o! Aa#ies/" Tho as" who was well -nown in the 6anchester" ?ngland gay scene. 1ert (rcher who identi!ies as a gay ale in his boo-" The ?nd o! =ay @and the Aeath o! <eterose$ualityB" writes o! his se$ual relationship with a wo an. <e also gi#es e$a ples o! other gay en who ha#e si ilar e$periences. %! ost interest is the actual result o! this latest atte pt beginning in the late 1390s and early 13>0s to de!ine ho ose$uality as a )one si5e !its all* type o! ho ose$uality" a gay and lesbian identity. &hat was at !irst an atte pt to see two se$ual identities" heterose$ual and ho ose$ual has been a birth o! ultiple se$ual identities. It is a !racturing o! a )one single se$ual identity*" ho ose$ual into ultiple se$ual identities and heterose$uality.

What these exam"les illustrate is that homosexual and heterosexual are so#ially #onstru#ted #ategories. There are no ob.e#tive de!initions o! these wordsE there is no Golden =i#tionary in the S&y that #ontains the real de!initions. These are words, #ategories we made u". @6uehlenhard" )2ategories and :e$ualities"* p. 102,108B $lthough the radi#alised movement o! sel!)a!!irming lesbians, gay men, bisexuals, transgendered "eo"le and others "ro#laimed the desire to Cend the homosexual and indeed the heterosexual +$ltman 4854Q4220, ) that is to get rid o! redundant and o""ressive #ategorisations ) the reality was di!!erent. Sin#e the early 4258s, there has been #onsiderable growth o! distin#tive sexual #ommunities, and o! what have been #alled *uasi)ethni# lesbian and gay identities, and the "roli!eration o! other distin#tive sexual identities !rom bisexual to sado)maso#histi#, and many other subdivisions +7"stein 4228,. =i!!eren#e has a""arently trium"hed over #onvergen#e, identity or similarity. The rise o! *ueer "oliti#s !rom the late 4218s #an be seen as both a "rodu#t o! and a #hallenge to these develo"ments, re.e#ting narrow identity "oliti#s in !avor o! a more transgressive eroti# war!are. +Warner 4220E Seidman 4225, ) while at the same time, ironi#ally, #reating a new, "ost)identity identity o! C*ueer. @&ee-s" <eaphy and Aono#an" :a e :e$ Inti acies +a ilies o! 2hoice and %ther 7i!e ?$peri ents" p.14B >et "erha"s the most enabling brea&through in the study o! "remodern sexualities over the last de#ade has been "re#isely the re.e#tion o! easy e*uations between sexual "ra#ti#e and individual identity. In the wa&e o! Fou#aults !amous di#tum)The sodomite had been a tem"orary aberrationE the homosexual was now a s"e#ies +4228, L0,)s#holars have re#ently brought to light a vast array o! homoeroti# dis#ourses in the "remodern West that were neither !iltered nor #onstrained by modern sexual identity #ategories. In the words o! =avid ;al"erin, Be!ore the s#ienti!i# #onstru#tion o! Csexuality as a su""osedly "ositive, distin#t, and #onstitutive !eatures o! individual human beings . . . /ertain &inds o! sexual a#ts #ould be individually evaluated and #ategori%ed +4228, 9:,. While gay and lesbian history in the 4258s and early 4218s aimed "rimarily at either identi!ying, the last de#ade has seen the !o#us shi!t to eroti# a#ts, "leasures, and desires, to homoeroti#ism itsel! as a "ervasive and diverse #ultural "henomenon rather than the #loseted "ra#ti#e o! a homosexual minority +see ;unt, 422L,. @+radenburg and 7a#e55o editors. Ere odern :e$ualities" p.248,244B )%n the one hand" lesbians and gay en ha#e ade the sel#es an e!!ecti#e !orce in the F:( o#er the past se#eral decades largely by gi#ing the sel#es what the ci#il rights o#e ent had: a public collecti#e identity. =ay and lesbian social o#e ents ha#e built a 'uasi,ethnicity" co plete with its own political and culture institutions" !esti#als" neighborhoods" e#en its own !lag. Fnderlying that ethnicity is typically the notion that what gays and lesbians share , the anchor o! inority status and inority rights clai [ is the sa e !i$ed" natural essence" a sel! with sa e,se$ desires. The shared oppression" these o#e ents ha#e !orce!ully clai ed" is denial o! the !reedo s and opportunities to actuali5e this sel!. In this ethiniclessentialist politic" clear categories o! collecti#e identity are necessary !or success!ul resistance and political gain.* @=a son" )6ust Identity 6o#e ents :el!, Aestruct?* p. 519 in :e$ualities: 2ritical 2oncepts in :ociology ;olu e II editor Jen Elu erB That Way. That Sort. The whole modern gay movement, !orm the mid) to late)3atta#hine)style homo"hilia to Gay is Good, to Nueer (ation and ?utBage\ to 7llen, Nueer as Fol& and beyond, has been a struggle !irst to de!ine, than to .usti!y andQor #elebrate andQor revel in, than to normali%e what was still thought o! by many as being That Way. $nd there have been wild su##esses, genuine vi#tories resulting in real "rogress being made in very short s"ans o! time in thin&ing and a#ting on sexuality and human relationshi"s. But theres a !orgotten, ignored, or "erha"s never a#&nowledged baby in the bathwater the 3ovements been sum"ing- the "ossibility o! a sexual attra#tion that is neither or ex#lusively based on anatomy nor es"e#ially relevant to your sense o! sel!. Its an idea that the lesbian #ommunities have been dealing with !or some time, something about whi#h they

have a lot to tea#h the rest o! us. @(rcher" The ?nd o! =ay and the death o! heterose$uality" p.1>, 14B Su#h was the heady agenda o! gay liberation. By the mid)4258s, however, it was evident that the agenda U en#ouraging "eo"le to #ome out and be "roud o! being gay U was not wor&ing. Be"orts o! #asualties U gay related sui#ides and beatings, illnesses and death !rom al#ohol and drug use U were not de#lining. The mortality rate o! gay "eo"le dying !rom he"atitis was staggering- 6,888 a year a##ording to some a##ounts. (ew in!e#tious diseases were a""earing, in#luding devastating internal "arasites that added to the already alarming in#iden#es o! other sexually transmitted diseases. Worse, gay "eo"le did not seem to be #oales#ing into the "rodu#tive li!estyle envisioned by the early leaders o! the movement. Where was Whitmans vision o! a land where men, women, #hildren would .oin in a #ontinuous #elebration o! li!e and the body ele#tri#< What we saw instead was an es#alating s"read o! "romis#uity, "rostitution, and "ornogra"hy. ?ur liberated #ommunity was ra"idly be#oming an ex"loited #ommunity. Gay so#iety !ounded itsel! with less and less to be "roud o!. The mar#h o! gay rights seemed to slow down, and with the arrival o! $I=S, was sto""ed dead in its tra#&s. @Au1ay" =ay Identity The :el! Fnder 1an" p.181B In short, the gay li!estyle ) i! su#h a #haos #an, a!ter all, legitimately be #alled a li!estyle ) it .ust doesnt wor&- it doesnt serve the two !un#tions !or whi#h all so#ial !ramewor& evolve- to #onstrain "eo"les natural im"ulses to behave badly and to meet their natural needs. While its im"ossible to "rovide an exhaustive analyti# list o! all the root #auses and aggravants o! this !ailure, we #an asseverate at least some o! the ma.or #auses. 3any have been disse#ted, above, as elements o! the Ten 3isbehaviorsE it only remains to dis#uss the !ailure o! the gay #ommunity to "rovide a viable alternative to the heterosexual !amily. @Jir- and 6adsen" (!ter the 1all: <ow ( erica &ill 2on'uer Its +ear and <atred o! the =ay/s in the 30s" p.898B Dibliogra!hy (rcher" 1ert. The ?nd o! =ay @and the death o! heterose$ualityB. Thunder/s 6outh Eress. 0ew Gor-" 2002. 1ayer" Conald. <o ose$uality and the ( erican Esychiatry: The Eolitics o! Aiagnosis. 1asic 1oo-s. 0ew Gor-" 1341. 1each" +ran- (. editor. <u an :e$uality in +our Eerspecti#es. The John <op-ins Fni#ersity Eress. 1alti ore and 7ondon" 13>>. 1ishop" 2li!!ord and %sthelder" Xenia. :e$ualia +ro Erehistory to 2yberspace. Jone ann ;erlagsgescellscha!t b<. 2ologne" =er any" 2001. 2lausen" Jan. 1eyond =ay or :traight: Fnderstanding :e$ual %rientation. 2helsa <ouse Eublishers. Ehiladelphia" 133>. 2ohen" Aa#id. 7aw" :e$uality" and :ociety The ?n!orce ent o! 6orals in 2lassical (thens. 2a bridge Fni#ersity Eress. 2a bridge" ?ngland" 1331. 2o#ino" John. ?ditor. :a e :e$ Aebating the ?thics" :cience and 2ulture o! <o ose$uality. Cow an T 7ittle!ield Eublishers. 7anha " 6aryland" 133>.

A/? ilio" John. )2apitalis and =ay Identity" 49>,4>9" in The 7esbian and =ay :tudies Ceader editors <enry (belo#e" 6ichele (ine 1arale and Aa#id 6. <alperin. Coutledge. 0ew Gor- and 7ondon" 1338. Aia ant" 7ouis and Cichard A. 6c(nulty" editors. The Esychology o! :e$ual %rientation" 1eha#ior" and Identity ( <andboo-. =reenwood Eress. &estport" 2onnecticut" 1335. Aic-e an" Ehd" 6ildred. )Ceproducti#e :trategies and =ender 2onstruction: (n ?#olutionary ;iew o! <o ose$ualities.* in. I! Gou :educe a :traight Eerson" 2an Gou 6a-e The =ay? John E. Ae 2ecco EhA and John E. ?lia" EhA @cand.B editors. The <aworth Eress" Inc. 0ew Gor-" 1338. Au1ay" &illia <. =ay Identity The :el! Fnder 1an. 6c+arland T 2o pany" Inc. Eublishers. Je!!erson" 02 and 7ondon" 134>. Auber an" 6artin. 7e!t %ut. :outh ?nd Eress. 2a bridge" 6(" 2002. Auggan" 7isa T 0an A. <unter. :e$ &ars :e$ual Aissent and Eolitical 2ulture. Coutledge. 0ew Gor- T 7ondon" 1335. Aowning" 2hristine. 6yths and 6ysteries o! :a e,:e$ 7o#e. 2ontinuu 0ew Gor-" 1343. Eublishing 2o pany.

?sco!!ier" Je!!ery. ( erican <o o: 2o unity and Eer#ersity. Fni#ersity o! 2ali!ornia Eress. 1er-eley" 7os (ngeles" and 7ondon" 1334. +innis" John. )7aw" 6orality" and :e$ual %rientation.* p. 81,48 in :a e :e$: Aebating the ?thics" :cience" and 2ulture o! <o ose$uality. John 2o#ino" ?ditor. Cow an T 7ittle!ield Eublishers. 7anha " 6aryland" 133>. +laceleliere" Cobert. 7o#e in (ncient =reece. =reenwood Eress" Eublishers. &estport" 2onnecticut" 13>8. +one" 1yrne. <o ophobia ( <istory. 6etropolitan 1oo-s. 0ew Gor-" 2000. +radenburg" 7ouise" and 2arla 7a#e55o editors. Ere odern :e$ualities. Coutledge. 0ew Gor- and 7ondon" 1339. =a son" Joshua. )6ust Identity 6o#e ents :el!,Aestruct?* p.515,58> in :e$ualites: 2ritical 2oncepts in :ociology ;olu e II. ?dited by Jen Elu er. Coutledge. 7ondon and 0ew Gor-" 2002. =arrison" Aaniel <. :e$ual 2ulture in (ncient =reece. Fni#ersity o! %-laho a Eress. 0or an" %J" 2000. =oode" ?rich. Ae#iant 1eha#ior :econd ?dition. Erentice,<all" Inc. ?nglewood 2li!!s" 0ew Jersey" 1344. <allet" Judith p. and 6arilyn 1. :-inner. Co an :e$ualities. Erinceton Fni#ersity Eress. Erinceton" 0J" 133>

<alperin" Aa#id 6" John J &in-ler" and +ro a I Zeitlin" ?ditors. 1e!ore :e$uality The 2onstruction o! ?rotic ?$perience in the (ncient =ree- &orld. Erinceton Fni#ersity Eress. Erinceton" 0J" 1330. <ar#ey %.:.+.:." John +. The Truth (bout <o ose$uality The 2ry o! the +aith!ul. Ignatius Eress. :an +rancisco" 1339. <enderson" Je!!ery. The 6aculate 6use. Gale Fni#ersity Eress. 0ew <a#en" 13>5 <erdt" =ilbert. :a e :e$" Ai!!erent 2ultures. &est#iewEress. 133>. <eyl" 1arbara :her an. )<o ose$uality: ( :ocial Eheno enon.* 821,843 in <u an :e$uality: The :ocietal and Interpersonal 2onte$t. Jathleen 6cJinney and :usan :precher. (ble$ Eublishing 2orporation. 0orwood" 0ew Jersey" 1343. Jones" :tanton 7. T Garhouse" 6ar- (. <o ose$uality The Fse o! :cienti!ic Cesearch in the 2hurch/s 6oral Aebate. Inter;arsity Eress. Aowners =ro#e" 2000. Japlan" 6orris 1. :e$ual Justice Ae ocratic 2iti5enship and the Eolitics o! Aesire. Coutledge. 0ew Gor- and 7ondon" 133>. Jon" Igor :. )( :ocicultural (pproach" p. 25>,249* in Theories o! <u an :e$uality" editors Ja es <. =eer and &illia T. %/Aonohue. Elenu Eress. 0ew Gor- and 7ondon" 134>. 7icht" <ans. :e$ual 7i!e in (ncient =reece. 2onstable and 2o pany 7i ited. 7ondon" 1334. 7ar our" Aa#id <.J." Eaul (llen 6iller" and 2harles Elatter. Cethin-ing :e$uality +oucault and 2lassical (nti'uity. Erinceton Fni#ersity Eress. Erinceton" 0ew Jersey" 1334. 7e;ay" :i on and ?lisabeth 0onas. 2ity o! +riends: ( Eortrait o! the =ay and 7esbian 2o in( erica. The 6IT Eress. 2a bridge" 6( and 7ondon"1335. 6ar or" Judd editor. :e$ual In#ersion. 1asic 1oo-s" Inc. 0ew Gor-" 1395. 6ar or" Judd editor. <o ose$ual 1eha#ior ( 6odern Ceappraisal. 1asic 1oo-s. 0ew Gor-" 1340. 6c2onaghy A.:c." 6.A." 0athaniel. )Fnresol#ed Issues in :cienti!ic :e$ology.* (rchi#es o! :e$ual 1eha#ior. 133" ;ol. 24" 0o. 4" 245,814. 6c7ure" 7aura J. editor. :e$uality and =ender in The 2lassic &orld. 1lac-well Eublishers 7td. %$!ord &J" 2002. 6c&hirter" Aa#id E.6.A." :tephanie (. :anders Eh.A." and June 6acho#er Ceinisch" Eh.A. <o ose$uality/<eterose$uality 2oncepts o! :e$ual %rientation. %$!ord Fni#ersity Eress. 0ew Gor- and 7ondon" 1330. 6ondi ore" +rancis 6ar-. ( 0atural <istory o! <o ose$uality. The John <op-ins Fni#ersity Eress. 1alti ore" 1339. 6oney" John. ):in" :ic-ness" or :tatus?* ( erican Esychologist (pril 134>" ;ol.42" 0o.4" 844,833. 6uehlenhard" 2harlene 7. )2ategories and :e$uality.* Journal o! :e$ Cesearch. 6ay 2000" ;ol. 8>" 0o. 2" 101,10>. unity

0ussabau " 6artha 2. and Juha :ih#ola. The :leep o! Ceason ?rotic ?$perience and :e$ual ?thics in (ncient =reece and Co e. The Fni#ersity o! 2hicago Eress. 2hicago and 7ondon" 2002. Eaigila" 2a ille. ;a ps T Tra ps. ;intage 1oo-s. 0ew Gor-" 1334. Eatterson" 2harolette J. ):e$ual %rientation and <u an Ae#elop ent: (n %#er#iew.* Ae#elop ental Esychology 1335" ;ol. 81" 0o.1" 8,11. Eercy III" &illia (r strong. Eederasty and Eedagogy in (rchaic =reece. Fni#ersity o! Illinois Eress. Frbana and 2hicago" 1339. :ch idt" Tho as ?. :traight and 0arrow? Inter;arsity Eress. Aowners =ro#e" I7" 1335. :eid an" :te#en. ? battled ?ros. Coutledge. 0ew Gor-" 1332. :i-er" Je!!ery :. editor. <o ose$uality in the 2hurch. &est inster John Jno$ Eress. 7ouis#ille" JG" 1334. :ocarides" 2harles &. ):e$ual Eolitics and :cienti!ic 7ogic: The Issue o! <o ose$uality*. The Journal o! Esychohistory. 13 @8B" &inter 1332. :tro en" 6erton E. The 2hurch and <o ose$uality :earching !or a 6iddle =round. Jir- <ouse Eublishers. 6inneapolis" 60" 2001. Thorton" 1ruse :. ?ros: The 6yth o! (ncient =ree- :e$uality. &est#iew Eress. 1oulder" 2%" 133>. &ee-s" Je!!rey. (gainst 0ature: ?ssays on <istory" :e$uality" and Identity. Eaul and 2o. 2oncord" 6(" 1331. &ee-s" Je!!ery" 1rian <eaphy and 2atherine Aono#an. :a e :e$ Inti acies +a ilies o! 2hoice and %ther 7i!e ?$peri ents. Coutledge. 7ondon and 0ew Gor-" 2001. &ee-s" Je!!rey. :e$uality :econd ?dition. Coutledge. 7ondon and 0ew Gor-" 2008. &ieringa" :a-ia. )(n (nthropological 2riti'ue o! 2onstructionis : 1erdaches and 1utches.* 215, 284" in <o ose$uality" &hich <o ose$uality? International 2on!erence on =ay and 7esbian :tudies" Aennis (lt an and et al. =6E Eublishers" 7ondon and Fitge#eri. (n Ae--er/:chorer" ( sterda . 1343.

http://www.banap.net/spip.php?article>0

5ha!ter SevenF Stonewall and the Ameri&an 2sy&hiatri& Asso&iation

:aturday 29 6ay 200>.

Dy the same authors

7arry <ouston o 2hapter %ne ?ssentialis

or :ocial 2onstructionis

o o o o

2hapter Ten <o ose$ual Identity +or ation 2hapter 4 Ten Eercent <o ose$ual 6yth 2hapter 8 (l!red Jinsey 2hapter 11 <o ose$ual Earenting 6yth

)n the same se&tion

In the sa e section 2hapter Ten <o ose$ual Identity +or ation 2hapter %ne ?ssentialis or :ocial 2onstructionis 2hapter 0ine =ay 6ale <o ose$ual and :e$ual 1eha#ior o! =ay 6ale <o ose$uals 2hapter :i$ Types o! <o ose$ualities/ =ay and 7esbian <o ose$ual Identity 2hapter +our: Types o! <o ose$ualities 2hapter +i#e: Types o! <o ose$ualities / (ge,:tructured 2hapter Two 1iological 1asis !or <o ose$uality 2hapter ?ight L2ircuit EartiesL and L=ay 6ale 2loneL 5ha!ter Seven Stonewall and the A2A I Stonewall In short, the "oliti#al and #ultural environment had undergone a liberali%ing shi!t whi#h had #reated the o""ortunity !or the emergen#e o! a mass homosexual movement. @?ngel" The Fn!inished Ce#olution: :ocial 6o#e ent Theory and the =ay and 7esbian 6o#e ent" p.84B Ironi#ally, when the u"rising !inally o##urred, many "eo"le !ailed to re#ogni%e its signi!i#an#e. 'oo&ing ba#&, however, there is no denying that what began, as a s&irmish at a Greenwhi#h Gillage bar be#ame the harbinger !or a new movement o! human rights. =etailed a##ounts o! Stonewall have ta&en on the *uality o! myth, as more "eo"le remember being there than #ould have "ossibly have !it in the tiny grimy bar. It is generally a##e"ted that a diverse grou" o! bar "atrons, led by the drag *ueens who were Stonewall regulars, s"ontaneously began to !ight ba#& during a "oli#e raid. The resistan#e turned into a riot, whi#h lasted !or several days. @Jran5 T 2usic-" =ay Cights: Ce#ised ?dition" p. 85B The years leading u" to Stonewall saw a brea#h in the assimilationist attitudes o! the do#ile homo"hiles o! the "revious generation in !avour o! more revolutionary ones o! "eo"le who #raved more "urely sexual !reedom. @(rcher" The ?nd =ay" p.31B But in the 42:8s and 4258s, the gay movement bro&e de#isively with the assimilationist rhetori# o! the 4268s by "ubli#ly a!!irming, #elebrating, and even #ultivating homosexual di!!eren#e. @2hauncey" &hy 6arriage? The <istory :haping Today/s Aebate %#er =ay ?'uality" p.23B (n e#ent that too- place on June 12" 1393" in 0ew Gor- 2ity at a gay bar called" the :tonewall Inn" had great social and cultural historical signi!icance in the de#elop ent o! the concept o! the ) odern ho ose$ual* who soon adopted what is -nown as a )gay* identity. This was an act o! resistance" a riot by drag 'ueens ourning the death o! Judy =arland. It was a group o! e!!e inate en" wearing wo en/s clothes resisting police authority" during a raid on the gay bar. &hat started out as a typical raid by the police" a sha-e down !or bribery !ro a gay bar turned out uch di!!erently. This e#ent is o!ten lin-ed with the beginning o! the )gay liberation o#e ent.* It should be noted that it was a !ringe group o! ho ose$uals" and not representati#e indi#iduals o! the ho ose$ual co unity at large who displayed this physical resistance.

Stonewall was an a#t o! resistan#e to "oli#e authority by multira#ial drag *ueens mourning the death o! Judy Garland, long divini%ed by gays. There!ore Stonewall had a #ultural meaning beyond the "oliti#al- it was a "agan insurre#tion by the reborn transvestite "riests o! /ybele. @Eaglia" ;a ps and Tra ps" p. 9>B In the 4258s gay liberation was the name o! a ma.or theoreti#al #hallenge to assimilation as well as minoriti%ation. 7arly a#tivists and writers argued that gay liberation #ould trans!orm all sexual and gender relationsE they argued against marriage and monogamy and against existing !amily stru#tures +$ltman 4214E Jay and >oung 4259,. @Ehelan" :e$ual :trangers: =ays" 7esbians" and Aile as o! 2iti5enship" p. 104,103B Gay liberation had somehow evolved into the right to have a good time)the right to en.oy bars, dis#os, drugs, and !re*uent im"ersonal sex. @2lendinen and 0agourney" %ut !or =ood: The :truggle to 1uild a =ay Cights 6o#e ent in ( erica" p.445B I Ameri&an 2sy&hiatri& Asso&iation (nother historically signi!icant e#ent in the de#elop ent o! the concept o! the ) odern ho ose$ual* occurred in the early 13>0s. This was the decision in 13>8 by the (E(" ( erican Esychiatric (ssociation" to re o#e ho ose$uality !ro the lists o! se$ual disorders in the Aiagnostic and :tatistical 6anual. <o ose$ual ad#ocates ac-nowledge the hi.ac-ing o! science !or political gain. ?! #ourse, to mount this #ounteratta#&, gays and lesbians must #hallenge authority o! s#ientists, and that is exa#tly what gay rights a#tivists did when they #am"aigned to have homosexuality removed !rom the $@$s list o! mental disorders. In !a#t, those a#tivists argued that homosexuality is not a disease but a li!estyle #hoi#e. $lthough that argument was su##ess!ul in the early 4258s, the "oliti#al #limate has #hanged in su#h a way that gay rights advo#ates no longer want homosexuality to be thought o! as an immutable #hara#teristi#, and the gay gene dis#ourse hel"s them in this e!!ort. @1roo-ey" Cein#enting the 6ale <o ose$ual: The Chetoric and Eower o! the =ay =ene" p. 48B In 4250, by a vote o! 6,16L to 0,148, the diagnosti# #ategory o! homosexuality was eliminated !rom the =iagnosti# and Statisti#al 3anual o! 3ental =isorders +=S3, o! the $meri#an @sy#hiatri# $sso#iation +Bayer 4214,. @Aonohue and 2aselles" )<o ophobia: 2onceptual" Ae!initional" and ;alue Issues"* p. 99 &right" and 2u ings. Aestructi#e Trends in 6ental <ealth The &ell, Intentioned Eath to <ar " editors &right" and 2u ingsB The de#ision o! the $meri#an @sy#hiatri# $sso#iation to delete homosexuality !rom its "ublished list o! sexual disorders in 4250 was s#ar#ely a #ool, s#ienti!i# de#ision. It was a res"onse to a "oliti#al #am"aign !ueled by the belie! that its original in#lusion as a disorder was a re!le#tion o! an o""ressive "oliti#o)medi#al de!inition o! homosexuality as a "roblem. @&ee-s" Je!!ery. :e$uality and Its Aiscontents 6eanings" 6yths and 6odern :e$ualities" p. 218B @erha"s the greatest "oli#y su##ess o! the early 4258s was the $meri#an @sy#hiatri# $sso#iations 4250)5L de#ision to remove homosexuality !rom its o!!i#ial =iagnosti# and Statisti#al 3anual list o! mental disorders. This de#ision did not #ome about be#ause a grou" o! do#tors suddenly #hanged their viewsE it !ollowed an aggressive and sustained #am"aign by lesbian and gay a#tivists. @Ci er an" +ro Identity to Eolitics: The 7esbian and =ay 6o#e ents in the Fnited :tates" p. 45,49B

Writing about the 4250 de#ision and the dis"ute that surrounded it, Bayer +4214, #ontended that these #hanges were "rodu#ed by "oliti#al rather than s#ienti!i# !a#tors. Bayer argued that the revision re"resented the $@$s surrender to "oliti#al and so#ial "ressures, not new data or s#ienti!i# theories regarding on human sexuality. @Aonohue and 2aselles" )<o ophobia: 2onceptual" Ae!initional" and ;alue Issues"* p. 99 &right" and 2u ings. Aestructi#e Trends in 6ental <ealth The &ell,Intentioned Eath to <ar " editors &right" and 2u ingsB The $@$s very "ro#ess o! a medi#al .udgment arrived at by "arliamentary method set o!! more arguments than it settled. 3any members !elt that the trustees, in a#ting #ontrary to diagnosti# &nowledge, had res"onded to intense "ro"agandisti# "ressures !rom militant homo"hile organi%ations. @oliti#ally we said homosexuality is not a disorder, one "sy#hiatrist admitted, but "rivately most o! us !elt it is. @Jrone eyer" %#erco ing <o ose$uality" p.5B The re o#ing o! ho ose$uality as a se$ual disorder was as a result o! a three year long social/political ca paign by gay acti#ists" pro,gay psychiatrists and gay psychiatrists" not as a result o! #alid scienti!ic studies. Cather the acti#ities were public disturbances" rallies" protests" and social/political pressure !ro within by gay psychiatrists and by others outside o! the (E( upon the (E(. The action o! re o#ing ho ose$uality was ta-en with such uncon#entional speed that nor al channels !or consideration o! the issues were circu #ented. This action ta-en in the (E( had dra atic conse'uences on psychose$ual li!e according to 2harles :ocarides in a article published in The Journal o! Esychohistory" ):e$ual Eolitics and :cienti!ic 7ogic: The Issue o! <o ose$uality.* :ocarides writes the re o#al o! ho ose$uality !ro the Aiagnostic and :tatistical 6anual was a !alse step with the !ollowing results. This amounted to a !ull a""roval o! homosexuality and an en#ouragement to aberran#y by those who should have &nown better, both in the s#ienti!i# sense and in the sense o! the so#ial #onse*uen#es o! su#h removal. @:ocarides" 2harles &. ):e$ual Eolitics and :cienti!ic 7ogic: The Issue o! <o ose$uality"* p.820,821B In this article he described a o#e ent within the ( erican Esychiatric (ssociation that through social/political acti#is resulted in a two,phase radicali5ation o! a ain pillar o! psychosocial li!e. The !irst phase was the erosion o! heterose$uality as the single acceptable se$ual pattern in our culture. This was !ollowed by the second phase the raising o! ho ose$uality to the le#el o! an alternati#e li!estyle. (s a result ho ose$uality beca e an acceptable psychosocial institution alongside heterose$uality as a pre#ailing nor o! se$ual beha#ior. In essen#e, this movement within the $meri#an @sy#hiatri# $sso#iation has a##om"lished what every other so#iety, with rare ex#e"tions, would have trembled to tam"er with, a revision o! the basi# #ode and #on#e"t o! li!e and biology- that men and women normally mate with the o""osite sex and not with ea#h other. @:ocarides" 2harles &. ):e$ual Eolitics and :cienti!ic 7ogic: The Issue o! <o ose$uality"* p.821B The hi.ac-ing o! science in the (E( by those ad#ocating ho ose$uality has now ta-en a #ery interesting twist. Thirty years later a!ter this decision by the (E(" Cobert 7. :pit5er" 6.A. who was instru ental in the re o#al o! ho ose$uality in 13>8 !ro the lists o! se$ual disorders in the Aiagnostic and :tatistical 6anual is once again !acing the anger o! others. The !irst ti e was by those who opposed the nor ali5ation o! ho ose$uality. 0ow a!ter publishing the results o! a study showing that so e people ay change their se$ual orientation !ro ho ose$ual to heterose$ual" it is those ad#ocating !or ho ose$uality. Ar. :pit5er/s study and peer co entaries ha#e .ust been published in the %ctober 2008 issue o! the )(rchi#es o! :e$ual 1eha#ior.*

$n additional "ersonal "arallel)the anger that has been dire#ted towards me !or doing this study reminds me o! a similar rea#tion to me during my involvement in the removal o! the diagnosis o! homosexuality !rom =S3)II in 4250. @:pit5er" )Ceply: :tudy Cesults :hould 0ot be Ais issed and Justi!y +urther Cesearch on the ?!!icacy o! :e$ual Ceorientation Therapy*" p. 4>2B Dibliogra!hy (rcher" 1ert. The ?nd o! =ay @and the death o! heterose$ualityB. Thunder/s 6outh Eress. 0ew Gor-" 2002. 1ayer" Conald. <o ose$uality and the ( erican Esychiatry: The Eolitics o! Aiagnosis. 1asic 1oo-s. 0ew Gor-" 1341. 1roo-ey" Cobert (lan. Cein#enting the 6ale <o ose$ual: The Chetoric and Eower o! the =ay =ene. Indiana Fni#ersity Eress. 1loo ington T Indianapolis" 2002. 2hauncey" =eorge. &hy 6arriage? The <istory :haping Today/s Aebate %#er =ay ?'uality. 1asic 1oo-s/Eerseus 1oo-s =roup. 0ew Gor-" 2004. 2lendinen" Audley and (da 0agourne. %ut !or =ood: The :truggle to 1uild a =ay Cights 6o#e ent in ( erica. :i on and :chuster. 0ew Gor-" 1330. ?ngel" :tephen 6. The Fn!inished Ce#olution: :ocial 6o#e ent Theory and the =ay and 7esbian 6o#e ent. 2a bridge Fni#ersity Eress. 2a bridge" FJ" 2001. Jone eyer" Cobert. %#erco ing <o ose$uality. 6ac illan. 0ew Gor-" 1340. Jran5" Cachel and Ti 2usic-. =ay Cight: Ce#ised ?dition. +acts on +ile" Inc. 0ew Gor-" 2005.

Eaigila" 2a ille. ;a ps T Tra ps. ;intage 1oo-s. 0ew Gor-" 1334. Ehelan" :hane. :e$ual :trangers: =ays" 7esbians" and Aile as o! 2iti5enship. Te ple Fni#ersity Eress. Ehiladelphia" 2001. Ci er an" 2raig (. +ro Identity to Eolitics: The 7esbian and =ay 6o#e ents in the Fnited :tates. Te ple Fni#ersity Eress. Ehiladelphia" 2002. :ocarides" 2harles &. ):e$ual Eolitics and :cienti!ic 7ogic: The Issue o! <o ose$uality.* The Journal o! Esychohistory &inter 1332" 13 @8B" 80>,823. :pit5er" 6.A." Cobert 7. )Ceply: :tudy Cesults :hould 0ot be Ais issed and Justi!y +urther Cesearch on the ?!!icacy o! :e$ual Ceorientation Therapy.* (rchi#es o! :e$ual 1eha#ior %ctober 2008" ;ol. 82" 0o. 5" 493,4>2. &ee-s" Je!!ery. :e$uality and Its Aiscontents 6eanings" 6yths and 6odern :e$ualities. Coutledge and Jegan Eaul" 7ondon" 1344. &right" Cogers <. and 0icolas (. 2u ings. Aestructi#e Trends in 6ental <ealth: The &ell, Intentioned Eath to <ar . Coutledge Taylor T +rancis =roup. 0ew Gor- and <o#e" 2005.

5ha!ter 7ight 15ir&uit 2arties3 and the 16ay =ale 5lone3

I 5ir&uit 2arties 2ircuit partiesL are uni'ue to the ho ose$ual co unity" but are si ilar to other parties called )ra#es* and can be traced bac- to the popularity o! disco usic in the 13>0s. The popularity o! these )circuit parties* has grown tre endously o#er the past 10 years. There is no uni!or de!inition o! a )circuit party*" because these parties continue to e#ol#e. ;owever, a #ir#uit "arty tends to be a multi)event wee&end that o##urs ea#h year at around the same time and in the same town or #ity and #enters on one or more large, late)night dan#e events that o!ten have a theme +!or exam"le, a #olor su#h as red, bla#& or white,. @6ansergh" 2ol!a$" 6ar-s" Cader" =u5 an" T 1uchbinder" )The 2ircuit Earty 6en/s <ealth :ur#ey: +indings (nd I plications !or =ay and 1ise$ual 6en.* p.358B /ir#uit @arties are wee&end)long, eroti#ally)#harged, drug)!ueled gay dan#e events held in resort towns a#ross the #ountry. Theres at least one "arty every month somewhere in the .S.)(ew >or&s Bla#& @arty, South Bea#hs White @arty, 3ontreals Bla#& and Blue @arty, and so on) and "eo"le travel !ar and wide to ta&e "art. @=ha5iani" )The 2ircuit Eart/s +austian 1argin"* p.21B 1ecause these )circuit parties* are uni'ue to the ho ose$ual co unity" it is !ro the edia o! this co unity itsel! that ost o! the in!or ation about these parties co es !ro . (lthough there has been a study published in the ( erican Journal o! Eublic <ealth" which is 'uoted !ro abo#e. I ha#e also !ound an article !or F:(T%A(G.co " )&orries crash Scircuit parties/" 09/20/2002. The in!or ation that is co ing !ro all sources is stri-ingly si ilar. That is the high pre#alence o! drug use and se$ual acti#ity" including unprotected anal se$. The #ir#uit)with its .et set $)'ist o! well)heeled and mus#ular gay men) had a#tually been in existen#e in the "re)$I=S time, albeit it was small and very ex#lusive. It #onsisted in the late 4258s into the early 4218s mostly o! a about thousand men who !lew ba#& and !orth between (ew >or& and 'os $ngeles, going !rom the !amous "arties at the Flamingo and the Saint in (ew >or& to the ones at the @robe in '.$. But in the 4228s the #ir#uit grew to #onsist o! "arties all around the #ountry, indeed around the world)!rom 3iami to 3ontreal, Gan#ouver to Sydney)with tens o! thousands o! men who regularly attend events. In the early 4228s there were only a hand!ul o! eventsE by 422:, a##ording to $lan Brown in ?ut and $bout, a gay travel newsletter, there were over 68 "arties a year, roughly one "er wee&. Ty"i#ally these are wee&end)long events, more a series o! all)night +and daytime, "arties stret#hing over a !ew days, o!ten ta&ing "la#e in resort hotels, ea#h "un#tuated by almost universal drug use among attendees. @:ignorile" 7i!e %utside" p.94,95B 7very "arty has a similar !ormat, with loud musi# and dan#ing at its #ore, s"i#ed with live entertainment !rom "o"ular singers and s#antily)#lad male dan#ers. /ir#uit "arties began in the mid)4218s as "art o! an e!!ort to raise gay mens awareness o! $I=S as well as to raise !unds to #ombat the disease and hel" its vi#tims. To this day, many #ir#uit "arties ;IGQ$I=S #harity events, bene!iting a variety o! non"ro!it organi%ations. @=ha5iani" )The 2ircuit Eart/s +austian 1argin"* p.21B (ccording to health o!!icials" Eal :prings" 2( has de#eloped one o! the highest per capita rates o! syphilis in the nation" dri#en ostly by gay and bise$ual en. Eal :prings is where the &hite Earty is held annually in (pril. The 2008 party raised concerned a ong public health o!!icials and so e gay leaders that the e#ent would !eed the spread o! syphilis. :o e charities , along with public health o!!icials and any gay rights leaders , are increasingly unco !ortable with what has beco e the dar- side o! circuit parties: widespread drug use and

rando " unprotected se$ that so e charities say is .ust the type o! beha#ior they discourage. @)&orries crash Scircuit parties/.* www.usatoday.co /news/nation/2002/09/20/circuit,parties, usat.ht ?ur !indings #on!irm ane#dotal re"orts o! a high "revalen#e o! drug use during #ir#uit "arty wee&ends and at s"e#i!i# "arty events. @6ansergh" 2ol!a$" 6ar-s" Cader" =u5 an" T 1uchbinder" )The 2ircuit Earty 6en/s <ealth :ur#ey: +indings (nd I plications !or =ay and 1ise$ual 6en"* p.359B Sexual a#tivity, in#luding un"rote#ted anal sex, was relatively #ommon during #ir#uit "arty wee&ends. @6ansergh" 2ol!a$" 6ar-s" Cader" =u5 an" T 1uchbinder" )The 2ircuit Earty 6en/s <ealth :ur#ey: +indings (nd I plications !or =ay and 1ise$ual 6en"* p.359B /onsider the "otential im"a#t o! #ir#uit "arty wee&ends on ;IG in!e#tion rates and rates o! in!e#tion with other sexually transmitted diseases, based on sexual mixing o""ortunities and "atterns both within and beyond the 0)day "eriods. ?ur data "ertain to a single "arty wee&end !or ea#h "arti#i"ant. I! we multi"ly the "revalen#e o! sexual ris& behavior by the median o! 0 "arties "er year revealed in this sam"le, and i! we #onsider the large number o! men who attend #ir#uit "arties, as well as the growing "o"ularity o! su#h "arties, then the li&elihood o! transmission o! ;IG and other sexually transmitted diseases among "arty attendees and se#ondary "artners be#omes a real "ubli# health #on#ern. @6ansergh" 2ol!a$" 6ar-s" Cader" =u5 an" T 1uchbinder" )The 2ircuit Earty 6en/s <ealth :ur#ey: +indings (nd I plications !or =ay and 1ise$ual 6en"* p.35>B This seems harmless enough, but there is also a !li"side. While the eviden#e to date is in#on#lusive, #ir#uit "arties may ironi#ally be a "otential site !or ;IG in!e#tion. The irony is that #ir#uit "arties began as vehi#les !or ;IG awareness and !undraising. @=ha5iani" )The 2ircuit Eart/s +austian 1argin"* p.22B It is well &nown, both ane#dotally and through resear#h, that drug use is wide s"read at #ir#uit "arties. Studies indi#ate that #lub drugs are #onsumed by about 26 "er#ent o! "arty attendees +3ansergh, 9884,. Indeed drug use is in#or"orated into the setting as an intergal "art o! #ir#uit #ulture. @=ha5iani" )The 2ircuit Eart/s +austian 1argin"* p.22B Besear#h revels an abundan#e o! sexual a#tivity during "arty wee&ends. @=ha5iani" )The 2ircuit Eart/s +austian 1argin"* p.22B 1ut one national gay organ5ation in :epte ber o! 2004 appears not to be concerned with this darside o! circuit parties. The 0=7T+ @0ational =ay and 7esbian Tas- +orceB has purchased the rights and assets to the &inter Earty held in 6ai i" +7. ( &ashington 1lade online article @+riday" :epte ber 03" 2004B 'uotes the e$ecuti#e director o! the 0=7T+" who sees no proble with being a sponsor o! a Lcircuit partyL. <e goes on to call it a dance e#ent. Foreman said he sees no "roblem with the Tas& For#e be#oming asso#iated with a #ir#uit "arty. Were very "roud to have a#*uired the Winter @arty, Foreman said. ;aving a dan#e event where "eo"le #ome together and have a good time is a good thing. @)Tas- +orce to ta-e o#er &inter Earty*" &ashington 1lade online" +riday" :epte ber 08" 2004B I 6ay =ale 5lones Throughout history the ale ho ose$ual was o!ten based on non,gender con!or ity" that is the e!!e inate ale. (lthough this still continues today" a re.ection o! this stereotyping is seen in the )gay ale clone*. There are two boo-s written by ho ose$uals the sel#es that de!ines this )gay ale clone*. 6ichelango :ignorileis is the author o! the boo-" 7i!e %utside. :ignorileis writes

about gay en" asculinity" the )gay ale clone*" and )circuit parties*. 6artin 7e#ine was a sociologist" and uni#ersity pro!essor. The boo-" =ay 6acho" is an edited #ersion o! 7e#ine/s doctoral dissertation. <e died !ro co plications o! (IA: at the age o! 42. The Lgay ale cloneL was not a representati#e ho ose$ual" but only one o! any groups a ong the ) odern ho ose$ual* gays" lesbians" 'ueers" and ho ose$ual. /lones symboli%e modern homosexuality. When the dust o! gay liberation had settled, the doors to the #loset were o"ened, and out "o""ed the #lone. Ta&ing a #ue !rom movement ideology, #lones modeled themselves u"on traditional mas#ulinity and the sel!)!ul!illment ethi#. +>an&elovit#h 4214, $"ing blue)#ollar wor&ers, they but#hed it u" and a#ted li&e ma#ho men. $##e"ting me)generation values, they sear#hed !or sel!)!ul!illment in anonymous sex, re#reational drugs, and hard "artying. 3u#h to a#tivists #hagrin, liberation turned the Boys in the Band into do"ed)u", sexed)out, 3arlboro men. The #lone was, in many ways, the manliest o! men. ;e had a gym)de!ined bodyE a!ter hours o! rigorous body building, his "hysi*ue ri""led with bulging mus#les, loo&ing more li&e #om"etitive body builders than hairdressers or !lorists. ;e wore blue)#ollar garb)!lannel shirts over mus#le T) shirts, 'evi 684s over wor& boots, bomber .a#&ets over hooded sweatshirts. ;e &e"t his hair short and had a thi#& mousta#he or #losely #ro""ed beard. There was nothing (ew $ge or hi""ie about this re!ormed gay liberationist. $nd the #lone lived the !ast li!e. ;e "artied hard, ta&ing re#reational drugs, dan#ing in dis#os till dawn, having hot sex with strangers. Throughout the seventies and early eighties,#lones set the tone in the homosexual #ommunity +$ltman 4219, 480E ;olleran 4219,. Glori!ied in the gay media, "romoted in gay advertising, #lones de!ined gay #hi#, and the #lone li!e style be#ame #ulturally dominant. ntil $I=S. $s the new disease ravaged the gay male #ommunity in the early 4218s, s#ientist dis#overed that the #lone li!estyle was toxi#- s"e#i!i# sexual behaviors, even "romis#uity, might be one o! the ways that the ;IG virus s"read in the gay male "o"ulation. =rugs, late nights, and "oor nutrition wea&ened the immunity system +Fettner and /he#& 421L, @7e#ine" =ay 6acho" p.>,4B The #lone role re!le#ted the gay worlds image o! this &ind o! gay man, a do"ed)u", sexed)out, 3arlboro man. $lthough the gay world derisively named this so#ial ty"e the #lone, largely be#ause o! is uni!orm loo& and li!e)style, #lones were the leading so#ial ty"e within gay ghettos until the advent o! $I=S. $t this time, gay media, arts, and "ornogra"hy "romoted #lones as the !irst "ost) Stonewall !orm o! homosexual li!e. /lones #ame to symboli%e the liberated gay man. @7e#ine" )The 7i!e and Aeath o! =ay 2lones.* p.93,>0 in =ay 2ulture in ( erica: ?ssays !ro the +ield editor =ilbert <erdt.B Four !eatures distinguished #lones- +4, strongly mas#uline dress and de"ortmentE +9, uninhibited re#reational sex with multi"le "artners, o!ten in sex #lubs and bathsE +0, the use o! al#ohol and other re#reational drugsE and +L, !re*uent attendan#e at dis#othe*ues and other gay meeting "la#es. /lone #ulture with its "attern o! sexual availability, eroti# a""arel, multi"le "artners, and re#i"ro#ity in sexual te#hni*ue be#ame an im"ortant organi%ing !eature o! gay male li!e during the 4258s. It also be#ame a seedbed !or high rates o! sexually transmitted diseases as well as !re*uent transmission o! the he"atitis B virus. 3any treated sexually transmitted diseases as a "ri#e that had to be "aid !or a li!e style o! eroti# liberation. @Jonsen and :try-er" editors" The :ocial I pact o! (IA: in the Fnited :tates" p. 291,292B $ &ey !a#tor in the !ormulation and "romulgation o! the #ult o! mas#ulinity that also dismayed the gay liberationist was that the dominant gender style was now su"ermas#uline. It was as i! the 42:8s and the #ounter #ulture androgyny never o##urred. Gay male #ulture was still reeling !rom the #risis o! mas#ulinity that had a!!e#ted homosexuals !or de#ades. Gay men, attra#ted to the

mas#uline ideas theyd #ultivated in the !urtive days "rior to Stonewall, seemed now institutionali%e and exaggerate a heterosexual)ins"ired, ma#ho loo&. The 4258s #lone was born, and his loo& ex"lored on the streets o! ra"idly growing gay ghettos in do%ens o! $meri#an #ities. @:ignorile" 7i!e %utside" p.52,58B $ whole industry was s"routing !rom and glori!ying this male #ulture, with #lothing stores li&e $ll $meri#an Boy on /astro Street, a gym #alled Body Wor&s, and do%ens o! sex #lubs and baths, with names li&e $nimals. The sex #lubs #atered to every to every imaginable sexual taste- the leather setE men who en.oyed being tied u"E men who wished to be urinated on. The bathhouses had on#e been seen as an ex"ression o! gay liberation, at least among those who e*uated gay liberation with sexual abandon. (ow, they were #elebrating and en!or#ing the values that 7vans saw "arading down the /astro every day- The @remium was "ut on "hysi#al a""earan#e and #on!ormity. @2lendinen and 0agourney" %ut !or =ood: The :truggle to 1uild a =ay Cights 6o#e ent in ( erica" p.445B +or the )gay ale clone* what resulted was not )gay liberation* or !reedo society" but was bondage into the en!orced cult o! odern ho ose$uality. !ro alienation by

For a great many gay men in the urban #enters)the ma.ority o! whi#h, some studies sin#e the 4258s have shown, have hundreds o! "artners throughout their lives)living the !antasy has o! #ourse all been under the guises o! liberation. But "erha"s there is no su#h thing as true liberation. When we brea& !rom one rigid system, we o!ten #reate another. Its true that most gay men in urban $meri#a are not having a li!e o! en!or#ed heterosexuality, as gay liberationist might #all it, with a driveway, a "i#&et !en#e, and #hildren to nurture. 3any are, however, instead living a li!e o! en!or#ed #ult homosexuality, with "arties, drugs, and gyms ruling their lives. @:ignorile" 7i!e %utside" p.29,2>B In 0ew Gor- 2ity" :an +rancisco" and other large cities any gay and lesbians had !or ed large )gay co unities.* :o it was now possible to li#e" wor-" and sociali5e in what beca e )gay gehettos.* The !ollowing 'uote is a-ing re!erence to the opening o!" The :aint" a large disco !or gay ales in 0ew Gor- 2ity. It was mailed only to 3ailmans !riends and their !riends, a sel!)sele#ted grou" that !ormed the base o! The Saints membershi" o! three thousand. $nyone who wanted to .oin had to be re!erred by a member to the membershi" o!!i#e !or s#reening. The #lientele re!le#ted the s#reening "ro#essnearly all white, "ro!essional in their twenties and thirties, mostly good)loo&ing and mus#led, with the musta#hes and short hair that were the style o! the time. @2lendinen and 0agourney" %ut !or =ood: The :truggle to 1uild a =ay Cights 6o#e ent in ( erica" p.442,448B The streets o! San Fran#is#o o!!ered, in theory at least, a #ross)se#tion o! $meri#as male homosexual #ommunity, but, 7vans thought, one would never &now it to wal& down /astro Street. $ll these men loo&ed identi#al, with their short hair#uts, #li""ed musta#hes and mus#ular bodies, turned out in standard)issue uni!orms o! tight !aded blue .eans and "olo shirts. The image was one "art military, one "art #owboy, one "art 4268s suburbia and #on!ormity, and they swaggered down the street, many aloo! and un!riendly, as i! their a!!e#ted distan#e enhan#ed their mas#ulinity. @2lendinen and 0agourney" %ut !or =ood: The :truggle to 1uild a =ay Cights 6o#e ent in ( erica" p.444B Dibliogra!hy 2lendinen" Audley and (da 0agourne. %ut !or =ood: The :truggle to 1uild a =ay Cights 6o#e ent in ( erica. :i on and :chuster. 0ew Gor-" 1330.

=ha5iani" ( in. )The 2ircuit Earty/s +austin 1argain.* The =ay T 7esbian Ce#iew / &orldwide. July,(ugust" 2005" ;olu e XII" 0u ber 4" p. 21,24. Jonsen" (lbert C. and Je!! :try-er. The :ocial I pact o! (IA: in the Fnited :tates. 0ational (cade y Eress. &ashington A.2." 1338. 7e#ine" 6artin E. =ay 6acho. 0ew Gor- Fni#ersity Eress. 0ew Gor- and 7ondon" 1334. 7e#ine" 6artin E. )The 7i!e and Aeath o! =ay 2lones.* p. 94,49 in =ay 2ulture in ( erica: ?ssays !ro the +ield editor =ilbert <erdt. 6ansergh" =ordon" EhA" =rant 0 2ol!a$" 6A" =ary 6ar-s" EhA" 6elissa Cader" 6E<" Cobert =u5 an" 1(" T :usan 1uchbinder" 6A. )The 2ircuit Earty 6en/s <ealth :ur#ey: +indings (nd I plications !or =ay and 1ise$ual 6en.* ( erican Journal o! Eublic <ealth. June 2001" ;ol. 31" 0o. 9" 358,354. :ignorile" 6ichelangelo. 7i!e %utside. <arper2ollins Eublishers. 0ew Gor-" 133>. http://www.banap.net/spip.php?article94

5ha!ter 0ine 6ay =ale +omosexual and Sexual Dehavior o' 6ay =ale +omosexuals
:aturday 29 6ay 200>.

Dy the same authors

7arry <ouston o 2hapter %ne ?ssentialis or :ocial 2onstructionis o 2hapter Ten <o ose$ual Identity +or ation o 2hapter 4 Ten Eercent <o ose$ual 6yth o 2hapter 8 (l!red Jinsey o 2hapter 11 <o ose$ual Earenting 6yth

)n the same se&tion

In the sa e section 2hapter ?ight L2ircuit EartiesL and L=ay 6ale 2loneL 2hapter +i#e: Types o! <o ose$ualities / (ge,:tructured 2hapter :e#en: :tonewall and the ( erican Esychiatric (ssociation 2hapter +our: Types o! <o ose$ualities 2hapter Two 1iological 1asis !or <o ose$uality 2hapter Ten <o ose$ual Identity +or ation 2hapter :i$ Types o! <o ose$ualities/ =ay and 7esbian <o ose$ual Identity 2hapter Three L=ay 1rainsL and =ay =enesL 5ha!ter 0ine 6ay =ale +omosexual and Sexual Dehavior o' 6ay =ales

The )gay ale clone* was not a representati#e ale ho ose$ual o! )gay liberation* during the late 1390s and early 13>0s. 1ut what was representati#e o! ale ho ose$uality was what beca e to be -nown as the gay ale li!estyle. &hat it eant to be e a gay ale ho ose$ual was e$tre ely se$uali5ed" a li!estyle that re#ol#ed around se$ual acti#ity. In all o! history the ale ho ose$ual o! )gay liberation* appears to be uni'ue. <istorically signi!icant too are the conse'uences resulting !ro this )gay liberation* !or all ho ose$uals and !or all o! society. ( change in who ho ose$uals actually ha#e se$ with" beca e ore signi!icant during the 1390s and resulted in new se$ual beha#iors a ong ale ho ose$uals. Erior to the 1390s ho ose$ual en had se$ with heterose$ual en who were called LtradeL. The latter was the passi#e partner in a se$ actI usually this was an oral se$ act. (lthough there were occasions when the heterose$ual )trade* was the acti#e inserti#e partner in anal se$. 1ut as the stig a against ho ose$uality increased heterose$ual en beca e !rightened that they too ight be labeled ho ose$ual and thus were no longer willing to be participate in se$ual acti#ity with ho ose$ual en. This resulted in ore ho ose$ual en ha#ing se$ with other ho ose$ual en and the speci!ic se$ual beha#iors the sel#es also changed. This change in ale ho ose$ual beha#ior also resulted in the changes in so e o! the speci!ic diseases that e!!ected ale ho ose$uals and dra atic rates in the instances o! se$ually trans itted diseases a ong ale ho ose$uals. Indeed, there is no re#ord o! any #ulture that a##e"ted both homosexuality and unlimited homosexual "romis#uity. Far !rom being the universal de!ault mode o! male homosexuality, the li!estyle o! $meri#an gay men in the seventies and eighties a""ears uni*ue in history. @Cotello" :e$ual ?cology: (IA: and the Aestiny o! =ay 6en" p. 225B For the !irst time ever, a #ommunity standard develo"ed that trans!ormed anonymous sex into a god thing ) another #hoi#e on the broadening sexual "alette. /asual sex en#ounters no longer too& "la#e sim"ly be#ause men needed to #on#eal their identities, but be#ause it was #onsidered hot to se"arate sex !rom intima#y. @:adownic-" :e$ 1etween 6en" p. 48B In the 4258s, a new #ultural s#enario develo"ed that #elebrated and en#ouraged sexual ex"erimentation and the se"aration o! sex !rom intima#y among gay menE this, in turn, rein!or#ed the transa#tional nature o! the mar&et as anonymous sexual en#ounters and multi"le "artners be#ame normative +see 3urray, 42:, 456E Sadowni#&, 422:, 55)449,. 'evine +4229, 10, summari%es the e!!e#t o! gay liberation on gay sexual s#ri"ts- Gay liberations rede!inition o! same)sex love as a manly !orm o! eroti# ex"ression "rovo&ed mas#uline identi!i#ation among #lones, whi#h was #onveyed through but#h "resentational strategies, and #ruising, tri#&ing, and "artying . . . In a similar vein, the roughness, ob.e#ti!i#ation, anonymity, and "hallo#entrism asso#iation with #ruising and tri#&ing ex"ressed su#h ma#ho di#tates as toughness and re#reational sex . . . The #ultural idea o! sel!)grati!i#ation !urther en#ouraged these "atterns, san#tioning the sexual and re#reational hedonism inherent in #ruising, tri#&ing, and "artying. While relational sex or #ou"ling and sa!e sex may have be#ome symboli#ally im"ortant in the 4218s and 4228s, s#ri"ts that legitimate the transa#tional mar&et are still "rominent, and there is no #on#lusive eviden#e that the mar&et has be#ome relational +see Sadowni#&, 422: #ha"ters 6)5E 3urray 422:, 456)51E #!. 'evine 4229, 52)19., @7au ann" ?llingson" 6ahay" Eai-" and Gou " The :e$ual %rgani5ation o! the 2ity" p. 3>B In sum, gay sex institutions and the sexual a#tivity in them be#ame the !un#tional so#ial e*uivalent o! !amily, !riends, and #ommunity- They "romoted so#ial bonds that gave gays a sense o! belonging and so#ial su""ort. @Cushing" The (IA: ?pide ic :ocial Ai ensions o! an In!ectious Aisease" p. 80B

The institutions o! the gay world have o!ten made it easier !or men to meet !or sex than !or #om"anionshi", and most long)lasting relationshi"s a##e"t sexual Cin!idelity, through the word itsel! rings oddly. +$ltman, =e!ying Gravity- $ @oliti#al 'i!e, ".441, In general, sexual adventure is regarded within the gay world as an end in itsel!, not ne#essarily lin&ed to emotional #ommitment) while, in reverse, emotional #ommitment does not demand sexual #onstan#y +may not even demand sex at all, to survive. @(lt an" Ae!ying =ra#ity: ( Eolitical 7i!e" p.114B These observations o! new syndromes asso#iated with a very a#tive male homosexual li!e)style suggests that both the ty"e o! sexual a#tivity and the extent o! "romis#uity asso#iated with it #hanged mar&edly during the 4258s. @Coot,1ernstein" Cethin-ing (IA:: The Tragic 2ost o! Ere ature 2onsensus" p. 245,249B The extensive #asual networ&s o! gays engaging in sex a""arently !or the sole "ur"ose o! sensuous "leasure, and in so many di!!erent ways, went !ar beyond anything that had o##urred be!ore in the nited States or elsewhere or that anyone #ould have imagined .ust a !ew years "reviously. Without *uestion, the sexual style o! gay #ommunities in the 4258s and early 4218s was a s"e#i!i# histori# "henomenon +Bateson and Goldsby, 4211-LL,. @Cushing" The (IA: ?pide ic :ocial Ai ensions o! an In!ectious Aisease" p. 2>B The #om"lex resear#h agenda that #hara#teri%ed the "eriod !rom the early 4258s to the beginning o! the $I=$ e"idemi# re!le#ted ma.or #hanges within the gay and lesbian #ommunities themselves. The de#ision by a large number to o"enly label themselves gay men and lesbian #hanged the ex"erien#e o! same)gender sexuality. From a relatively narrow homosexual #ommunity based "rimarily on sexual desire and a!!e#tional #ommitment between lovers and #ir#les o! !riends, there emerged a #ommunity #hara#teri%ed by the building o! residential areas, #ommer#ial enter"rises, health and so#ial servi#es, "oliti#al #lubs, and intelle#tual movements. @Turner" 6iller" and 6oses" ?ditors. (IA: :e$ual 1eha#ior and Intra#enous Arug Fse" p.12>B Gay historian =ennis $ltman notes that in the liberated seventies, when "romis#uity was seen as a virtue in some segments o! the gay #ommunity, being res"onsible about ones health was e*uated with having !re*uent #he#&s !or sy"hilis and gonorrhea, and su#h doubt!ul "ra#ti#es as ta&ing a #ou"le o! tetra#y#line #a"sules be!ore going to the baths. To gay men !or whom sex was the #enter and #ir#um!eren#e o! their lives, their only real health #on#ern was that illness would "revent them !rom having sex ) whi#h, to their way o! thin&ing, meant they would no longer be "roudly gay. @(ndriote" ;ictory Ae!erred: <ow (IA: 2hanged =ay 7i!e in ( erica" p.8>B When $I=S hit the homosexual #ommunities o! the S, several studies were #ondu#ted by the vigilant /=/ to determine what it was in the homosexual li!estyle whi#h "redis"osed to this immunosu""ressive #ondition. There were really only two things whi#h distinguished the homosexual li!estyle- the "romis#uous sex and the extensive use o! re#reational drugs. @(da s" (IA:: The <I; 6yth" p.12>B ?ther men who had "arti#i"ated enthusiasti#ally in the li!e o! the ghetto had grown tired o! its anonymity and inverted values. They *uestioned why membershi" in the gay #ommunity had #ome to re*uire that one be alienated !rom his !amily, ta&e multi"le drugs and have multi"le sex "artners, dan#e all night at the right #lubs, and s"end summer wee&ends at the right "art o! Fire Island. Bather than "roviding genuine liberation, gay li!e in the ghettos had #reated another sort o! o""ression with its "ressure to #on!orm to so#ial ex"e#tations o! what a gay man was su""osed to be, believe, wear, and do. @(ndriote" ;ictory Ae!erred: <ow (IA: 2hanged =ay 7i!e in ( erica" p.24B I Sexual Dehavior o' 6ay =ale +omosexuals

Fni'ue in the history o! ho ose$uality is what begin to occur in the 1390s and continues today. That is the social beha#ior and se$ual beha#ior o! gay ale ho ose$uals. This !unda ental change began with gay ale sel!,perceptions and belie!s in what it eant to be a gay ale ho ose$ual. &hat it eant to be e a gay ale ho ose$ual was e$tre ely se$uali5ed" a li!estyle that re#ol#ed around se$ual acti#ity. This resulting change in social beha#ior resulted in correspondingly changes in se$ual beha#ior. That is the se$ual habits o! gay ale ho ose$uals: ways o! ha#ing se$" -inds and nu bers o! partners. =ay ale ho ose$uals abandoned strict role separation in the se$ act itsel!" and played both the inserti#e and recepti#e roles in anal se$. ?#en ore dra atic in gay ale se$ual beha#ior was the nu ber o! partners that is the pro iscuity o! gay ale ho ose$uals. Furthermore, in "revious "eriods in history when homosexuality had been widely a##e"ted so#ially, as, !or exam"le, in #lassi#al Gree#e, there had been no sexual "ra#ti#es remotely resembling those asso#iated with the gay sub#ultures o! the 4258s and 4218s. @Cushing" The (IA: ?pide ic :ocial Ai ensions o! an In!ectious Aisease" p. 2>B 7viden#e #onvin#ingly argues that be!ore the middle o! the #entury gay sexual behavior was vastly di!!erent !rom what it was to be#ome later, that !rom mid #entury onward there were !undamental #hanges not only in gay male sel!)"er#e"tions and belie!s, but also in sexual habits, &inds and numbers o! "artners, even ways o! ma&ing love. These revolutions rea#hed a !ever "it#h .ust as at the moment ;IG ex"loded li&e a series o! time bombs a#ross the ar#hi"elago o! gay $meri#a. When gay ex"erien#e is viewed #olle#tively, it a""ears that the simultaneous introdu#tion o! new behaviors and a dramati# rise in the s#ale o! old ones "rodu#ed one o! the greatest shi!ts in sexual e#ology ever re#orded. There is #onvin#ing eviden#e that this shi!t had a de#isive im"a#t on the transmission o! virtually every sexually transmitted disease, o! whi#h ;IG was merely one, albeit the most deadly. @Cotello" :e$ual ?cology: (IA: and the Aestiny o! =ay 6en" p. 83B In the 4258s an extraordinary "roli!eration o! #lubs, bars, dis#othe*ues, bathhouse, sex sho"s, travel agen#ies, and gay maga%ines allowed the #ommunity to #ome out and ado"t a whole new re"ertoire o! eroti# behavior, out o! all measure to any similar "ast a#tivities. @=r e-" <istory o! (IA:" p. 194,193B We dont &now, in real *uantitative terms, what really #hanged in homosexual behavior in the 4258s, but it is "ossible to identi!y three ma.or areas o! #hange- the ex"ansion o! homosexual bathhouses and sex #lubs, whi#h !a#ilitate numerous sexual #onta#ts in one night +by 421L one bathhouse #hain in#luded baths in !orty)two $meri#an #ities, in#luding 3em"his and 'ondon, ?ntario,, the emergen#e o! sexually transmitted "arasites as a ma.or homosexual health "roblem, es"e#ially in (ew >or& and /ali!ornia, and a boom in re#reational drugs ) that is, the use o! #hemi#al stimulants su#h as 3=$, angel dust, various nitrates, et#. ) in #on.un#tion with what #ame to be &nown as !ast)lane sex. These three elements would all be lin&ed to various theories about $I=S during the 4218s. @(lt an" (IA: in the 6ind o! ( erica" p. 14B $nal sex had #ome to be seen as an essential ) "ossibly the essential ) ex"ression o! homosexual intima#y by the 4218s. @Cotello" :e$ual ?cology: (IA: and the Aestiny o! =ay 6en" p. 101B In the middle o! the #entury, and "arti#ularly in the sixties and seventies, gay men began doing something that a""ears rare in sexual history- They began to abandon stri#t role se"aration in sex and alternately "lay both the insertive and re#e"tive roles, a "ra#ti#e sometimes #alled versatility. @Cotello" :e$ual ?cology: (IA: and the Aestiny o! =ay 6en" p. >9B $nother relative novelty was the in#reasing !lexibility o! sex roles. ;omosexuality in more traditional #ultures had ty"i#ally !ollowed rigid "atterns- #ertain men were the insertive "artners in oral and anal inter#ourse, others the re#e"tive ones. In the 4258s and 4218s, however, $meri#an

gay men o!ten too& both insertive and re#e"tive roles. Bather than serve as #ul)de)sa# !or the virus, as heterosexual women o!ten did, gay and bisexual men more o!ten a#ted as an extremely e!!e#tive #onduit !or ;IG. @(llen" The &ages o! :in: :e$ and Aisease" East and Eresent" p. 125,129B $s the gay version o! the sexual revolution too& hold among #ertain grou"s o! gay men in $meri#as largest #ities, it "re#i"itated a #hange in sexual behaviors. @erha"s the most signi!i#ant #hange was the !a#t that some #ore grou"s o! gay men began "ra#ti#ing anal inter#ourse with do%ens or even hundreds o! "artners a year. $lso signi!i#ant was a growing em"hasis on versatile anal sex, in whi#h "artners alternately "layed both re#e"tive and insertive roles, and on new behaviors su#h as analingus, or rimming that !a#ilitated the s"read o! otherwise di!!i#ult)to) transmit mi#robes. Im"ortant, too, was a shi!t in "atterns o! "artnershi", !rom di!!use systems in whi#h a lot o! gay sex was with non)gay identi!ied "artners who themselves had !ew #onta#ts, to !airly #losed systems in whi#h most sexual a#tivity was within a #ir#le o! other gay men. $lso im"ortant was a general de#line in grou" immunity #aused by re"eated in!e#tions o! various ST=s, re"eated ino#ulations o! antibioti#s and other drugs to #ombat them, as well as re#reational substantive abuse, stress, and other behaviors that #om"rised immunity. @Cotello" :e$ual ?cology: (IA: and the Aestiny o! =ay 6en" p. 5>,54B The magi#al lin& was through a &ey term. ?ne word, the gay writer (athan Frain has written, Cis li&e a hand grenade in the whole a!!air- "romis#uity. $lthough "romis#uity has long been seen as a #hara#teristi# o! male homosexuals, there is little doubt that the 4258s saw a *uantitative .um" in its in#iden#e as establishments su#h as gay bath)houses and ba#&)room bars, existing s"e#i!i#ally !or the "ur"oses o! #asual sex, s"read in all ma.or #ities o! the nited States and elsewhere !rom Toronto to @airs, $msterdam to Sydney +though 'ondon remained more or less aloo!, largely due to the e!!e#ts o! the 42:5 re!orm,. 3i#hel Fou#alt has written #hara#teristi#ally o! the growth o! Claboratories o! sexual ex"erimentation in #ities su#h as San Fran#is#o and (ew >or&, Cthe #ounter"art o! the medieval #ourts where stri#t rules o! "ro"rietary #ourtshi" were de!ined. For the !irst time !or most male homosexuals, sex be#ame easily available. With it #ame the #han#e not only to have !re*uent "artners but also to ex"lore the varieties o! sex. Where sex be#omes to available, Fou#ault suggests, #onstant variations are ne#essary to enhan#e the "leasure o! the a#t. For many gays #oming out in the 4258s the gay world was a "aradise o! sexual o""ortunity and o! sensual ex"loration. @&ee-s" Je!!ery. :e$uality and Its Aiscontents 6eanings" 6yths and 6odern :e$ualities" p.4>,44B These data demonstrate de!initively that the gay liberation movement resulted in a great in#rease in "romis#uity among gay men, along with signi!i#ant #hanges in sexual "ra#ti#es that made re#tal trauma, immunologi#al #onta#t with semen, use o! re#reational drugs, and the transmission o! many viral, amoebal, !ungal, and ba#terial in!e#tions !ar more #ommon than in the de#ades "rior to 4258. The same data strongly suggest that re#ent #hanges in sexual and drug a#tivity "layed a ma.or role in vastly enlarging the homo) and bisexual male "o"ulation at ris& !or develo"ing immunosu""ression. Sin#e "romis#uity, engaging in re#e"tive anal inter#ourse, and !isting are the three highest)ris& !a#tors asso#iated with $I=S among gay men and sin#e ea#h o! these ris& !a#tors is #orrelated with &nown #ases o! immunosu""ression, they re"resent signi!i#ant !a#tors in our understanding o! why $I=S emerged as a ma.or medi#al "roblem only in 4258. @Coot,1ernstein" Cethin-ing (IA:: The Tragic 2ost o! Ere ature 2onsensus" p. 230,231B Whatever the #ause o! $I=S, single or multi)!a#torial, it is #ertain that the "romis#uous homosexuals o! the late seventies and early eighties were !ertile ground !or an e"idemi#.D @(da s" (IA:: The <I; 6yth" p.181B The "rimary !a#tor that led to in#rease ;IG transmission was anal sex #ombined with multi"le "artners, "arti#ularly in #on#entrated #ore grou"s. By the seventies there is little doubt that !or

those in the most sexually a#tive #ore grou"s, multi"artner anal sex had be#ome a main event. 3i#hael /allen, both an avid "ra#titioner and a #are!ul observer o! li!e in the gay !ast lane, believed that this was a histori#ally un"re#endented as"e#t o! the gay sexual revolution. @Cotello" :e$ual ?cology: (IA: and the Aestiny o! =ay 6en" p. >5B It was an histori# a##ident that ;IG disease !irst mani!ested itsel! in the gay "o"ulations o! the east and west #oasts o! the nited States, wrote British so#iologist Je!!rey Wee&s in $I=S and /ontem"orary ;istory in 4220. ;is o"inion has been almost universal among gay and $I=S a#tivists even to this day. >et there is little a##idental about the sexual e#ology des#ribed above. 3ulti"le #on#urrent "artners, versatile anal sex, #ore grou" behavior #entered in #ommer#ial sex establishments, wides"read re#reational drug abuse, re"eated waves o! ST=s and #onstant inta&e o! antibioti#s, sexual tourism and travel )these !a#tors were not a##idents. 3ulti"artner anal sex was en#ouraged, #elebrated, #onsidered a #entral #om"onent o! liberation. /ore grou" behavior in baths and sex #lubs was deemed by many the *uintessen#e o! !reedom. Gersatility was de#lared a "oliti#al im"erative. $nalingus was "ronoun#ed the #ham"agne o! gay sex, a "al"able gesture o! revolution. ST=s were to be worn li&e badges o! honor, antibioti#s to be ta&en with "ride. Far !rom being a##idents, these things #hara#teri%ed the very !oundation o! what it su""osedly meant to ex"erien#e gay liberation, Ta&en together they !ormed a sexual e#ology o! almost in#al#ulably #atastro"hi# dimensions, a #lassi# !eedba#& loo" in whi#h virtually every !a#tor served to am"li!y every other. From the viruss "oint o! view, the e#ology o! liberation was a royal road to ada"tive trium"h. From many gay mens "oint o! view, it "roved a tra"door to hell on earth. @Cotello" :e$ual ?cology: (IA: and the Aestiny o! =ay 6en" p. 43B Dibliogra!hy (da s" Jad. (IA:: The <I; 6yth. 6ac6illian 7ondon" Inc." 7ondon" 1343 . (llen" Eeter 7ewis. The &ages o! :in: :e$ and Aisease" East and Eresent. The Fni#ersity o! 2hicago Eress. 2hicago and 7ondon" 2000. (lt an" Aennis. (IA: in the 6ind o! ( erica. (nchor 1oo-s. =arden 2ity" 0ew Gor-" 134>. (lt an" Aennis. Ae!ying =ra#ity: ( Eolitical 7i!e. (llen T Fnwin Ety 7td. :t 7eonards" (ustralia. 133>. (ndriote" John,6anuel. ;ictory Ae!erred: <ow (IA: 2hanged =ay 7i!e in ( erica. The Fni#ersity o! 2hicago Eress. 2hicago and 7ondon" 1333. 7au ann" ?dward %." :tephen ?llingson" Jenna 6ahay" (nthony Eai-" and Goosi- Gou editors. The :e$ual %rgani5ation o! the 2ity. The Fni#ersity o! 2hicago Eress. 2hicago and 7ondon" 2004. Coot,1erstein" Cobert :. Cethin-ing (IA:: The Tragic 2ost o! Ere ature 2onsensus. The +ree Eress. 0ew Gor-" 1338. Cotello" =abriel. :e$ual ?cology: (IA: and the Aestiny o! =ay 6en. ( Autton 1oo-. 0ew Gor-" 133>. Cushing" &illia (. The (IA: ?pide ic: :ocial Ai ensions o! an In!ectious Aisease. &est#iewEress. 1oulder" 2%" 1335. :adownic-" Aouglas. :e$ 1etween 6en: (n Inti ate <istory o! the :e$ 7i#es o! 6en Eostwar to Eresent. <arper:an+rancisco. :an +rancisco" 1339.

Turner" 2harles +." <eather =. 6iller" and 7incoln ?. 6oses" ?ditors. (IA: :e$ual 1eha#ior and Intra#enous Arug Fse. 0ational (cade y Eress. &ashington" A.2." 1343. &ee-s" Je!!ery. :e$uality and Its Aiscontents 6eanings" 6yths and 6odern :e$ualities. Coutledge and Jegan Eaul" 7ondon" 1344.

http://www.banap.net/spip.php?article44

5ha!ter 4en +omosexual )dentity Hormation

:aturday 29 6ay 200>.

Dy the same authors

7arry <ouston o 2hapter %ne ?ssentialis or :ocial 2onstructionis o 2hapter Ten <o ose$ual Identity +or ation o 2hapter 4 Ten Eercent <o ose$ual 6yth o 2hapter 8 (l!red Jinsey o 2hapter 11 <o ose$ual Earenting 6yth

)n the same se&tion

In the sa e section 2hapter ?ight L2ircuit EartiesL and L=ay 6ale 2loneL 2hapter 0ine =ay 6ale <o ose$ual and :e$ual 1eha#ior o! =ay 6ale <o ose$uals 2hapter Two 1iological 1asis !or <o ose$uality 2hapter :i$ Types o! <o ose$ualities/ =ay and 7esbian <o ose$ual Identity 2hapter +our: Types o! <o ose$ualities 2hapter :e#en: :tonewall and the ( erican Esychiatric (ssociation 2hapter %ne ?ssentialis or :ocial 2onstructionis 2hapter +i#e: Types o! <o ose$ualities / (ge,:tructured 5ha!ter 4en +omosexual )dentity Hormation The past 25 years we ha#e seen an increasing nu ber o! studies concerning ho ose$uality. These studies ha#e dealt with both the positi#e and negati#e e!!ects o! ho ose$uality. There has been a !ocused atte pt to #alidate ho ose$uality as an )alternate li!estyle.* This research is both good and bad" in that what is being studied itsel! is a new conceptI a )gay identity.* 6ore i portantly this research is 'uestionable because o! the oti#es o! the researchers the sel#es" any who ha#e accepted a ) gay identity* and adopted a ho ose$ual li!estyle. The research has tended to e phasi5e the uni'ueness o! this gay identity. In doing so they ha#e created highly speciali5ed bodies o! theory and research that are isolated !ro general !ields o! study. This is a co on proble o! all new !ields o! studies. :till we ust be especially care!ul in researching )ho ose$uality* because we are dealing with li!e long conse'uences in the li#es o! people who are choosing to accept what has always !allen and continually !alls outside the bounds o! societal nor s.

@sy#hologi#al theory, whi#h should be em"loyed to des#ribed only individual mental, emotional, and behavioral as"e#ts o! homosexuality, has been em"loyed !or building models o! "ersonal develo"mental that "ur"ort to mar& the ste"s in an individuals "rogression toward a mature and egosyntoni# gay or lesbian identity. The embra#ing and dis#losing o! su#h an identity, however, is best understood as a "oliti#al "henomenon o##urring in a histori#al "eriod during whi#h identity "oliti#s has be#ome a #onsuming o##u"ation. @Ae 2ecco T Ear-er" )The 1iology o! <o ose$uality: :e$ual %rientation or :e$ual Ere!erence?* p. 20 in :e$" 2ells" and :a e,:e$ Aesire: The 1iology o! :e$ual Ere!erence edited by Ae 2ecco and Ear-erB While some suggest that identity has be#ome a wat#hword o! our times as it "rovides a mu#h needed vo#abulary in terms o! how we de!ine our loyalties and #ommitments +Shotter, 4220,, others suggest that identity only be#omes an issue when it is in #risis. In this sense the #risis o! identity o##ur, as 3er#er suggests, when something we assume to be !ixed, #oherent and stable is dis"la#ed by the ex"erien#e o! doubt and un#ertainty. Within mu#h o! the re#ent so#ial)s#ienti!i# wor& on the to"i#, the notion o! identity as !ixed, neutral and un"roblemati# has been *uestioned. $s Mit%inger +4221, suggests, rather than viewing identities as !reely #reated "rodu#ts o! intros"e#tion, or the re!le#tions o! some un"roblemati# inner sel!, they are more a##urately understood as being "ro!oundly "oliti#al, both in origins and im"li#ations. @<eaphy" )6edicalisation and Identity +or ation: Identity and :trategy in the 2onte$t o! (IA: and <I;*" p.183I article !ound in the !ollowing boo- by &ee-s and <olland editors. :e$ual 2ultures 2o unities" ;alues" and Inti acyB I a especially concerned with the theori5ing and pro oting the concept o! the !or ation o! a ho ose$ual/gay identity. Indi#iduals who ha#e always been at a di!!icult stage o! li!e" adolescents" are being encouraged to accept this idea o! a ho ose$ual/gay identity. (dolescence is a period o! i ense physical" ental" psychosocial change and de#elop ent in li!e. (n adolescent is one that is no longer a child" but not yet ature enough to understand the changes going on. This is a con!using ti e in li!e" a ti e o! 'uestioning. ( period o! ti e !or an indi#idual who wants to re ain close to their parents and at the sa e ti e is see-ing independence. It is during this period o! li!e that se$ual and e otional bonding is beginning to de#elop" typically along societal nor s towards e bers o! the opposite se$. There is also sa e,se$ se$ual physical acti#ity that o!ten ta-es place a ong adolescent ales. 1ut !or so e" a se$ual con!usion ay arise" and they !eel attracted to e bers o! their own se$. $lthough turmoil theory has been largely re!uted, adoles#en#e is still noted !or its dynami# #hanges in "hysi#al and "sy#hologi#al develo"ment, "arental relations, sel!)esteem, identity !ormation, and #ognitive develo"ment. It is a time o! "ervasive ad.ustment to the vi#issitude o! the inner sel! and the adult world. @6ills" )The Esychoanalytic Eerspecti#e o! (dolescent <o ose$uality: ( Ce#iew"* p. 318B ;omosexual a#tivities are behaviors that are #ommon in adoles#en#e and whi#h may "rogressively #ontribute to sexual orientation and identity. 'i&e masturbation, homosexual a#tivity may be a means o! ex"erimentation and sel!)ex"loration. The !antasies whi#h a##om"any masturbation and allow the adoles#ent to sa!ely try out sexual "ossibilities and hel" him or her manage in!antile sexual "ro"ensities whi#h sur!a#e at this time o! develo"ment. 7arly adoles#ent homosexuality #arries this "ro#ess !urther to in#lude another "erson who aids in the "ro#ess o! sel!) dis#overy. Within this nar#issisti# allian#e, homosexual a#tivity o!!ers o""ortunities !or #om"arison, in!ormation gathering, ex"erimentation reassuran#e, and hel" in dealing with guilt over in!antile wishes +Glasser, 4255,.

(ormal homosexual behavior in early adoles#ent boys is distinguished !rom its #ounter"art in that there is a strong "re"onderan#e o! strong heterosexual interest in the homosexual a#tivity +Glasser, 4255,. ;omosexual ex"erimentation allows early adoles#ent boys to imagine what girls are li&e and how they should be a""roa#h sexually. This ex"erimentation also hel"s them to integrate their own !eminine identi!i#ations into their own "ersonality. $nother element o! normal adoles#ent homosexual a#tivity is that sexual a#ts with older men are #onsidered !orbidden and taboo. >oung boys who ex"eriment with homosexual a#tivities view themselves as very di!!erent !rom adult homosexuals and loo& u"on these men with disdain. @6ills" )The Esychoanalytic Eerspecti#e o! (dolescent <o ose$uality: ( Ce#iew"* p. 314,313B ;omosexual a#tivities and homosexual identity in adoles#en#e should be viewed di!!erently in terms o! their #onse*uen#es. $s a "erson "rogresses through the various stages o! adoles#ent develo"ment, homosexual ex"erimentation #an be a means o! sel!)dis#overy and ameliorating in!antile #on!li#t. (ormatively, by the time the "erson rea#hes late adoles#en#e, these homosexual tenden#ies and a#tivities have abated and been re"la#ed with a heterosexual orientation. @6ills" )The Esychoanalytic Eerspecti#e o! (dolescent <o ose$uality: ( Ce#iew"* p.321B $doles#en#e is a time o! ex"loration and ex"erimentationE as su#h sexual a#tivity does not ne#essarily re!le#t either "resent or !uture sexual orientation. /on!usion about sexual identity is not un#ommon in adoles#ents. 3any youth engage in same)sex behaviorE attra#tions or behaviors do not mean that an adoles#ent is lesbian or gay. 3oreover sexual a#tivity is a behavior, whereas sexual orientation is a #om"onent o! identity. 3any teens ex"erien#e a broad range o! sexual behaviors that are in#or"orated into an evolving sexual identity #onsolidated over a "eriod o! time. @Cyan and +utter an" 7esbian and =ay Gouth" p.10B In order to try to understand this idea" the concepts o! se$ual orientation and a ho ose$ual/gay identity ha#e been theori5ed. ( #ariety o! de#elop ental stage odels !or a ho ose$ual/gay identity !or ation ha#e been !or ulated within recent years. (ll o! these odels accept and pro ote the concept o! )co ing out*" which is a public annunciation o! accepting a ho ose$ual/gay identity. Identity, a##ording to Troiden, is a label whi#h "eo"le a""ly to themselves and whi#h is re"resentative o! the sel! in a s"e#i!i# so#ial situation. Fre*uently, identity re!ers to "la#ement in a so#ial #ategory, su#h as homosexual, gender grou", and so on. @2o$ and =allios" )=ay and 7esbian Identity Ae#elop ental: ( :ocial Identity Eerspecti#e"* p. 8B The "ro#ess o! assuming a sel!)de!inition as a lesbian, gay, and bisexual is #ommonly re!erred to as #oming out. . . . The term #oming out originates in gay and lesbian #ulture. . . . Thus the term #oming out, as used in the gay and lesbian #ommunity and in the gay liberation movement, has always im"lied some level o! "ubli# de#laration o! ones homosexuality. @(ppleby and (nastas" 0ot Just a Eassing Ehase" p. 99B /oming out is viewed as the develo"mental "ro#ess through whi#h an individual re#ogni%es their sexual "re!eren#e !or members o! their own sex, and #hoosing to integrate this &nowledge into their "ersonal lives. Ta&en together, they des#ribe a "rogression !rom vague awareness o! di!!eren#e, through a gradual de!inition o! sexual !eelings, to identi!i#ation with a so#ial #ategory, and sometimes beyond to a re#ontextuali%ing stage. These develo"mental models a!!irm the idea that the homosexual orientation is an inner "otential, waiting to be dis#overed and ex"ressed. @7ip-in" Fnderstanding <o ose$uality" 2hanging :chools ( Te$t !or Teachers" 2ounselors" and (d inistrators. p. 101B

The #ommon assum"tion is that G'B identities develo" as individuals wor& through #on!li#ts and stresses that are related to their sexual orientation. Besolving !eelings o! inner #on!usion, ambivalen#e, and !ear o! re.e#tion, they gradually #onsolidate a a!!irmative sense o! sel! that enables them to a##e"t and ex"ress their same)gender !eelings. It is hy"othesi%ed that this "ro#ess is organi%ed in a develo"mental se*uen#e o! stages that is delineated in a somewhat di!!erent way by ea#h o! the various models. @?li5ur T Zi#" )+a ily :upport and (cceptance" =ay 6ale Identity +or ation" and Esychological (d.ust ent: ( Eath 6odel"* p.12>B (s with all new !ields o! study" there are di!!ering and so e ti es contradicting ideas or theories. It is clearly seen that hu ans grow de#elop entally physically" e otionally" and entally. This is how a gay identity is theori5ed to occur" in de#elop ental stages. The scholarship on the !or ation o! these theories pri arily occurred in the !ields o! psychology @2assB and sociology @2ole an and TroidenB. =uring the "ast de#ade, several investigators have "ro"osed theoreti#al models that attem"t to ex"lain the !ormation o! homosexualities +/ass 4252, 421LE /oleman 4219E 'ee 4255E @onse 4251E S#ha!er425:E Troiden 4255,4252E Weinberg 4255,4251,. $lthough the various models "ro"ose di!!erent numbers o! stages to ex"lain homosexual identity !ormation, they des#ribe stri&ingly similar "atterns o! growth and #hange as ma.or hallmar&s o! homosexual identity develo"ment. First, nearly all models view homosexual identity !ormation as ta&ing "la#e against a ba#&dro" o! stigma. The stigma surrounding homosexuality a!!e#ts both the !ormation and ex"ression o! homosexual identities. Se#ond, homosexual identities are des#ribed as develo"ing over a "rotra#ted "eriod and involving a number o! Dgrowth "oints or #hangesD that may be ordered into a series o! stages +/ass 421L,. Third, homosexual identity !ormation involves in#reasing a##e"tan#e o! the label Dhomosexual as a""lied to the sel!. Fourth, although #oming out begins when individuals de!ine themselves as homosexual, lesbians and gay males ty"i#ally re"ort an in#reased desire over time to dis#lose their homosexual identity to at least some members o! an ex"anding series o! audien#es. Thus, #oming out, or identity dis#losure, ta&es "la#e at a number o! levels- to sel!, to other homosexuals, to heterosexual !riends, to !amily, to #owor&ers, and to the "ubli# at large +/oleman 4219E 'ee 4255,. Fi!th, lesbians and gays develo" Din#reasingly "ersonali%ed and !re*uent so#ial #onta#ts with other homosexuals over time. +/ass 421L, @=arnets T Ji el" Esychological Eerspecti#es on 7esbian and =ay 6ale ?$periences" p.135B /lini#al and develo"mental "sy#hologists !irst "ro"osed #oming)out models or sexual identity models over two de#ades ago. These theoreti#al #onstru#tions des#ribed the advent o! a same)sex identity through a series o! invariant ste"s or stages by whi#h individuals re#ogni%e, ma&e sense o!, give a name to, and "ubli#i%e their status as lesbian or gay +bisexuality is seldom addressed,. The rei!i#ation o! these master models to ex"lain nonheterosexuality remains "o"ular today. $lthough diverse in #on#e"tual under"innings, they are nearly universal in their stage se*uen#es and assum"tions regarding the ways in whi#h youths move !rom a "rivate, at times un&nown, same) sex sexuality to a "ubli#, integrated sexuality. @:a#in,&illia s" 6o " Aad" I/ =ay p.19B Three odels o! ho ose$ual/gay identity !or ation will be loo-ed at and than one person/s erger o! all three odels into a ) ega, odel* will be discussed. (ll odels are based on adult recollections. 2ole an and Troiden ha#e been accused o! ale bias with their odels. (lso <orowit5 and 0ewco b in their article" )( 6ultidi ensional (pproach to <o ose$ual Identity* write that Troiden and 2ole an ha#e no e pirical #alidation whatsoe#er to their theori5ed odels o! ho ose$ual/gay identity !or ation. These stage odels tend to be linear in nature and are o#er si plistic. In doing so they thus tend to deny the wide range and #ariety o! indi#idual ho ose$ual e$periences. I 5ass

The !irst person to !or ulate and publish a theory on a ho ose$ual identity !or ation was ;.2. 2ass in 13>3. (t ti e she !or ulated her theory 2ass was a 2linical Esychologist at 6urdoch Fni#ersity in &estern (ustralia. 2ass/s odel !or ho ose$ual/gay identity de#elop ent uses si$ stages. <er odel is non,age speci!ic and is not linear. The indi#idual ay be in ore then one stage at a ti e and also they ay return to a pre#ious stage. There are si$ stages in her theory o! ho ose$ual identity !or ation. 1B Identity con!usion. )( I a ho ose$ual?* In this !irst stage an indi#idual begins to recogni5e that )I ay be di!!erent.* The basis is on beha#ior" actions" !eelings" and or thoughts in which he ay thin- he is di!!erent !ro others. These percei#ed di!!erences ay be )labeled* ho ose$ual. Cesulting e otional tension ay be e$perienced in the !or o! con!usion" bewilder ent" an$iety" etc. This e otional tension arises because now there is the -nowledge o! a di!!erence between ho ose$ual and heterose$ual. There are three possible paths an indi#idual ay ta-e !or resolution o! this identity con!usion. This ho ose$ual identity can be re.ected and resisted" by a#oiding beha#iors that are percei#ed to be ho ose$ual and by shutting out in!or ation that ight con!ir a ho ose$ual identity. ( second path would be that this identity is accepted as legiti ate" but yet undesirable. The third possible path would be to accept the ho ose$ual identity and e#aluate it as desirable. 2B Identity co parison. )I ay be a ho ose$ual.* (n indi#idual/s reaction to being di!!erent ay be positi#e" while the indi#idual continues to hide their acceptance o! being a ho ose$ual !ro others. They ay do this by trying to act as a heterose$ual. The indi#idual ay also ha#e a negati#e reaction to being di!!erent" see-ing to a#oid gay beha#ior" gay identity or both" and this ay result in sel!,hatred. &hile co paring the sel#es to being ho ose$ual" there is the possibility o! !eeling alienated !ro heterose$ual peers" !a ily" and co unity" while also ha#ing a sense o! not belonging to another co unity o! si ilar people. 8B Identity tolerance. )I a probably a ho ose$ual.* In this stage an indi#idual begins to tolerate a ho ose$ual identity" see-ing out contact and acceptance !ro other ho ose$uals. The type o! contact will in!luence sel!,estee and social s-ills. :el!,a!!ir ing interaction can lead to the ne$t stage. <owe#er" purely se$ual contact" and without a gay identity or positi#e sociali5ation" ay result in stunted de#elop ent and possibly be #ery da aging. 4B Identity acceptance: )I a a ho ose$ual.* Celationships within the !a ily and with others ay be proble atic. <e ay re#eal to so e people he is a ho ose$ual" while denying it to others. :ocial acceptance or re.ection o! this accepted ho ose$ual identity continues to cause proble s !or the indi#idual as he tries to li#e in )two worlds.* 5B Identity pride: There is a strong personal acceptance o! this ho ose$ual identity. Though negati#e reactions by others ay sha-e pride" a stronger identi!ication and interaction with other ho ose$uals encourages pride in accepting a ho ose$ual/gay identity. (s sha e di inishes in accepting a ho ose$ual/gay identity" )hiding* one/s identity is 'uestioned. In this stage" one ay ha#e an )us #ersus the * or )straight #ersus 'ueer* attitude. This also includes the possibly strong tension between interacting with ore groups. 9B Identity synthesis: :e$ual orientation no longer is the ain deter inant o! one/s identity. <o ose$uality is #iewed as one part o! a ulti!aceted sel!. There is an ongoing ree#aluation o! -eeping a ho ose$ual/gay identity separated !ro the other seg ents o! one/s identity. This is when the indi#idual !ully accepts the ho ose$ual/gay identity. I 5oleman

?li 2ole an in 1342" proposed a odel that has !i#e stages" !or the !or ation o! a ho ose$ual/gay identity. &hen 2ole an !irst wrote about ho ose$uality/gay identity !or ation he was associated with the F o! 6inn 6edical :chool. <e is a psychologist and se$ therapist" who has also ser#ed on the editorial board !or the Journal o! <o ose$uality. 1B Ere,co ing out. This is o!ten a slow and pain!ul process. &ithin this process there is a preconscious awareness o! an attraction to e bers o! the sa e se$. In this !irst stage the indi#idual ay re.ect" deny" or repress his ho ose$uality. <e is aware o! stig a" and does not want to ad it" perhaps e#en to hi sel!" that he ight be or is a ho ose$ual. The stress o! dealing with these !eelings ay result in depression and can lead to suicide. 2B 2o ing out. This stage begins in an initial acceptance o! and a reconciliation to their ho ose$uality. The !irst e$pression to others" which includes a positi#e response" particularly !ro !a ily or close !riends ay lead to greater co !ort and wider disclosure. 2on#ersely a negati#e response could send the indi#idual bac- to stage one. 0ow hiding !ro onesel! re'uires e#en greater le#els o! denial than be!ore. 8B ?$ploration. 0ow the indi#idual e$peri ents with their new identity both se$ually and socially. They begin contact with others in the gay co unity. There is o!ten a )ho ose$ual adolescence* which includes pro iscuity" in!atuation" courtship" and re.ection. +or the older indi#idual" there is the possibility o! sha e at the see ingly i ature i pulses. I! one then assu es this stage is representati#e o! their !uture gay li!e" they ight try to !lee. 4B +irst relationship. ( sense o! attraction and se$ual co petence ay lead to the desire !or deeper and ore lasting relationships. It re'uires s-ills to aintain a sa e,gender connection in a hostile en#iron ent. The intense e$pectations" passi#eness" and istrust can doo a !irst relationship. %ne partner ay rebel by pursing se$ outside the relationship. 5B Integration. In this !inal stage the indi#idual sees the sel#es as a !ully !unctioning person in their society. The indi#idual/s public and pri#ate sel#es beco e congruent. ( growing sel!,acceptance leads to a greater con!idence and the ability to sustain relationships. (s openness and caring increase possessi#eness and istrust di inishes. Though re.ection is grie#ed" it is not de#astating. I 4roiden In 1343 Cichard Troiden theori5ed a third odel !or the !or ation o! a ho ose$ual/gay identity. Troiden uses an age speci!ic !our,stage odel !or de#eloping a ho ose$ual identity. <e was an (ssociate Ero!essor in the Aepart ent o! :ociology and (nthropology at 6ia i Fni#ersity in %$!ord" %< when he de#eloped his theory o! ho ose$ual identity !or ation. Troiden is a gay sociologist. <is odel uses sociological theory" which represents a synthesis and elaboration on pre#ious research. <e called his odel an ideal,typical odel o! gay identity ac'uisition. To obtain data !or his theory Troidan inter#iewed 150 gay en. Earticipants to be inter#iewed were gained by using a )snowball techni'ue*" that is they were !ound by word o! outh. :tage 1. :ensiti5ation. This stage occurs be!ore puberty" and is generally not seen in a se$ual conte$t. Cather" heterose$uality is accepted as the nor . :o there is no ho ose$ual/heterose$ual labeling to one/s !eelings or beha#iors. &hat is noted is gender con!or ity or noncon!or ity to acti#ities. Though there are generali5ed !eelings o! arginality and perceptions o! being di!!erent then their sa e,se$ peers. These perceptions are seen pri arily in childhood social e$periences. It is the subse'uent eanings and labeling o! childhood e$periences" rather than the e$periences the sel#es" which are signi!icant in the sensiti5ation stage.

:tage 2: Identity 2on!usion. In this stage there is a con!usion o! identities. (s speci!ic things beco e personali5ed and se$uali5ed during adolescence an indi#idual ay begin re!lecting on the idea that their !eelings and beha#iors could be regarded as ho ose$ual. (s a result" there is inner tur oil and uncertainty around their a biguous se$ual status. 0o longer is a heterose$ual identity seen as a gi#en" and as o! yet there is no de#eloped perceptions o! ha#ing a ho ose$ual identity. There are se#eral !actors responsible !or this identity con!usion. %ne is an altered perception o! sel!. There is now along with gender e$periences" genital and e otional e$periences that set the apart !ro sa e,se$ peers. (dded con!usion is seen when responding to both heterose$ual and ho ose$ual !eelings and e$periences. ( third !actor is the stig a surrounding ho ose$uality. (n additional !actor is ignorance and inaccurate -nowledge about a social category !or these beha#iors and !eelings. <ow does one beco e a e ber o! this category? :tage 8. Identity (ssu ption. ( ho ose$ual/gay identity beco es both a sel!,identity and a presented identity. 0ow that this ho ose$ual/gay identity is tolerated" there is association with other ho ose$uals" e$ploration o! a ho ose$ual subculture" and se$ual e$peri entation. (lthough a ho ose$ual identity is assu ed during this stage" it is !irst tolerated" and it is accepted later. :tage 4: 2o it ent. (n indi#idual adopts ho ose$uality as a way o! li!e. There is a sel!, acceptance and a co !ort with a ho ose$ual/gay identity. 6ore e phasis is placed on this identity being a )way o! li!e"* )state o! being"* and an )essential* identity than a set o! beha#iors or se$ual orientation. I Li!Bin %ne o! the ost recent atte pts to theori5e a ho ose$ual identity odel is by (rthur 7ip-in in his boo-" Fnderstanding <o ose$uality" 2hanging :chools ( Te$t !or Teachers" 2ounselors" and (d inistrators. 7ip-in is graduated !ro <ar#ard Fni#ersity" taught in public schools in 2a bridge" 6(. <e is an instructor and research associate at the <ar#ard =raduate :chool o! ?ducation. Fsing the three odels .ust discussed" 7ip-in co bines the into a ega, odel o! !i#e stages. D4. @re)Sexuality +Troiden 4, @readoles#ent nonsexual !eelings o! di!!eren#e and marginality. 9. Identity Nuestioning +/oleman 4E /ass 4, 9E Troiden 9, $mbiguous, re"ressed, sexuali%ed same) gender !eelings andQor a#tivities. $voidan#e o! stigmati%ed label. 0. /oming ?ut +/oleman 9, 0, LE /ass 0, LE Troiden 0, Toleration then a##e"tan#e o! identity through #onta#t with gayQlesbian individuals and #ulture. 7x"loration o! sexual "ossibilities and !irst eroti# relationshi"s. /are!ul, sele#tive sel!)dis#losure outside gay Qlesbian #ommunity. L. @ride +/oleman 6E /ass 6E Troiden L, Integration o! sexuality into sel!. /a"a#ity !or love relationshi"s. Wider sel!)dis#losure and better stigma management. 6. @ost)Sexuality +/ass :, $ diminishment o! #entrality o! homosexuality in sel!)#on#e"t and so#ial relations.D @7ip-in" Fnderstanding <o ose$uality" 2hanging :chools ( Te$t !or Teachers" 2ounselors" and (d inistrators" p. 108,104B I %eaBnesses o' the theories 0ow that these odels" which theori5e the !or ation o! a ho ose$ual/gay identity" ha#e been discussed" let us loo- at so e o! the proble s" li itations" and pit!alls that e#en those authors ad#ocating !or ho ose$uality the sel#es warn about.

?ne o! the "roblems with a linear model is that it is assumed that those ho rea#h the !inal stage have all "assed through the same series o! ste"s. Besear#h designed to do#ument stage)se*uential models, however, reveal diversity as well as "atternsE the more s"e#i!i# the stages or ste"s were in a given model, the less li&ely the stages mat#hed the ex"erien#es o! the di!!erent individuals under study +So"hie, 421:, @<eyl" )<o ose$uality: ( :ocial Eheno enon"* p. 881 in <u an :e$uality: The :ocietal and Interpersonal 2onte$t" Jathleen 6cJinney and :usan :precherB $lmost everything &nown about the #oming out "ro#ess is in *uestion, su#h as how it ha""ens +e. g., a dis#overed essential lesbian, gay, or bisexual identity or a so#ially #onstru#ted identity,, when it ha""ens, its order or disorder, and whether there is an end state to the "ro#ess or whether it is always o"en)ended. @<unter" :hannon" Jno$ and 6artin" 7esbian" =ay" and 1ise$ual Gouths and (dults" p. 9>B (ll o! these theories are retrospecti#e in nature" based on ho ose$ual ale adults recalling their childhood. &e are tal-ing about adults adding labels and de!initions to childhood !eelings" e otions" beha#iors" etc. The young child e$presses his e$periences in ter s o! gender con!or ing/noncon!or ing beha#ior and not se$ual beha#ior. ( young child ay ha#e a perception o! being di!!erent !ro his peers" but he does not ha#e the #ocabulary to e$press it. It is during puberty and throughout adolescence" when these !eelings and beha#iors beco e se$uali5ed. (lso they now ha#e the #ocabulary to begin seeing the sel#es as heterose$ual or ho ose$ual. The cultural stig a towards ho ose$uality now has greater eaning. (dding to their con!usion are the any se$ual sti uli" and as well as the !act that the adolescent body usually responds to both ho ose$ual and heterose$ual cues. There is a blurring o! se$ual cues" e otional and physical responses in adolescence" and one ay be attracted toward e bers o! both se$es. It is a #ery con!using ti e !or the . (otwithstanding these #ontributions, identity !ormation models have #ome under in#reasing #riti#ism during the last de#ade !or- +a, over)em"hasi%ing the di!!eren#es between gayQ lesbian and heterosexual !amilies, and under)em"hasi%ing the diversity among the !ormer +'aird, 4220, and +b, not being su!!i#iently sensitive to the so#ial, #ultural, and histori#al #ontexts in whi#h G'B identity !ormation o##urs +Boxer O /ohler, 4212E /ox O Gallois, 422:E 7liason, 422:,. There are signi!i#ant variations among these models and dis#re"an#ies have been !ound between the "ro"osed develo"mental se*uen#es and the ex"erien#es o! G'B res"ondents +7liason, 422:E ;erdt, 422:E So"hie, 4216Q421:,. @?li5ur T Zi#" )+a ily :upport and (cceptance" =ay 6ale Identity +or ation" and Esychological (d.ust ent: ( Eath 6odel*" p.124B 3u#h o! the resear#h on same)sex identity !ormation "resumes some underlying and stable #ore trait o! sexual orientation that is ex"ressed or ex"erien#ed and that then leads to the !ormation o! an identity based u"on the available so#ial #ategories +/ass, 4252E /oleman, 4214Q4219bE Troiden, 4252,. Thus, su#h models tend to be linear, "ositing a single "athway and set se*uen#e o! stages in develo"ment o! su#h an identity and de!ining a s"e#i!i# end ob.e#tive to this "ro#ess. 7s"e#ially in earlier models o! gay and lesbian identity !ormation, the "rogression through su#h stages is !reighted with moralisti# and so#ialQ"oliti#al overtones. These models o! identity develo"ment ty"i#ally ignore the "otential !or ongoing shi!ts in identity a#ross the li!e #ourse and !ail to #riti#ally examine #ultural assum"tions that underlie su#h develo"mental s#hemes. @:a#in, &illia s T 2ohen. The 7i#es o! 7esbians" =ays" and 1ise$uals 2hildren to (dults" p.442,448B ?ne reason !or the !ailure o! the s"e#i!i# stage theories to a##ount !or the diversity o! ex"erien#e o! "arti#i"ants is the assum"tion o! linearity whi#h underlies these theories. @:ophie" )( 2ritical ?$a ination o! :tage Theories o! 7esbian Identity +or ation"* p. 50B

Troiden hi sel! cautions against ta-ing his odel o! a ho ose$ual identity !or ation too literally. (s a whole these odels are largely descripti#e and atheoretical. These odels are gross generali5ations" ideal types" which #ary !ro indi#idual to indi#idual. It is not a )one si5e !its all* odel. In doing so they neglect to identi!y how the indi#idual identity de#elops in relation to group identity. Cesearch that has included !e ale sub.ects has yielded so e apparent di!!erences in de#elop ent between lesbians and gay ales. The research data was ta-en !ro s all sa ple si5es and without heterose$ual co parison groups" i.e. indi#iduals ac'uiring a heterose$ual orientation. The use o! stage odels inherently applies linearity" with i plication to an end state and carries the ris- o! odel rei!ication. &hat is being obser#ed now is that these theories o! ho ose$ual/gay identity !or ation ay not be applicable to generations a!ter the generational cohort that entered adolescence in the 1390s and 13>0s. The e$periences o! adolescents in the 1330s who ac'uire a ho ose$ual/gay identity are in a ore rapid anner. This ay be due in part because o! the )co ing out* o! earlier generations. %r it ay be because these theories o! ho ose$ual/gay identity !or ation are not a !aith!ul rendering o! the process indi#iduals actually ha#e gone through. These odels o! ho ose$ual/gay identity !or ation are relati#ely silent on the psychological processes occurring in gay and lesbian indi#iduals be!ore the discrete and dra atic process ter ed )co ing out.* 3ost "ro!oundly they are true U at least in a universal sense. $lthough a linear "rogression is intuitively a""ealing, extant resear#h suggests it seldom #hara#teri%es the lives o! real sexual) minority youth. @:a#in,&illia s" 6o " Aad" I/ =ay p.19B $lthough #oming)out models are inherently male)#entri#, re#ent resear#h suggests that they do not even #hara#teri%e the lives o! #urrent #ohorts o! males with same)sex attra#tion. @:a#in,&illia s" 6o " Aad" I/ =ay p.1>B Eerhaps the ost critical wea-ness o! these odels o! ho ose$ual/gay identity !or ation is that these de#elop ental stage odels assu e an essential theoretical orientation" )se$ual identity in#ol#es learning what one is* and that a ho ose$ual is a !or o! being. Get ad#ocates !or these theories o! ho ose$ual identity try to deny this underlying assu ption o! Sho ose$ual essentiality.* This is how Troiden tries to e$press it in the !ollowing 'uotes. First, gay identities are not viewed as being a#*uired in an absolute, !ixed, or !inal sense. ?ne o! the main assum"tions o! this model is that identity is never !ully a#*uired, but is always somewhat in#om"lete, !orever sub.e#t to modi!i#ation. @Troiden" )1orn =ay? ( 2ritical re#iew o! 1iological Cesearch on <o ose$uality"* p.8>2B (or is the model meant to #onvey the idea that gay identity develo"ment is inevitable !or those who ex"erien#e the !irst stages. Bather, ea#h stage is viewed as ma&ing the a#*uisition o! a gay identity more "robable, but not as an inevitable determinant. @Troiden" )1orn =ay? ( 2ritical re#iew o! 1iological Cesearch on <o ose$uality"* p.8>2B It is *uite "ossible that as adoles#ents, young adults, or even as adults, a relatively large number o! males #ons#iously test the extent in whi#h they may be sexually attra#ted to other men. $s a #onse*uen#e o! su#h sexual ex"erimentation, a substantial number o! males may de#ide that homosexuality is not !or them and #hoose to leave the s#ene entirely. @Troiden" )1orn =ay? ( 2ritical re#iew o! 1iological Cesearch on <o ose$uality"* p. 8>2B The earlier discussion o! esentialis #erses social constructionis #iews o! ho ose$uality is once again seen here in our present discussion o! these odels o! the !or ation o! a ho ose$uality/gay identity. :a#in,&illia s and 2ohen who ad#ocate !or ho ose$uality write about this in their boo-. 3u#h o! the resear#h on same)sex identity !ormation "resumes some underlying and stable #ore trait o! sexual orientation that is ex"ressed or ex"erien#ed and that then leads to the !ormation

o! an identity based u"on the available so#ial #ategories +/ass, 4252E /oleman, 4214Q4219bE Troiden, 4252,. Thus, su#h models tend to be linear, "ositing a single "athway and set se*uen#e o! stages in develo"ment o! su#h an identity and de!ining a s"e#i!i# end ob.e#tive to this "ro#ess. 7s"e#ially in earlier models o! gay and lesbian identity !ormation, the "rogression through su#h stages is !reighted with moralisti# and so#ialQ"oliti#al overtones. These models o! identity develo"ment ty"i#ally ignore the "otential !or ongoing shi!ts in identity a#ross the li!e #ourse and !ail to #riti#ally examine #ultural assum"tions that underlie su#h develo"mental s#hemes. @:a#in, &illia s T 2ohen. The 7i#es o! 7esbians" =ays" and 1ise$uals 2hildren to (dults" p.442,448B <u ans grow and ature physically" e otionally" se$ually and in ental capacity. It is e#ident that we grow in de#elop ental stages" yet what is not so e#ident is what can be contributed )to nature #ersus nurture.* Is one born a ho ose$ual or did one learn ho ose$uality. &e ha#e the capacity to respond both positi#ely and negati#ely to a #ariety o! sti uli. These outco es are #isible to others and to the indi#idual hi sel!. (pplying these to our se$uality we will reali5e any interesting things. :e$uality is pri arily a learned cultural pheno enon. &e ust be aware that our physical bodies will respond se$ually to a #ariety o! sti uli" .ust as it responds to any sensory sti uli. &e are li#ing and growing beings. The resear#h on identity develo"ment do#umented not only that individuals !ollowed di!!erent "aths !or rea#hing new identities, but also that identities, on#e !ormed, were not always as stable and "ermanent as "eo"le had thought they would be. Golden +4215, #on#ludes that the assum"tion that we inherently strive !or #ongruen#e between our sexual !eelings, a#tivities, and identities may not be warranted, and that given the !luidity o! sexual !eelings, #ongruen#e may not be an a#hievable state +".04,. Thus, behavior, emotions, and identities do not ne#essarily develo" into stable "a#&ages that #an be easily labeled as heterosexual, gay or lesbian, or even bisexual, even though the individual or the so#iety or the gay #ommunity might desire su#h #onsisten#y. @<eyl" )<o ose$uality: ( :ocial Eheno enon"* p. 888 in <u an :e$uality: The :ocietal and Interpersonal 2onte$t" Jathleen 6cJinney and :usan :precherB Thus, the "ro#ess o! the develo"ment o! a lesbian identity or a #hange in sexual orientation in general, must be viewed in #ontext o! #urrent so#ial and histori#al #onditions. @:ophie" )( 2ritical ?$a ination o! :tage Theories o! 7esbian Identity +or ation"* p.50B 7xisting so#io#ultural arrangements de!ine what sexuality is, the "ur"oses it serves, its manner o! ex"ression, and what it means to be sexual. @Troiden in" Esychological Eerspecti#es on 7esbian and =ay 6ale ?$periences" p.131B Be#ause sexual learning o##urs within s"e#i!i# histori#al eras and so#io#ultural settings, sexual #ondu#t and its meanings vary a#ross history and among #ultures. @Troiden in" Esychological Eerspecti#es on 7esbian and =ay 6ale ?$periences p.132B =evelo"mental stage models have traditionally been used to des#ribe the "ro#ess ne#essary to arrive at a healthy homosexual identity, a healthy homosexual is always #onsidered the !inal stage o! the model and re*uires integrating homosexuality into broader "ersonal identity. $nything short o! this integration is .udged to be in#om"lete or less than o"timal out#ome. @<orowit5 and 0ewco b" )( 6ultidi ensional (pproach to <o ose$ual Identity"* p.2B &e ust there!ore ta-e a #ery cautious approach to the use o! theories" such as a )ho ose$ual identity* to #alidate ho ose$uality as an )alternate li!estyle* to adolescents" who are the sel#es in a #ery con!using ti e in their li#es. <ow does one separate the beha#ior !ro the identity?

Sel!)#ategori%ation is not merely an a#t o! sel!)labeling, but ado"tion over time o! the normative +"rototy"i#al beha#ior" characteristics" and #alues associated with the particular group e bership.* @2o$ and =allios" )=ay and 7esbian Identity Ae#elop ental: ( :ocial Identity Eerspecti#e"* p. 11B Sexual behavior "lays a signi!i#ant role in the develo"ment o! sexual)minority +gay and bisexual, males. Besear#h s"anning the last three de#ades illustrate that sexual)minority males exhibit greater sexual !reedom)engage in more sex with "artners +Blumstein O S#hwart%, 4210,, meeting more "artners in highly sexuali%ed environments +Blumstein O S#hwart%, 4210,, a""roving o! sex without love +Mlin&enberg O Bose, 422LE 'ever, 422LE Tri"", 4256,, re"orting more sex "artners +Blumstein O S#hwart%, 4210E 'ever, 422L,, and develo"ing sexually nonex#lusive romanti# relationshi"s +Blumstein O S#hwart%, 4210E Murde&, 4212, 3#Whirter O 3attison, 421L,)than their heterosexual and lesbian #ounter"arts. 7xtant resear#h suggests that sexual behavior !a#ilitates the develo"ment o! #lose relationshi"s and the garnering o! !riends +Mlin&enberg O Bose, 4220E (ardi, 4229,. @Aube" )The Cole o! :e$ual 1eha#ior in the Identi!ication Erocess o! =ay and 1ise$ual 6ale"* p. 128B 6ore i portantly i! the !inal stage o! these odels is a )healthy ho ose$ual* the truth o! the atter as seen in the li#es o! any o! those who ha#e accepted a )ho ose$ual identity* re#eals the !ailure o! these odels. Dibliogra!hy (belo#e" <enry" 6ichele (ine 1arale and Aa#id 6. <alperin. The 7esbian and =ay :tudies Ceader. Coutledge. 0ew Gor- and 7ondon" 1338. (ppleby" =eorge (lan and Jeane &. (nastas. 0ot Just a Eassing Ehase. 2olu bia Fni#ersity Eress. 0ew Gor-" 1334. 1eatu" 7ee (. )Identity Ae#elop ent o! <o ose$ual Gouth and parental and +a ilial In!luences on the 2o ing %ut Erocess.* (dolescence. +all 1333" ;ol. 84" 0o. 185" 539,901. 1ohan" Janis :. Esychology and :e$ual %rientation 2o ing to Ter s. Coutledge. 0ew Gor- T 7ondon" 1339. 1ohan" Janis : and =lenda 6. Cussel. 2on#ersations (bout Esychology and :e$ual %rientation. 0ew Gor- Fni#ersity Eress. 0ew Gor- and 7ondon" 1333. 2ass" ;i#enne 2. )<o ose$ual Identity +or ation: Testing a Theoretical 6odel.* The Journal o! :e$ Cesearch 6ay 1344" ;ol. 20" 0o.2" 148,19>. 2o$" 1:c @<onsB" 6org Esych" :tephen and 2ynthia =allois" EhA. )=ay and 7esbian Identity Ae#elop ent: ( :ocial Identity Eerspecti#e.* Journal o! <o ose$uality. 1339" ;ol. 80" @4B" 1,80. A/(ugelli" (nthony C. T 2harlotte J. Eatterson. 7esbian" =ay" and 1ise$ual Identities and Gouth. %$!ord Fni#ersity Eress. %$!ord and 0ew Gor-" 2001. Ae 2ecco" EhA John E. and 6ichael = :hi#ely 6(. 1ise$ual and <o ose$ual Identities: 2ritical Theoretical Issues. The <aworth Eress. 0ew Gor-" 1344. Ae 2ecco" John E. EhA" and Aa#id (llen Ear-er" 6( editors. :e$" 2ells" and :a e,:e$ Aesire: The 1iology o! :e$ual Ere!erence. The <aworth Eress" Inc. Eress. 0ew Gor-" 1335.

A/? ilio" John. )2apitalis and =ay Identity" 49>,4>9" in The 7esbian and =ay :tudies Ceader by <enry (belo#e" 6ichele (ine 1arale and Aa#id 6. <alperin. Coutledge. 0ew Gor- and 7ondon" 1338. Aube" ?ric 6. )The Cole o! :e$ual 1eha#ior in the identi!ication Erocess o! =ay and 1ise$ual 6ales.* The Journal o! :e$ Cesearch. 6ay 2000" ;ol. 8>" 0o. 2" 128,182. ?li5ur" Eh.A. Goel T 6ichael Zi#" 6.(. )+a ily :upport and (cceptance" =ay 6ale Identity +or ation" and Esychological (d.ust ent: ( Eath 6odel*. +a ily Erocess" :u er 2001";ol.40" 0o. 2" 125,144. =arnets" 7inda A. T Ji el" Aouglas 2. ?ditors. Esychological Eerspecti#es on 7esbian and =ay 6ale ?$periences. 2olu bia Fni#ersity Eress. 0ew Gor-" 1338. <eyl" 1arbara :her an. )<o ose$uality: ( :ocial Eheno enon.* 821,843 in <u an :e$uality: The :ocietal and Interpersonal 2onte$t. Jathleen 6cJinney and :usan :precher. (ble$ Eublishing 2orporation. 0orwood" 0ew Jersey" 1343. <orowit5" Janna 7. 6: ?d" E<.A. and 6ichael A 0ewco b Eh.A. )( 6ultidi ensional (pproach to <o ose$ual Identity.* Journal o! <o ose$uality. 2001" ;ol. 42" @2B" 1,13. <unter" :-i" 2oleen :hannon" Jo Jno$ and Ja es I. 6artin. 7esbian" =ay" and 1ise$ual Gouths and (dults. :age Eublications" Thousand %a-s" 2(" 1334. 7ip-in" (rthur. Fnderstanding <o ose$uality" 2hanging :chools ( Te$t !or Teachers" 2ounselors" and (d inistrators. &est#iew Eress. ( 6e ber o! the Eerseus 1oo-s =roup. 1333. 6cJinney" Jathleen and :usan :precher editors.<u an :e$uality: The :ocietal and Interpersonal 2onte$t. (ble$ Eublishing 2orporation. 0orwood" 0ew Jersey" 1343. 6ills" John J. )The Esychoanalytic Eerspecti#e o! (dolescent <o ose$uality: ( Ce#iew*. (dolescence ;olu e 25" 0o. 100" &inter 1330" 318,322. 6ohler" 6arie 6(. <o ose$ual Cites o! Eassage. <arrington Ear- Eress. 0ew Gor-" 2000. Cyan" 2atlin" Aonna +utter an. 7esbian and =ay Gouth. 2olu bia Fni#ersity Eress. 0ew Gor-" 1334. :ch idt" Tho as ?. :traight and 0arrow? Inter;arsity Eress. Aowners =ro#e" I7" 1335. :a#in,&illia s" Citch 2. 6o " Aad. I/ =ay: <ow +a ilies 0egotiate 2o ing %ut. ( erican Esychological (ssociation. &ashington A2" 2001. :a#in,&illia s" Citch 2. T Jenneth 6. 2ohen. The 7i#es o! 7esbians" =ays" and 1ise$uals 2hildren to (dults. <arcourt 1race 2ollege Eublishers. +ort &orth" 1339. :ophie EhA" Joan. )( 2ritical ?$a ination o! :tage Theories o! 7esbian Identity +or ation.* Journal o! <o ose$uality. 1345,1349 &inter" ;ol. 12 @2B" 83,51. Troiden" Cichard C. )1eco ing <o ose$ual: ( 6odel o! =ay Identity.* Esychiatry. 0o#e ber 13>3" ;ol. 42" 892,8>8.

&ee-s" Je!!ery and Janet <olland editors. :e$ual 2ultures 2o unities" ;alues" and Inti acy. 6ac illan. 7ondon" 1339. Zera" Aeborah. )2o ing o! (ge in a <eterose$ist &orld: The Ae#elop ent o! =ay and 7esbian (dolescents.* (dolescence. &inter 1332" ;ol. 2>" 0o. 104" 443, 454.

http://www.banap.net/spip.php?rubri'ue22

)nventing the -+omosexual7atest addition : :unday 23 0o#e ber 2003.

4his se&tionNs arti&les

5ha!ter " %ho or %hat

:aturday 29 6ay 200> by 7arry <ouston

5ha!ter "0 +omo!hobia =yth

:aturday 29 6ay 200> by 7arry <ouston

5ha!ter "" +omosexual 2arenting =yth

:aturday 29 6ay 200> by 7arry <ouston

5ha!ter 2 4he "#?0s to the "E40s

:aturday 29 6ay 200> by 7arry <ouston

5ha!ter : Al'red Oinsey

:unday 23 0o#e ber 2003 by 7arry <ouston

5ha!ter 4 %orld %ar )) to the "E?0s

:unday 23 0o#e ber 2003 by 7arry <ouston

5ha!ter 5 Stonewall to the "E#0s

:aturday 29 6ay 200> by 7arry <ouston

5ha!ter ? Assimilation or Liberation

:aturday 29 6ay 200> by 7arry <ouston

5ha!ter > A +omosexual Agenda(

:aturday 29 6ay 200> by 7arry <ouston

5ha!ter # 4en 2er&ent +omosexual =yth

:aturday 29 6ay 200> by 7arry <ouston

5ha!ter E 6ay 4een Sui&ide =yth

:aturday 29 6ay 200> by 7arry <ouston http://www.banap.net/spip.php?article4>

5ha!ter " %ho or %hat

:aturday 29 6ay 200>.

Dy the same authors

7arry <ouston o 2hapter %ne ?ssentialis or :ocial 2onstructionis o 2hapter Ten <o ose$ual Identity +or ation o 2hapter 4 Ten Eercent <o ose$ual 6yth o 2hapter 8 (l!red Jinsey o 2hapter 11 <o ose$ual Earenting 6yth

)n the same se&tion

In the sa e section 2hapter 8 (l!red Jinsey 2hapter 3 =ay Teen :uicide 6yth 2hapter 9 (ssi ilation or 7iberation 2hapter 4 Ten Eercent <o ose$ual 6yth 2hapter 11 <o ose$ual Earenting 6yth 2hapter 5 :tonewall to the 1340s

2hapter 2 The 1490s to the 1340s 2hapter 4 &orld &ar II to the 1390s

5ha!ter " %ho or %hat %ho one is, a homosexual or what one does, homosexuality The support is greatest !or the latter. <o ose$uality and the Sho ose$ual/ ha#e a history. The history o! the Sho ose$ual/ began during the 1490s in =er any. &hile ho ose$uality" sa e,se$ se$ual beha#ior has been apart o! all ost e#ery culture and society throughout history. The a.ority o! the !ollowing 'uotes are by those ad#ocating !or ho ose$uality or who sel!,identi!y as a ho ose$ual. Three e$ceptions are !ro 6ondi ore/s boo-" The 0atural <istory o! <o ose$uality" Jron eyer/s boo- %#erco ing <o ose$uality and the article by 1yne and Earsons" )<u an :e$ual %rientation.* It is easy to deter ine ho ose$uality" ho ose$ual beha#ior. 1ut who is a ho ose$ual? This is a 'uestion that cannot be answered. (nd there is a si ple reason" there is no ho ose$ual as a distinct person" only beha#iors and physical se$ual acts that a person co its. There are people who during their li!eti e o!ten change their se$ual beha#ior" and this a-es it i possible to state that a particular set o! beha#iors de!ines a person as a ho ose$ual. (lso there is no one set o! se$ual desires or sel!,identi!ication that uni'uely de!ines who a ho ose$ual is. Throughout history se$ acts ha#e contained directional 'ualities and they are di#ided into acti#e and passi#e roles. ?#en in cultures and societies today the indi#idual who ta-es the acti#e role in se$ual acts between two e bers o! the sa e se$ is not seen as a ho ose$ual. (lso in history" any cultures and societies did not ha#e the odern concept o! gender" asculine and !e inine" but they did ha#e the concept o! se$" ale and !e ale. (nd there were o!ten speci!ic roles according to se$" ale and !e ale. Fp until the 1490s the concept o! ho ose$uality was seen as a sin or a cri e. Then it began to ta-e on edical and scienti!ic concepts. &ithin these concepts there rest the pre ise o! biological or organic causes !or ho ose$uality. I want to tal- about what one does" Sho ose$uality/ o#er and abo#e the idea o! a Sho ose$ual/ who one is. Throughout history in all ost e#ery culture and society it was ho ose$uality" ho ose$ual beha#ior that ay be seen and in so e instances it is was apart o! care!ully structured roles. The nor has always been arriage" ale and !e ale relationships !or procreation. There are historically signi!icant e#ents that ay be ar-ed in the de#elop ent o! the concept o! the S odern ho ose$ual/ as a distinct person. ;istori#al and anthro"ologi#al resear#h has shown that homosexual "ersons +i.e. "eo"le who o##u"y a so#ial "osition or role as homosexuals, do not exist in many so#ieties, whereas homosexual behavior o##urs virtually in every so#iety. There!ore we must distinguish between homosexual behavior and homosexual identity. ?ne term re!ers to ones sexual a#tivity "er se +whether #asual or regular,E the other word de!ines homosexuality as a so#ial role, with its emotional and sexual #om"onents. @?sco!!ier" ( erican <o o: 2o unity and Eer#ersity" p.8>B $nthro"ology has shown that "eo"le who eroti#ally desire the same gender su!!i#iently to organi%e their so#ial lives around this desire #ome in all genders, #olors, "oliti#al and religious #reeds, and nationalities. There is no s"e#ial &ind o! "erson who is homosexualE and mu#h as we might ex"e#t, there is no single word or #onstru#t, in#luding the western idea o! homosexuality, that re"resents them all. To ma&e matters even more #om"li#ated, the lo#al term in ea#h #ulture or #ommunity that #lassi!ies the homoeroti# a#t or role is not always "ositiveE indeed, in the western tradition it is usually negative. @<erdt" :a e :e$" Ai!!erent 2ultures: =ays and 7esbians (cross 2ultures. p.8B We should em"loy #ross)#ultural and histori#al eviden#e not only to #hart #hanging attitudes but to #hallenge the very #on#e"t o! a single trans)histori#al notion o! homosexuality. In di!!erent

#ultures +and at di!!erent histori#al moments or #on.un#tures within the same #ulture, very di!!erent meanings are given to same)sex a#tivity both by so#iety at large and by the individual "arti#i"ants. The "hysi#al a#ts might be similar, but the so#ial #onstru#tion o! meanings around them are "ro!oundly di!!erent. The so#ial integration o! !orms o! "edagogi# homosexual relations in an#ient Gree#e have no #ontinuity with #ontem"orary notions o! homosexual identity. To "ut it another way, the various "ossibilities o! what ;o#*uenghem #alls homosexual desire, or what more neutrally might be termed homosexual behaviors, whi#h seem !rom histori#al eviden#e to be a "ermanent and ineradi#able as"e#t o! human sexual "ossibilities, are variously #onstru#ted in di!!erent #ultures as an as"e#t o! wider gender and sexual regulation. I! this is the #ase, it is "ointless dis#ussing *uestions su#h as, what are the origins o! homosexual o""ression, or what is the nature o! the homosexual taboo, as i! there was a single, #ausative !a#tor. The #ru#ial *uestion must be- what are the #onditions !or the emergen#e o! this "arti#ular !orm o! regulation o! sexual behavior in this "arti#ular so#iety< @&ee-s" (gainst 0ature" p. 18,14B ;owever, as an individual "ro"erty o! a minority, the #on#e"t o! homosexuality is neither timeless nor universal, although historians !ail to agree on when and how a homosexual so#ial #ategory and identity #ame into being. Sub#ultures in the !orm o! illi#it networ&s, #lubs, and meeting "la#es o! sodomites have been do#umented !rom the !i!teen #entury on in Italian towns and !rom the seventeenth on in urban #enters o! northwestern 7uro"e. $lthough the legal and religious de!inition o! sodomy re!erred to only #ertain sexual a#ts, es"e#ially anal inter#ourse, o! whi#h anyone in theory, was regarded as being #a"able, within urban sub#ultures in Britain, Fran#e, and the (etherlands, a more s"e#i!i# sodomiti#al role evolved as early as the !irst hal! o! the eighteenth #entury. $!ter 4588 the behavior o! some sodomites began to "er#eived more and more as "art o! being di!!erent, o! e!!eminate "ro#livities, o! a sin!ul orientation, or o! a "arti#ular hedonisti# li!estyle. @%osterhuis" :tepchildren o! 0ature: Jra!t,?bing" Esychiatry" and the 6a-ing o! :e$ual Identity" p.241B To #ombat this homo"hobia, over "ast 496 years homosexualists have invented a #ountermadness &nown as the homosexual or gay identity. Ta&ing its #ue !rom "sy#hiatry, a !i#tional #ondition has been transmuted into a "erson. $lthough this "erson is detoxi#ated, "urged o! mental "athology +there still is the smelly residue o! "renatal "hysi#al "athology,, the basi# "remise is the same- the homosexual is a s"e#ial s"e#ies o! human&ind. $s in the "sy#hiatri# nomen#lature, the labels #hange with the arrival o! new exem"lars, beginning with rning and homosexual to todays lesbian, bull, dy&e, gay, *ueer, !ag, !airy, *ueen, s#hwule, !li&&er, maria#on, and re#ently in Berlin, warme. @Ae 2eeo")2on!using the (ctor &ith the (ct: 6uddled 0otions (bout <o ose$uality*" p.410B. It may be argued that homosexuals didnt exist until about 468 years ago. ;omosexuality #ertainly did, as our histori#al survey showed, but individuals who !ell in love with members o! their own sex werent thought to be a "arti#ular &ind o! "erson. Some so#ieties, su#h as #lassi#al Gree#e, didnt !eel the need to label the "henomenon and had no words !or homosexuality. Same) sex eroti#ism was something a !ew individuals seemed to "re!er more than their !ellows, but it wasnt thought to be a #hara#teristi# worth inventing a name !or. ?!ten, the gender o! ones sexual "artners was less im"ortant than attributes li&e their age and so#ial status. This being the #ase, homosexuality was in a sense submerged within these #ultures U attra#ting no s"e#ial noti#e. @6ondi ore" 6ar-. ( 0atural <istory o! <o ose$uality" p.24>B The an#ient Gree& and 'atin languages have no word that #an be translated homosexual, largely be#ause these so#ieties did not have the same sexual #ategories that we do. ?ur #on#e"ts and #ategories o! sexual ex"ression are based on the genders o! the two "artners involvedheterosexuality when the "artners are o! the o""osite sex, and homosexuality when the "artners are o! the same sex. In other times and among other "eo"les, this way o! thin&ing about "eo"le sim"ly

doesnt seem to a""ly)anthro"ologists, historians, so#iologists have des#ribed many #ultures in whi#h same)sex eroti#ism o##u"ies a very di!!erent "la#e than it does in our own. . . . Just as the Gree&s and Bomans had no words !or our sexual #ategories, the (ative $meri#an so#ieties des#ribed by ex"lorers, missionaries, and anthro"ologists !rom the seventeenth onward had sexual #ategories !or whi#h we have no words. /onse*uently, in the se#tions that !ollow) an ex"loration o! attitudes and #ustoms o! an#ient "eo"les toward same)sex eroti#ism) the modern #on#e"ts o! homosexuality or sexual orientation will be #ons"i#uous by their absen#e. Within these #ultures, sexual #onta#t between "ersons o! the same sex is not ne#essarily seen as #hara#teristi# o! a "arti#ular grou" or subset o! "ersons, there is no #ategory !or homosexuals. ?n the #ontrary, in some #ultures, same)sex eroti#ism was an ex"e#ted "art o! the sexual ex"erien#e o! every member o! so#iety, whi#h would seem to argue against the existen#e o! homosexuality as a "ersonal attribute at all. @6ondi ore" ( 0atural <istory o! <o ose$uality" p.8,4B For several hundreds o! years, the institutions o! the ma.ority #onsidered homosexuality something a "erson did and #alled it sodomy, buggery, or a #rime against nature. =uring the nineteenth #entury, a #on#e"tual shi!t o##urred, and a !ew individuals began to tal& about homosexuality as something a "erson was. $ new vo#abulary was invented !or these "ersons. rning, invert)homosexual. @6ondi ore" ( 0atural <istory o! <o ose$uality" p. 244B $ se#ond assum"tion is that homosexuality is a unitary #onstru#t that is #ulturally trans#endent. ;owever, a wealth o! #ross)#ultural eviden#e "oints to the existen#e o! numerous "atterns o! homosexuality varying in origins, sub.e#tive states, and mani!est behaviors. In !a#t, the "attern o! essentially ex#lusive male homosexuality !amiliar to us has been ex#eedingly rare or un&nown in #ultures that re*uired or ex"e#ted all males to engage in homosexual a#tivity. @1yrne and Earsons" )<u an :e$ual %rientation: The 1iological Theories Ceappraised*" p.224B $lthough same)sex attra#tions and sexual behavior have undoubtedly o##urred throughout history, lesbian, gay, and bisexual identities are relatively new +=7milio, 4210,. The #ontem"orary notion o! identity is itsel! histori#ally #reated +Baummeister, 421:,. The #on#e"t o! a s"e#i!i#ally homosexual identity seems to have emerged at the end o! the nineteen)#entury. Indeed, only in relatively re#ent years have large numbers o! individuals identi!ied themselves o"enly as gay or lesbian or bisexual. Gay, lesbian, and bisexual "ubli# identities, then, are a "henomenon o! our #urrent histori#al era +=7milio, 4210E Faderman, 4224,. @Eatterson" ):e$ual %rientation and <u an Ae#elop ent: (n %#er#iew"* p.8B While homosexual behavior #an be !ound in all so#ieties, though with very di!!erent #ultural meanings, the emergen#e o! Cthe homosexual as a #ultural #onstru#t #an be tra#ed to the late seventeenth and early eighteenth #entury in urban #enters o! north)west 7uro"e +Trumna#h 4212a, 4212b, and also lin&ed with the rise o! #a"italism +=7milio 4210, medi#al and "sy#hiatri# dis#ourses "rovided the #on#e"t and labels o! homosexuality and inversion !rom the 41:8s, . . . @1allard" ):e$uality and the :tate in Ti e o! ?pide ic"* p.104 in Cethin-ing :e$: :ocial Theory and :e$uality Cesearch by 2onnell and AowsettB ;istorians unders#ore an im"ortant distin#tion between homosexual behavior and homosexual identity. The !ormer is said to be universal, whereas the latter is viewed histori#ally uni*ue. Indeed, some historians hold that a homosexual identity is a "rodu#t o! the so#ial develo"ments o! late nineteen)#entury 7uro"e and the nited States. $ny event, it seems !air to say that a uni*ue #onstru#tion o! identity #rystalli%ed around same)sex desire between 4118 and 4298 in $meri#a. The modern western #on#e"t o! the homosexual is, a##ording to some historians, "rimarily a #reation o! late nineteenth)#entury medi#al)s#ien#e dis#ourses. In the #ontext o! elaborating systems o! #lassi!i#ation and des#ri"tions o! di!!erent sexualities, as "art o! a *uest to un#over the

truth about human nature, the homosexual is said to have ste""ed !orward as a distin#t human ty"e with hisQher own mental and "hysi#al nature. @:eid an. ? battled ?ros: :e$ual Eolitics and ?thnics in 2onte porary ( erica" p.149B Sin#e at least the eighteenth #entury, and in#reasingly #odi!ied !rom the nineteenth #entury +Trumba#h 4221, 4222E Sedgwi#& 4216, 4228,, the exe#rated #ategory o! Cthe homosexual has served to de!ine the "arameters o! what is to be Cnormal that is heterosexual. The !a#t the boundaries between the two have always been "ermeable, as #ountless histories have revealed, and !or the long ambiguous #ategory o! Cthe bisexual underlined +Garber 4226,, made little di!!eren#e to "o"ular belie!s and "re.udi#es or the legal realities. The divide between homosexuality and heterosexuality seemed rooted in nature, san#tioned by religion and s#ien#e, and u"held by many "enal #odes. @&ee-s" Je!!ery" 1rian <eaphy and 2atherine Aono#an. :a e :e$ Inti acies +a ilies o! 2hoice and %ther 7i!e ?$peri ents. Coutledge. 7ondon and 0ew Gor-" 2001.p.14B ;omosexual identity emerged rea#tively to the new #laims o! late nineteenth #entury s#ien#e, and the state, in relation to the #lassi!i#ation and management o! human sexuality as a whole. @&atney" )? ergent :e$ual Idenitties and <I;/(IA:* in (ggleton" Aa#ies" and <art" (IA:: +acing the :econd Aecade" p. 14B In modern western history the #ategory o! the homosexual originates "rimarily !rom late) nineteenth)#entury notions, derived !rom medi#ine, that de!ined same)sex desire as the "rodu#t o! disease, degenera#y, and moral inversion. These notions #reated an imagine o! a woman tra""ed in a mans body or o! a male body with !emale brain U a third sex a"art !rom the rest o! humanity. @<erdt" :a e :e$" Ai!!erent 2ultures: =ays and 7esbians (cross 2ultures. p.14B In the late nineteen)#entury avatar homosexuality was a "sy#hologi#al and medi#al "henomenon with "athologi#al mental and "hysi#al under"innings. From the turn o! the #entury, Freudian "sy#hology and $meri#an "sy#hoanalysis "ortrayed it as a mental state #aused by early #hildhood trauma, one that led to the individuals !ailure to a#hieve adult genital heterosexuality. With the advent o! gay, lesbian and bisexual studies, "arti#ularly in the last two de#ades, homosexuality has been investigated as a histori#al, "oliti#al, so#ial, and #ultural "henomenon. 3ore re#ently, as seen in the arti#les in this #olle#tion, it has been revisited as biologi#al state. @Ae 2ecco" and Ear-er" editors. :e$" 2ells" and :a e,:e$ Aesire: The 1iology o! :e$ual Ere!erence" p. 13B We tend to thin& now that the word Chomosexual has an unvarying meaning, beyond time and history. In !a#t it is itsel! a "rodu#t o! history, a #ultural arti!a#t designed to ex"ress a "arti#ular #on#e"t. @&ee-s" 2o ing %ut" p. 8B The !o#us o! histori#al in*uiry there!ore has to be on develo"ing so#ial attitudes, their origins, and their rational, !or without these dis#ussions homosexuality be#omes virtually in#om"rehensible. $nd as a starting)"oint we have to distinguish between homosexual behavior, whi#h is universal, and a homosexual identity, whi#h is histori#ally s"e#i!i# ) and a #om"letely re#ent "henomenon in Britain. @&ee-s" 2o ing %ut" p.8B ;omosexuality has everywhere existed, but it is only in some #ultures that it has be#ome stru#tured into a sub)#ulture. ;omosexuality in the "re)modern "eriod was !re*uent, but only in #ertain #losed #ommunities was it ever institutionali%ed ) "erha"s in some monasteries and nunneries, as many o! the medieval "enitentials suggestE in some o! the &nightly orders +in#luding the Mnights Tem"lars,, as the great medieval s#andals hintE and in the #ourts o! #ertain monar#hs +su#h as James I o! 7ngland, William III,. ?ther homosexual #onta#ts, though re#urrent, are li&ely to have been #asual, !leeting, and unde!ined. @&ee-s" 2o ing %ut" p. 85B

The sexologi#al Cdis#overy o! the homosexual in the late nineteen #entury is there!ore obviously a #ru#ial moment. It gave a name, an aetiology, and "otentially the embryos o! an identity. It mar&ed o!! a s"e#ial homosexual ty"e o! "erson, with distin#tive "hysiognomy, tastes and "otentialities. =id, there!ore, the sexologists #reate the homosexual< This #ertainly seems to be the "osition o! some historians. 3i#hel Fou#ault and 'illian Faderman a""ear at times to argue, in an unusual allian#e, that it was the #ategorisation o! the sexologists that made Cthe homosexual and Cthe lesbian "ossible. Building on lri#hs belie! that homosexuals were a third sex, a womans soul in a mans body, West"hal was able to invent the C#ontrary sexual !eeling 7llis the Cinvert de!ined by a #ongenital anomaly, and ;irs#h!eld the Cintermediate sexE the sexologists de!initions, embodied in medi#al interventions, C#reated the homosexual. ntil sexology gave them a label, there was only the hal!)li!e o! an amor"hous sense o! sel!. The homosexual identity as we &now it is there!ore a "rodu#tion o! so#ial #ategorisation, whose !undamental aim and e!!e#t was regulation and #ontrol. To name was to im"rison. @&ee-s" Je!!ery. :e$uality and Its Aiscontents 6eanings" 6yths and 6odern :e$ualities. p.32,38B In sum, homosexuality is not one but many things, many "sy#hoso#ial !orms whi#h #an be viewed as symboli# mediations between "sy#ho#ultural and histori#al #onditions and human "otentials !or sexual res"onse a#ross the li!e #ourse. So#ieties vary greatly in their attitudes toward same)sex res"onse. ;omosexual a#ts are "robably universal in humans but institutionali%ed !orms o! homosexual a#tivity are notE and these de"end, to a great extent, u"on the s"e#i!i# histori#al "roblems and outloo&s o! a #ulture. @<erdt" )2ross,cultural issues in the de#elop ent o! bise$uality and ho ose$uality*" p. 55B $s a means o! #ategori%ing and regulating "arti#ular ty"es o! sexual behavior and "eo"le, both homo) and heterosexuality are relative late #omers to everyday dis#ourse. @(da s" The Trouble with 0or al: Eostwar Gouth and the 6a-ing o! <eterose$uality" p.>B ;omosexual and heterosexual behavior may be universalE homosexual and heterosexual identity and #ons#iousness are modern realities. These identities are not inherent in the individual. In order to be gay, !or exam"le, more then individual in#linations +however we might #on#eive o! those or homosexual a#tivity is re*uiredE entire ranges o! so#ial attitudes and the #onstru#tion o! "arti#ular #ultures, sub#ultures and so#ial relations are !irst ne#essary. To #ommit a homosexual a#t is one thing, to be a homosexual is something entirely di!!erent. @Cobert Eadgug" ):e$ual 6atters: Cethin-ing :e$uality in <istory* in <idden +ro <istory Ceclai ing the =ay and 7esbian East" p.90B Several years ago my #olleagues and I re"orted the overwhelming de!initional and sam"ling #on!usion that "ervaded resear#h on homosexuality +Shively et al, 421L,. That #on!usion only dee"ens the !arther resear#h on homosexuality moves away !rom homosexual a#ts and #ontinues to engage in the !utile tas& o! sear#hing !or the #auses o! a de!e#tive #ondition or a status or a "ersonal identity or an enduring, ine!!able emotional in#lination revealed in !antasy, none o! whi#h is a##essible to observation. ?n#e we understand that the biomedi#al and "sy#hologi#al resear#h is loo&ing !or the #ause o! a#ts, whi#h are largely #ir#umstantial, then its !utility is #lear. I! we return to the !o#us on homosexual a#ts, as in the original Minsey re"orts, then we #an arrive at some agreements as to what it is that we are attem"ting to des#ribe or ex"lain ) an an#ient axiom o! histori#al and s#ienti!i# resear#h. @Ae 2ecco" )2on!using the (ctor &ith the (ct: 6uddled 0otions (bout <o ose$uality"* p. 412B ?nly in the twentieth #entury, through mass media and "oliti#al rhetori#, has the ex"li#it terminology o! homosexualityQheterosexuality been widely a""lied to "eo"le and a#ts and events, ty"i#ally to #ontain and #ontrol all sexual behavior. ?nly as wide)s#ale sexual liberation movements gained steam in the 42:8s did "eo"le who desire the same gender begin to #all

themselves lesbian or gay. Sin#e that time these identity systems have been ex"orted to other #ultures, whi#h has #reated #ontroversies in develo"ing #ountries that "reviously la#&ed these #on#e"ts, having neither the history nor the "oliti#al traditions that bought them about. (o wonder it seems strange but also !amiliar to hear o! gays and lesbians !rom so#ieties that "reviously denied having homosexuality at all. @<erdt" :a e :e$" Ai!!erent 2ultures: =ays and 7esbians (cross 2ultures" p.>B 'anguage has been an im"ortant wea"on in the gay movements very swi!t advan#e. In the old days, there was sodomy- an a#t. In the late 42th #entury, the word homosexuality was #oineda #ondition. $ generation ago, the a##e"ted term be#ame gay- an identity. 7a#h !ormulation raises the sta&es- ?ne #an ob.e#t to and even #riminali%e an a#tE one is obligated to be sym"atheti# toward a #onditionE but on#e its a !ully !ledged 9LQ5 identity, li&e being ;is"ani# or Inuit, anything less than wholehearted a##e"tan#e gets you mar&ed down as a bigot. @:teyn" )There/s 0o :topping The 0ow"* p.85B Steyn ex"lains that histori#ally, moral #on#ern !or sexual a#tivity between two "ersons o! the same sex was identi!ied as sodomy, an a#t. $nd an a#t is what it is. >ou #an either thin& it is a good idea or you #an thin& it is bad. 7ither way, its very ob.e#tive. Its what someone does. Then, Steyn ex"lains, in the late nineteen #entury the a#t was des#ribed as #ondition o! #ertain "ersons, and it was termed homosexuality ) a #ondition a "erson is in. (ext, a !ew de#ades ago homosexuality got u"graded again, now re!erring to a "ersons very identity, so that we now identi!y "eo"le as being or not being gay. (ow it des#ribes who a "erson is. @:tanton and 6aier" 6arriage on TrialI the 2ase (gainst :a e,:e$ 6arriage and Earenting" p. 15B The greatest single vi#tory o! the gay movement over the "ast de#ade has been to shi!t the debate !rom behavior to identity, thus !or#ing o""onents into a "osition where they #an be seen atta#&ing the #ivil rights o! homosexual #iti%ens rather atta#&ing s"e#i!i# and +and as they see it, antiso#ial behavior. @(lt an" The <o ose$uali5ation o! ( erica" The ( ericani5ation o! the <o ose$ual" p. 3B There is another histori#al myth that en.oys nearly universal a##e"tan#e in the gay movement, the myth o! the eternal homosexual. The argument runs something li&e this- Gay men and lesbians always were and always will be. We are everywhereE not .ust now, but throughout history, in all so#ieties and all "eriods. This myth served a "ositive "oliti#al !un#tion in the !irst years o! gay liberation. In the early 4258s, when we battled an ideology that either denied our existen#e or de!ined us as "sy#ho"athi# individuals or !rea&s o! nature, it was em"owering to assert that we are everywhere. But in re#ent years it has #on!ined us as surely as the most homo"hobi# medi#al theories, and lo#&ed our movement in "la#e. ;ere I wish to #hallenge this myth. I want to argue that gay men and lesbians have not always existed. Instead they are a "rodu#t o! history, and have #ome into existen#e in a s"e#i!i# histori#al era. Their emergen#e is asso#iated with the relations o! #a"italismE it has been the histori#al develo"ment o! #a"italism)more s"e#i!i#ally, its !ree)labor system)that has allowed a large numbers o! men and women in the late twentieth #entury to #all themselves gay, to see themselves as "art o! a #ommunity o! similar men and women, to organi%e "oliti#ally on the basis o! that identity. @A/? ilio" 6a-ing Trouble ?ssays on =ay <istory" Eolitics" and the Fni#ersity" p.5B I have argued that lesbian and gay identity and #ommunities are histori#ally #reated, as a result o! a "ro#ess o! #a"italist develo"ment that has s"anned many generations. $ #orollary o! this argument is that we are not a !ixed so#ial minority #om"osed !or all time o! a #ertain "er#entage o! the "o"ulation. There are more o! us than one hundred years ago, more o! us than !orty years ago. $nd there may very well be more gay men and lesbians in the !uture. /laims made by gays and nongays that sexual orientation is !ixed at an early age, that large numbers o! visible gay men and

lesbians in so#iety, the media, and the s#hools will have no in!luen#e on the sexual identities o! the young are wrong. /a"italism has #reated the material #onditions !or homosexual desire to ex"ress itsel! as a #entral #om"onent o! some individuals livesE now, our "oliti#al movements are #hanging #ons#iousness, #reating the ideologi#al #onditions that ma&e it easier !or "eo"le to ma&e that #hoi#e. @A/? ilio" 6a-ing Trouble ?ssays on =ay <istory" Eolitics" and the Fni#ersity" p.12B It isnt at all obvious why a gay rights movement should ever have arisen in the nited States in the !irst "la#e. $nd its "ro!oundly "u%%ling why that movement should have be#ome !ar and away the most "ower!ul su#h "oliti#al !ormation in the world. Same gender sexual a#ts have been #ommon"la#e throughout history and a#ross #ultures. Today, to s"ea& with surety about a matter !or whi#h there is absolutely no statisti#al eviden#e, more adoles#ent male butts are being "enetrated in the $rab world, 'atin $meri#an, (orth $!ri#a and Southeast $sia then in the west. But the notion o! a gay identity rarely a##om"anies su#h sexual a#ts, nor do "oliti#al movements arise to ma&e demands in the name o! that identity. Its still almost entirely in the Western world that the genders o! ones "artner is #onsidered a "rime mar&er o! "ersonality, and among Western nations it is the nited States ) a #ountry otherwise #onsidered a bastion o! #onservatism ) that the strongest "oliti#al movement has arisen #entered around that identity. Weve only begun to analy%e why, and to date #an say little more then that #ertain signi!i#ant "re)re*uisites develo"ed in this #ountry, and to some degree everywhere in the western world, that werent "resent, or hadnt a#hieved the ne#essary #riti#al mass, elsewhere. $mong su#h !a#tors were the wea&ening o! the traditional religious lin& between sexuality and "ro#reation +one whi#h had made non)"ro#reative same gender desire an automati# #andidate !or denun#iation as unnatural,. Se#ondly, the ra"id urbani%ation and industriali%ation o! the nited States, and the West in general, in nineteen #entury wea&ened the material +and moral, authority o! the nu#lear !amily, and allowed maveri#&s to es#a"e into wel#ome anonymity o! #ity li!e, where they #ould #hoose a "reviously una##e"table li!estyle o! singleness and non#on!ormity without #onstantly worrying about "arental or village busybodies "oun#ing on them. @Auber an" 7e!t %ut" p. 414,415.B Thus Cgay has be#ome a sexual orientation +a "arti#ular &ind o! homosexuality,, a so#ial identity and a "oliti#al movement. It should be #lear that Cgay is a new !orm o! homosexual "ra#ti#e, whi#h in its !ullest sense is uni*ue in human history. The "sy#hoso#ial #ondition o! being gay today must there!ore be understood in their own "la#e and histori#al time. Being gay or lesbian is a &ind o! C#ommentary on the dualisti# tenden#y o! Western so#iety to di#hotomi%e body and mind, mas#ulinity and !emininity, homosexual and heterosexual, as noted below. The modern gay movement both re!le#ts and mediates these dualisms, indi#ating that so#ial and eroti# trans!ormation is a "art o! human "otential, as Freud suggested. @<erdt" )2ross,cultural issues in the de#elop ent o! bise$uality and ho ose$uality*" p. 54B It allows us, in short, to imagine theres a #onne#tion between a#tion and identity, to imagine an e*ual sign between the verb C&ill and the noun C&iller. Sexual identity is a new addition to the identity "ort!olio, and we #an see in re#ent history, and to a large extent even within living memory, the "ro#ess o! its a##retion. Thats .ust "lain interesting, I thin&, li&e being able to wat#h a "earl !orm in !ront o! our eyes. Why not ta&e a loo&, sin#e we are able to. It #ant hel" but give us a better, "erha"s more "ro!ound view o! ourselves. But Id say its most im"ortant be#ause sexual identity, li&e that e*ual sign between verb and noun, is in the end a house built on sand, the living in whi#h ma&es us more, through omission rather than #ommission more anxious, less ha""y "eo"le than we might otherwise be. @(rcher" The ?nd o! =ay and the Aeath o! <eterose$uality" p.2>B

We are learning that Csexual identities are so#ial #onstru#ts whi#h #ome and go in di!!erent sha"es and si%es. Beneath them are behaviors whi#h de!y easy #ategori%ation. @Jinsey" Eo eroy" 6artin and =ebhard" :e$ual 1eha#ior in the <u an +e ale" p.!B What these exam"les illustrate is that homosexual and heterosexual are so#ially #onstru#ted #ategories. There are no ob.e#tive de!initions o! these wordsE there is no Golden =i#tionary in the S&y that #ontains the real de!initions. These are word #ategories we made u". @6uehlenhard" )2ategories and :e$ualities"* p. 102,108B Through an examination o! #ertain histori#al stru#tures o! sexual dimor"hism, I have #ome to #on#lude that identity #ategories homosexualQheterosexual in the nineteenth #entury and gayQstraight in the twentieth #entury should be understood not as universal but as suggestions o! #ommon themes around the world +;erdt ed. 422L,. @<erdt" :a e :e$" Ai!!erent 2ultures: =ays and 7esbians (cross 2ultures" p.$#iB The basi# distin#tion between behavior and identity has to be #onstantly stressed- "eo"le are not sim"ly ChomosexualE rather, many "eo"le engage in homosexual a#ts) and many, not always the same ones, ex"erien#e homosexual !antasies) whi#h !or a minority be#omes a basis !or a #on#e"t o! homosexual +lesbianQgay, identity. $s @ateman "ut it- CThe sel! is not #om"letely subsumed in its sexuality, but identity is inse"arable !rom the so#ial #onstru#tion o! the sel! +@ateman 4211, see #h. 5,. The distin#tion between homosexual behavior and identity, !irst identi!ied in so#iologi#al literature by 3#Intosh at the end o! the 42:8s +3#Intosh 42:1,, is the basis !or the modern idea o! the Cgay #ommunity +or lesbianQgay #ommunity, in whi#h ethni# model o! identity be#ame the basis !or so#ial, #ultural" and political organi5ation around se$ual pre!erence @?pstein 134>B.* @(lt an" )(IA: and the Aiscourses o! :e$uality"* p. 89 in Cethin-ing :e$: :ocial Theory and :e$uality Cesearch by 2onnell and AowsettB $nother as"e#t o! the develo"ment o! sexual orientation and identity whi#h would seem to re*uire investigation is the redu#tion o! the "er#entage o! men and women engaging in homosexual behavior with age. $ signi!i#ant "er#entage o! the medi#al students and male twins investigated by 3#/onaghy and #olleagues +4215, 422L, re"orted that they were not #urrently aware o! homosexual !eelings they ex"erien#ed in adoles#en#e indi#ating homosexual !eelings diminished or disa""ear with age in a "ro"ortion o! the "o"ulation. @6c2onaghy" )Fnresol#ed Issues in :cienti!ic :e$ology"* p. 800B 'esbian and gay historians have as&ed *uestions about the origins o! gay liberation and lesbian !eminism, and have #ome u" with some sur"rising answers. Bather than !inding a silent, o""ressed, gay minority in all times and all "la#es, historians have dis#overed that gay identity is a re#ent, Western, histori#al #onstru#tion. Je!!rey Wee&s, Jonathan Mat% and 'illian Faderman, !or exam"le, have tra#ed the emergen#e o! lesbian and gay identity in the late nineteenth #entury. Similarly John =7milio, $llan Berube and the Bu!!alo ?ral ;istory @ro.e#t have des#ribed how this identity laid the basis !or organi%ed "oliti#al a#tivity in the years !ollowing World War II. The wor& o! lesbian and gay historians has also demonstrated that human sexuality is not a natural, timeless given, but is histori#ally sha"ed and "oliti#ally regulated. @Auggan T <unter" :e$ &ars: :e$ual Aissent and Eolitical 2ulture" p.151,152B For not until he sees homosexuals as a so#ial #ategory, rather than a medi#al or "sy#hiatri# one, the so#iologists #an begin to as& the right *uestions about the s"e#i!i# #ontent o! the homosexual role and about the organi%ation and !un#tions o! homosexual grou"s. $ll that has been done here is to indi#ate that the role does not exist in many so#ieties, that it only emerged in 7ngland towards the end o! the seventeenth #entury, and that, although the existen#e o! the role in modern $meri#a a""ears to have some e!!e#t on the distribution o! homosexual behavior, su#h behavior is !ar !rom

being mono"oli%ed by "ersons who "lay the homosexual role. @6cIntosh" )The <o ose$ual Cole*" p.132B With rare ex#e"tions, homosexuality is neither inherited nor the result o! some glandular disturban#e or the s#rambling o! genes or #hromosomes. ;omosexuals are made and not born Cthat way. From my twenty)!ive years ex"erien#e as a #lini#al "sy#hologist, I !irmly believe that homosexuality is a learned res"onse to early "ain!ul ex"erien#es and that it #an be unlearned. For those homosexuals who are unha""y with their li!e and !ind e!!e#tive thera"y, it is #urable. @Jron eyer" %#erco ing <o ose$uality" p. >B ;omosexuality is #ommonly and widely understood to des#ribe sexual attra#tion !or those o! ones own sex. There does not seem to be anything "roblemati# or un#ertain in su#h a de!inition. (evertheless, the theoreti#al enter"rise o! de#iding exa#tly what #onstitutes homosexuality) or, more "ragmati#ally, who is homosexual)is !ar !rom sel!)evident. While there is a #ertain "o"ulation o! men and women who may be des#ribed more or less un"roblemati#ally homosexual, a number o! ambiguous #ir#umstan#es #an #ast doubt on the "re#ise delimitations o! homosexuality as a des#ri"tive #ategory. @Jagose" Dueer Theory" p.>B $lthough theories #on#erning the !ormation o! modern homosexuality di!!er, there is signi!i#ant agreement that homosexuality, as it is understood today, is not a transhistori#al "henomenon. With the ex#e"tion o! Faderman, all theorists dis#ussed so !ar ma&e #ru#ial the distin#tion between homosexual behaviour, whi#h is ubi*uitous, and homosexual identity, whi#h evolves under s"e#i!i# histori#al #onditions. @Jagose" Dueer Theory" p.15B @hrases su#h as Chomosexuality in the modern sense or Chomosexuality as it is understood today e!!e#tively draw attention to the "aradigm shi!t !rom sexual a#ts to sexual identities, and to the "roblems inherent in assuming #ontinuity between #urrent and histori# remote same)sex a#ts. n!ortunately, however, su#h "hrases im"ly that modern homosexuality, unli&e its "rede#essors, is #oherent, #ertain, and &nown. 3u#h is invested #ulturally in re"resenting homosexuality as de!initionally un"roblemati#, and maintaining heterosexuality and homosexuality as radi#ally and demonstrably distin#t !rom one another. >et modern &nowledges about the #ategories o! sexual identi!i#ation are !ar !rom #oherent. @Jagose" Dueer Theory" p.14B Dibliogra!hy (da s" 6ary 7ouise. The Trouble with 0or al: Eostwar Gouth and the 6a-ing o! <eterose$uality. Fni#ersity o! Toronto Eress. Toronto" 133>. (lt an" Aennis. The <o ose$uali5ation o! ( erica" The ( ericani5ation o! the <o ose$ual. :t. 6artin/s Eress. 0ew Gor-" 1342. (rcher" 1ert. The ?nd o! =ay @and the death o! heterose$ualityB. Thunder/s 6outh Eress. 0ew Gor-" 2002. 1yne" &illia 6A" EhA" and 1ruce Earsons" 6A" EhA. )<u an :e$ual %rientation: The 1iological Theories Ceappraised.* (rchi#es o! =eneral Esychiatry. 6arch 1338. ;ol.50" 224,283. 2onnell" C. &. and =. &. Aowsett. Cethin-ing :e$ ::ocial Theory and :e$uality Cesearch. 6elbourne Fni#ersity Eress. 6elbourne" 1332. Ae 2ecco" John E. )2on!using the (ctor &ith the (ct: 6uddled 0otions (bout <o ose$uality.* (rchi#es o! :e$ual 1eha#ior. 1330. ;ol.13" 0o.4" 403,412.

Ae 2ecco" EhA." John E. and Aa#id (llen Ear-er" 6( editors. :e$" 2ells" and :a e,:e$ Aesire: The 1iology o! :e$ual Ere!erence. <arrington Ear- Eress" 0ew Gor-" 1335. A/? ilio" John A. 6a-ing Trouble ?ssays on =ay <istory" Eolitics" and the Fni#ersity. Coutledge. 0ew Gor- T 7ondon" 1332. Auber an" 6artin. 7e!t %ut. :outh ?nd Eress. 2a bridge" 6(" 2002. Auggan" 7isa T 0an A. <unter. :e$ &ars: :e$ual Aissent and Eolitical 2ulture. Coutledge. 0ew Gor- T 7ondon" 1335. <erdt" =ilbert. :a e :e$" Ai!!erent 2ultures: =ays and 7esbians (cross 2ultures. Jagose" (nna arie. Dueer Theory. 6elbourne Fni#ersity Eress" 1339. Jinsey" (l!red 2." &arren 1. Eo eroy" 2lyde ?. 6artin and Eaul <. =ebhard. :e$ual 1eha#ior in the <u an +e ale. Indiana Fni#ersity Eress. 1loo ington T Indianapolis" 1334. 6c2onaghy A.:c." 6.A." 0athaniel. )Fnresol#ed Issues in :cienti!ic :e$ology.* (rchi#es o! :e$ual 1eha#ior. 1333" ;ol. 24" 0o. 4" 245,814. 6cIntosh" 6ary. )The <o ose$ual Cole.* :ocial Eroble s. 1394" 19" 142,132 6ondi ore" +rancis 6ar-. ( 0atural <istory o! <o ose$uality. The John <op-ins Fni#ersity Eress. 1alti ore and 7ondon" 1339. 6uehlenhard" 2harlene 7. )2ategories and :e$uality.* Journal o! :e$ Cesearch. 6ay 2000" ;ol. 8>" 0o. 2" 101,10>. %osterhuis" <arry. :tepchildren o! 0ature: Jra!t,?bing" Esychiatry" and the 6a-ing o! :e$ual Identity. Fni#ernisty o! 2hicago Eress. 2hicago" 2000. Eatterson" 2harolette J. ):e$ual %rientation and <u an Ae#elop ent: (n %#er#iew.* Ae#elop ental Esychology.1335" ;ol. 81" 0o.1" 8,11. Eadgug" Cobert ):e$ual 6atters: Cethin-ing :e$uality in <istory* in <idden +ro <istory Ceclai ing the =ay and 7esbian East" 6artin Auber an" 6artha ;icinus T =eorge 2hauncey" Jr. 6eridan. 0ew Gor-" 1330. :eid an" :te#en. ? battled ?ros: :e$ual Eolitics and ?thnics in 2onte porary ( erica. Coutledge. 0ew Gor-" 1332. :teyn" 6ar-. )There/s 0o :topping The 0ow.* 2hicago :un,Ti es. July 18" 2008" p.85.

:tanton" =len" T. and 1ill 6aier. 6arriage on Trial: the 2ase (gainst :a e,:e$ 6arriage and Earenting. Inter#arsity Eress. Aowners =ro#e" 2004. &atney" :i on. )? ergent :e$ual Idenitties and <I;/(IA:* p. 18,2> in (IA: +acing The :econd Aecade. Eeter (ggelton" Eeter Aa#ies and =raha <art" editors The +al er Eress. 7ondon" 0ew Gor- and Ehiladelphia" 1338.

&ee-s" Je!!rey. 2o ing %ut: <o ose$ual Eolitics in 1ritain" !ro the 0ineteenth 2entury to the Eresent. Duartet 1oo-s. 7ondon" 6elbourne" T 0ew Gor-" 13>>.

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5ha!ter 2 4he "#?0s to the "E40s

:aturday 29 6ay 200>.

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7arry <ouston o 2hapter %ne ?ssentialis or :ocial 2onstructionis o 2hapter Ten <o ose$ual Identity +or ation o 2hapter 4 Ten Eercent <o ose$ual 6yth o 2hapter 8 (l!red Jinsey o 2hapter 11 <o ose$ual Earenting 6yth

)n the same se&tion

In the sa e section 2hapter 8 (l!red Jinsey 2hapter 10 <o ophobia 6yth 2hapter 1 &ho or &hat 2hapter 5 :tonewall to the 1340s 2hapter > ( <o ose$ual (genda? 2hapter 4 Ten Eercent <o ose$ual 6yth 2hapter 4 &orld &ar II to the 1390s 2hapter 9 (ssi ilation or 7iberation 5ha!ter 2 4he "#?0s to the "E40s The actual ter " ho ose$uality" co es !ro the late 14th century" when it was !irst used. The word itsel! is a unitary construct that is deri#ed !ro the =ree- ter )ho os* or sa e. :e$ual is related to the 6edie#al 7atin word )se$ualis* Thus a-ing re!erence to physical se$ual acts with e bers o! the sa e se$ or gender" i.e. ale with ale" or !e ale with !e ale. It is 'uite interesting that di!!erent sources trace the origins o! this word to a edical bac-ground or a cri inal code use. Jarl <einrich Flrichs !irst wrote about the concept o! ho ose$uality in 1494" and Jaroly 6aria Jertbeny coined the actual word in 1493. The word )ho ose$ual* was coined and used in what ay be seen as a struggle !or )ho ose$ual rights* in =er any to eli inate state proscriptions against ho ose$ual practices. The word was !irst used by ho ose$uals the sel#es" and then by the edical co unity to describe what they were seeing in indi#iduals. <o ose$uality originated not as a edical ter " but rather as a neutral" legal" scienti!ic ter !or the e ancipation o! ho ose$uals. Those who coined and !irst used the ter )ho ose$ual* were lawyers and writers. They saw ho ose$uality as inborn" natural and congenital. The edical co unity began using a ) edical odel* o! ho ose$uality" which e phasi5ed )per#ersion" sic-ness and de!iciency*. In was during this sa e ti e period that a new !ield o! study began" )se$ology* to study se$uality and speci!ically ho ose$uality. 1eginning in the 1490s ho ose$uals ad#ocating !or legal rights" and

se$ologists espoused the idea to see ho ose$uality not as a sin or a cri e" but to recast it pri arily in edical ter s. lri#hs goal was to !ree "eo"le li&e himsel! !rom the legal, religious, and so#ial #ondemnation o! homosexual a#ts as unnatural. For this, he invented a new terminology that would re!er to the nature o! the individual, and not to the a#ts "er!ormed. @Jennedy" )Jarl <einrichs Flrichs: +irst Theorist o! <o ose$uality"* p. 80 in :cience and <o ose$ualities" editor ;ernon (. CosarioB The study o! homosexuality began in Germany, where it was intertwined with the struggle to eliminate state "ros#ri"tions against homosexual "ra#ti#es. @Aean" :e$uality and 6odern &estern 2ulture" p. 22B Sexologys lega#y !or homosexual rights was a mixed bag. ?n the one hand, it o!!ered "romise in terms o! naturali%ing homosexuality as a biologi#ally based or develo"mentally determined variation o! human sexuality. It there!ore !ollowed that homosexuals should be a##orded e*ual rights. Indeed, medi#al s"e#ialists generally su""orted homosexual rights a#tivists in #am"aigning !or re"eal o! "enal laws against homosexuality. ?n the other hand, biologi%ing and "athologi%ing homosexuality established a distin#t medi#al #lassi!i#ation, a&in to #ategori%ation o! "hysi#al and mental diseases. $nd medi#al nosologies were #reated to identi!y disease entities that, on#e di!!erentiated, would lead to a""ro"riate treatment. . . . 3oreover, biologi#al and "sy#hologi#al redu#tionism mas&ed the #ultural, so#ial, and histori#al #ontexts o! homosexuality. . . . The sexologi#al dis#overy o! homosexuality was both a res"onse to and a sour#e o! #onstru#ting gay and lesbian identities. Sel!)de!ined homosexual men and woman existed be!ore the sexologist labeled them. In !a#t, "hysi#ians a""ro"riated the label homosexuality "ut !orth by Mertbeny in 41:2. The sexologists learned about homosexuality !rom what they observed in their "atients and read about in "oli#e re"orts, .udi#ial "ro#eedings, and news"a"er a##ounts. The medi#al #lassi!i#ation, in turn, "rodu#ed e!!e#ts on the "eo"le who were ob.e#ts o! in*uiry. The very a#t o! #lassi!i#ation rein!or#ed the grassroots sense o! grou" identity among those who were "art o! the growing gay and lesbian #ommunities o! the late nineteen and early twentieth #enturies. (ot only did the wor& o! the sexologists rei!y existing identities and #ultural "atterns, but it also served as sour#es !or rede!inition and resistan#e. Sexual sub.e#ts used the s#ienti!i# dis#ourse !or their own "ur"oses. @6inton" Aeparting +ro Ae#iance p.18B The terms homosexual and homosexuality did not exist until the se#ond hal! o! the 41:8s when they !irst a""eared in /entral 7uro"e. They were invented by a German);ungarian "ubli#ist and translator who o""osed German sodomy laws, M. 3. Ben&ert. Writing under the noble name o! his !amily, Maroly 3aria Mertbeny, he !irst used the term homosexual in "rivate #orres"onden#e in 41:1 and in two anonymous German "am"hlets in 41:2 +;er%er, 4216,. ;e invented this term to distinguish those who "arti#i"ated in same)gender sexual behavior !rom those who engaged in male)!emale sexual behavior. ;e asso#iated DhomosexualityD with si#&ness and devian#e but not with sin or #riminal behavior +Bullough, 422LE =onovan, 4229,. Mertbeny also invented the term heterosexuality in 41:2 +;er%er, 4216,. The #ontrasting "air o! words, heterosexual and homosexual, were not "o"ulari%ed, however, until the 41186. Mra!!t)7bing +4129, ado"ted and "o"ulari%ed the term homosexual. Toward the end o! the nineteenth #entury, both terms moved !rom German to other 7uro"ean languages +=ynes, 4228#,. They were introdu#ed into the 7nglish language in 4125 +Bardis, 4218,. In the early years o! the twentieth #entury, the "o"ularity o! the term homosexual es#alated through its use by ;avelo#& 7llis +42L9, and 3agnus ;irs#h!eld +42L1,. @<unter" :hannon" Jno$" and 6artin" 7esbian" =ay" and 1ise$ual Gouths and (dults" p. >B I Oarl +einri&h 9lri&hs

%ne gay author" =ilbert <erdt in his boo-" :a e :e$" Ai!!erent 2ultures" credits the concept o! ho ose$uality to a =er an edical doctor" Jarl <einrich Flrichs @1425,1435B in 1493" where it was discussed within a series o! boo-s he wrote. <is account disagrees with ost other authors who generally agree on the !ollowing account. Flrichs was an early theorist and acti#ist !or legal and social rights o! ho ose$ual persons. <e was the !irst person to write about the concept o! ho ose$uality and has been called )the grand!ather o! gay liberation*. <e was a =er an lawyer" writer and a ho ose$ual hi sel!. Flrichs/ writing under his own na e and the pseudony " 0u a 0u antius" generated a series o! !i#e pa phlets about ho ose$uality" )Cesearches Into the Ciddle o! 7o#e 1etween 6en" beginning in 1495. <e e#entually e$panded the into twel#e pa phlets by 14>3. These were !irst written to argue against state proscriptions towards ho ose$ual practices in the e erging country o! =er any. Flrichs wrote interpreting ho ose$uality in a naturalistic anner. It was e$plained to be a benign" inborn ano aly" lin-ed to an organic congenital predisposition or to e#olutionary !actors. <e !irst located this trait in the brain" and in his later writings in the testicles. <o ose$uality was a condition o! inborn se$ual in#ersion" which caused ho ose$uals to be neither truly ale nor !e ale" but to ha#e characteristics o! the opposite se$. +or the ho ose$ual an" he had a )!e inine soul or entality con!ined within a asculine body.* Flrichs used the no enclature o! a )third se$* which he called )urning*" and he deri#ed this ter !ro an illusion to Franus in Elato/s :y posiu . In his li!e Flrichs ser#ed in the go#ern ent as a lawyer" but 'uit under ysterious circu stances. <e was also i prisoned !or his out spo-en #iews on ho ose$uality. Flrichs e#entually le!t his nati#e country o! =er any and spent the last !i!teen years o! his li!e in Italy. (lthough Flrichs was unable to gain uch support !or his theory" he did contribute to the growing perception in the nineteenth century o! the ho ose$ual as a distincti#e type o! person. <e died a poor bro-en an" #irtually !orgotten by his peers in the struggle !or the e ancipation !or ho ose$uals. The word homosexuality did not exist "rior to 41:2, when it a""eared in a "am"hlet that too& the !orm o! an o"en letter to the German minister o! .usti#e +the German word is homosexualitat,. $ new "enal #ode !or the (orth German Federation was being dra!ted, and a debate had arisen over whether to retain the se#tion o! the @russian #riminal #ode whi#h made sexual #onta#t between "ersons o! the same gender a #rime. The "am"hlets author, Marl 3aria Mertbeny +419L)19,, was one o! several writers and .urists who were beginning to develo" the #on#e"t o! sexual orientation. This idea)that some individuals sexual attra#tion !or members o! the same sex was an inherent and an un#hanging as"e#t o! their "ersonality )was radi#ally new. Thousands o! years o! re#ord history and the rise and !all o! so"histi#ated and #om"lex so#ieties o##urred be!ore homosexuality existed as a word or even as an idea. @6oni ore" ( 0atural <istory o! <o ose$uality" p.8B ntil roughly 4288 the dominant ex"lanation o! male homosexuality, "ro"osed by the homosexual lawyer and #lassi#ist Marl ;einri#h lri#hs in the 41:8s, was that homosexual men had a womens soul en#losed in a male body Hanima muliebris in #or"ore virili in#lusaI +;e&ma, 451,. lri#hs de!ined male homosexuality as an inborn trait lo#ated in the brain +and in later wor&s, in the testi#les,. The Berlin "sy#hiatrist Marl West"hal dubbed this "henomenon sexual inversion and de!ined it as a "sy#ho"athologi#al #ondition. This view o! male homosexuality was widely in!luential. @Aean" :e$uality and 6odern &estern 2ulture" p. 22B In his "ublished writings on homosexuality, lri#hs "osited the existen#e o! a third sex whose nature was inborn. The essential "oint in his theory o! homosexuality is the do#trine that the male homosexual has a !emale "sy#he, whi#h he summed u" in the 'atin "hrases- anima muliebrir virili #or"ore in#lusa +a !emale "sy#h #on!ined in a male body, @Jennedy" )Jarl <einrichs Flrichs: +irst Theorist o! <o ose$uality"* p. 2> in :cience and <o ose$ualities" editor ;ernon (. CosarioB I Oaroly =aria Oertbeny

It was Jaroly 6aria Jertbeny @1424,1442B who !irst coined the word )ho ose$ual* in a pri#ate dra!t o! a letter to Jarl <einrichs Flrichs in 1494. Jertbeny was a =er an,<ungarian writer" translator" and .ournalist. <e bore the surna e Jarl 6aria 1en-ert until 144>" when he was authori5ed by the police o! his nati#e city o! ;ienna to use the <ungarian noble na e o! his !a ily as his sole na e" Jaroly 6aria Jertbeny. In 1493 Jertbeny wrote two pa phlets that were published anony ously" de anding !reedo !ro penal sanctions !or ho ose$ual en in Erussia and the Erussia,do inated 0orth =er an 2on!ederation. It was in these pa phlets that the word )ho ose$ual* was substituted !or the word )urning* that Flrichs had used in 1494. Though Jertbeny closely !ollowed Flrichs theory o! ho ose$uals being a third,se$" he saw it as a biologically based type o! se$ual pathology. <is chie! e phasis !or the e ancipation o! the ho ose$ual was !or the odern constitutional state to e$tend to ho ose$uals its principle o! non, inter!erence in the pri#ate li!e o! its citi5ens. <e asserted the right o! all hu an beings to engage in ho ose$ual acti#ity" rather then !or e$clusi#e ho ose$uals to be !ree o! legal hindrances. This was on the basis o! the liberal doctrine that the state itsel! has no right to inter!ere in such a pri#ate atter as se$ual beha#ior. There is little -nown about his li!e" but he was suspected to be secretly ho ose$ual. Jertbeny died !ro syphilis. =es"ite nearly a #entury and hal! o! study and debate, there still is no universally a##e"ted de!inition o! homosexuality among #lini#ians and behavioral s#ientists ) let alone a #onsensus regarding its origins. The idea that it derives !rom moral degenera#y has long been dis#ounted by s#holars, many o! whom have argued !or the "rima#y o! either biologi# or "sy#hoso#ial in!luen#es. @1ryne and Earsons" :e$ual %rientation: The 1iologic Theories Ceappraised"* p.224B I Ji&hard von Ora'tt,7bing Cichard #on Jra!tt,?bing @1440,1302B is another pro inent =er an se$ologist. <e was a =er an Ero!essor o! Esychiatry and in 1449 wrote Esychopathia se$ualis" an encyclopedic co pendiu o! se$ual pathologies. Jra!t,?bing sub#erted Flrichs theory o! ho ose$uality. Though he too belie#ed ho ose$uality was inborn" he saw it as an inborn constitutional de!ect that ani!ested itsel! in se$, in#erted characteristics and in o#erall degeneracy. <o ose$uals were arrested at a ore pri iti#e stage o! e#olutionary de#elop ent then nor al people" i.e. heterose$uals. Jra!!t,?bing thought the se$ual instinct was lodged in psychose$ual centers o! the cerebral corte$ and located ne$t to the #isual and ol!actory centers. :o in the ho ose$ual these psychose$ual centers were congenitally diseased" and relayed inappropriate essages !or se$ual instinct. :o with Jra!!t,?bing the theory !or ho ose$uality went !ro one o! )natural and congenital* to a cri inal edical odel which e phasi5ed )per#ersion" sic-ness" and de!iciency.* Mra!t)7bing de!ined homosexuality not as a set o! sexual a#ts but as the determination o! !eeling !or the same)sex +Mra!t)7bing 4299, 91:,, a determination brought about by either geneti# or situational !a#tors. @1roo-ey" Cein#enting the 6ale <o ose$ual" p. 23B In other words, Mra!t)7bing saw homosexuality as a degenerative #ondition. @1roo-ey" Cein#enting the 6ale <o ose$ual" p.80B $lthough Mra!t)7bing was not a gay rights advo#ate, his theories o! homosexuality are similar to those o! ;irs#h!eld and lri#hs. ;e imagined that homosexuality is both a biologi#al and "sy#hologi#al mani!estation. @1roo-ey" Cein#enting the ale <o ose$ual" p.80B I =agnus +irs&h'eld (nother early =er an leader !or the e ancipation o! ho ose$uals was 6agnus <irsch!eld @1494, 1385B. %! the early ho ose$ual rights ad#ocates" <irsch!eld/s career and legacy presents in

retrospect as any errors and !ailures to be shunned as achie#e ents to e ulate. <e was ho ose$ual hi sel! li-e any o! the other early ad#ocates !or ho ose$ual rights. <is #iew o! ho ose$uality was si ilar to that o! Flrichs. <o ose$uality was innate and biological in nature. <o ose$uals were a third se$" resulting !ro a hor onal cause. It resulted in a preponderance o! the !e ale in the ale and the ale in the !e ale. <irsch!eld ne#er put !orth a coherent scienti!ic e$planation o! ho ose$uality and his wor-s were re.ected. <e helped to organi5e the :cienti!ic <u anitarian 2o ittee in 143> and establish the !irst institute where research and therapy tooplace. ;e believed that male homosexuals were "hysi#ally di!!erent !rom male heterosexuals and that these di!!eren#es were the "rodu#ts o! hormones se#reted by the gonaads +;irs#h!eld, 42LL,. These hormones not only in!luen#ed sexual orientation but were also res"onsible !or gender di!!eren#es between heterosexuals and homosexuals. ;e imagined homosexuality to be an intermediate gender between the !eminine and the mas#uline. $lthough male homosexuals had the "hyi#al bodies o! men, ;irs#h!eld argued they had the sex drive and emotions o! the o""osite sex. @ 1roo-ey" Cein#enting the 6ale <o ose$ual" p.24B The #ommittee was established on the assum"tion, whi#h ;irs#h!eld too& !rom his sexologist "rede#essors, that homosexuality is biologi#al, the homosexual a ty"e. @(rcher" The ?nd o! =ay and the death o! heterose$uality" p.>5B ;irs#h!elds two ultimate .usti!i#ations !or his organi%ation and his a#tivist ta#ti#s and "ursuits also bore a stri&ing resemblan#e to those used in #ontinuing the !ight he started. The !irst was to establish as s#ienti!i# !a#t that the homosexual was born, not made, and so was beyond the s#o"e o! a legal system that #ould "unish "eo"le !or what they did, not who they were. The se#ond was to "revent teenage sui#ide. @(rcher" The ?nd o! =ay and the death o! heterose$uality" p.>9B In 1388 the 0a5is burned his wor-s and research. <irsch!eld/ legacy was tarnished by serious lapses o! pro!essional ethics. <e was accused o! selling worthless patented edicines. The ost serious lapse was the allegations that he e$torted oney !ro so e !a ous =er ans who had in good !aith !urnished hi with aterials re#ealing the inti ate @and incri inatingB sides o! their li#es. <irsch!eld also conducted two polls o! high school boys and ale !actory wor-ers. The poll o! the high school boys resulted in legal troubles !or <irsch!eld. Though his !indings were greatly overshadowed by a lawsuit brought by six students who #harged him with obs#enity +he was !ound guilty and made to "ay a !ine and #osts, he managed to #ondu#t the !irst large)s#ale gay survey, the s#ienti!i# te#hni*ue u"on whi#h the gay movement was to #ontinually re)establish its #redentials with in#reasing !re*uen#y and s"e#iali%ation over the next #entury. @(rcher" The ?nd o! =ay and the death o! heterose$uality" p.>9B I +avelo&B 7llis %utside o! =er any" <a#eloc- ?llis @1453,1383B was an early ho ose$ual rights ad#ocate !ro ?ngland. ?llis was edically trained" and the author o! a si$ #olu e :tudies in the Esychology o! :e$ published !ro 143> to 1310. <e was the !irst to study ho ose$uals outside o! prisons" asylu s" and clinics. ?llis #iewed ho ose$uality neither as a disease or a cri e. <o ose$uals su!!ered !ro arrested de#elop ent" and inborn se$ual in#ersion. <o ose$uality was the result o! a congenital organic #ariationI indi#iduals had both ale and !e ale se$ual instincts. The in#ert lac-ed the ability to see and !eel nor al e otional desires toward the opposite se$. ?llis populari5ed the idea o! ho ose$uality as an in#ersion" an inborn non,pathological gender ano aly.

The sexologi#al Cdis#overy o! the homosexual in the late nineteen #entury is there!ore obviously a #ru#ial moment. It gave a name, an aetiology, and "otentially the embryos o! an identity. It mar&ed o!! a s"e#ial homosexual ty"e o! "erson, with distin#tive "hysiognomy, tastes and "otentialities. =id, there!ore, the sexologists #reate the homosexual< This #ertainly seems to be the "osition o! some historians. 3i#hel Fou#ault and 'illian Faderman a""ear at times to argue, in an unusual allian#e, that it was the #ategorisation o! the sexologists that made Cthe homosexual and Cthe lesbian "ossible. Building on lri#hs belie! that homosexuals were a third sex, a womans soul in a mans body, West"hal was able to invent the C#ontrary sexual !eeling 7llis the Cinvert de!ined by a #ongenital anomaly, and ;irs#h!eld the Cintermediate sexE the sexologists de!initions, embodied in medi#al interventions, C#reated the homosexual. ntil sexology gave them a label, there was only the hal!)li!e o! an am"or"hous sense o! sel!. The homosexuality identity as we &now it is there!ore a "rodu#tion o! so#ial #ategorisation, whose !undamental aim and e!!e#t was regulation and #ontrol. To name was im"rison. @&ee-s" :e$uality and Its Aiscontents 6eanings" 6yths and 6odern :e$ualities" p.32,38B I Sigmund Hreud :ig und +reud @1459,1383B was one o! the !irst to challenge the entire construction o! a se$ual instinct as Flrichs and others had co only concei#ed it. +reud considered ho ose$uality to be a per#ersion o! the se$ dri#e away !ro the nor al ob.ect o! desire @i.e. the opposite se$B toward a substitute ob.ect" including so eone o! the sa e se$. +reud disagreed with ?llis and the other se$ologists #iew o! ho ose$uality by seriously 'uestioning the idea o! gender in#ersion as well as congenital ho ose$uality. Instead +reud #iewed it as a se$ual ob.ect choice" and generally regarded ho ose$uality as a psychogentically outco e o! early childhood e$periences. <o ose$uality was an arrested psychose$ual de#elop ent and was purely the result o! !i$ation in an in!antile stage o! se$ual de#elop ent pro#o-ed by the action or inaction o! the parents. <e saw en#iron ental in!luences rooted in !a ily dyna ics such as a seducti#e other and a wea- !ather. This resulted in the co pulsi#e 'uest o! the ale that was caused by their restless !light !ro the !e ale. <o ose$uality no longer incorporated the broad eaning o! se$,role de#iationI instead it re!erred speci!ically to aberrant se$ual beha#ior. <o ose$uality was ac'uired and pathological. 1ecause it was not until between the two world wars that +reud/s wor- would ha#e its greatest i pact" gender in#ersion re ained the do inant theory o! ho ose$uality !or any years to co e. ?nly Freud, with whom 7llis disagreed with, seriously *uestioned the "aradigm o! gender inversion +as well as #ongenital homosexuality, by distinguishing between sexual ob.e#t and aim. Freud, in #ontrast to the medi#al men ) 3oll, Blo#h, and others ) who in!luen#ed his wor&, #hallenged the entire #onstru#tion o! a sexual instin#t as it had been #ommonly #on#eived sin#e Mra!t)7bing. In arguing that relation between ob.e#t and aim was the out#ome o! the struggle he would later term the ?"edius #om"lex, Freud assumed that re"rodu#tive heterosexuality was not a natural instin#t- instead, it was the "rodu#t o! a su##ess!ul "sy#hi# struggle in whi#h one identi!ied with +and intro.e#ted, the same)sex "arent. @Aean" :e$uality and 6odern western 2ulture" p" 25B Freuds theories o! sexuality ta&e several !orms, but #ertain elements remain !airly #onstant. ;e argued that the #hild is born into a state bisexuality, an innate sexual instin#t that he re!erred to as "olymor"hous "erversity. @1roo-ey" Cein#enting the 6ale <o ose$ual: The Chetoric and Eower o! the =ay =ene" p. 80B Freud theori%es male homosexuality in several ways, but he o!ten imagines the #hild ado"ting a !eminine identity. @1roo-ey" Cein#enting the 6ale <o ose$ual: The Chetoric and Eower o! the =ay =ene" p. 81B

$lthough Freud o!!ers alternative theories, they all "lay o!! the male #hilds disru"ted relationshi" with the mother. In many #ases, these theories suggest that the male homosexual ado"ts a !eminine sexual identity, and in this "ro#ess he enters into a state o! arrested sexual develo"ment. @1roo-ey" Cein#enting the 6ale <o ose$ual: The Chetoric and Eower o! the =ay =ene" p. 81B ?#en still today there are those who hold to a psychoanalytical odel or #iew o! ho ose$uality. In doing so they continue to see ho ose$uality as pathological. $mong the numerous #laims su""orting the "athology thesis o! male homosexuality there seems to be an essential #ore o! !our basi# "ro"ositions. $nalysts assert that homosexual men su!!er a !orm o! develo"mental arrest #aused by +4, early nar#issisti# !ixationsE +9, disturbed !amily relationshi"sE +0, an underlying disturban#e o! male gender identity and !inally, +L, "athologi#al de!enses against a biologi#ally "rimary heterosexuality. @+ried an" )The Esychoanalytic 6odel o! 6ale <o ose$uality: ( <istorical and Theoretical 2riti'ue"* p.511B +ried an !urther goes on to write" that a psychoanalytic odel is only a theory" a ong the other theories o! ho ose$uality. Get it is one that continued to be held by so e. In this "a"er I have ho"ed to demonstrate that the analyti# model o! male homosexuality is a s#ienti!i# "aradigm with #ultural origins and a histori#al "la#e in the world o! sex resear#h that is not absolute. @+ried an" )The Esychoanalytic 6odel o! 6ale <o ose$uality: ( <istorical and Theoretical 2riti'ue"* p.515B Through their #ontradi#tory logi#, the early theories o! male homosexuality struggled to as#ertain the relationshi" between sex and gender. Sexologists and homosexual rights advo#ates both insisted and denied that homosexuals were di!!erent- i! they were morally, emotionally, and +at least in a""earan#e, "hysi#ally li&e heterosexuals, how #ould do#tors a##ount !or their #ongenital di!!eren#e< $nd i! they were not #ongenitally di!!erent, than how were they di!!erent +in the #ase o! Brand and Friedlander, the most manly men,< @Aean" :e$uality and 6odern &estern 2ulture p.25B :e$ology a!ter +reud had #ery little new to say about ho ose$uality until Jinsey published his study in 1344" although ho ose$uals continued to be apart o! the e erging odern culture. In ?urope and the Fnited :tates the two world wars" especially && II was i portant. &hat they did was to bring indi#iduals" !ro pri arily an agriculture culture" together to !ight a war. 6any o! these indi#iduals who thought they were uni'ue" now were introduced to others who were .ust li-e the sel#es. (!ter !ighting the wars any en re ained in the large ( erican and ?uropean cities. Between the 4168s and the 4208s a #om"lex sexual #ommunity had develo"ed in many $meri#an as well as 7uro"ean #ities, whi#h #rossed #lass, ra#ial, gender and age boundaries, and whi#h o!!ered a !o#us !or identity develo"ment. Sin#e the Se#ond World War the ex"ansion o! these sub#ultures has been s"e#ta#ular, with one o! these unli&ely heroes o! this growth being the gay bar. @&ee-s" :e$uality and Its Aiscontents" p.132B Dibliogra!hy (rcher" 1ert. The ?nd o! =ay @and the death o! heterose$ualityB. Thunder/s 6outh Eress. 0ew Gor-" 2002. 1roo-ey" Cobert (lan. Cein#enting the 6ale <o ose$ual: The Chetoric and Eower o! the =ay =ene. Indiana Fni#ersity Eress. 1loo ington T Indianapolis" 2002.

1yne" &illia 6A" EhA" and 1ruce Earsons" 6A" EhA. )<u an :e$ual %rientation: The 1iological Theories Ceappraised.* (rchi#es o! =eneral Esychiatry. 6arch 1338. ;ol.50" 224,283. Aean" 2arolyn J. :e$uality and 6odern &estern 2ulture. Twayne Eublishers. 0ew Gor-" 1339. +ried an" Cobert 6. )The Esychoanalytic 6odel o! 6ale <o ose$uality: ( <istorical and Theoretical 2riti'ue.* The Esychoanalytic Ce#iew. &inter 1349" ;ol.>8" 0o.4" 448,513. <unter" :-i" 2oleen :hannon" Jo Jno$ and Ja es I. 6artin. 7esbian" =ay" and 1ise$ualGouths and (dults: Jnowledge !or <u ans :er#ices Eractice. :age Eublications. Thousand %a-s" 2(" 1334. Jennedy" <ubert. )Jarl <enrich Flrichs: +irst Theorist o! <o ose$uality.* p. 29,45 in :cience and <o ose$ualities edited ;ernon ( Cosario. :cience and <o ose$ualities. Coutledge. 0ew Gor- and 7ondon" 133>. 6inton" <enry 7. Aeparting +ro 7ondon" 2002. Ae#iance. The Fni#ersity o! 2hicago Eress. 2hicago and

6ondi ore" +rancis 6ar-. ( 0atural <istory o! <o ose$uality. The John <op-ins Fni#ersity Eress. 1alti ore and 7ondon" 1339. Cosario" ;ernon (. editor. :cience and <o ose$ualities. Coutledge. 0ew Gor- and 7ondon" 133>. &ee-s" Je!!ery. :e$uality and Its Aiscontents 6eanings" 6yths and 6odern :e$ualities. Coutledge and Jegan Eaul" 7ondon" 1344. http://www.banap.net/spip.php?article>>

5ha!ter : Al'red Oinsey

:unday 23 0o#e ber 2003.

Dy the same authors

7arry <ouston o 2hapter %ne ?ssentialis or :ocial 2onstructionis o 2hapter Ten <o ose$ual Identity +or ation o 2hapter 4 Ten Eercent <o ose$ual 6yth o 2hapter 8 (l!red Jinsey o 2hapter 11 <o ose$ual Earenting 6yth

)n the same se&tion

In the sa e section 2hapter 3 =ay Teen :uicide 6yth 2hapter 10 <o ophobia 6yth 2hapter 11 <o ose$ual Earenting 6yth 2hapter 5 :tonewall to the 1340s 2hapter 2 The 1490s to the 1340s 2hapter > ( <o ose$ual (genda?

2hapter 9 (ssi ilation or 7iberation 2hapter 4 &orld &ar II to the 1390s

The boo-" :e$ual 1eha#ior in the <u an 6ale" by (l!red Jinsey published in 1344 is also historically signi!icant in the de#elop ent o! the concept o! the ) odern ho ose$ual*. Jinsey/s study was once considered the Lde!ining study o! ho ose$ualityL but which has now been shown to be otherwise. Jinsey in his study saw not a ho ose$ual person" but ho ose$ual acts. <e wrote about the physical se$ual acts a ale did" and it was based on the orgas s he achie#ed. It was !ro Jinsey/s study that the popular yth" 10H o! the population is ho ose$ual was ta-en !ro . Jinsey earned a EhA at <ar#ard and beca e a biology pro!essor at Indiana Fni#ersity where he wrote biology te$tboo-s and a boo- about gall wasps. <e was an ento ologist by training" a !ore ost authority on gall wasps. It was at Indiana Fni#ersity that Jinsey/s interest in se$ research arose a!ter he was as-ed to participate in a se$ education course. This course was to prepare students !or !ul!illing arriages. Jinsey/s liberal attitudes and open support !or contraception resulted in his being 'uic-ly replaced by the uni#ersity ad inistration in teaching the se$ education class. Get Jinsey/s interest in se$ research grew and he begins the research that e#entually led to the !or ation o! the Institute !or :e$ Cesearch at Indiana Fni#ersity. It was through this institute that he published in 1344 the boo-" :e$ual 1eha#ior in the <u an 6ale. Ti e has not ser#ed Jinsey and his study well. The criticis he initially recei#ed o#er the publication o! his study has continued to grow o#er the years. ?#en in his day the study was 'uestioned about its scienti!ic #alue and the scienti!ic standards he i posed in underta-ing his study. It was belie#ed at the ti e Jinsey was a scrupulous and disinterested scientist during se$ research. Ti e and study o! Jinsey" and o! the Institute !or :e$ Cesearch has shown other wise. 1esides loo-ing critically at his research and how it was conducted" there are 'uestion/s about Jinsey/s own se$ually and se$ual li!e. Duestions are raised about Jinsey being a ho ose$ual hi sel!" and he has at least been labeled a bise$ual. Two areas o! Jinsey/s study recei#ing closer attention is how he chose those who were to be apart o! the study and the age o! so e o! those included in the data. Jinsey in his boo-" :e$ual 1eha#ior o! the <u an 6ale" was supposedly based on a representati#e sa ple o! ales in the F: at the ti e. ( conte porary o! Jinsey/s" renowned psychologist" (braha 6aslow" pointed out the concern o! )sa pling* when using indi#iduals on a clearly )#olunteer basis*. They are not a representati#e sa ple o! the general population. Jinsey re.ected 6aslow/s concern. 1ut his sa pling techni'ues based on today )sa pling standards* ha#e raised serious scienti!ic concerns. The !indings o! his study were terribly !lawed by the ethodology that was used to collect the supposedly representati#e sa ple o! the F.:. population. <is study had ore college graduates" than was the nor ati#e !or that periodI ost people were not college graduates at the ti e. <e included ore Erotestants than 2atholicsI the latter were being less li-ely to engage in Lunusual se$ual practices.* (ppro$i ately 25H o! the 5"800 participants in the study were prison in ates. 6oreo#er" Jinsey especially sought out those prisoners who were se$ o!!enders. %! this large percentage o! the indi#iduals studied" 44H o! these in ates had their ho ose$ual e$periences while in prison. Jinsey" hi sel!" ad itted to including )se#eral hundred ale prostitutes.* +inally" he sought out L ilitant gaysL and e bers o! gay a!!ir ing organi5ations. The starting "oint !or dis#ussions o! systemati# sam"ling error in sexuality surveys is the studies by Minsey and #olleagues !rom the 42L8s and 4268s +see Bre#her O Bre#her, 421:E /o#hran, 3osteller, O Tu&ey, 426LE 'aumann et al., 422L,. In Minsey, @omeroy, and 3artins +42L1, landmar& survey o! 6,088 males, there was no systemati# random sam"ling. Bather, 4:0 se"arate grou"s were a""roa#hed, in#luding #ollege students and sta!!, seven grou"s o! institutionali%ed males, +.uvenile delin*uents, adult "risoners Hin#luding many male "rostitutesI, and one grou" o! mental "atients,, and assorted others in#luding high s#hool students, s"ee#h thera"y "atients,

#ons#ientious ob.e#tors +!or army servi#e,, hit#h hi&ers, and "eo"le !rom three rooming houses. $ serious limitation o! the sam"le was the overrelian#e on #ollege students. Minsey estimated that about hal! o! his "ersonal histories were !rom "eo"le re#ruited !ollowing the attendan#e o! tens o! thousands o! "eo"le at several hundred #ollege and "ubli# le#tures given by him and his #olleagues +/o#hran et. $l., 426L,. @&ieder an and &hitley editors" <andboo- !or 2onducting :e$ Cesearch on <u an :e$ually" p.49,4>B ?n#e "ublished, it eli#ited a number o! #riti#al reviews !rom statisti#ians and 4268 the (ational Besear#h /oun#il #ommittee that had been !unding Minseys resear#h re*uested the $meri#an Statisti#al $sso#iation to evaluate Minseys methodology. $!ter a long "eriod o! assessment, involving many meetings with Minsey and his team, a detailed re"ort by the review grou" o! three) /o#hran, 3osteller and Tu&ey)was "ublished. @Jinsey" Eo eroy" 6artin and =ebhard. :e$ual 1eha#ior in the <u an +e ale" p.bB The more serious #riti#ism #entered on what were "er#eived as the three #hie! wea&nesses o! the resear#h. They were the la#& o! an ade*uate sam"le, too broad "ro.e#tion !rom the date to a larger "o"ulation, and the use o! a me#hanisti# orgasm)#ounting a""roa#h to the sexual ex"erien#e. @2hristenson" Jinsey: ( 1iography" p. 148B The boo-" :tatistical Eroble s o! the Jinsey Ceport on :e$ual 1eha#ior in the <u an 6ale is the report published in its entirety o! a ( erican :tatistical (ssociation co ittee. Three o! the authors were appointed as a co ittee o! the (ssociation/s 2o ission on :tatistical :tandards. The co ittee had the cooperation o! Jinsey" which included #isits to the Institute o! :e$ Cesearch" Inc. Fni#ersity o! Indiana. (lso the authors went through the inter#iewing process that Jinsey used in gathering the data !or his boo-. :a pling There is now general agreement in the s#ienti!i# #ommunity that Minseys method o! obtaining a sam"le o! $meri#ans did not met todays standard o! survey sam"ling. @Jinsey" Eo eroy" 6artin and =ebhard. :e$ual 1eha#ior in the <u an +e ale" p.bB The #riti#s are #orre#t in their statements about sam"le si%e. The im"li#ation that #on#lusions should have been drawn more hesitatingly is also sound. @2ochran" 6osteller" Tu-ey and Jen-ins" :tatistical Eroble s o! the Jinsey Ceport on :e$ual 1eha#ior in the <u an 6ale" p.143B 3any o! M@3s !indings are sub.e#t to *uestion be#ause o! a "ossible bias in the #onstitution o! the sam"le.D @2ochran" 6osteller" Tu-ey and Jen-ins" :tatistical Eroble s o! the Jinsey Ceport on :e$ual 1eha#ior in the <u an 6ale" p.2B M@3 had to #hoose the "o"ulation to whi#h this study should a""ly. This de#ision does not seem to have been made #learly. From the basis !or the . S. /orre#tions +".486, we should in!er it to be all .S. white males. @2ochran" 6osteller" Tu-ey and Jen-ins" :tatistical Eroble s o! the Jinsey Ceport on :e$ual 1eha#ior in the <u an 6ale" p.10B The #riti#ism is well)ta&en that M@3 gave inade*uate in!ormation about what was done. We #annot tell how big the sam"les were, what grou"s went into what #ells, or .ust how the sam"ling was done, in !a#t we #annot even ma&e a good stab at guessing the sam"led "o"ulation to whi#h M@3s sam"le might reasonably a""ly. @2ochran" 6osteller" Tu-ey and Jen-ins" :tatistical Eroble s o! the Jinsey Ceport on :e$ual 1eha#ior in the <u an 6ale" p.95B

In the #ase o! homosexuality, we are #hie!ly #on#erned about "ossible bias in the sam"le, although #over)u" may also be a !a#tor. @2ochran" 6osteller" Tu-ey and Jen-ins" :tatistical Eroble s o! the Jinsey Ceport on :e$ual 1eha#ior in the <u an 6ale" p.150B The de!e#ts o! this wor& are widely &nown- !or exam"le, res"ondents were dis"ro"ortionately drawn the 3idwest and !rom #ollege #am"uses, and the resear#h did not use "robability sam"ling. @Turner" 6iller" and 6oses" ?ditors. (IA: :e$ual 1eha#ior and Intra#enous Arug Fse" p.3B Both Jones and Gathorne);ardy agree his sam"le was distorted with Indiana !urnishing the greatest number o! sub.e#ts, but he also had a dis"ro"ortionate number o! homosexuals. @1ullough" The Jinsey 1iographies"*p.20,21B It has long been re#ogni%ed that one o! the greatest !aults o! the Minsey resear#h was the way in whi#h the #ases were sele#ted- the sam"le is not re"resentative o! the entire .S. "o"ulation or any de!inable grou" in the "o"ulation. This !ault limits the #om"arability and a""ro"riateness o! the Minsey data as a basi# !or #al#ulating the "revalen#e o! any !orm o! sexual #ondu#t. @Turner" 6iller" and 6oses" ?ditors. (IA: :e$ual 1eha#ior and Intra#enous Arug Fse" p.42B In!ant and young ale child se$ual beha#ior @2hapter 5" )?arly :e$ual =rowth and (cti#ityB

Three o! Jinsey/s boo-s were reprinted at the sa e ti e" in 1334" to celebrate the 50th anni#ersary o! the publication o! :e$ual 1eha#ior in the <u an 6ale. %! interest" printed in only one" :e$ual 1eha#ior in the <u an +e ale was a new introduction by John 1ancra!t the current director o! the Jinsey Institute !or :e$ Cesearch. This introduction included a section about the in!or ation that was originally presented in 2hapter 5 o! :e$ual 1eha#ior in the <u an 6ale. It was this chapter that Jinsey included in!or ation about in!ant and young ale child se$ual beha#ior. :o e o! the data on the se$ual response o! children ca e !ro one indi#idual who has now been identi!ied" Jenneth 1raun. <is inter#iew by Jinsey included the notes he recorded o! his personal se$ual e$periences with !a ily e bers" ani als" ale and !e ale children as young as in!ants. I de#ided to #he#& on the sour#es o! this in!ormation and !ound that, without any doubt, all o! the in!ormation re"orted in Tables 04)0L #ame !rom the #are!ully do#umented re#ords o! one man. From 4245 until the time that Minsey interviewed him in the mid)42L8s, this man &e"t notes on a vast array o! sexual ex"erien#es, involving not only #hildren but adults o! both sexes. Minsey was #learly im"ressed with by the systemati# way he &e"t his re#ords, and regarded them as o! #onsiderable s#ienti!i# interest. /learly, his des#ri"tion in the boo& o! the sour#e o! this data was misleading, in that he im"lied that it had #ome !rom several men rather than one, although it is li&ely that in!ormation elsewhere in this #ha"ter, on the des#ri"tions o! di!!erent ty"es o! organisms, was obtained in "art !rom some o! these other nine men. I do not &now why Minsey was un#lear on this "ointE it was obviously not to #on#eal the origin o! the in!ormation !rom #riminal sexual involvement with #hildren, be#ause that was already *uite #lear. 3aybe it was #on#eal the single sour#e whi#h otherwise might have attra#ted attention to this one man with "ossible demands !or his identi!i#ation +demands whi#h now have o##urred even though he is long dead,. It would be ty"i#al o! Minsey to be more #on#erned about "rote#ting the anonymity o! his resear#h sub.e#ts +and #onvin#ing the reader o! the s#ienti!i# value o! the in!ormation, than "rote#ting himsel! !rom the allegations that eventually !ollowed. @Jinsey" Eo eroy" 6artin and =ebhard" :e$ual 1eha#ior in the <u an +e ale" p.-B Both Jones and Garthorne);ardy "oint out the data was mostly de"endent u"on the notes ta&en by a "edo"hile although Minsey tried to #over this u" by attributing it to varying sour#es. @1ullough" )The Jinsey 1iographies.* p.22B

Ti e and ti e again it is ost interesting to read what ho ose$uals and those ad#ocating !or ho ose$uality write in their nu erous publications. The criticis s le#eled against each other are !ar !ro what is presented in the ore popular edia. This ay be seen now in the criticis o! Jinsey" !ro a boo- by 1ert (rcher" The ?nd o! =ay @and the death o! heterose$ualityB. (rcher is a sel!,identi!ied ho ose$ual. Jinsey/s se$uality Both Jones and Garthorne);ardy believe that Minsey was driven by his own sexual needs. @1ullough" )The Jinsey 1iographies"* p.21B (o one &new at the time, o! #ourse, $l!red Minseys im"etus !or embar&ing on his monumental and e"o#h)shi!ting study o! human sexuality #ame !rom a desire to .usti!y his own sexual thoughts and "ra#ti#es. @(rcher" The ?nd o! =ay @and the death o! heterose$ualityB" p.119B In his boo- (rcher writes twice and with a !ootnote that Jinsey used his data gathering trips to ha#e se$ with other en. Things were e!!e#ted somewhat by the !a#t Minsey used these tri"s to have sex with men. @(rcher" The ?nd o! =ay @and the death o! heterose$ualityB" p.11>B (rcher uses a !ootnote" nu ber 99" to support this state ent. Whether he had sex with any o! the men he also interviewed is not entirely #lear, but we do &now, as o! 4225, have testimony, albeit anonymous, !rom a #ontem"orary !riend o! Minsey that he did have sex with men on these tri"s. @(rcher" The ?nd o! =ay @and the death o! heterose$ualityB" p.242B (rcher on page 124 states this again" (ot only did he use his data)gathering tri"s to get sex . . . It is true that Minsey himsel! ex"erimented with sex and, among other things, engaged in #onsiderable homosexual a#tivity not only with his assistants, but with others. @1ullough" )The Jinsey 1iographies*" p.13B $s a result o! his own irregular sexual interests and "ra#ti#es, in#luding being married to the one woman, having a long)term simultaneous a!!air with a man +u"on whose death he too& u" with another,, and a rather enthusiasti# interest in the sadomaso#histi# sides o! sex, he was not that !ond o! the sexual theorists o! his day, not to mention "o"ular o"inion, all o! whi#h loo& dis"aragingly !or one reason or another on the things he en.oyed. @(rcher" The ?nd o! =ay @and the death o! heterose$ualityB" p.119B Jinsey/s interpretations and opinions But the !a#t that the #om"lier o! all this data +he eventually interviewed about twelve thousand white men, was out to ma&e a "oint, was out, in !a#t, to bring the worlds view o! human sexuality more in line with his own +whi#h o! #ourse was based in intuition, !ormed as it was be!ore he began his study,, is o! enormous signi!i#an#e. @(rcher" The ?nd o! =ay @and the death o! heterose$ualityB" p.11>B The se#ond, not unrelated "oint is that Minsey was not merely "resenting data in his !irst Be"ort ) he was ma&ing a "oint, a "oint he himsel! was #lear about long be!ore he handed out his !irst *uestionnaire. This #olors things. @(rcher" The ?nd o! =ay @and the death o! heterose$ualityB" p.124B The most visible trademar& o! the Minsey style was an ostentatious avowal o! both disinterestedness and in#om"eten#e wherever matters o! ethi#s were at issue. This is !irst o! all a re"ort on what "eo"le do, he wrote o! the 3ale Golume, whi#h raises no *uestion o! what they should do. In reality, Minsey held strong o"inions about what "eo"le should and should not do, and his e!!orts to disguise those o"inions were only too trans"arent. @Cobinson" The

6oderni5ation o! :e$: <a#eloc- ?llis" (l!red Jinsey" &illia 50B

6asters and ;irginia Johnson" p.43,

$t the same time, heterosexual inter#ourse su!!ered a relative e#li"se sim"ly be#ause o! the "rominen#e Minsey assigned to masturbation and homosexuality, both o! whi#h were ob.e#ts o! his "artiality. @Cobinson" The 6oderni5ation o! :e$: <a#eloc- ?llis" (l!red Jinsey" &illia 6asters and ;irginia Johnson" p.94B But though s#ientists may avoid ex"li#it moral .udgments, resear#h is im"li#itly striated with values and biases. In !a#t, Minseys values "ermeate his wor&. @Ir#ine" Aisorders o! Aesire: :e$ and =ender in 6odern ( erican :e$ology" p.8>B $lthough Minsey was o!ten #riti#al o! those who made assertions about sexual behavior without revealing the eviden#e on whi#h their assertions were based, Minsey indulged in a !air amount o! this Ceditoriali%ing in the 3ale volume. @Jinsey" Eo eroy" 6artin and =ebhard. :e$ual 1eha#ior in the <u an +e ale" p. nB $lthough Minsey #laimed to have been #om"letely neutral and deta#hed in gathering and tabulating his data and to have avoidHedI so#ial or moral inter"retations o! the !a#ts, the Be"ort is "e""ered with #ommentary and inter"retation that reveal Minseys strong biases. @7ewes" The Esychoanalytic Theory o! 6ale <o ose$uality" p. 125B Minsey, however, did not limited himsel! to sim"ly re"orting his data, but readily o!!ered inter"retations and in!eren#es. The Be"ort in#ludes a long se#tion des#ribing #he#&s that "er!ormed on the sam"le and interviewing te#hni*ue, and #on#luded that the !igures on the !re*uen#y o! homosexual a#tivity must be understatements. @7ewes" The Esychoanalytic Theory o! 6ale <o ose$uality" 124B :cienti!ic #alue and scienti!ic standards o! Jinsey/s wor;e was #learly a stubborn man with strongly held o"inions. ;e needed to be in #ontrol, ma&ing it less li&ely that he would a##e"t the advi#e o! others, and this resulted in his ta&ing some wrong dire#tions. @Jinsey" Eo eroy" 6artin and =ebhard" :e$ual 1eha#ior in the <u an +e ale" pg. pB (evertheless, given the "otential !or sele#tion bias that his method did involve, the review grou" were #riti#al o! his la#& o! #aution in inter"reting his !indings, and his in#orre#t use o! statisti#al "ro#edures +e.g., the weighting "ro#edure to "rodu#e C S #orre#tions,.D @Jinsey" Eo eroy" 6artin and =ebhard. :e$ual 1eha#ior in the <u an +e ale" p.bB M@3s inter"retations were based in "art on tabulated and statisti#ally analy%ed data, and in "art on data and ex"erien#e whi#h were not "resented be#ause o! their nature or be#ause o! the o! s"a#e limitations. Some inter"retations a""ear not to have been based on either o! theses. ... ;owever, M@3 should have indi#ated whi#h o! their statements were undo#umented or undo#umentable and should have been more #autious in boldly drawing highly "re#ise #on#lusions !rom their limited sam"le. @2ochran" 6osteller" Tu-ey and Jen-ins" :tatistical Eroble s o! the Jinsey Ceport on :e$ual 1eha#ior in the <u an 6ale" p.2B By the way o! summary, the general statement that mu#h o! the writing in the boo& !alls below the level o! good s#ienti!i# writing seems .usti!ied. @2ochran" 6osteller" Tu-ey and Jen-ins" :tatistical Eroble s o! the Jinsey Ceport on :e$ual 1eha#ior in the <u an 6ale" p.150B

The #riti#s are .usti!ied in their ob.e#tions that many o! the most interesting and "rovo#ative statements in the boo& are not based on data "resented therein, and it is not made #lear to the reader on what eviden#e the statements are based. Further, the #on#lusions drawn !rom the data "resented in the boo& are o!ten stated by M@3 in mu#h too bold and #on!ident a manner. Ta&en #umulatively, these ob.e#tions amount to saying that mu#h o! the writing in the boo& !alls below the level o! good s#ienti!i# writing. In the #ase o! homosexuality, we are #hie!ly #on#erned about "ossible bias in the sam"le, although #over)u" may also be a !a#tor. @2ochran" 6osteller" Tu-ey and Jen-ins" :tatistical Eroble s o! the Jinsey Ceport on :e$ual 1eha#ior in the <u an 6ale" p.152B In reality he limited his resear#h to $meri#ans and /anadians, and he also ex#luded bla#& histories !rom his tabulations. Thus by his own admission his generali%ations extended only to the white "o"ulation o! (orth $meri#a, des"ite his in#lusiveness o! his titles. @Cobinson" The 6oderni5ation o! :e$: <a#eloc- ?llis" (l!red Jinsey" &illia 6asters and ;irginia Johnson" p.58B <o ose$ual: 10H 6yth I thin& it worth noting two ma.or "oints about the *uoted se#tion !rom the mens re"ort. The !irst is that, as Ive indi#ated, what Minsey said and what we have #ome to believe Minsey said are two di!!erent things, ;e did not say that 48 "er#ent o! the male "o"ulation was homosexual. In !a#t , he said there was no su#h thing as a homosexual. ;e was *uite ex"li#it on the sub.e#t. @(rcher" The ?nd o! =ay and the death o! heterose$uality" p.128B From all o! this, it be#omes obvious that any *uestion as to the number o! "ersons in the world who are homosexual and the number who are heterosexual is unanswerable. @Jinsey" Eo eroy" T 6artin" :e$ual 1eha#ior in the <u an 6ale" p. 950B Jinsey and ho ose$uals It would en#ourage #lear thin&ing on these matters i! "ersons were not #hara#teri%ed as heterosexual or homosexual, but as individuals who have had #ertain amounts o! heterosexual ex"erien#e and #ertain amounts o! homosexual ex"erien#e. Instead o! using these terms as substantives whi#h stand !or "ersons, or even as ad.e#tives to des#ribe "ersons, they may better be used to des#ribe the nature o! the overt sexual relations, or o! the stimuli to whi#h an individual eroti#ally res"onds. @Jinsey" Eo eroy" T 6artin" :e$ual 1eha#ior in the <u an 6ale" p. 91>B 3ales do not re"resent two dis#rete "o"ulations, heterosexual and homosexual.@Jinsey" Eo eroy" T 6artin" :e$ual 1eha#ior in the <u an 6ale" p. 983B From all o! this, it should be evident that one is not warranted in re#ogni%ing merely two ty"es o! individuals, heterosexual and homosexual, and that the #hara#teri%ation o! the homosexual as a third sex !ails to des#ribe any a#tuality. @Jinsey" Eo eroy" T 6artin" :e$ual 1eha#ior in the <u an 6ale" p. 94>B Dibilogra!hy (rcher" 1ert. The ?nd o! =ay @and the death o! heterose$ualityB. Thunder/s 6outh Eress. 0ew Gor-" 2002. 1ullough" ;ern 7. )The Jinsey 1iographies.* :e$uality and 2ulture. &inter 2009. ;olu e 10" 0u ber 1" p. 15,22.

2hristenson" 2o rnelia ;. Jinsey: ( 1iography. Indiana Fni#ersity Eress. 1loo ington and 7ondon" 13>1. 2ochran" &illia =." +rederic- 6osteller" John <. Tu-ey and &. %. Jen-ins. :tatistical Eroble s o! the Jinsey Ceport on :e$ual 1eha#ior in the <u an 6ale. The ( erican :tatistical (ssociation. &ashington A.2." 1354. Ir#ine" Janice 6. Aisorders o! Aesire: :e$ and =ender in 6odern ( erican :e$ology. Te ple Fni#ersity Eress. Ehiladelphia" 1330. Jinsey" (l!red 2." &arren 1. Eo eroy" and 2lyde ?. 6artin. :e$ual 1eha#ior in the <u an 6ale. &. 1. :aunders 2o pany. Ehiladelphia and 7ondon" 1394. Jinsey" (l!red 2." &arren 1. Eo eroy" 2lyde ?. 6artin and Eaul <. =ebhard. :e$ual 1eha#ior in the <u an +e ale. Indiana Fni#ersity Eress. 1loo ington T Indianapolis" 1334. 7ewes" Eh.A." Jenneth. The Esychoanalytic Theory o! 6ale <o ose$uality. :i on and :chuster. 0ew Gor-" 1344. Cobinson" Eaul. The 6oderni5ation o! :e$: <a#eloc- ?llis" (l!red Jinsey" &illia ;irginia Johnson. 2ornell Fni#ersity Eress. Ithaca" 0ew Gor-" 1343. 6asters and

Turner" 2harles +." <eather =. 6iller" and 7incoln ?. 6oses" ?ditors. (IA: :e$ual 1eha#ior and Intra#enous Arug Fse. 0ational (cade y Eress. &ashington" A.2." 1343. &ieder an" and &hitley editors. <andboo- !or 2onducting :e$ Cesearch on <u an :e$ually. 7awrence ?rlbau (ssociates" Eublishers. 6ahwah" 0J and 7ondon" 2002.

http://www.banap.net/spip.php?article43

5ha!ter 4 %orld %ar )) to the "E?0s

:unday 23 0o#e ber 2003.

Dy the same authors

7arry <ouston o 2hapter %ne ?ssentialis or :ocial 2onstructionis o 2hapter Ten <o ose$ual Identity +or ation o 2hapter 4 Ten Eercent <o ose$ual 6yth o 2hapter 8 (l!red Jinsey o 2hapter 11 <o ose$ual Earenting 6yth

)n the same se&tion

In the sa e section 2hapter 2 The 1490s to the 1340s 2hapter 3 =ay Teen :uicide 6yth

2hapter 8 (l!red Jinsey 2hapter 11 <o ose$ual Earenting 6yth 2hapter 9 (ssi ilation or 7iberation 2hapter 10 <o ophobia 6yth 2hapter 5 :tonewall to the 1340s 2hapter 1 &ho or &hat

5ha!ter 4 %orld %ar )) to the "E?0s The )ho ose$ual* as a distinct person" which was !irst ad#ocated in =er any during the 1490s by ho ose$uals the sel#es see-ing legal rights" was ne$t adopted by se$ologists and then by psychiatrists. 1ut it was the ( erican ilitary during &orld &ar II with the psychiatric pro!ession that was to play a leading role in de!ining the Sho ose$ual/ as a character type" who was sic- that persisted until the early 13>0s. 7xamining the evolution o! gay and lesbian identity shows that two "ivotal "eriods in history were essential to the establishment o! the gay rights movement in the 4268s. Sexologists in the nineteen #entury argued that sexual orientation is a #ore trait that de!ines the essen#e o! human beings. nder their in!luen#e, those who were attra#ted to "eo"le o! the same gender began to thin& o! themselves as homosexuals. Following this #hange in "ersonal identity, homosexuals had the o""ortunity to !orm #ommunities during World War II, when the #risis a!!orded them #han#es to meet others li&e themselves and develo" networ&s. For the !irst time in history, gay men and lesbians #ould share their stories and !ind li&e)minded !riends and "artners. @1urns" ?ditor" =ay Cights" p.21B In 42L8, in #on.un#tion with the "ea#etime dra!t, the military ado"ted "sy#hiatri# s#reening. ?ne o! the #hie! "ro"onents o! s#reening, ;enry Star& Sullivan, was himsel! homosexual and believed that homosexuality in itsel! should not bar a "otential re#ruit !rom military servi#e. @?dsall" Toward :tonewall: <o ose$uality and :ociety in the 6odern &estern &orld" p.292B The status o! homosexuals #hanged around the time o! World War II. @rior to this "oint, identi!i#ations with homosexuality were "rimarily individual ex"erien#es. The identi!i#ation o! homosexuals as a grou" was given im"etus by the a#tions o! the military and the !ederal government who attem"ted to identi!y homosexuals and remove them !rom military "ositions. 7arly in the war e!!ort, dis#overed homosexuals were given dishonorable dis#harges by the thousands. 'ater, those who had served in the war were given a newly #reated #ategory o! dis#harge ) a general dis#harge whi#h was neither honorable or dishonorable +'i#ata, 4218,. The labeling and singling out o! these individuals by the government hel"ed to #reate minority status o! homosexuals as grou" and to "romote dis#rimination against them. @<eyl" )<o ose$uality: ( :ocial Eheno enon" p. 841 in <u an :e$uality: the :ocietal and Interpersonal 2onte$t" edited by Jathleen 6cJinney and :usan :precherB ?ver the #ourse o! the 42L8 build)u", all the ba#&ing and !orthing between the military and the burgeoning "sy#hiatri# #ommunity, and than, on#e when war was de#lared, all that "sy#hiatri# s#reening, in whatever its !inal !orm #reated in the mind o! huge "ortions o! the general "o"ulation a "i#ture o! the a #hara#ter ty"e &nown as Cthe homosexual. @(rcher" The ?nd o! =ay and the death o! heterose$uality" p.109B What the military did in its rough and ready way was to mush all these things together into one #hara#ter ty"e U the homosexual. The homosexual was now, !or all the world to see an e!!eminate man +and a!ter the war, a mas#uline woman, who had sex with members o! the same sex, and was

either "assively or a#tively "athologi#al. @(rcher" The ?nd o! =ay and the death o! heterose$uality" p.105B While the dis#ussion o! su#h things as the relationshi" to gender to sexuality was limited to s#ienti!i#, literary, intelle#tual, and interested #ir#les U as it was, mostly !rom the nineteen #entury through the Se#ond World War U the lin& was not !irmly or es"e#ially "o"ularly made. 3any "ie#es o! what would eventually be the "o"ular #on#e"tion o! the early)modern homosexual +whi#h lets say dates !rom the Se#ond World War to about 42:2, were !loating inde"endently between sexologists and "sy#hiatrists. There was the e!!eminate man or "ansy, there was the "ervert andQor "sy#ho"ath who #ould be ex"e#ted to #ommit violent #rimes o! a sexual nature on any sort o! "erson at all, and there was the man or woman, not mu#h s"o&en o! in "olite #om"any, who had a tenden#y to have sex with others o! the same sex. When this was s"o&en o!, it was in "urely non) sexual terms, li&e the "artners on ran#hes that Front Bunner author @atri#ia (ell Warren remembers her !ather mentioning in 3ontana when she was a #hild in the late thirties and !orties, or those urban ba#helors and the ubi*uitous maiden aunts and their #om"anions. @(rcher" The ?nd o! =ay and the death o! heterose$uality" p.105B =es"ite this modi#um o! sym"athy initially extended to sexual "erverts, the military #ategori#ally de#lared homosexual behavior and "ro#livities as in#om"atible with military servi#e. ;istorian $llan Berube +4228, has do#umented the ill e!!e#ts o! this military ban on those who managed to stay in the servi#e and those given dishonorable dis#harges sim"ly !or being homosexual. The "sy#hiatri# "ro!ession that dedi#ated itsel! to s#reening out homosexuals also "romised to treat the "roblem o! homosexuality as it was "er#eived to a!!e#t the individuals dis#harged and the so#iety that would re#eive them. @Cosario" <o ose$uality and :cience ( =uide to the Aebates" p. 43B This ilitary ban on ho ose$uals was a result but not the intent o! two psychiatrists. Eresident Coose#elt recei#ed a e o !ro <arry :tac- :ulli#an and &in!red %#erholser suggesting a screening process !or identi!ying potential soldiers who ay later su!!er !ro ental health issues. Their intent was to help pre#ent a situation that occurred a!ter &orld &ar I" in which en by the thousands re'uired treat ent !or ental health issues" including hospitali5ation that resulted in a tre endous !inancial cost and burden. Eresident Coose#elt accepted this idea and had these two psychiatrists draw up guidelines" which beca e -nown as 6edical 2ircular 0u ber %ne. 1ut within one year" both the ar y and na#y had re#ised the guidelines" adding ho ose$uality to the list o! de#iations :ulli#an and %#erholser had said should dis'uali!y those !ro ilitary ser#ice. This re#ision resulted in the ilitary !or the rest o! the war and decades therea!ter" re!erring to en and wo en who engaged or were prone to ho ose$ual acti#ity as se$ual psychopaths. This ilitary ban on ho ose$uals was the unintended result o! the actions by psychiatrist <arry :tac- :ulli#an" who was a ho ose$ual hi sel!. %ne interesting part o! :ulli#an/s li!e was his relationship with" Ja es Inscoe" who was 20 twenty years younger than :ulli#an. &hen they eet in 132> :ulli#an was 85 and Ja es was 15 years old. $s I said earlier, Sullivans standing in "sy#hiatri# history is not *uite what it was. This is, in "art, due to rumors that he was as one #olleague said u"on hearing o! his death, a homosexual, an al#oholi#, and a "aranoid s#hi%o"hreni#. @(llen" ):ulli#an/s 2loset: ( Ceappraisal o! <arry :tac:ulli#an/s 7i!e and <is Eioneering Cole in ( erican Esychiatry"* p.5B Sometime in 4295, he met a young man named James Ins#oe. Jimmie who later too& Sullivans surname, was about 46 or 4: years old at the time. $lthough ;elen @erry wrote that nobody would tell her how ;arry met Jimmie, she #on!essed to me when we met one *uiet !all a!ternoon in her /ambridge, 3assa#husetts, a"artment, that Jimmie had been a male hustler in Washington =./. Shortly therea!ter, Jimmie who was to be#ome Sullivans se#retary, house&ee"er, o!!i#emanager, and

longtime #om"anion, moved into Sullivans surban 3aryland home. ;arry and Jimmie made a home together in 3aryland and in (ew >or& /ity, !or twenty)years, until ;arrys death in 42L2. Jimmies "la#e in Sullivans li!e was #om"lex and ambiguousE to Sullivans #olleagues, he was ;arry Sta#&s !oster son, although they had no o!!i#ial or legal relationshi"E among Sullivans !riends. Jimmie was &nown sim"ly as the man who #ame to stay +@erry, 4210,. @(llen" ):ulli#an/s 2loset: ( Ceappraisal o! <arry :tac- :ulli#an/s 7i!e and <is Eioneering Cole in ( erican Esychiatry"* p.3B (ot all soldiers who ex"erien#ed homoeroti# !eelings toward other soldiers or who even engaged in sex with other men were gay. ?!ten heterosexual men engaged in situational homosexuality, having sex with other men only to attain a level o! "hysi#al intima#y de"rived by the war ex"erien#e. It was not un#ommon !or men to dan#e together at #anteens, to share beds at hotels when on leave, or to share train berths while in transit. The #riti#al "oint is not the Se#ond World War led to an in#rease in the number o! homosexualsE su#h a statement #an be neither #on!irmed nor denied. Bather, the war #reated a sexual situation where individuals with homosexual !eelings or tenden#ies #ould more readily ex"lore them without the absolute !ear o! ex"osure. @?ngel" The Fn!inished Ce#olution: :ocial 6o#e ent Theory and the =ay and 7esbian 6o#e ent" p.28B The de#isions o! "arti#ular men and women to a#t on their eroti#Qemotional "re!eren#e !or the same sex, along with the new #ons#iousness that this "re!eren#e made them di!!erent, led to the !ormation o! an urban sub#ulture o! gay men and lesbians. >et at least through the 4208s this sub#ulture remained rudimentary, unstable, and di!!i#ult to !ind. ;ow, then, did the #om"lex, well) develo"ed gay #ommunity emerge that existed by the time the gay liberation movement ex"lored< The answer is to be !ound during World War II, a time when the #umulative #hanges o! several de#ades #oales#ed into a *ualitatively new sha"e. The war severely disru"ted traditional "atterns o! gender relations and sexuality, and tem"orarily #reated a new eroti# situation #ondu#ive to homosexual ex"ression. It "lu#&ed millions o! young men and women, whose sexual identities were .ust !orming, out their homes, out o! towns and small o! #ities, out o! the heterosexual environment o! the !amily, dro""ed them into sex)segregated situations as ) GIs, as W$/s and W$G7s, in same)sex rooming houses !or women wor&ers who relo#ated to see& em"loyment. The war !reed millions o! men and women !rom the settings where heterosexuality was normally im"osed. For men and women already gay, it "rovided an o""ortunity to meet "eo"le li&e themselves. ?thers #ould be#ome gay be#ause o! the tem"orary !reedom to ex"lore sexuality that the war "rovided. @A/? ilio" )2apitalis and =ay Identity* p. 4>1,4>2B 3en and women who were aware o! same)sex attra#tion, but had not a#ted u"on it, #ould ex"lore it in a relatively sa!e environment. Individuals already aware o! their homosexuality #ould meet others, embar& on relationshi"s, and build !urther ties to hel" !oster the develo"ment o! a gay #ommunity. The "oint is not that the war ex"erien#e !ostered homoeroti# !eelings and a rise in homosexuality. Bather, the disru"tion in the so#ial environment #aused by the war "rovided the o""ortunity !or homosexuals to meet, to reali%e others li&e themselves existed, and to abandon the isolation that #hara#teri%ed the homosexual li!estyle o! the "re)war "eriod. @?ngel" The Fn!inished Ce#olution: :ocial 6o#e ent Theory and the =ay and 7esbian 6o#e ent" p.28,24B The war !un#tioned as an o""ortunity to "romote homosexual visibility in a variety o! ways. First, by as&ing re#ruits i! they have had !elt any eroti# attra#tion !or members o! the same sex, the military ru"tured the silen#e that shrouded a tabooed behavior, introdu#ing some to the #on#e"t !or the !irst time. Furthermore, the a#t o! #onsidering a homosexual un!it !or servi#e illustrates both a shar" shi!t in the language o! military "oli#y as well as a #hange in the #ommon "er#e"tion o! the homosexual. @reviously the sexual a#t was the "roblemE individuals dis#overed in sexual relations with a member o! the same sex were "unished a##ordingly through the militarys #riminal .usti#e

system. >et, the dra!ting "ro#edure initiated by the Se#ond World War viewed the "erson as mentally ill. In an interesting "arallel to Fou#aults argument, the sexual a#t was not banned, rather the homosexual himsel! was banned. Se#ond, the war !un#tioned to bring "reviously isolated homosexuals together. Given that the re#ruits #ould merely lie about their sexual in#linations and that the dra!t "re!erred young and single men, it was li&ely that the armed !or#es would #ontain a dis"ro"ortionately high "er#entage o! gay men. Third, soldiers o!ten resorted to anti#s whi#h exaggerated #ommon homosexual stereoty"es to alleviate sexual tension. @?ngel" The Fn!inished Ce#olution: :ocial 6o#e ent Theory and the =ay and 7esbian 6o#e ent" p.22B The Se#ond World War #ou"led with the Minsey studies o! the late 42L8s #reated the o""ortunity !or men and women unsure o! their sexual orientation or already aware o! their homosexuality or bisexuality to meet others li&e themselves and reali%e their #ommonality. @?ngel" The Fn!inished Ce#olution: :ocial 6o#e ent Theory and the =ay and 7esbian 6o#e ent" p.23B (evertheless, the .uxta"osition o! the o""ortunity "rovided by the Se#ond World War !or gay men and lesbians to ex"lore their identity and the subse*uent re"ressive environment o! the 4268s !ostered a dissonant atmos"here !rom whi#h the !irst "oliti#ally a#tive gay and lesbian organi%ations emerged. @?ngel" The Fn!inished Ce#olution: :ocial 6o#e ent Theory and the =ay and 7esbian 6o#e ent" p.23B It was as a result o! this ilitary response to ho ose$uality and a!ter the war a si ilar response to ho ose$uality adopted by the !ederal go#ern ent that led to ho ose$uals beginning to organi5e the sel#es. <arry <ay and other ale ho ose$uals !ounded one such group" the 6attachine :ociety in 1351 in 7os (ngeles. The Aaughters o! 1ilitis !ounded in 1355 was a si ilar organi5ation o! !e ale ho ose$uals. The ter Sho ophile/ was chosen by the ho ose$uals who !ounded these groups to be used in describing these groups so as to de,e phasis the di!!erence between ho ose$uals and other e bers o! society" that is the di!!erence o! se$uality" i.e. who one had se$ with. In (ovember o! the "revious year, 4268, !ive men had met at the home o! ;arry ;ay in 'os $ngeles, and out o! that meeting grew the !irst substantial and lasting homo"hile organi%ation in $meri#an history, the 3atta#hine So#iety. @?dsall" Toward :tonewall: <o ose$uality and :ociety in the 6odern &estern &orld" p.293B I +omo!hile =ovement The em"hasis on sel!)edu#ation, minority)grou" distin#tiveness, and #ommunity organi%ing evident in the statement o! missions and "ur"oses "re"ared by the !ounders o! the 3atta#hine So#iety stood in mar&ed #ontrast to the ideas aired by =onald Webster /ory in The ;omosexual in $meri#a. /ory argued that "re.udi#e was res"onsible !or negative stereoty"ing and dis#rimination, and he maintained that the "ubli# had to be taught that homosexuals were in im"ortant res"e#ts li&e heterosexuals and were there!ore worthy o! e*ual o""ortunity and a "la#e in the mainstream. These ideas bes"o&e the world view o! liberals and #ivil rights leaders who believed that $meri#a was an admirable melting "ot and that "rogressives should be #on#erned with a##ulturating and integrating members o! ex#luded minority grou"s. But ;ay and his !ollowers held the 3arxist view that #a"italism re*uired the o""ression o! minorities. They believed that homosexuals had to organi%e so that they #ould ex"lore their sexuality, be#ome aware o! how it e*ui""ed them to #ontribute to a more humane so#iety, and "re"are to .oin with other organi%ed minorities in the struggle to re"la#e #a"italism with so#ialism. @6oratto" The Eolitics o! <o ose$uality" p. 3,10B They had, in !a#t, what is here #alled the basi# homo"hile outloo&)the belie! that "re.udi#e, stereoty"ing, and dis#rimination were the sour#e o! the homosexuals "roblems and that edu#ation,

"oli#y re!orm, and hel" !or individual homosexuals would bring about the re#ognition o! basi# similarity, e*uality o! treatment, and integration that were tantamount to so#ial "rogress. P @6oratto" The Eolitics o! <o ose$uality" p.11B P=uring the 4268s, the term homo"hile was used as a eu"hemism !or homosexual by those who wanted to #ombat the stereoty"e that homosexuals were obsessed with sex. The su!!ix U"hile was su""ose to suggest that homosexuality was more an emotional than a sexual attra#tion and that homosexuals, li&e res"e#table heterosexuals, were interested in love more than sex. 7arly in the 42:8s, 3atta#hine leaders in the east suggested that the word homo"hile be used to re!er to their movement to se#ure rights and status !or homosexuals. The term is used here both to identi!y the ideas about gay "oliti#al a#tivity that "redominated be!ore the gay liberation movement and to #hara#teri%e the grou"s, leaders, and a#tivities that were guided by these ideas. @6oratto" The Eolitics o! <o ose$uality" p.11,12B ;omosexuals begin to s"ea& !or themselves in the language o! #ivil rights and so#ial in#lusion in the "ost)World War II "eriod. Initially, the war s"awned urban networ&s o! among homosexualsE the antihomosexual "oliti#s o! the 4268s and 42:8s in the midst o! general liberali%ation o! so#iety and the materiali%ation o! homosexual li!e in urban areas "rovided a !avorable #ontext !or movements o! homosexual em"owerment. By the early 4258s a sel!)identi!ied, sel!)a##e"ting homosexual "o"ulation had swelled, and a #olle#tive homosexual li!e develo"ed in the ex#lusively gay bars, so#ial #lubs, !riendshi" networ&s, and "oliti#al organi%ations that #ro""ed u" a#ross the urban lands#a"es o! $meri#a. S&irmishes between a new militant, sel!)res"e#ting homosexual and the guardians o! heterosexual "rivilege bro&e out in bars, the #ourts, and in the worlds o! s#ien#e, literature, and art. In "arti#ular, these emerging gay sub#ulture gave birth to a #ultural a""aratus that #hallenged religious and s#ienti!i#)medi#al de!initions o! homosexuality as an illness or sin. =is#ourses issued !orth the gay #ulture that "ro.e#ted new, a!!irmative identities- homosexuality was re#on!igured as a natural human ex"ression, as a basis !or a new minority, as an alternative li!estyle, and as a "oliti#al rebellion against "atriar#hy and heterosexism. Symboli# o! this #hange was the substitution by the homosexual #ommunity o! the term gay !or homosexual. Whereas the latter term #arried resonan#es o! devian#e, disease, and destru#tion, and gave the legal, medi#al and s#ienti!i# institutions #ontrol over individuals lives, gay signi!ied dignity and "ersonal integrityE it !ramed homosexuality as a so#ial identity. Sel!)identi!i#ation as gay symboli%ed a #ommunity that was intent on ta&ing #ontrol o! its own lives. @:eid an" ? battled ?ros" p.14>,144B $ histori#al s&et#h o! $meri#an gay and lesbian movement reveals that the movements guiding ideology exhibits a bi"olar "attern exa#erbated by gender)based ri!ts. 3ovement "hiloso"hy tends to swing between "eriods o! moderation or assilimationism on one side and militan#y and liberationism on the other. These seemingly o""ositional ideologies have divided the movement throughout the "ost)war era. The homo"hile movement, initiated in 4264 with the !ormation o! the !irst modern gay rights organi%ation, the 3atta#hine So#iety, illustrates the e!!e#t o! these #on!li#ting ideologies on mobili%ation. The history o! the 3atta#hine So#iety s"e#i!i#ally, and o! the homo"hile movement in general, !ollows a "attern o! brie! militan#y !ollowed by long "eriod o! assimilation and moderate leaders leading to a #res#endo o! renewed radi#alism #limaxed by the Stonewall riots. @?ngel" The Fn!inished Ce#olution: :ocial 6o#e ent Theory and the =ay and 7esbian 6o#e ent" p.80B Founded by ;arry ;ay in $"ril 4264 in 'os $ngeles, and modeled a!ter the #ommunist "arty, the 3atta#hine So#iety be#ame the !irst organi%ation o! what would be#ome the homo"hile movement. The se#ret hierar#hi#al and #ell)li&e organi%ation ada"ted !rom the #ommunist "arty was ne#essitated, a##ording to the !ounders, by the o""ressive environment !ostered by 3#/arthyism. >et, 3atta#hine drew on the #ommunism !or more than .ust a stru#tural guideE 3arxist ideology

!un#tioned as a means to mobili%e a mass homosexual #onstituen#y !or "oliti#al a#tion. tili%ing a 3arxist understanding o! #lass "oliti#s, that is, a #lass as merely a so#ioe#onomi#ally determined entity until it gains #ons#iousness enabling re#ognition o! its inherent "oliti#al "ower, ;ay and the other !ounding members theori%ed that homosexuals #onstituted a similarly o""ressed minority grou". ;omosexuals, li&e members o! the "roletariat, were tra""ed in a state o! !alse #ons#iousness "ur"orted and de!ended by the heterosexual ma.ority whi#h maintained homosexuality to be a morally re"rehensible individual aberration. ;en#e, the early 3atta#hine attem"ted to "romote a measure o! #ognitive liberation and homosexual #olle#tive identity. =uring a time when both religion and law #ondemned homosexuality, and medi#ine viewed it as an individual "sy#hologi#al abnormality, the 3atta#hine So#iety was advo#ating the develo"ment o! a grou" #ons#iousness similar to that o! other ethni# minority grou"s in the nited States. @?ngel" The Fn!inished Ce#olution: :ocial 6o#e ent Theory and the =ay and 7esbian 6o#e ent" p.80B Sin#e not only ;ay but two others o! the original !ive had been /ommunist @arty members, the so#iety inevitably re!le#ted "arty do#trine in its ideology and to some extent in its stru#ture. They de!ined homosexuals as a distin#t #ultural minority s#hooled in the values o! the dominant heterosexual #ulture but not, o! #ourse, able to !it into that #ultural ex#e"t at great "ersonal and so#ial #ost. They there!ore saw the !irst tas& ! the new so#iety as raising #ons#iousness, not, as in the /ommunist @arty, o! #lass, and through in#reased sel!)awareness as a grou" to install "ride and solidarity and ultimately to ins"ire "oliti#al and so#ial a#tion.@?dsall" Toward :tonewall: <o ose$uality and :ociety in the 6odern &estern &orld" p.2>8B By asserting that homosexuals #onstituted a minority #om"arable to other ethni# grou"s, 3atta#hine de!ined itsel! rather being de!ined by the dominant #ulture- homosexuality was distin#t !rom and morally e*uivalent to heterosexuality. Sel!)de!inition is a re#urring theme in the attem"ts to #reate a validating and "ositive #olle#tive identity, and the sexual minorities #ommunity #ontinued the trend with the ado"tion o! gay in the 4258s and less wides"read ado"tion o! *ueer in the 4228s. Furthermore, the #om"arison to ethni# minorities "rovided a model !or a#tionE homosexuals should !ollow the lead o! other grou"s and "oliti#ally organi%e !or e*ual #ivil rights. @?ngel" The Fn!inished Ce#olution: :ocial 6o#e ent Theory and the =ay and 7esbian 6o#e ent" p.81B In order to hel" develo" the homosexual #ons#iousness, the 3atta#hine So#iety #oordinated "ubli# dis#ussion grou"s. By late 4264, a""roximately twelve dis#ussion grou"s existed throughout southern /ali!orniaE 3atta#hine billed these events as "ositive alternatives to the anonymous sexual en#ounters !ostered by the bar and bathhouse sub#ulture. @?ngel" The Fn!inished Ce#olution: :ocial 6o#e ent Theory and the =ay and 7esbian 6o#e ent" p.81,82B In order to mitigate some o! the growing dissension, the original !ive members #alled !or a #onvention in $"ril 4260 to #onvert the 3atta#hine So#iety into an above)ground organi%ation. ;owever, rather than ameliorating tension, the #on!eren#e merely exa#erbated the ri!t between moderate and militant "ers"e#tive. /hu#& Bowland and ;arry hay were #on!ronted by the demands o! Menneth Braun, 3arilyn Beiger, and ;al /all. The !ormer individuals stressed the need to build an ethi#al homosexual #ulture and to end "re.udi#e that "rivileges heterosexuality as morally su"erior. Burns, Beiger, and /all too& the o""osite stan#e. They em"hasi%ed assimilation and suggested that homosexual behavior was a minor #hara#teristi# that should not !oster a ri!t with the heterosexual ma.ority. @?ngel" The Fn!inished Ce#olution: :ocial 6o#e ent Theory and the =ay and 7esbian 6o#e ent" p.82B 7ven so, !or the sa&e o! unity and to !ree the so#iety !rom the im"utation o! /ommunist ties, the !ounders as a body de#ided to bow out o! the leadershi". Gradually they dri!ted away as the moderates too& over. $#tivism, the *uestioning o! ma.oritarian values, and the raising o! gay

#ons#iousness gave away to a "oli#y o! a##ommodation in whi#h homosexuals were urged to ado"t a "attern o! behavior that is a##e"table to so#iety in general and #om"atible with re#ogni%ed institutions . . . o! home, #hur#h and state and to "ursue a "rogram o! wor&ing with ex"erts in the medi#al and s#ienti!i# #ommunity to edu#ate and #hange "ubli# "er#e"tions and gain #reditability. @?dsall" Toward :tonewall: <o ose$uality and :ociety in the 6odern &estern &orld" p. 241B $bandoning its #ommunist)based ideology, the "ost)#onvention 3atta#hine So#iety no longer sought to "romote a homosexual #ulture or mass movement. Instead, it established an assimilationist tenden#y em"hasi%ing homosexuality as "rimarily an individual "roblem, and it turned to "sy#hology to "rovide theories on homosexuality. The new leadershi" "ro"osed, and members endorsed, an elimination o! any mention o! homosexual #ulture !rom the statement o! "ur"ose. Indeed, the statement no longer even identi!ied the 3atta#hine So#iety as a homosexual organi%ationI the word )ho ose$ual* was eli inated !or the passage altogether.* @?ngel" The Fn!inished Ce#olution: :ocial 6o#e ent Theory and the =ay and 7esbian 6o#e ent" p.88B It was this Sho ose$ual/ that was popularly -nown and accepted until the late 1390s when once again ho ose$uals the sel#es begin spea-ing !or the sel#es and de!ining the sel#es. It is was this new generation o! ho ose$ual acti#ists" who di!!ered !ro the pre#ious generation o! ho ose$ual acti#ist who co prised the ho ophile o#e ents o! the 1350s and early 1390s. :tonewall is o!ten cited as the beginning o! this transition. &hereas e bers o! the ho ophile groups wor-ed together with the psychiatrists" this new generation o! ho ose$ual acti#ists tactics were to protest and !ight against psychiatrists. &hile ho ose$uals see ed to gain control o! their li#es and their destinies which was the co erciali5ation o! ho ose$uality and the adoption o! gay and lesbian as de!ining ter s/identities. The result was (IA:. Dibliogra!hy (llen" EhA. 6ichael : ):ulli#an/s 2loset: ( Ceappraisal o! <arry :tac- :ulli#an/s 7i!e and <is Eioneering Cole in ( erican Esychiatry.* Journal o! <o ose$uality. 1335" ;ol. 23 @1B" p.1,14. (rcher" 1ert. The ?nd o! =ay @and the death o! heterose$ualityB. Thunder/s 6outh Eress. 0ew Gor-" 2002. 1urns" Jate. ?ditor. =ay Cights. =reenha#en Eress/Tho pson =ale. +ar ington <ills" 6I" 2009. A/? ilio" John. )2apitalis and =ay Identity" p. 49>,4>9 in The 7esbian and =ay :tudies Ceader by <enry (belo#e" (ine 1arale" and Aa#id <alperin. Coutledge. 0ew Gor- and 7ondon" 1338. ?dsall" 0icholas. Toward :tonewall: <o ose$uality and :ociety in the 6odern &estern &orld. Fni#ersity o! ;irginia Eress. 2harlotters#ille T 7ondon" 2008. ?ngel" :tephen 6. The Fn!inished Ce#olution: :ocial 6o#e ent Theory and the =ay and 7esbian 6o#e ent. 2a bridge Fni#ersity Eress. 2a bridge" FJ" 2001. 6cJinney" Jathleen and :usan :precher editors. <u an :e$uality: The :ocietal and Interpersonal 2onte$t. (ble$ Eublishing 2orporation. 0orwood" 0ew Jersey" 1343. 6oratto" Toby. The Eolitics o! <o ose$uality. <oughton 6i!!lin. 1oston" 1341. Cosario" ;ernon (. <o ose$uality and :cience ( =uide to the Aebates. (12,27I%. :anta 1arbara" 2(" Aen#er" 2% T %$!ord" ?ngland" 2002.

:eid an" :te#en. ? battled ?ros: :e$ual Eolitics and ?thnics in 2onte porary ( erica. Coutledge. 0ew Gor-" 1332.

http://www.banap.net/spip.php?article30

5ha!ter 5 Stonewall to the "E#0s

:aturday 29 6ay 200>.

Dy the same authors

7arry <ouston o 2hapter %ne ?ssentialis or :ocial 2onstructionis o 2hapter Ten <o ose$ual Identity +or ation o 2hapter 4 Ten Eercent <o ose$ual 6yth o 2hapter 8 (l!red Jinsey o 2hapter 11 <o ose$ual Earenting 6yth

)n the same se&tion

In the sa e section 2hapter 4 &orld &ar II to the 1390s 2hapter 8 (l!red Jinsey 2hapter 9 (ssi ilation or 7iberation 2hapter 11 <o ose$ual Earenting 6yth 2hapter 2 The 1490s to the 1340s 2hapter > ( <o ose$ual (genda? 2hapter 10 <o ophobia 6yth 2hapter 3 =ay Teen :uicide 6yth 5ha!ter 5 Stonewall to the "E#0s I Stonewall In short, the "oliti#al and #ultural environment had undergone a liberali%ing shi!t whi#h had #reated the o""ortunity !or the emergen#e o! a mass homosexual movement. @?ngel" The Fn!inished Ce#olution: :ocial 6o#e ent Theory and the =ay and 7esbian 6o#e ent" p.84B Ironi#ally, when the u"rising !inally o##urred, many "eo"le !ailed to re#ogni%e its signi!i#an#e. 'oo&ing ba#&, however, there is no denying that what began as a s&irmish at a Greenwhi#h Gillage bar be#ame the harbinger o! a new movement o! human rights. =etailed a##ounts o! Stonewall have ta&en on the *uality o! myth, as more "eo"le remember being thee that #ould have "ossibly have !it in the tiny grimy bar. It is generally a##e"ted that a diverse grou" o! bar "atrons, led by drag *ueens who were Stonewall regulars, s"ontaneously began to !ight ba#& during a "oli#e raid. The resistan#e turned into a riot, whi#h lasted !or several days. @Jran5 T 2usic-" =ay Cights: Ce#ised ?dition" p. 85B

The years leading u" to Stonewall saw a brea#h in the assimilationist attitudes o! the do#ile homo"hiles o! the "revious generation in !avour o! more revolutionary ones o! "eo"le who #raved more "urely sexual !reedom. @(rcher" The ?nd =ay" p.31B But in the 42:8s and 4258s, the gay movement bro&e de#isively with the assimilationist rhetori# o! the 4268s by "ubli#ly a!!irming, #elebrating, and even #ultivating homosexual di!!eren#e. @2hauncey" &hy 6arriage? The <istory :haping Today/s Aebate %#er =ay ?'uality" p.23B (n e#ent that too- place on June 12" 1393" in 0ew Gor- 2ity at a gay bar called" the :tonewall Inn" had great social and cultural historical signi!icance in the de#elop ent o! the concept o! the ) odern ho ose$ual* who soon adopted what is -nown as a )gay* identity. This was an act o! resistance" a riot by drag 'ueens ourning the death o! Judy =arland. It was a group o! e!!e inate en" wearing wo en/s clothes resisting police authority" during a raid on the gay bar. &hat started out as a typical raid by the police" a sha-e down !or bribery !ro a gay bar turned out uch di!!erently. This e#ent is o!ten lin-ed with the beginning o! the )gay liberation o#e ent.* It should be noted that it was a !ringe group o! ho ose$uals" and not representati#e indi#iduals o! the ho ose$ual co unity at large who displayed this physical resistance. Stonewall was an a#t o! resistan#e to "oli#e authority by multira#ial drag *ueens mourning the death o! Judy Garland, long divini%ed by gays. There!ore Stonewall had a #ultural meaning beyond the "oliti#al- it was a "agan insurre#tion by the reborn transvestite "riests o! /ybele. @Eaglia" ;a ps and Tra ps" p. 9>,94B In the 4258s gay liberation was the name o! a ma.or theoreti#al #hallenge to assimilation as well as minoriti%ation. 7arly a#tivists and writers argued that gay liberation #ould trans!orm all sexual and gender relationsE they argued against marriage and monogamy and against existing !amily stru#tures +$ltman 4214,E Jay and >oung +4259,. @Ehelan" :e$ual :trangers: =ays" 7esbians" and Aile as o! 2iti5enship" p. 104,103B Gay liberation had somehow evolved to the right to have a good time)the right to en.oy bars, dis#os, drugs, and !re*uent im"ersonal sex. @2lendinen and 0agourney" %ut !or =ood: The :truggle to 1uild a =ay Cights 6o#e ent in ( erica" p.445B I Ameri&an 2sy&hiatri& Asso&iation (nother historically signi!icant e#ent in the de#elop ent o! the concept o! the ) odern ho ose$ual* occurred in the early 13>0s. This was the decision in 13>8 by the (E(" ( erican Esychiatric (ssociation" to re o#e ho ose$uality !ro the lists o! se$ual disorders in the Aiagnostic and :tatistical 6anual. <o ose$ual ad#ocates ac-nowledge the hi.ac-ing o! science !or political gain. ?! #ourse, to mount this #ounteratta#&, gays and lesbians must #hallenge authority o! s#ientists, and that is exa#tly what gay rights a#tivists did when they #am"aigned to have homosexuality removed !rom the $@$s list o! mental disorders. In !a#t, those a#tivists argued that homosexuality is not a disease but a li!estyle #hoi#e. $lthough that argument was su##ess!ul in the early 4258s, the "oliti#al #limate has #hanged in su#h a way that gay rights advo#ates no long want homosexuality to be #onsidered a #hoi#e.Instead, they want homosexuals to be thought o! as an immutable #hara#teristi#, and the gay gene dis#ourse hel"s them in this e!!ort. @1roo-ey" Cein#enting the 6ale <o ose$ual: The Chetoric and Eower o! the =ay =ene" p. 48B In 4250, by a vote o! 6,16L to 0,148, the diagnosti# #ategory o! homosexuality was eliminated !rom the =iagnosti# and Statisti#al 3anual o! 3ental =isorders +=S3, o! the $meri#an @sy#hiatri#

$sso#iation +Bayer 4214,. @%/Aonohue T 2asselles" <o ophobia: 2onceptual" Ae!initional " and ;alue Issues" p. 99 in Aestructi#e Trends in 6ental <ealth The &ell,Intentioned Eath to <ar editors Cogers <.&right" and 0icolas (. 2u ings.B The de#ision o! the $meri#an @sy#hiatri# $sso#iation to delete homosexuality !rom its "ublished list o! sexual disorders in 4250 was s#ar#ely a #ool, s#ienti!i# de#ision. It was a res"onse to a "oliti#al #am"aign !ueled by the belie! that its original in#lusion as a disorder was a re!le#tion o! an o""ressive "oliti#o)medi#al de!inition o! homosexuality as a "roblem. @&ee-s" Je!!ery. :e$uality and Its Aiscontents 6eanings" 6yths and 6odern :e$ualities" p. 218B @erha"s the greatest "oli#y su##ess o! the early 4258s was the $meri#an @sy#hiatri# $sso#iations 4250)5L de#ision to remove homosexuality !rom its o!!i#ial =iagnosti# and Statisti#al 3anual list o! mental disorders. This de#ision did not #ome about be#ause a grou" o! do#tors suddenly #hanged their viewsE it !ollowed an aggressive and sustained #am"aign by lesbian and gay a#tivists. @Ci er an" +ro Identity to Eolitics: The 7esbian and =ay 6o#e ents in the Fnited :tates" p. 45,49B Writing about the 4250 de#ision and the dis"ute that surrounded it, Bayer +4214, #ontended that these #hanges were "rodu#ed by "oliti#al rather than s#ienti!i# !a#tors. Bayer argued that the revision re"resented the $@$s surrender to "oliti#al and so#ial "ressures, not new data or s#ienti!i# theories regarding on human sexuality. @%/Aonohue T 2asselles" <o ophobia: 2onceptual" Ae!initional " and ;alue Issues" p. 99 in Aestructi#e Trends in 6ental <ealth The &ell,Intentioned Eath to <ar editors Cogers <.&right" and 0icolas (. 2u ings.B The $@$s very "ro#ess o! a medi#al .udgment arrived at by "arliamentary method set o!! more arguments than it settled. 3any members !elt that the trustees, in a#ting #ontrary to diagnosti# &nowledge, had res"onded to intense "ro"agandisti# "ressures !rom militant homo"hile organi%ations. @oliti#ally we said homosexuality is not a disorder, one "sy#hiatrist admitted, but "rivately most o! us !elt it is. @Jrone eyer" %#erco ing <o ose$uality" p.5B The re o#ing o! ho ose$uality as a se$ual disorder was as a result o! a three year long social/political ca paign by gay acti#ists" pro,gay psychiatrists and gay psychiatrists" not as a result o! #alid scienti!ic studies. Cather the acti#ities were public disturbances" rallies" protests" and social/political pressure !ro within by gay psychiatrists and by others outside o! the (E( upon the (E(. The action o! re o#ing ho ose$uality was ta-en with such uncon#entional speed that nor al channels !or consideration o! the issues were circu #ented. This action ta-en in the (E( had dra atic conse'uences on psychose$ual li!e according to 2harles :ocarides in a article published in The Journal o! Esychohistory" ):e$ual Eolitics and :cienti!ic 7ogic: The Issue o! <o ose$uality.* :ocarides writes the re o#al o! ho ose$uality !ro the Aiagnostic and :tatistical 6anual was a !alse step with the !ollowing results. This amounted to a !ull a""roval o! homosexuality and an en#ouragement to aberran#y by those who should have &nown better, both in the s#ienti!i# sense and in the sense o! the so#ial #onse*uen#es o! su#h removal. @:ocarides" 2harles &. ):e$ual Eolitics and :cienti!ic 7ogic: The Issue o! <o ose$uality"* p.820,821B In this article he described a o#e ent within the ( erican Esychiatric (ssociation that through social/political acti#is resulted in a two,phase radicali5ation o! a ain pillar o! psychosocial li!e. The !irst phase was the erosion o! heterose$uality as the single acceptable se$ual pattern in our culture. This was !ollowed by the second phase the raising o! ho ose$uality to the le#el o! an alternati#e li!estyle. (s a result ho ose$uality beca e an acceptable psychosocial institution alongside heterose$uality as a pre#ailing nor o! se$ual beha#ior.

In essen#e, this movement within the $meri#an @sy#hiatri# $sso#iation has a##om"lished what every other so#iety, with rare ex#e"tions, would have trembled to tam"er with, a revision o! the basi# #ode and #on#e"t o! li!e and biology- that men and women normally mate with the o""osite sex and not with ea#h other. @:ocarides" 2harles &. ):e$ual Eolitics and :cienti!ic 7ogic: The Issue o! <o ose$uality"* p.821B The hi.ac-ing o! science in the (E( by those ad#ocating ho ose$uality has now ta-en a #ery interesting twist. Thirty years later a!ter this decision by the (E(" Cobert 7. :pit5er" 6.A. who was instru ental in the re o#al o! ho ose$uality in 13>8 !ro the lists o! se$ual disorders in the Aiagnostic and :tatistical 6anual is once again !acing the anger o! others. The !irst ti e was by those who opposed the nor ali5ation o! ho ose$uality. 0ow a!ter publishing the results o! a study showing that so e people ay change their se$ual orientation !ro ho ose$ual to heterose$ual" it is those ad#ocating !or ho ose$uality. Ar. :pit5er/s study and peer co entaries ha#e .ust been published in the %ctober 2008 issue o! the )(rchi#es o! :e$ual 1eha#ior.* $n additional "ersonal "arallel)the anger that has been dire#ted towards me !or doing this study reminds o! a similar rea#tion to me during my involvement in the removal o! the diagnosis o! homosexuality !rom =S3)II in 4250. @:pit5er" )Ceply: :tudy Cesults :hould 0ot be Ais issed and Justi!y +urther Cesearch on the ?!!icacy o! :e$ual Ceorientation Therapy*" p. 4>2B I 5ir&uit 2arties 2ircuit parties are uni'ue to the ho ose$ual co unity" but are si ilar to other parties called )ra#es* and can be traced bac- to the popularity o! disco usic in the 13>0s. The popularity o! these )circuit parties* has grown tre endously o#er the past 10 years. There is no uni!or de!inition o! a )circuit party*" because these parties continue to e#ol#e. ;owever, a #ir#uit "arty tends to be a multi)event wee&end that o##urs ea#h year at around the same time and in the same town or #ity and #enters on one or more large, late)night dan#e events that o!ten have a theme +!or exam"le, a #olor su#h as red, bla#& or white,.D @6ansergh" 2ol!a$" 6ar-s" Cader" =u5 an" T 1uchbinder" )The 2ircuit Earty 6en/s <ealth :ur#ey: +indings (nd I plications !or =ay and 1ise$ual 6en.* p.358B /ir#uit @arties are wee&end)long, eroti#ally)#harged, drug)!ueled gay dan#e events held in resort towns a#ross the #ountry. Theres at least one "arty every month somewhere in the .S.)(ew >or&s Bla#& @art, South bea#hs White @arty, 3ontreals Bla#& and Blue @arty, and son) and "eo"le travel !ar and wide to ta&e "art. @=ha5iani" )The 2ircuit Eart/s +austian 1argin"* p.21B 1ecause these )circuit parties* are uni'ue to the ho ose$ual co unity" it is !ro the edia o! this co unity itsel! that ost o! the in!or ation about these parties co es !ro . (lthough there has been a study published in the ( erican Journal o! Eublic <ealth" which is 'uoted !ro abo#e. I ha#e also !ound an article !or F:(T%A(G.co " )&orries crash Scircuit parties/" 09/20/2002. The in!or ation that is co ing !ro all sources is stri-ingly si ilar. That is the high pre#alence o! drug use and se$ual acti#ity" including unprotected anal se$. The #ir#uit)with its .et set $)'ist o! well)heeled and mus#ular gay men) had a#tually been in existen#e in the "re)$I=S time, albeit it was small and very ex#lusive. It #onsisted in the late 4258s into the early 4218s mostly o! a about thousand men who !lew ba#& and !orth between (ew >or& and 'os $ngeles, going !rom the !amous "arties at the Flamingo and the Saint in (ew >or& to the ones at the @robe in '.$. But in the 4228s the #ir#uit grew to #onsist o! "arties all around the #ountry, indeed around the world)!rom 3iami to 3ontreal, Gan#ouver to Sydney)with tens o! thousands o! men who regularly attend events. In the early 4228s there were only a hand!ul o!

eventsE by 422:, a##ording to $lan Brown in ?ut and $bout, a gay travel newsletter, there were over 68 "arties a year, roughly one "er wee&. Ty"i#ally these are wee&end)long events, more a series o! all)night +and daytime, "arties stret#hing over a !ew days, o!ten ta&ing "la#e in resort hotels, ea#h "un#tuated by almost universal drug use among attendees.D @ :ignorile" 7i!e %utside" p.94,95B 7very "arty has a similar !ormat, with loud musi# and dan#ing at its #ore, s"i#ed with live entertainment !rom "o"ular singers and s#antily)#lad male dan#ers. /ir#uit "arties began in the mid)4218s as "art o! an e!!ort to raise gay mens awareness o! $I=S as well as to raise !unds to #ombat the disease and hel" its vi#tims. To this day, many #ir#uit "arties ;IGQ$I=S #harity events, bene!iting a variety o! non"ro!it organi%ations. @=ha5iani" )The 2ircuit Eart/s +austian 1argin"* p.21B (ccording to health o!!icials" Eal :prings" 2( has de#eloped one o! the highest per capita rates o! syphilis in the nation" dri#en ostly by gay and bise$ual en. Eal :prings is where the &hite Earty is held annually in (pril. The 2008 party raised concerned a ong public health o!!icials and so e gay leaders that the e#ent would !eed the spread o! syphilis. :o e charities , along with public health o!!icials and any gay rights leaders , are increasingly unco !ortable with what has beco e the dar- side o! circuit parties: widespread drug use and rando " unprotected se$ that so e charities say is .ust the type o! beha#ior they discourage. @)&orries crash Scircuit parties/.* www.usatoday.co /news/nation/2002/09/20/circuit,parties, usat.ht This seems harmless enough, but there is also a !li"side. While the eviden#e to date is in#on#lusive, #ir#uit "arties may ironi#ally be a "otential site !or ;IG in!e#tion. The irony is that #ir#uit "arties began as vehi#les !or ;IG awareness and !undraising. @=ha5iani" )The 2ircuit Eart/s +austian 1argin"* p.22B It is well &nown, both ane#dotally and through resear#h that drug use is wide s"read at #ir#uit "arties. Studies indi#ate that #lub drugs are #onsumed by by about 26 "er#ent o! "arty attendees +3ansergh, 9884,. Indeed drug use is in#or"orated into the setting as an intergal "art o! #ir#uit #ulture. @=ha5iani" )The 2ircuit Eart/s +austian 1argin"* p.22B Besear#h revels an abundan#e o! sexual a#tivity during "arty wee&ends. @=ha5iani" )The 2ircuit Eart/s +austian 1argin"* p.22B 1ut one national gay organ5ation in :epte ber o! 2004 appears not to be concerned with this darside o! circuit parties. The 0=7T+ @0ational =ay and 7esbian Tas- +orceB has purchased the rights and assets to the &inter Earty held in 6ai i" +7. ( &ashington 1lade online article @+riday" :epte ber 03" 2004B 'uotes the e$ecuti#e director o! the 0=7T+" who sees no proble with being a sponsor o! a Scircuit party/. <e goes on to call it a dance e#ent. Foreman said he sees no "roblem with the Tas& For#e be#oming asso#iated with a #ir#uit "arty. Were very "roud to have a#*uired the Winter @arty, Foreman said. ;aving a dan#e event where "eo"le #ome together and have a good time is a good thing. @)Tas- +orce to ta-e o#er &inter Earty*" &ashington 1lade online" +riday" :epte ber 08" 2004B I 6ay =ale 5lones

Throughout history the ale ho ose$ual was o!ten based on non,gender con!or ity" that is the e!!e inate ale. (lthough this still continues today" a re.ection o! this stereotyping is seen in the )gay ale clone*. There are two boo-s written by ho ose$uals the sel#es that de!ines this )gay ale clone*. 6ichelango :ignorileis is the author o! the boo-" 7i!e %utside. :ignorileis writes about gay en" asculinity" the )gay ale clone*" and )circuit parties*. 6artin 7e#ine was a sociologist" and uni#ersity pro!essor. The boo-" =ay 6acho" is an edited #ersion o! 7e#ine/s doctoral dissertation. <e died !ro co plications o! (IA: at the age o! 42. The gay ale clone was not a representati#e ho ose$ual" but only one o! any groups a ong the ) odern ho ose$ual* gays" lesbians" 'ueers" and ho ose$ual. /lones symboli%e modern homosexuality. When the dust o! gay liberation had settled, the doors to the #loset were o"ened, and out "o""ed the #lone. Ta&ing a #ue !rom movement ideology, #lones modeled themselves u"on traditional mas#ulinity and the sel!)!ul!illment ethi#. +>an&elovit#h 4214, $"ing blue)#ollar wor&ers, they but#hed it u" and a#ted li&e ma#ho men. $##e"ting me)generation values, they sear#hed !or sel!)!ul!illment in anonymous sex, re#reational drugs, and hard "artying. 3u#h to a#tivists #hagrin, liberation turned the Boys in the Band into do"ed)u", sexed)out, 3arlboro men. The #lone in many ways was, the manliest o! men. ;e had a gym)de!ined bodyE a!ter hours o! rigorous body building, his "hysi*ue ri""led with bulging mus#les, loo&ing more li&e #om"etitive body builders than hairdressers or !lorists. ;e wore blue)#ollar garb)!lannel shirts over mus#le T)shirts, 'evi 684s over wor& boots, bomber .a#&ets over hooded sweatshirts. ;e &e"t his hair short and had a thi#& mousta#he or #losely #ro""ed beard. There was nothing (ew $ge or hi""ie about this re!ormed gay liberationist. $nd the #lone lived the !ast li!e. ;e "artied hard, ta&ing re#reational drugs, dan#ing in dis#os till dawn, having hot sex with strangers. Throughout the seventies and early eighties,#lones set the tone in the homosexual #ommunity +$ltman 4219, 480E ;olleran 4219,. Glori!ied in the gay media, "romoted in gay advertising, #lones de!ined gay #hi#, and the #lone li!e style be#ame #ulturally dominant. ntil $I=S. $s the new disease ravaged the gay male #ommunity in the early 4218s s#ientist dis#overed that the #lone li!e style was toxi#s"e#i!i# sexual behaviors, even "romis#uity, might be one o! the ways that the ;IG virus s"read in the gay male "o"ulation. =rugs, late nights, and "oor nutrition wea&ened the immunity system +Fettner and /he#& 421L, @7e#ine" =ay 6acho" p.>,4B The #lone role re!le#ted the gay worlds image o! this &ind o! gay man, a do"ed)u", sexed)out, 3arlboro man. $lthough the gay world derisively named this so#ial ty"e the #lone, largely be#ause o! is uni!orm loo& and li!e)style, #lones were the leading so#ial within gay ghettos until the advent o! $I=S. $t this time, gay media, arts, and "ornogra"hy, "romoted #lones as the !irst "ost) Stonewall !orm o! homosexual li!e. /lones #ame to symboli%e the liberated gay man. @ 7e#ine" )The 7i!e and Aeath o! =ay 2lones.* p.>0,>1 in =ay 2ulture in ( erica: ?ssays !ro the +ield editor =ilbert <erdt.B DFour !eatures distinguished #lones- +4, strongly mas#uline dress and de"ortmentE +9, uninhibited re#reational sex with multi"le "artners, o!ten in sex #lubs and bathsE +0, the use o! al#ohol and other re#reational drugsE and +L, !re*uent attendan#e at dis#othe*ues and other gay meeting "la#es. /lone #ulture with its "attern o! sexual availability, eroti# a""arel, multi"le "artners, and re#i"ro#ity in sexual te#hni*ue be#ame an im"ortant organi%ing !eature o! gay male li!e during the 4258s. It also be#ame a seedbed !or high rates o! sexually transmitted diseases as well as !re*uent transmission o! the he"atitis B virus. 3any treated sexually transmitted diseases as a "ri#e that had to be "aid !or a li!e style o! eroti# liberation.D @Jonsen and :try-er" editors" The :ocial I pact o! (IA: in the Fnited :tates" p. 291,292B $ &ey !a#tor in the !ormulation and "romulgation o! the #ult o! mas#ulinity that also dismayed the gay liberationist was that the dominant gender style was now su"ermas#uline. It was as i! the 42:8s and the #ounter #ulture androgyny never o##urred. Gay male #ulture was still reeling !rom the

#risis o! mas#ulinity that had a!!e#ted homosexuals !or de#ades. Gay men, attra#ted to the mas#uline ideas theyd #ultivated in the !urtive days "rior to Stonewall, seemed now institutionali%e and exaggerate a heterosexual)ins"ired, ma#ho loo&. The 4258s #lone was born, and his loo& ex"loded on the streets o! ra"idly growing gay ghettos in do%ens o! $meri#an #ities. @:ignorile" 7i!e %utside" p.51,52B $ whole industry was s"routing !rom and glori!ying this male #ulture, with #lothing stores li&e $ll $meri#an Boy on /astro Street, a gym #alled Body Wor&s, and do%ens o! sex #lubs and baths, with names li&e $nimals. The sex #lubs #atered to every to every imaginable sexual taste- the leather setE men who en.oyed being tied u"E men who wished to be urinated on. The bathhouses had on#e been seen as an ex"ression o! gay liberation, at least among those who e*uated gay liberation with sexual abandon. (ow, they were #elebrating and en!or#ing the values that 7vans saw "arading down the /astro every day- The @remium was "ut on "hysi#al a""earan#e and #on!ormity. @2lendinen and 0agourney" %ut !or =ood: The :truggle to 1uild a =ay Cights 6o#e ent in ( erica" p.445B +or the )gay ale clone* what resulted was not )gay liberation* or !reedo society" but was bondage into the en!orced cult o! odern ho ose$uality. !ro alienation by

DFor a great many gay men in the urban #enters)the ma.ority o! whi#h, some studies sin#e the 4258s have shown, have hundreds o! "artners throughout their lives)living the !antasy has o! #ourse all been under the guises o! liberation. @erha"s there is no su#h thing as true liberation. When we brea& !rom one rigid system, we o!ten #reate another. Its true that most gay men in urban $meri#a are not having a li!e o! en!or#ed heterosexuality, as gay liberationist might #all it, with a driveway, a "i#&et !en#e, and #hildren to nurture. 3any are, however, instead living a li!e o! en!or#ed #ult homosexuality, with "arties, drugs, and gyms ruling their lives.D @:ignorile" 7i!e %utside" p.29,2>B In 0ew Gor- 2ity" :an +rancisco" and other large cities any gay and lesbians had !or ed large )gay co unities.* :o it was now possible to li#e" wor-" and sociali5e in what beca e )gay gehettos.* The !ollowing 'uote is a-ing re!erence to the opening o!" The :aint" a large disco !or gay ales in 0ew Gor- 2ity. It was mailed only to 3ailmans !riends and their !riends, a sel!)sele#ted grou" that !ormed the base o! The Saints membershi" o! three thousand. $nyone who wanted to .oin had to be re!erred by a member to the membershi" o!!i#e !or s#reening. The #lientele re!le#ted the s#reening "ro#essnearly all white, "ro!essional in their twenties and thirties, most good)loo&ing and mus#led, with the musta#hes and short hair that were the style o! the time. @2lendinen and 0agourney" %ut !or =ood: The :truggle to 1uild a =ay Cights 6o#e ent in ( erica" p.442,448B The streets o! San Fran#is#o o!!ered, in theory at least, a #ross)se#tion o! $meri#as male homosexual #ommunity, but, 7vans thought, one would never &now it to wal& down /astro Street. $ll these men loo&ed identi#al, with their short hair#uts, #li""ed musta#hes and mus#ular bodies, turned out in standard)issue uni!orms o! tight !aded blue .eans and "olo shirts. The image was one "art military, one "art #owboy, one "art 4268s suburbia and #on!ormity, and they swaggered down the street, many aloo! and un!riendly, as i! their a!!e#ted distan#e enhan#ed their mas#ulinity. @2lendinen and 0agourney" %ut !or =ood: The :truggle to 1uild a =ay Cights 6o#e ent in ( erica" p.444B Dibliogra!hy (rcher" 1ert. The ?nd o! =ay @and the death o! heterose$ualityB. Thunder/s 6outh Eress. 0ew Gor-" 2002.

1ayer" Conald. <o ose$uality and the ( erican Esychiatry: The Eolitics o! Aiagnosis. 1asic 1oo-s. 0ew Gor-" 1341. 1roo-ey" Cobert (lan. Cein#enting the 6ale <o ose$ual: The Chetoric and Eower o! the =ay =ene. Indiana Fni#ersity Eress. 1loo ington T Indianapolis" 2002. 2hauncey" =eorge. &hy 6arriage? The <istory :haping Today/s Aebate %#er =ay ?'uality. 1asic 1oo-s/Eerseus 1oo-s =roup. 0ew Gor-" 2004. 2lendinen" Audley and (da 0agourne. %ut !or =ood: The :truggle to 1uild a =ay Cights 6o#e ent in ( erica. :i on and :chuster. 0ew Gor-" 1330. ?ngel" :tephen 6. The Fn!inished Ce#olution: :ocial 6o#e ent Theory and the =ay and 7esbian 6o#e ent. 2a bridge Fni#ersity Eress. 2a bridge" FJ" 2001. =ha5iani" ( in. )The 2ircuit Earty/s +austin 1argain.* The =ay T 7esbian Ce#iew / &orldwide. July,(ugust" 2005" ;olu e XII" 0u ber 4" p. 21,24. Jonsen" (lbert C. and Je!! :try-er. The :ocial I pact o! (IA: in the Fnited :tates. 0ational (cade y Eress. &ashington A.2." 1338. Jone eyer" Cobert. %#erco ing <o ose$uality. 6ac illan. 0ew Gor-" 1340. Jran5" Cachel and Ti 2usic-. =ay Cight: Ce#ised ?dition. +acts on +ile" Inc. 0ew Gor-" 2005.

7e#ine" 6artin E. =ay 6acho. 0ew Gor- Fni#ersity Eress. 0ew Gor- and 7ondon" 1334. 7e#ine" 6artin E. )The 7i!e and Aeath o! =ay 2lones.* p. 94, 49 in =ay 2ulture in ( erica: ?ssays !ro the +ield editor =ilbert <erdt. 6ansergh" =ordon" EhA" =rant 0 2ol!a$" 6A" =ary 6ar-s" EhA" 6elissa Cader" 6E<" Cobert =u5 an" 1(" T :usan 1uchbinder" 6A. )The 2ircuit Earty 6en/s <ealth :ur#ey: +indings (nd I plications !or =ay and 1ise$ual 6en.* ( erican Journal o! Eublic <ealth. June 2001" ;ol. 31" 0o. 9" 358,354. Eaigila" 2a ille. ;a ps T Tra ps. ;intage 1oo-s. 0ew Gor-" 1334. Ehelan" :hane. :e$ual :trangers: =ays" 7esbians" and Aile Eress. Ehiladelphia" 2001. as o! 2iti5enship. Te ple Fni#ersity

Ci er an" 2raig (. +ro Identity to Eolitics: The 7esbian and =ay 6o#e ents in the Fnited :tates. Te ple Fni#ersity Eress. Ehiladelphia" 2002. :ignorile" 6ichelangelo. 7i!e %utside. <arper2ollins Eublishers. 0ew Gor-" 133>. :ocarides" 2harles &. ):e$ual Eolitics and :cienti!ic 7ogic: The Issue o! <o ose$uality.* The Journal o! Esychohistory &inter 1332" 13 @8B" 80>,823. :pit5er" 6.A." Cobert 7. )Ceply: :tudy Cesults :hould 0ot be Ais issed and Justi!y +urther Cesearch on the ?!!icacy o! :e$ual Ceorientation Therapy.* (rchi#es o! :e$ual 1eha#ior %ctober 2008" ;ol. 82" 0o. 5" 493,4>2.

&ee-s" Je!!ery. :e$uality and Its Aiscontents 6eanings" 6yths and 6odern :e$ualities. Coutledge and Jegan Eaul" 7ondon" 1344. &right" Cogers <. and 0icolas (. 2u ings. Aestructi#e Trends in 6ental <ealth: The &ell, Intentioned Eath to <ar . Coutledge Taylor T +rancis =roup. 0ew Gor- and <o#e" 2005.

http://www.banap.net/spip.php?article48

5ha!ter ? Assimilation or Liberation

:aturday 29 6ay 200>.

Dy the same authors

7arry <ouston o 2hapter %ne ?ssentialis or :ocial 2onstructionis o 2hapter Ten <o ose$ual Identity +or ation o 2hapter 4 Ten Eercent <o ose$ual 6yth o 2hapter 8 (l!red Jinsey o 2hapter 11 <o ose$ual Earenting 6yth

)n the same se&tion

In the sa e section 2hapter 1 &ho or &hat 2hapter 10 <o ophobia 6yth 2hapter 2 The 1490s to the 1340s 2hapter 4 &orld &ar II to the 1390s 2hapter 3 =ay Teen :uicide 6yth 2hapter > ( <o ose$ual (genda? 2hapter 11 <o ose$ual Earenting 6yth 2hapter 5 :tonewall to the 1340s 5ha!ter ? Assimilation or Liberation (ssi ilation or liberation is one o! two discussions that ta-e place ainly a ong ho ose$uals the sel#es. The other discussion is that o! essentialis #ersus social constructionis in the etiology o! ho ose$uality. ( better and ore accurate way o! !ra ing this second discussion is Swho one is" a ho ose$ual/ or Swhat one does" ho ose$uality/. The ho ose$ual as a distinct person" which was !irst ad#ocated in =er any in the 1490s by ho ose$uals the sel#es see-ing legal rights" was ne$t adopted by se$ologists and then by psychiatrists. 1ut it was the ( erican ilitary during &orld &ar II with the psychiatric pro!ession that was to play a leading role in de!ining the ho ose$ual in the Fnited :tates as a character type" who was sic- that persisted until the early 13>0s. The :tonewall Ciots in June o! 1393 spar-ed a change" resulting in ho ose$uals beginning to spea- !or the sel#es. 0o longer would they allow others in society to de!ine what it eant to be a ho ose$ual. 1y any :tonewall was said to be the beginning o! )=ay 7iberation*. 1e!ore :tonewall the ho ose$uals/ e phasis was on assi ilation in

their relationship to the society at large. (!ter :tonewall ho ose$uals/ e phasis was se$ual liberation in relationship to the society. 1ut (IA: that begin a ong ale ho ose$uals in the late 13>0s" resulted in the death o! any those ho ose$uals ad#ocating !or se$ual liberation. While the dis#ussion o! su#h things as the relationshi" o! gender to sexuality was limited to s#ienti!i#, literary, intelle#tual, and interested #ir#les ) as it was, mostly !rom the nineteen #entury through the Se#ond World War ) the lin& was not !irmly or es"e#ially established "o"ularly made. 3any "ie#es o! what would eventually be the "o"ular #on#e"tion o! the early)modern homosexual +whi#h lets say dates !rom the Se#ond World War to about 42:2, were !loating inde"endently between sexologists and "sy#hiatrists. There was the e!!eminate man or "ansy, there was the "ervert andQor "sy#ho"ath who #ould be ex"e#ted to #ommit violent #rimes o! a sexual nature on any sort o! "erson at all, and there was the man or woman, not mu#h s"o&en o! in "olite #om"any, who had a tenden#y to have sex with others o! the same sex. When this was s"o&en o!, it was in "urely non) sexual terms, li&e the "artners on ran#hes that Front Bunner author @atri#ia (ell Warren remembers her !ather mentioning in 3ontana when she was a #hild in the late thirties and !orties, or those urban ba#helors and the ubi*uitous maiden aunts and their #om"anions. What the military did in its rough and ready way was to mush all these things together into one #hara#ter ty"e ) the homosexual. The homosexual was now, !or all the world to see an e!!eminate man +and a!ter the war, a mas#uline woman, who had sex with members o! the same sex, and was either "assively or a#tively "athologi#al. @(rcher" The ?nd o! =ay and the death o! heterose$uality" p. 105B The status o! homosexuals #hanged around the time o! World War II. @rior to this "oint, identi!i#ations with homosexuality were "rimarily individual ex"erien#es. The identi!i#ation o! homosexuals as a grou" was given im"etus by the a#tions o! the military and the !ederal government who attem"ted to identi!y homosexuals and remove them !rom military "ositions. 7arly in the war e!!ort, dis#overed homosexuals were given dishonorable dis#harges by the thousands. 'ater, those who had served in the war were given a newly #reated #ategory o! dis#harge ) a general dis#harge whi#h was neither honorable or dishonorable +'i#ata, 4218,. The labeling and singling out o! these individuals by the government hel"ed to #reate minority status o! homosexuals as grou" and to "romote dis#rimination against them. @<eyl" )<o ose$uality: ( :ocial Eheno enon" p. 841 in <u an :e$uality: the :ocietal and Interpersonal 2onte$t" edited by Jathleen 6cJinney and :usan :precher.B =es"ite this modi#um o! sym"athy initially extended to sexual "erverts, the military #ategori#ally de#lared homosexual behavior and "ro#livities as in#om"atible with military servi#e. ;istorian $llan Berube +4228, has do#umented the ill e!!e#ts o! this military ban on those who managed to stay in the servi#e and those given dishonorable dis#harges sim"ly !or being homosexual. The "sy#hiatri# "ro!ession that dedi#ated itsel! to s#reening out homosexuals also "romised to treat the "roblem o! homosexuality as it was "er#eived to a!!e#t the individuals dis#harged and the so#iety that would re#eive them. @Cosario" <o ose$uality and :cience ( =uide to the Aebates" p. 43B This ilitary ban on ho ose$uals was a result but not the intent o! two psychiatrists. Eresident Coose#elt recei#ed a e o !ro <arry :tac- :ulli#an and &in!red %#erholser suggesting a screening process !or identi!ying potential soldiers who ay later su!!er !ro ental health issues. Their intent was to help pre#ent a situation that occurred a!ter &orld &ar I" in which en by the thousands re'uired treat ent !or ental health issues" including hospitali5ation that resulted in a tre endous !inancial cost and burden. Eresident Coose#elt accepted this idea and had these two psychiatrists draw up guidelines" which beca e -nown as 6edical 2ircular 0u ber %ne. 1ut within one year" both the ar y and na#y had re#ised the guidelines" adding ho ose$uality to the list

o! de#iations :ulli#an and %#erholser had said should dis'uali!y those !ro ilitary ser#ice. This re#ision resulted in the ilitary !or the rest o! the war and decades therea!ter" re!erring to en and wo en who engaged or were prone to ho ose$ual acti#ity as se$ual psychopaths. This ilitary ban on ho ose$uals was the unintended result o! the actions by psychiatrist <arry :tac- :ulli#an" who was a ho ose$ual hi sel!. It was as a result o! this ilitary response to ho ose$uality and a!ter the war a si ilar response to ho ose$uality adopted by the !ederal go#ern ent that led to ho ose$uals beginning to organi5e the sel#es. <arry <ay and other ale ho ose$uals !ounded one such group" the 6attachine :ociety in 1351 in 7os (ngeles. The Aaughters o! 1ilitis !ounded in 1355 was a si ilar organi5ation o! !e ale ho ose$uals. The ter Sho ophile/ was chosen by the ho ose$uals who !ounded these groups to be used in describing these groups so as to de,e phasis the di!!erence between ho ose$uals and other e bers o! society" that is the di!!erence o! se$uality" i.e. who one had se$ with. I +omo!hile =ovement In its early mani!estations, the homo"hile movement embra#ed liberationist "rin#i"les through the 3atta#hine So#iety, !ounded in 'os $ngeles in 4264. @Ci er an" +ro Identity to Eolitics: The 7esbian and =ay 6o#e ents in the Fnited :tates" p. 20 ;omosexuals themselves were divided over what their emerging sense o! grou" #ons#iousness meant. @?sco!!ier" ( erican <o o: 2o unity and Eer#ersity" p. 41B From their early grou" dis#ussions, these 3atta#hine members #on#luded that homosexuals were an o""ressed #ultural minority. @?sco!!ier" ( erican <o o: 2o unity and Eer#ersity" p. 41B The #ultural minority thesis argued that homosexuals had develo"ed di!!erently be#ause they had been ex#luded !rom dominant heterosexual #ulture. The se#ondary so#iali%ation o! homosexuals into distin#t sub#ulture hel"ed them to develo" a""ro"riate new values, relationshi"s, and #ultural !orms be#ause homosexual li!e did not !it the "atterns o! heterosexual love, marriage, #hildren, et#. u"on whi#h the dominant #ulture rests. The "ro"onents o! the #ultural minority thesis re#ogni%ed that homosexuals also internali%ed the dominant #ultures view o! themselves as aberrant and were o!ten !or#e by so#ial stigma to lead lives o! se#re#y, hy"o#risy, and emotional stress. These "ro"onents there!ore em"hasi%ed the need !or a #riti*ue o! this internali%ed sel!) o""ression and the develo"ment o! an ethi#al homosexual #ulture. @?sco!!ier" ( erican <o o: 2o unity and Eer#ersity" p. 42B ( di!!erence in ideology that continues e#en today 'uic-ly e erged in the 6attachine :ociety" assi ilation #erses liberation" in how ho ose$uals interacted with society. The assi ilation/ strategy encouraged the ho ose$ual to )act nor al and !it in* with other e bers o! society. This continued the historical concept o! )passing*" where a ho ose$ual would be thought o! as a heterose$ual in their outward appearance and beha#iors. &hereas a liberation strategy is to encourage the ho ose$ual to )co e out* ac-nowledging his ho ose$uality !or all others to see. ( o#e ent in the late 1390s and 13>0s" )=ay 7iberation* adopted this strategy. I +omosexuality in the "E50sF Assimilation The s"lit that ultimately o##urred between the organi%ations !ounders and its newer members re!le#ted serious disagreements over assimilation and liberation, #on!li#ts that have "lagued the movements over the years. The 3atta#hine !ounders envisioned a se"arate homosexual #ulture while other members worried that su#h a strategy would only in#rease the hostile so#ial #limate.

Instead, they #alled !or integration into mainstream so#iety. +=7milio 4210, 14,. @Ci +ro Identity to Eolitics: The 7esbian and =ay 6o#e ents in the Fnited :tates" p. 21B

er an"

The alternative assimilationist "osition sought to a#hieve so#ietal a##e"tan#e o! homosexuals by em"hasi%ing the similarities between homosexuals and heterosexuals. @ro"onents !elt that the se#ondary so#iali%ation o! homosexuals resulted !rom a li!e given over to hiding, isolation, and internali%ed sel!)hatred. For this reason, homosexuals should ado"t a "attern o! behavior that is a##e"table to so#iety in general and #om"atible with HtheI re#ogni%ed institutions . . . o! home, #hur#h, and state, rather than #reating an ethi#al homosexual #ulture, whi#h would only a##entuate the "er#eived di!!eren#es between homosexuals and heterosexuals and "rovo&e #ontinued hostility. The #ultural minority analysis was hotly debated in the early years o! the 3atta#hine So#iety, but a!ter many battles, mar&ed by also by anti#ommunism, the assimilationists thesis "revailed and served as the ideologi#al basis !or homosexual rights movement during the 4268s and 42:8s. @?sco!!ier" ( erican <o o: 2o unity and Eer#ersity" p. 42B With the ado"tion o! a #ivil rights strategy as early as the #reation o! the 3atta#hine So#iety and the =aughters o! Bilitis in the 4268s, lesbian and gay movements embra#ed a minority rightsD a""roa#h to "oliti#al and so#ial #hange. They !ramed s"e#i!i# issues by em"hasi%ing the im"ortan#e o! e*uality !or all human beings as they identi!ied themselves as a distin#t minority grou". They "resented lesbians and gays as ordinary "eo"le, es#hewing an identity based on behavior. @Ci er an" +ro Identity to Eolitics: The 7esbian and =ay 6o#e ents in the Fnited :tates" p.43B I +omosexuality in the "E?0sF Liberation The years leading u" to Stonewall saw a brea#h in the assimilationist attitudes o! the do#ile homo"hiles o! the "revious generation in !avour o! more revolutionary ones o! "eo"le who #raved more "urely sexual !reedom. @(rcher" The ?nd =ay" p.31B >et the rights)based strategy asso#iated with the #ivil rights, womens and homo"hile movements #ame under in#reased s#rutiny and #riti#ism in light o! Stonewall. The modern gay liberation movement was soon born, built on some o! the same ideas that undergirded the original 3atta#hine So#iety almost twenty years earlier. For those who embra#ed gay liberation, a rights)based strategy was !ar too limited. In their view, the goal should be to rema&e so#iety, not merely re!orm it. +'oughery 4221, 090,. @Ci er an" +ro Identity to Eolitics: The 7esbian and =ay 6o#e ents in the Fnited :tates" p. 28,24B I 16ay Liberation3 For many homosexuals, gay liberation ) and what it means to be gay ) was inextri#ably lin&ed to sexual !reedom. The right to have sex anytime, anywhere, and with anybody they #hoose was, !or them, inalienable. @(ndriote" ;ictory Ae!erred: <ow (IA: 2hanged =ay 7i!e in ( erica" p.>8B In the 42:8s and 4258s, the gay and lesbian movement had "ursued many goals ) the right to be o"en about sexual orientation and the right to be e*ual in the eyes o! religious bodies and the law. But one o! its earliest and most basi# ob.e#tives, es"e#ially !or gay men, was sexual !reedom- the right to have sexual lives that were untrammeled by the #onventions and limits o! so#ial norms. @(llen" The &ages o! :in: :e$ and Aisease" East and Eresent" p. 125B It is well to remember that $I=S was "resaged by "rior e"idemi#s o! her"es sim"lex, /hlamydia, gonorrhea, and sy"hilis. The Stonewall riots in (ew >or& /ity, the 42:2 #ru#ible !rom whi#h the movement !or gay liberation was #ast, #reated another so#ial revolution that is no ex#e"tion to the

medi#al rule. /oming out o! the #loset has altered not only our so#ial "er#e"tion o! homosexuality but its medi#al !a#e as well. The sociological ani!estations o! ho ose$uality ha#e changed radically in the recent past. (s Jonathan &eber noted" the incidence o! syphilis a !ew decades ago was al ost e$actly e'ual between en and wo en but is now !ound ainly in ho ose$ual en. :ince ho ose$uality is al ost surely as old as hu anity and is present in al ost e#ery society" the unusually high incidence o! syphilis a ong ho ose$ual en today cannot be ascribed to ho ose$uality per se but to signi!icant changes in ho ose$ual beha#ior in the recent pasts. 0ew e$pressions o! ho ose$uality conco itant with the gay liberation o#e ent ha#e created an unusual and new disease pro!ile !or gay en. The edical literature is 'uite e$plicit about so e o! these new ani!estations o! gay @Coot,1ernstein" Cethin-ing (IA:: The Tragic 2ost o! Ere ature 2onsensus" p. 242B ale li!e.*

;IG truly stri&es where we live. Its mean o! transmission ) sex ) is the very thing that to many o! us de!ine us as gay men, drives our "oliti#s and our eroti#s, gives us our modern identity, "rovides the mortar o! mu#h o! our "hiloso"hy and #ommunity, animates mu#h o! our lives. @Cotello" :e$ual ?cology: (IA: and the Aestiny o! =ay 6en" p. 5B I =ale homosexuals Indeed, there is no re#ord o! any #ulture that a##e"ted both homosexuality and unlimited homosexual "romis#uity. Far !rome being the universal de!ault mode o! male homosexuality, the li!estyle o! $meri#an gay men in the seventies and eighties a""ears uni*ue in history. @Cotello" :e$ual ?cology: (IA: and the Aestiny o! =ay 6en" p. 225B The extensive #asual networ&s o! gays engaging in sex a""arently !or the sole "ur"ose o! sensuous "leasure, and in so many di!!erent ways, went !ar beyond anything that had o##urred be!ore in the nited States or elsewhere or that anyone #ould have imagined .ust a !ew years "reviously. Without *uestion, the sexual style o! gay #ommunities in the 4258s and early 4218s was a s"e#i!i# histori# "henomenon +Bateson and Goldsby, 4211-LL, @Cushing" The (IA: ?pide ic :ocial Ai ensions o! an In!ectious Aisease" p. 2>B When $I=S hit the homosexual #ommunities o! the S, several studies were #ondu#ted by the vigilant /=/ to determine what it was in the homosexual li!estyle whi#h "redis"osed to this immunosu""ressive #ondition. There were really only two things whi#h distinguished the homosexual li!estyle- the "romis#uous sex and the extensive use o! re#reational drugs. @(da s" (IA:: The <I; 6yth" p.12>B In sum, gay sex institutions and the sexual a#tivity in them be#ame the !un#tional so#ial e*uivalent o! !amily, !riends, and #ommunity- They "romoted so#ial bonds that gave gays a sense o! belonging and so#ial su""ort. @Cushing" The (IA: ?pide ic :ocial Ai ensions o! an In!ectious Aisease" p. 80B ?ther men who had "arti#i"ated enthusiasti#ally in the li!e o! the ghetto had grown tired o! its anonymity and inverted values. They *uestioned why membershi" in the gay #ommunity had #ome to re*uire that one be alienated !rom his !amily, ta&e multi"le drugs and have multi"le sex "artners, dan#e all night at the right #lubs, and s"end summer wee&ends at the right "art o! Fire Island. Bather than "roviding genuine liberation, gay li!e in the ghettos had #reated another sort o! o""ression with its "ressure to #on!orm to so#ial ex"e#tations o! what a gay man was su""osed

to be, believe, wear, and do. @(ndriote" ;ictory Ae!erred: <ow (IA: 2hanged =ay 7i!e in ( erica" p.24B Gay historian =ennis $ltman notes that in the liberated seventies, when "romis#uity was seen as a virtue in some segments o! the gay #ommunity, being res"onsible about ones health was e*uated with having !re*uent #he#&s !or sy"hilis and gonorrhea, and su#h doubt!ul "ra#ti#es as ta&ing a #ou"le o! tetra#y#line #a"sules be!ore going to the baths. To gay men !or whom sex was the #enter and #ir#um!eren#e o! their lives, their only real health #on#ern was that illness would "revent them !rom having sex ) whi#h, to their way o! thin&ing, meant they would no longer be "roudly gay. @(ndriote" ;ictory Ae!erred: <ow (IA: 2hanged =ay 7i!e in ( erica" p.8>B The #om"lex resear#h agenda that #hara#teri%ed the "eriod !rom the early 4258s to the beginning o! the $I=S e"idemi# re!le#ted ma.or #hanges within the gay and lesbian #ommunities themselves. The de#ision by a large number o! "eo"le to o"enly label themselves gay men and lesbians #hanged the ex"erien#e o! same)gender sexuality. From a relatively narrow homosexual #ommunity based "rimarily on sexual desire and a!!e#tional #ommitment between lovers and #ir#les o! !riends, there emerged a #ommunity #hara#teri%ed by the building o! residential areas, #ommer#ial enter"rises, health and so#ial servi#es, "oliti#al #lubs, and intelle#tual movements. @Turner" 6iller" and 6oses" ?ditors. (IA: :e$ual 1eha#ior and Intra#enous Arug Fse" p.12>B These observations o! new syndromes asso#iated with a very a#tive male homosexual li!e)style suggests that both the ty"e o! sexual a#tivity and the extent o! "romis#uity asso#iated with it #hanged mar&edly during the 4258s. @Coot,1ernstein" Cethin-ing (IA:: The Tragic 2ost o! Ere ature 2onsensus" p. 245,249B ( change in who ho ose$uals actually ha#e se$ with" beca e ore signi!icant during the 1390s and resulted in new se$ual beha#iors a ong ale ho ose$uals. Erior to the 1390s ho ose$ual en had se$ with heterose$ual en who were called LtradeL. The latter was the passi#e partner in a se$ act. 1ut as the stig a against ho ose$uality increased heterose$ual en beca e !rightened that they too ight be labeled ho ose$ual and thus were no longer willing to be passi#e participates in se$ual acti#ity with ho ose$ual en. This resulted in ore ho ose$ual en ha#ing se$ with other ho ose$ual en and the speci!ic se$ual beha#iors the sel#es also changed. This change in ale ho ose$ual beha#ior also resulted in the changes in so e o! the speci!ic diseases that e!!ected ale ho ose$uals and dra atic rates in the instances o! se$ually trans itted diseases a ong ale ho ose$uals. I Dehaviors among male homosexuals In the 4858s an extraordinary "roli!eration o! #lubs, bars, dis#othe*ues, bathhouses, sex sho"s, travel agen#ies, and gay maga%ines allowed the #ommunity to D#ome outD and ado"t a whole new re"ertorie o! eroti# behavior, out o! o! all measure to any similar "ast a#tivities. @=r e-" <istory o! (IA:" p.194,193B Furthermore, in "revious "eriods in history when homosexuality had been widely a##e"ted so#ially, as, !or exam"le, in #lassi#al Gree#e, there had been no sexual "ra#ti#es remotely resembling those asso#iated with the gay sub#ultures o! the 4258s and 4218s. @Cushing" The (IA: ?pide ic :ocial Ai ensions o! an In!ectious Aisease" p. 2>B We dont &now, in real *uantitative terms, what really #hanged in homosexual behavior in the 4258s, but it is "ossible to identi!y three ma.or areas o! #hange- the ex"ansion o! homosexual bathhouses and sex #lubs, whi#h !a#ilitate numerous sexual #onta#ts in one night +by 421L one bathhouse #hain in#luded baths in !orty)two $meri#an #ities, in#luding 3em"his and 'ondon,

?ntario,, the emergen#e o! sexually transmitted "arasites as a ma.or homosexual health "roblem, es"e#ially in (ew >or& and /ali!ornia, and a boom in re#reational drugs ) that is, the use o! #hemi#al stimulants su#h as 3=$, angel dust, various nitrates, et#. ) in #on.un#tion with what #ame to be &nown as !ast)lane sex. These three elements would all be lin&ed to various theories about $I=S during the 4218s. @(lt an" (IA: in the 6ind o! ( erica" p. 14B 7viden#e #onvin#ingly argues that be!ore the middle o! the #entury gay sexual behavior was vastly di!!erent !rom what it was to be#ome later, that !rom mid #entury onward there were !undamental #hanges not only in gay male sel!)"er#e"tions and belie!s, but also in sexual habits, &inds and numbers o! "artners, even ways o! ma&ing love. These revolutions rea#hed a !ever "it#h .ust as at the moment ;IG ex"loded li&e a series o! time bombs a#ross the ar#hi"elago o! gay $meri#a. When gay ex"erien#e is viewed #olle#tively, it a""ears that the simultaneous introdu#tion o! new behaviors and a dramati# rise in the s#ale o! old ones "rodu#ed one o! the greatest shi!ts in sexual e#ology ever re#orded. There is #onvin#ing eviden#e that this shi!t had a de#isive im"a#t on the transmission o! virtually every sexually transmitted disease, o! whi#h ;IG was merely one, albeit the most deadly. @Cotello" :e$ual ?cology: (IA: and the Aestiny o! =ay 6en" p. 83B $s the gay version o! the sexual revolution too& hold among #ertain grou"s o! gay men in $meri#as largest #ities, it "re#i"itated a #hange in sexual behaviors. @erha"s the most signi!i#ant #hange was the !a#t that some #ore grou"s o! gay men began "ra#ti#ing anal inter#ourse with do%ens or even hundreds o! "artners a year. $lso signi!i#ant was a growing em"hasis on versatile anal sex, in whi#h "artners alternately "layed both re#e"tive and insertive roles, and on new behaviors su#h as analingus, or rimming that !a#ilitated the s"read o! otherwise di!!i#ult)to) transmit mi#robes. Im"ortant, too, was a shi!t in "atterns o! "artnershi", !rom di!!use systems in whi#h a lot o! gay sex was with non)gay identi!ied "artners who themselves had !ew #onta#ts, to !airly #losed systems in whi#h most sexual a#tivity was within a #ir#le o! other gay men. $lso im"ortant was a general de#line in grou" immunity #aused by re"eated in!e#tions o! various ST=s, re"eated ino#ulations o! antibioti#s and other drugs to #ombat them, as well as re#reational substantive abuse, stress, and other behaviors that #om"rised immunity. @Cotello" :e$ual ?cology: (IA: and the Aestiny o! =ay 6en" p. 5>,54B The "rimary !a#tor that led to in#rease ;IG transmission was anal sex #ombined with multi"le "artners, "arti#ularly in #on#entrated #ore grou"s. By the seventies there is little doubt that !or those in the most sexually a#tive #ore grou"s, multi"artner anal sex had be#ome the main event. 3i#hael /allen, both an avid "ra#titioner and a #are!ul observer o! li!e in the gay !ast lane, believed that this was a histori#ally un"re#endented as"e#t o! the gay sexual revolution. @Cotello" :e$ual ?cology: (IA: and the Aestiny o! =ay 6en" p. >5B In the middle o! the #entury, and "arti#ularly in the sixties and seventies, gay men began doing something that a""ears rare in sexual history- They began to abandon stri#t role se"aration in sex and alternately "lay both the insertive and re#e"tive roles, a "ra#ti#e sometimes #alled versatility. @Cotello" :e$ual ?cology: (IA: and the Aestiny o! =ay 6en" p. >9B It was an histori# a##ident that ;IG disease !irst mani!ested itsel! in the gay "o"ulations o! the east and west #oasts o! the nited States, wrote British so#iologist Je!!rey Wee&s in $I=S and /ontem"orary ;istory in 4220. ;is o"inion has been almost universal among gay and $I=S a#tivists even to this day. >et there is little a##idental about the sexual e#ology des#ribed above. 3ulti"le #on#urrent "artners, versatile anal sex, #ore grou" behavior #entered in #ommer#ial sex establishments, wides"read re#reational drug abuse, re"eated waves o! ST=s and #onstant inta&e o! antibioti#s, sexual tourism and travel )these !a#tors were not a##idents. 3ulti"artner anal sex was en#ouraged, #elebrated, #onsidered a #entral #om"onent o! liberation. /ore grou" behavior in baths and sex #lubs was deemed by many the *uintessen#e o! !reedom. Gersatility was de#lared a

"oliti#al im"erative. $nalingus was "ronoun#ed the #ham"agne o! gay sex, a "al"able gesture o! revolution. ST=s were to be worn li&e badges o! honor, antibioti#s to be ta&en with "ride. Far !rom being a##idents, these things #hara#teri%ed the very !oundation o! what it su""osedly meant to ex"erien#e gay liberation. Ta&en together they !ormed a sexual e#ology o! almost in#al#ulably #atastro"hi# dimensions, a #lassi# !eedba#& loo" in whi#h virtually every !a#tor served to am"li!y every other. From the viruss "oint o! view the e#ology o! liberation was a royal road to ada"tive trium"h. From many gay mens "oint o! view, it "roved a tra"door to hell on earth. @Cotello" :e$ual ?cology: (IA: and the Aestiny o! =ay 6en" p. 43B $nal sex had #ome to be seen as an essential ) "ossibly the essential ) ex"ression o! homosexual intima#y by the 4218s. @Cotello" :e$ual ?cology: (IA: and the Aestiny o! =ay 6en" p. 101B $nother relative novelty was the in#reasing !lexibility o! sex roles. ;omosexuality in more traditional #ultures had ty"i#ally !ollowed rigid "atterns- #ertain men were the insertive "artners in oral and anal inter#ourse, others the re#e"tive ones. In the 4258s and 4218s, however, $meri#an gay men o!ten too& both insertive and re#e"tive roles. Bather than serve as #ul)de)sa# !or the virus, as heterosexual women o!ten did, gay and bisexual men more o!ten a#ted as an extremely e!!e#tive #onduit !or ;IG. @(llen" The &ages o! :in: :e$ and Aisease" East and Eresent" p. 125,129B These data demonstrate de!initively that the gay liberation movement resulted in a great in#rease in "romis#uity among gay men, along with signi!i#ant #hanges in sexual "ra#ti#es that made re#tal trauma, immunologi#al #onta#t with semen, use o! re#reational drugs, and the transmission o! many viral, amoebal, !ungal, and ba#terial in!e#tions !ar more #ommon than in the de#ades "rior to 4258. The same data strongly suggest that re#ent #hanges in sexual and drug a#tivity "layed a ma.or role in vastly enlarging the homo) and bisexual male "o"ulation at ris& !or develo"ing immunosu""ression. Sin#e "romis#uity, engaging in re#e"tive anal inter#ourse, and !isting are the three highest)ris& !a#tors asso#iated with $I=S among gay men and sin#e ea#h o! these ris& !a#tors is #orrelated with &nown #ases o! immunosu""ression, they re"resent signi!i#ant !a#tors in our understanding o! why $I=S emerged as a ma.or medi#al "roblem only in 4258. @Coot,1ernstein" Cethin-ing (IA:: The Tragic 2ost o! Ere ature 2onsensus" p. 230,231B Whatever the #ause o! $I=S, single or multi)!a#torial, it is #ertain that the "romis#uous homosexuals o! the late seventies and early eighties were !ertile ground !or an e"idemi#. @(da s" (IA:: The <I; 6yth" p.181B I $iseases among male homosexuals In medi#al terms the almost immediate result was an in#rease in the #lassi# sexually transmitted diseases, notably sy"hilis and gonorrheaE o! #ertain viral disease, su#h as he"atitis, her"es, and #ytomegalovirusE and internal "arasites su#h as amebiasis. S&in disorders o! an otherwise relatively rare nature, and #hroni# diarrhea, be#ame the daily lot o! homosexuals. The rise in these disorders "re#eded the $I=S outbrea&, and already indi#ated the "oint at whi#h the e"idemiologi#al situation was ready to ex"lode. @=r e-" <istory o! (IA:" p. 193B The a""earan#e o! a multitude o! e"idemi# diseases almost immediately a!ter gay men had #arved out %ones o! sexual !reedom has o"ened u" the grim, almost unthin&able "ossibility that !or gay men, sexual !reedom leads inexorably to disease. $s time goes on and the e"idemi# #ontinues to rage among gay men while largely s"aring the rest o! the "o"ulation, that nightmare grows only more "lausible. It was one thing to believe we were a##idental vi#tims who would soon be .oined in our sorrow by everyone else. It is *uite another to dis#over that we will not be .oined, that we stand almost alone, #onsumed with disease. @Cotello" :e$ual ?cology: (IA: and the Aestiny o! =ay 6en" p.14B

$nd so, without most gay men &nowing it,a revolution in disease transmission began almost as soon as the steady dis#o beat !illed the air. The rise o! gay #ore grou"s in whi#h men #ombined anal sex with very large numbers o! "artners "ro!oundly altered the mi#robial lands#a"e and #reated entirely new o""ortunities !or a host o! diseases that until then hadbeen held in #he#&. @Cotello" :e$ual ?cology: (IA: and the Aestiny o! =ay 6en" p. 5>B The #ombination o! multi"le sex "artners and anal sex in relatively intense #ore grou"s had already #reated an unstable sexual e#ology !or some gay men even be!ore Stonewall. $n arti#le in the $meri#an Journal o! Tro"i#al 3edi#al ;ygiene "ublished in 42:1 noted that #ertain "o#&ets o! 3anhattans growing gay #ommunity had begun to dis"lay the medi#al "ro!iles o! a Third World slum or a tro"i#al island, with !ar higher than average rates o! traditional ST=s and gastrointestinal "arasites. $!ter Stonewall this "ro#ess shar"ly a##elerated, #reating a radi#al new medi#al situation in the gay world. @Cotello" :e$ual ?cology: (IA: and the Aestiny o! =ay 6en" p. 99,9>B The in#iden#e o! venereal diseases has long been re#ogni%ed to be a sensitive indi#ator o! levels o! "romis#uity. Bates o! venereal diseases began a noti#eable #limb during the mid)4268s, as advan#es in birth #ontrol be#ame widely available, and they s&yro#&eted during the 4258s. Whereas the in#rease was !ound among both men and women during the 4268s and 42:8s, the vast in#rease in new #ases o! venereal diseases during the 4258s was !ound almost entirely in homosexual and bisexual men and has been dire#tly attributed by the medi#al #ommunity to the #onse*uen#es o! gay liberation. The title o! an arti#le in the Journal o! the $meri#an 3edi#al $sso#iation in 4255 by =r. S. Gaisrub said it all- ;omosexuality) a ris& !a#tor in in!e#tious diseases. $nalysis o! the in#reases in s"e#i!i# venereal diseases "rovides a detailed loo& at the growth o! homosexual "romis#uity. @Coot,1ernstein" Cethin-ing (IA:: The Tragic 2ost o! Ere ature 2onsensus" p. 24>,244B Some gay men be#ame unwitting guinea "igs !or the elu#idation o! how various diseases were transmitted. =iseases su#h as amebiasis, shigellosis, and giardiasis were not &nown to be transmitted sexually "rior to 4258. Their sexual transmission was !irst do#umented in gay men, and they are now &nown to be asso#iated with anal inter#ourse and anal)oral #onta#t. ?n#e again, these diseases there!ore "rovide measures o! in#reases in these ty"es o! gay sex. $ll these disease were rare in the nited States and 7ngland "rior to the 4258s, with outbrea&s almost always asso#iated with !e#al #ontamination and "oor "ubli# hygiene. This "i#ture #hanged dramati#ally in the a!termath o! gay liberation. @Coot,1ernstein" Cethin-ing (IA:: The Tragic 2ost o! Ere ature 2onsensus" p. 243B Some "hysi#ians saw what was ha""ening even as it ha""ened. =r. ;. 3ost and =r. B. ;. Mean, !or exam"le, noted that the 3anhattan homosexual #ommunity had begun to dis"lay the unusual disease "ro!ile ty"i#al o! a tro"i#al isle or Third World #ountry beginning about 42:1. @Coot, 1ernstein" Cethin-ing (IA:: The Tragic 2ost o! Ere ature 2onsensus" p. 230B rban gay $meri#an men were a!!e#ted with diseases that were "reviously #onsidered "roblems only in the "oor, undevelo"ed areas o! the world. $!ter re"eated bouts o! these diseases, treatment with in#reasingly "ower!ul antibioti#s, and use o! the re#reational drugs that were !or many were .ust another normal "art o! ghetto li!e, the immune systems o! many gay men were su""ressed to dangerously low levels. @(ndriote" ;ictory Ae!erred: <ow (IA: 2hanged =ay 7i!e in ( erica" p.83B

=uring the 42:8s and 4258s, S do#tors re"orted sexually transmitted diseases as the rate o! 6)5 million #ases "er year. Thus the /=/ &new the dramati# in#rease o! #hlamydia and the high rates o! in!ertility that it #auses. It &new o! the in#rease o! sy"hilis and o! ST=s that "reviously were rare. It was es"e#ially #on#erned about the s"read o! he"atitis B, whi#h #lustered in gay "o"ulations. It enrolled a #ohort o! 5888 gay men to study their li!estyle and viral load in #onne#tion with the sear#h !or a va##ine. From this study it &new that sy"hilis, gonorrhea, and he"atitis B were endemi# in the gay "o"ulations o! the #ities. @arasiti# in!e#tions o! the #olon, &nown as Cgay bowl, were also endemi#. It was !ound that the annual he"atitis in!e#tion rate among gays was an astonishing 49A, as against a 4A li!etime rate !or the general "o"ulation. The stage was set !or ra"id transmission o! unusual "athogens. Thus on the eve o! $I=S, the /=/ was !ully)aware o! the in#rease o! sexually transmitted disease and the "ossible ba#terial and viral Cbomb that the sexual revolution had "lanted. @2aton" The (IA: 6irage" p.25,29B ;IG aside, there are "ower!ul additional reasons why we need to !a#e the !a#ts o! why $I=S ha""ened to gay men. $lmost every resear#her studying the e"idemi# is #onvin#ed o! one overar#hing !a#t- that i! gay men ever re)#reate the sexual #onditions o! the seventies, the same &ind o! thing will ha""en again with other mi#robes. There are already drug)resistant or in#urable diseases #ir#ulating in the gay "o"ulation ) things li&e he"atitis /, antibioti#)resistant gonorrhea, various strains o! her"es ) and they all stand "oised to swee" through the gay "o"ulation the moment we "rovide them an o""ortunity to s"read. @Cotello" :e$ual ?cology: (IA: and the Aestiny o! =ay 6en" p. >B I! we now go ba#& and as& why $I=S emerged as a "roblem !or gay men only in the "ast de#ade or so, des"ite the a#&nowledged anti*uity o! homosexuality itsel!, the answer be#omes #lear- $I=S be#ame a "roblem !or homosexual men only when ram"ant "romis#uity, !re*uent anal !orms o! inter#ourse, new and sometimes "hysi#ally traumati# !orms o! sex, and the !re*uent #on#omitants o! drug use and multi"le #on#urrent in!e#tions "aved the way. $s 3ir&o Grme& has #on#luded, $meri#an homosexuals #reated the #onditions whi#h, by ex#eeding a #riti#al threshold, made the e"idemi# "ossible. This #on#lusion stands regardless o! whether one wishes to inter"ret the so#ial revolution o! gay liberation as the means by whi#h ;IG has s"read, the vehi#le !or transmitting ;IG with all o! its ne#essary #o!a#tors, or the dire#t #ause o! the immunosu""ressive habits that have medi#ally debilitated so many gay men. @Coot,1ernstein" Cethin-ing (IA:: The Tragic 2ost o! Ere ature 2onsensus" p. 231,232B I %ho gets A)$S( From Stonewall to the !irst $I=S alert was only twelve short years. In the 7ighties and early (ineties, dis"la#ed anxiety over the horrors o! $I=S turned gay a#tivists into ram"aging nihilists and monomania#s, who dishonestly blamed the disease on the government and tram"led on the rights o! the gay ma.ority, and whose errors o! .udgement materially aided the rise and #onsolidation o! the !ar right. $I=S did not a""ear out o! nowhere. It was a dire#t result o! the sexual revolution, whi#h my generation unleashed with the best intentions, but whose worse e!!e#ts were to be su!!ered "rimarily by gay men. In the West, des"ite mu#h "ro"aganda to the #ontrary, $I=S is a gay disease and will remain one !or the !oreseeable !uture. @Eaglia" ;a ps and Tra ps. p.94B From its very beginnings the most stri&ing !eatures o! the $I=S e"idemi# in the S$ and in Western #ountries was its dominan#e in the male homosexual "o"ulation. It was there!ore logi#al to sear#h !or #lues !or the #ause o! the disease among "ra#ti#es or #hara#teristi#s o! this li!estyle. @:choub" (IA: and <I; in Eerspecti#e" p. 4B

$I=S in $meri#a has two "rimary sour#es at "resent- un"rote#ted anal inter#ourse, whi#h is asso#iated with gay male behavior and whi#h "robably a##ounts !or the bul& o! the existing #ases nationwideE and intravenous drug in.e#tion with virus)#ontaminated needles, whi#h is #urrently the ma.or sour#e o! new #ases and is li&ely to be the sour#e o! most #ases within a !ew years. @Eerow and =uillen. The (IA: Aisaster: The +ailure o! %rgani5ations in 0ew Gor- and the 0ation" p.55B The disease !irst be#ame evident among male homosexuals and intravenous drug users, and in the nited States it remains dis"ortionately #on#entrated in these two "o"ulations. @Cushing" The (IA: ?pide ic: :ocial Ai ensions o! an In!ectious Aisease" p.1B $I=S, however, has remained absolutely !ixed in its original ris& grou"s. Today, a !ull de#ade a!ter it !irst a""eared, the syndrome is diagnosed in homosexuals, intravenous drug users, and hemo"hilia#s some 26 "er#ent o! the time, .ust as ten years ago. (ine out every ten $I=S "atients are male, also .ust as be!ore. 7ven the very existen#e o! a latent "eriod strongly suggests that years o! health abuse are re*uired !or su#h !atal #onditions. $mong most $I=S "atients in the nited States and 7uro"e, one extremely #ommon health ris& has been identi!ied- the long)term use o! hard drugs +the eviden#e !or this new $I=S hy"othesis will be "resented in #ha"ter 1 and 44,. $I=S is not #ontagious nor is it even a single e"idemi#. @Auesburg" In#enting the (IA: ;irus" p. 21>B $ny, or all, o! these "ossibilities would ex"lain why $I=S has remained almost #om"letely within the originally de!ined high)ris& grou"s rather than s"reading, as other venerable diseases had done, to low)ris& grou"s as well. @Coot,1ernstein" Cethin-ing (IA:: The Tragic 2ost o! Ere ature 2onsensus" p. 114B It is, o! #ourse, always dangerous to generali%e about any grou" o! "eo"le, and "eo"le with $I=S are no ex#e"tion. $nd yet #ertain generali%ations about who is most li&ely to #ontra#t $I=S have "roved to be use!ul !rom a medi#al "ers"e#tive. We re#ogni%e that the vast ma.ority o! "eo"le with $I=S are gay men Qor intravenous drug abusers. These generali%ations "rovide #lues about what may #ause $I=S, what may dis"ose "eo"le to #ontra#t the syndrome, and how the disease may s"read. @Coot,1ernstein" Cethin-ing (IA:: The Tragic 2ost o! Ere ature 2onsensus" p. 224B Some "eo"le are !ar more sus#e"tible to $I=S than others, and the reasons are !rom mysteriousimmunologi#al ex"osure to semen, blood, or other alloantigensE multi"le, #on#urrent in!e#tionsE "rolonged medi#al or illi#it drug useE malnutritionE and so !orth. (one o! these ris& !a#tors is new, however. Why, then, has $I=S be#ome e"idemi# only re#ently< The re#ent s"read o! $I=S #an be understood only in terms o! one o! the most basi# "rin#i"les o! e"idemiology- disease that are transmitted by ex"osure to blood or by sexual means are so#ial diseases. It is im"ossible to understand su#h diseases !rom a "urely medi#al, biologi#al, or laboratory "ers"e#tive. @Coot,1ernstein" Cethin-ing (IA:: The Tragic 2ost o! Ere ature 2onsensus" p. 241B I +omosexuality in the "E#0sF A Jeturn to Assimilation The belie! in a "redetermined sexual orientation is most visible in the emerging #onservatism in the gay rights movement. $lthough the #on#e"t o! #onservatism seems antitheti#al to the #ause o! gay rights, it has been ex"ressed re#ently as an e!!ort to assimilate gays and lesbians into the mainstream heterosexual #ulture. The assimilationist is not so mu#h a #hallenge to #onservatives as an e!!ort as an e!!ort at a##ommodation. Whereas as #onservatives have "ortrayed homosexuality as a threat to traditional values, assimilationists attem"t to show that homosexuals #an embra#e the

same values they are su""osed to threaten. @1roo-ey" Cein#enting the 6ale <o ose$ual: The Chetoric and Eower o! the =ay =ene" p. 18>B The "ush !or assimilation, however, is not new. The original homo"hile organi%ations o! the 4268s, su#h as the 3atta#hine So#iety, =aughters o! Bilitis, and ?ne, In#., ado"ted a "oli#y o! assimilation. @1roo-ey" Cein#enting the 6ale <o ose$ual: The Chetoric and Eower o! the =ay =ene" p. 18>B The #ontem"orary assimilationist movement resembles 3atta#hines "oli#ies in two im"ortant ways. @1roo-ey" Cein#enting the 6ale <o ose$ual: The Chetoric and Eower o! the =ay =ene" p. 184B First, it is designed to deny any attem"ts to #hallenge the heterosexual norms o! so#iety. @1roo-ey" Cein#enting the 6ale <o ose$ual: The Chetoric and Eower o! the =ay =ene" p. 184B The #urrent assimilationist movement, li&e the older 3atta#hine So#iety, has de!erred to the authority o! s#ien#e. @1roo-ey" Cein#enting the 6ale <o ose$ual: The Chetoric and Eower o! the =ay =ene" p. 183B I Assimilation or Liberation &hether by assi ilation or liberation the erits o! ho ose$uality are #ery wea- and det intral !or both the indi#iduals in#o#led in ho ose$uality and !or society at large. 1oth statgeies are ai ed at the legit ati5ation and nor ali5ation o! ho ose$uality" ho ose$ual beha#ior. 1ut it is uch ore than about a speci!ic beha#ior" ho ose$uality" it is about how society de!ines those essential !actors which gi#e a society eaning and pro#ides !or a healthy society gender" the !a ily" and co unity. These last 'uotes are by those sel!,identi!y as ho ose$uals the esel#es. Gay and lesbian identity "oliti#s is, only in "art, about the so#ial status o! sel!)identi!ied homosexualsE it is also about the meaning o! sexuality, gender, the !amily, and even #ommunity in our so#iety. @?sco!!ier" ( erican <o o: 2o unity and Eer#ersity" p. 225B The lesbian and gay #ommunities, however, have #onsiderable ambivalen#e toward the #am"aign !or #iti%enshi", be#ause the outlaw status o! homosexuals is histori#ally very signi!i#ant. @?sco!!ier" ( erican <o o: 2o unity and Eer#ersity" p. 225B I have argued that lesbian and gay identity and #ommunities are histori#ally #reated, the result o! a "ro#ess o! #a"italist develo"ment that has s"anned many generations. $ #orollary o! this argument is that we are not a !ixed so#ial minority #om"osed !or all time o! a #ertain "er#entage o! the "o"ulation. There are more o! us than one hundred years ago, more o! us than !orty years ago. $nd there may very well be more gay men and lesbians in the !uture. /laims made by gays and nongays that sexual orientation is !ixed at an early age, that large numbers o! visible gay men and lesbians in so#iety, the media, and s#hools will have no in!luen#e on the sexual identities o! the young, are wrong. /a"italism has #reated the material #onditions !or homosexual desire to ex"ress itsel! as a #entral #om"onent o! some individuals livesE now, our "oliti#al movements are #hanging #ons#iousness, #reating the ideologi#al #onditions that ma&e it easier !or "eo"le to ma&e that #hoi#e. @A/? ilio" )2apitalis and =ay Identity" p. 4>8,4>4 in The 7esbian and =ay :tudies Ceader by <enry (belo#e" 6ichele (ine 1arale and Aa#id 6. <alperinB In short, the gay li!estyle ) i! su#h a #haos #an, a!ter all, legitimately be #alled a li!estyle ) .ust doesnt wor&- it doesnt serve the two !un#tions !or whi#h all so#ial !ramewor& evolve- to #onstrain "eo"les natural im"ulses to behave badly and to meet their natural needs. While its im"ossible to

"rovide an exhaustive analyti# list o! all the root #auses and aggravants o! this !ailure, we #an asservative at least some o! the ma.or #auses. 3any have been disse#ted, above as elements o! the Ten 3isbehaviorsE it only remains to dis#uss the !ail o! the gay #ommunity to "rovide a viable alternative to the heterosexual !amily. @Jir- and 6adsen" (!ter the 1all <ow ( erica &ill 2on'uer Its +ear and <atred o! the =ay/s in the 30s" p.898B Dibilogra!hy (belo#e" <enry" 6ichele (ine 1arale and Aa#id 6. <alprin. The 7esbian and =ay :tudies Ceader. Coutledge. 0ew Gor- and 7ondon" 1338. (da s" Jad. (IA:: The <I; 6yth. 6ac6illian 7ondon" Inc." 7ondon" 1343. (ggelton" Eeter" Eeter Aa#ies and =raha <art" editors. (IA: +acing The :econd Aecade. The +al er Eress. 7ondon" 0ew Gor- and Ehiladelphia" 1338. (llen" Eeter 7ewis. The &ages o! :in: :e$ and Aisease" East and Eresent. The Fni#ersity o! 2hicago Eress. 2hicago and 7ondon" 2000. (lt an" Aennis. (IA: in the 6ind o! ( erica. (nchor 1oo-s. =arden 2ity" 0ew Gor-" 134>. (ndriote" John,6anuel. ;ictory Ae!erred: <ow (IA: 2hanged =ay 7i!e in ( erica. The Fni#ersity o! 2hicago Eress. 2hicago and 7ondon" 1333. (rcher" 1ert. The ?nd o! =ay @and the death o! heterose$ualityB. Thunder/s 6outh Eress. 0ew Gor-" 2002. 1roo-ey" Cobert (lan. Cein#enting the 6ale <o ose$ual: The Chetoric and Eower o! the =ay =ene. Indiana Fni#ersity Eress. 1loo ington T Indianapolis" 2002. 2aton" <ira . The (IA: 6irage. Fni#ersity o! 0ew :outh &ales Eress 7TA. :ydney" 1334. A/? ilio" John. )2apitalis and =ay Identity" 49>,4>9" in The 7esbian and =ay :tudies Ceader by <enry (belo#e" 6ichele (ine 1arale and Aa#id 6. <alperin. Coutledge. 0ew Gor- and 7ondon" 1338. Auesburg Ar." Eeter. In#enting the (IA: ;irus. Cegnery Eublishing" Inc." &ashington" A.2." 1339. ?llison" =eorge" 6elissa Ear-er" and 2atherine 2a pbell" ?ditors. 7earning +ro 2a bridge Fni#ersity Eress. 2a bridge" Fnited Jingdo " 2008. <I; and (IA:.

?sco!!ier" Je!!rey. ( erican <o o: 2o unity and Eer#ersity. Fni#ersity o! 2ali!ornia Eress. 1er-eley" 7os (ngeles" and 7ondon" 1334. <eyl" 1arbara :her an. )<o ose$uality: ( :ocial Eheno enon.* 812,843 in <u an :e$uality: The :ocietal and Interpersonal 2onte$t. Jathleen 6cJinney and :usan :precher editors. (ble$ Eublishing 2orporation. 0orwood" 0ew Jersey" 1343. Jir-" 6arshall and <unter 6adsen Eh.A. (!ter the 1all <ow ( erica &ill 2on'uer Its +ear and <atred o! the =ay/s in the 30s. Aoubleday. 0ew Gor-" 1343.

6ansergh" =ordon" EhA" =rant 0 2ol!a$" 6A" =ary 6ar-s" EhA" 6elissa Cader" 6E<" Cobert =u5 an" 1(" T :usan 1uchbinder" 6A. )The 2ircuit Earty 6en/s <ealth :ur#ey: +indings (nd I plications !or =ay and 1ise$ual 6en.* ( erican Journal o! Eublic <ealth. June 2001" ;ol. 31" 0o. 9" 358,354. 6cJinney" Jathleen and :usan :precher editors. <u an :e$uality: The :ocietal and Interpersonal 2onte$t. (ble$ Eublishing 2orporation. 0orwood" 0ew Jersey" 1343. Eaigila" 2a ille. ;a ps T Tra ps. ;intage 1oo-s. 0ew Gor-" 1334. Eerow" 2harles and 6auro +. =uillen. The (IA: Aisaster: The +ailure o! %rgani5ations in 0ew Gor- and the 0ation. Gale Fni#ersity Eress. 0ew <a#en and 7ondon" 1330. Coot,1erstein" Cobert :. Cethin-ing (IA:: The Tragic 2ost o! Ere ature 2onsensus. The +ree Eress. 0ew Gor-" 1338. Cotello" =abriel. :e$ual ?cology: (IA: and the Aestiny o! =ay 6en. ( Autton 1oo-. 0ew Gor-" 133>. Ci er an" 2raig (. +ro Identity to Eolitics: The 7esbian and =ay 6o#e ents in the Fnited :tates. Te ple Fni#ersity Eress. Ehiladelphia" 2002. Cosario" ;ernon (. <o ose$ualities and :cience: ( guide to the Aebates. (12,2lI%. :anta 1arbara" 2(" 2002. Cushing" &illia (. The (IA: ?pide ic :ocial Ai ensions o! an In!ectious Aisease. &est#iewEress. 1oulder" 2%" 1335. :choub" 1arry A. (IA: and <I; in Eerspecti#e. 2a bridge Fni#ersity Eress. 2a bridge FJ" 1333. Turner" 2harles +." <eather =. 6iller" and 7incoln ?. 6oses" ?ditors. (IA: :e$ual 1eha#ior and Intra#enous Arug Fse. 0ational (cade y Eress. &ashington" A.2." 1343. &atney" :i on. )? ergent :e$ual Identities and <I;/(IA:.* 18,2> in (IA: +acing The :econd Aecade. Eeter (ggelton" Eeter Aa#ies and =raha <art" editors. The +al er Eress. 7ondon" 0ew Gor- and Ehiladelphia" 1338. http://www.banap.net/spip.php?article>4

5ha!ter > A +omosexual Agenda(

:aturday 29 6ay 200>.

Dy the same authors

7arry <ouston o 2hapter %ne ?ssentialis or :ocial 2onstructionis o 2hapter Ten <o ose$ual Identity +or ation o 2hapter 4 Ten Eercent <o ose$ual 6yth o 2hapter 8 (l!red Jinsey

2hapter 11 <o ose$ual Earenting 6yth

)n the same se&tion

In the sa e section 2hapter 11 <o ose$ual Earenting 6yth 2hapter 4 &orld &ar II to the 1390s 2hapter 1 &ho or &hat 2hapter 4 Ten Eercent <o ose$ual 6yth 2hapter 3 =ay Teen :uicide 6yth 2hapter 5 :tonewall to the 1340s 2hapter 10 <o ophobia 6yth 2hapter 9 (ssi ilation or 7iberation 5ha!ter > A +omosexual Agenda( Is there or was there e#er a ho ose$ual agenda? Today there are any local" regional" and national ho ose$ual organi5ations. In addition ho ose$uals ha#e a #ery pro inent written edia presence. There is the Journal o! <o ose$uality" a aga5ine the (d#ocate" newspapers" the 1lades in &ashington A2 and 0ew Gor- along with other popular edia publications and a large internet presence. <ow closely do all these #arious )ho ose$ual enterprises* wor- together as a uni!ied entity spea-ing as one #oice !or ho ose$uals? It is hard to tell" it ay not be as uni!ied as so e ay thin- to portray. 1ut it does spea- well !or the de ocratic capitalist society that ( erica is today. The ho ose$ual rights o#e ent itsel! spea-s o! !ollowing upon and learning !ro the earlier ci#il rights and !e inist/s o#e ents. +or without the there would be no ho ose$ual rights o#e ent today. 1ut one parallel to these two pre#ious o#e ents cannot be adeI they were about e'uality" racial and gender" !or two distinct classes o! indi#iduals. There is no )ho ose$ual* as a distinct class o! indi#iduals. )<o ose$uals* are a group o! indi#iduals who sel!,identity by the beha#iors they co it. It is these beha#iors" particularly se$ual beha#iors that are co itted and that are detri ental to the indi#iduals who co it the and to the society as a whole. Get the ho ose$ual rights o#e ent is well on its way to changing our society in greater ways then perhaps the co bination o! these two pre#ious o#e ents together. <o ose$uals ha#e been #ery success!ul in shi!ting the discourse !ro )beha#ior* to )rights.* The ho ose$ual rights o#e ent is a atte pting to bring about change in our culture and society that is unprecedented in all o! history" particularly in rede!ining gender and arriage. 1ut when it all said and done" as the ho ose$uals say and write in their boo-s it is about societal appro#al !or ho ose$ual beha#ior. It is all about sa e,se$ physical se$ acts. The !ollowing 'uotes are by two ho ose$ual historians. It isnt at all obvious why a gay rights movement should ever have arisen in the nited States in the !irst "la#e. $nd its "ro!oundly "u%%ling why that movement should have be#ome !ar and away the most "ower!ul su#h "oliti#al !ormation in the world. Same gender sexual a#ts have been #ommon"la#e throughout history and a#ross #ultures. Today, to s"ea& with surety about a matter !or whi#h there is absolutely no statisti#al eviden#e, more adoles#ent male butts are being "enetrated in the $rab world, 'atin $meri#an, (orth $!ri#a and Southeast $sia then in the west. But the notion o! a gay identity rarely a##om"anies su#h sexual a#ts, nor do "oliti#al movements arise to ma&e demands in the name o! that identity. Its still almost entirely in the Western world that the genders o! ones "artner is #onsidered a "rime mar&er o! "ersonality, and among Western

nations it is the nited States ) a #ountry otherwise #onsidered a bastion o! #onservatism ) that the strongest "oliti#al movement has arisen #entered around that identity. Weve only begun to analy%e why, and to date #an say little more then that #ertain signi!i#ant "re) re*uisites develo"ed in this #ountry, and to some degree everywhere in the western world, that werent "resent, or hadnt a#hieved the ne#essary #riti#al mass, elsewhere. $mong su#h !a#tors were the wea&ening o! the traditional religious lin& between sexuality and "ro#reation +one whi#h had made non)"ro#reative same gender desire an automati# #andidate !or denun#iation as unnatural,. Se#ondly, the ra"id urbani%ation and industriali%ation o! the nited States, and the West in general, in the nineteen #entury wea&ened the material +and moral, authority o! the nu#lear !amily, and allowed maveri#&s to es#a"e into wel#ome anonymity o! #ity li!e, where they #ould #hoose a "reviously una##e"table li!estyle o! singleness and non#on!ormity without #onstantly worrying about "arental or village busybodies "oun#ing on them. @Auber an" 7e!t %ut" 414,415.B I have argued that lesbian and gay identity and #ommunities are histori#ally #reated, the result o! a "ro#ess o! #a"italist develo"ment that has s"anned many generations. $ #orollary o! this argument is that we are not a !ixed so#ial minority #om"osed !or all time o! a #ertain "er#entage o! the "o"ulation. There are more o! us than one hundred years ago, more o! us than !orty years ago. $nd there may very well be more gay men and lesbians in the !uture. /laims made by gays and nongays that sexual orientation is !ixed at an early age, that large numbers o! visible gay men and lesbians in so#iety, the media, and s#hools will have no in!luen#e on the sexual identities o! the young, are wrong. /a"italism has #reated the material #onditions !or homosexual desire to ex"ress itsel! as a #entral #om"onent o! some individuals livesE now, our "oliti#al movements are #hanging #ons#iousness, #reating the ideologi#al #onditions that ma&e it easier !or "eo"le to ma&e that #hoi#e. @A/? ilio" )2apitalis and =ay Identity" p. 4>8,4>4 in The 7esbian and =ay :tudies Ceader by <enry (belo#e" 6ichele (ine 1arale and Aa#id 6. <alperinB The !ollowing in!or ation in this paper is ta-en !ro a boo- written by two ho ose$uals" (!ter the 1all: <ow ( erica &ill 2on'uer Its +ear and <atred o! the =ay/s in the 30s" and a law re#iew article" ):elling <o ose$uality to ( erica* written by a senior sales ar-eting anage ent pro!essional. The #am"aign we outline in this boo&, though #om"lex, de"ends #entrally u"on a "rogram o! unabashed "ro"aganda, !irmly grounded in long)established "rin#i"les o! "sy#hology and advertising. @Jir- and 6adsen" (!ter the 1all: <ow ( erica &ill 2on'uer Its +ear and <atred o! the =ay/s in the 30s" p.$$#iB But !rom here on, this boo& is devoted to the one s#heme that would, i! #orre#tly administered, radi#ally hasten and broaden the s"read o! toleran#e !or gays in straight so#iety. We have in mind a strategy as #al#ulated and "ower!ul as that whi#h gays are a##used o! "ursuing by their enemies)or, i! you "re!er, a "lan as mani"ulative as that whi#h our enemies themselves em"loy. Its time to learn !rom 3adison $venue, to rollout the big guns. Gays must laun#h a large) s#ale #am"aign)weve #alled it the Waging @ea#e #am"aign)to rea#h straights through the mainstream media. Were tal&ing about "ro"aganda. @Jir- and 6adsen" (!ter the 1all: <ow ( erica &ill 2on'uer Its +ear and <atred o! the =ay/s in the 30s" p.191B This arti#le ex"lores how gay rights a#tivists use rhetori#, "sy#hology, so#ial "sy#hology, and the media ) all the elements o! modern mar&eting ) to "osition homosexuality in order to !rame what is dis#ussed in the "ubli# arena and how it is dis#ussed. In essen#e, when it #omes to homosexuality, a#tivists want to sha"e what everyone &nows and what everyone ta&es !or granted even i!

everyone does not really &now and even i! it should not be ta&en !or granted. @Condeau" ):elling <o ose$uality to ( erica"* p. 448,444B The boo- (!ter the 1all was published in 1343 and the law re#iew article was published in 2002. %ne ay perhaps wonder a!ter reading both o! the and noting how the ho ose$ual rights o#e ent today has a!!ected our society that there is perhaps so e #alidity to the idea o! a thought!ul and organi5ed ho ose$ual agenda. When, in a 4216 /hristo"her Street arti#le, we "resented a blue"rint !or a national "ro"aganda e!!ort, doubters derided the "ro"osal as irrelevant or im"otent, the methods as demeaning and !raudulent, and our intent as rea#tionary. In February 4211, however, a Dwar #on!eren#eD o! 456 leading gay a#tivists, re"resenting organi%ations !rom a#ross the land, #onvened in Warrenton, Girginia, to establish a !our)"oint agenda !or the gay movement. The #on!eren#e gave !irst "riority to Da nation)wide media #am"aign to "romote a "ositive image o! gays and lesbians,D and its !inal statement #on#ludedWe must #onsider the media in every "ro.e#t we underta&e. We must, in addition, ta&e every advantage we #an to in#lude "ubli# servi#e announ#ements and "aid advertisements, and to #ultivate re"orters and editors o! news"a"ers, radio, and television. To hel" !a#ilitate this we need national media wor&sho"s to train our leaders. . . . ?ur media e!!orts are !undamental to the !ull a##e"tan#e o! us in $meri#an li!e. @Jir- and 6adsen" (!ter the 1all: <ow ( erica &ill 2on'uer Its +ear and <atred o! the =ay/s in the 30s" p.192,198B The strategy adopted at this )war con!erence* was to underta-e in a care!ully calculated public relations ca paign to shi!t the public/s !ocus !ro )ho ose$ual beha#ior* to the idea o! )gay rights.* When youre very di!!erent, and "eo"le hate you !or it, this is what you do- !irst get your !oot in the door, by being as similar as "ossibleE then, and only, then ) when your one di!!eren#e little is !inally a##e"ted ) you #an start dragging in your other "e#uliarities one by one. @Jir- and 6adsen" (!ter the 1all: <ow ( erica &ill 2on'uer Its +ear and <atred o! the =ay/s in the 30s" p.149B So when we say Ctal& about homosexuality, we mean tal& about gay rights issues and nothing more- be single minded. @Jir- and 6adsen" (!ter the 1all: <ow ( erica &ill 2on'uer Its +ear and <atred o! the =ay/s in the 30s" p.140B This "otent wea"on was re#ogni%ed in the !ormulation o! the gay rights #am"aign when it was strategi%ed that the gay #am"aign should not demand ex"li#it su""ort !or homosexual "ra#ti#es, but should instead ta&e antidis#rimination as its theme. @Condeau" ):elling <o ose$uality to ( erica"* p.494B Fp until that ti e" 1344" ho ose$uals atte pted to gain public acceptance based on their beha#ior. Typical was the idea o! )=ay Eride* and the celebration o! being di!!erent based on se$ual beha#ior. 1ut this was success!ul only to the point o! a li ited tolerance o! ho ose$uality by society. %!ten those who opposed ho ose$uality easily re#ersed the s all gains ade by ho ose$ual acti#ists in any instances. (n e$a ple o! this was in +lorida with (nita 1ryant/s :a#e %ur 2hildren ca paign where #oters repealed a Aade 2ounty/s hu an rights ordinance in 13>>. :o at the ti e the idea o! )gay rights* was radical shi!t !ro how any ho ose$uals were atte pting to gain public acceptance. Fn!ortunately ti e has shown that this was a wise course o! action. (!ter this )war con!erence* was held two di!!erent strategies on how to totally repac-age )ho ose$ual beha#ior* as a )gay rights* was un#eiled to the ho ose$ual co unity in 1343.

1. @ederasts, gender)benders, sado)maso#hists, and other minorities in the homosexual #ommunity with more extreme "e#uliarities would &ee" a low "ro!ile until homosexuality is in the tent. $lso, #ommon homosexual "ra#ti#es su#h as anal)oral sex, anal sex, !isting, and anonymous sex ) that is to say what homosexuals a#tually do and with how many they do it ) must never be a to"i#. @Condeau" ):elling <o ose$uality to ( erica"* p.453B 2. $meri#a ta&es "ride in being a #ountry where toleran#e !or others and individual !reedom is held in high regard. It is both "art o! our laws and our #ulture. Todays homosexual mar&eter has "ro"erly re#ogni%ed this environment and has aggressively !ollowed these strategies in "romoting the idea homosexuality by dire#ting the #onsumer away !rom the s"e#i!i#s o! +es"e#ially male, homosexual behavior while also advertising that the #hoi#e to "ursue su#h behavior is normal, innate, un#hangeable, and "revalent. It is even healthy and desirable so it deserves "rote#tion as a right. @Condeau" ):elling <o ose$uality to ( erica"*p.490B This new ca paign was only ade possible by an e#ent that too- place ore then 15 years earlier. This e#ent too- place in 13>8 and was the rede!ining o! ho ose$uality !ro abnor al to nor al. It was the decision o! the (E(" ( erican Esychiatric (ssociation" to re o#e ho ose$uality !ro the lists o! se$ual disorders in the Aiagnostic and :tatistical 6anual. The re o#ing o! ho ose$uality as a se$ual disorder was as a result o! a three year long social/political ca paign by ho ose$ual acti#ists" pro,ho ose$ual psychiatrists and ho ose$ual psychiatrists" not as a result o! #alid scienti!ic studies. Cather the acti#ities were public disturbances" rallies" protests" and social/political pressure !ro within by ho ose$ual psychiatrists and by others outside o! the (E( upon the (E(. The action o! re o#ing ho ose$uality was ta-en with such uncon#entional speed that nor al channels !or consideration o! the issues were circu #ented. Je!!rey &ee-s is a ho ose$ual historian !ro ?ngland and his co ents are readily ac-nowledge by other ho ose$uals and ad#ocates !or ho ose$uality. The de#ision o! the $meri#an @sy#hiatri# $sso#iation to delete homosexuality !rom its "ublished list o! sexual disorders in 4250 was s#ar#ely a #ool, s#ienti!i# de#ision. It was a res"onse to a "oliti#al #am"aign !ueled by the belie! that its original in#lusion as a disorder was a re!le#tion o! an o""ressive "oliti#o)medi#al de!inition o! homosexuality as a "roblem. @&ee-s" :e$uality and Its Aiscontents 6eanings" 6yths and 6odern :e$ualities" p. 218B This new ca paign !or )gay rights* has been success!ul as long it has been able to -eep the !ocus o!! o! ho ose$ual beha#ior. It should be noted that in the beginning o! this new ca paign an understanding o! this was needed" so de!inite actions were to be ta-en and were ta-en to a-e sure the !ocus was on )gay rights and not ho ose$ual beha#ior. 1ut this was to be done at the e$pense o! so e in the ho ose$ual co unity in the short ter to gain bene!its !or the a.ority o! ho ose$uals in the long ter . $!ter the Ball has now detailed a #om"rehensive "ubli# relations #am"aign that should go a long way toward saniti%ing our very unsanitary image. But we #ant hide !orever beneath a #oat o! whitewashE we have to ste" out !rom behind the !a]ade eventually, and unless weve made some real #hanges by the time we do, "eo"le will see that were still the same old *ueers. Straights hate gays not .ust !or what their myths and lies say we are, but also !or what we really areE all the s*uea&y)#lean media "ro"aganda in the world wont sustain a "ositive image in the long run unless we start s#rubbing to ma&e ourselves a little s*ea&ier and #leaner in reality. $nd as it ha""ens, our noses +and other "arts, are !ar !rom #lean. In one ma.or as"e#t, $meri#as homohaters have, li&e the "roverbial blind "ig, rooted u" the tru!!le o! truth- the gay li!estyle ) not our sexuality, but our li!estyle ) is in the "its. This #ha"ter will tell you whats wrong with a lot o! gays, why its wrong, and how you #an dan#e the new ste"s . . . a!ter the ball. @Jir- and 6adsen" (!ter the 1all: <ow ( erica &ill 2on'uer Its +ear and <atred o! the =ay/s in the 30s" p. 2>5,2>9B

In short, the gay li!estyle ) i! su#h a #haos #an, a!ter all, legitimately be #alled a li!estyle ) it .ust doesnt wor&- it doesnt serve the two !un#tions !or whi#h all so#ial !ramewor& evolve- to #onstrain "eo"les natural im"ulses to behave badly and to meet their natural needs. While its im"ulse to "rovide an exhaustive analyti# list o! all the root #auses and aggravants o! this !ailure, we #an asservative at least some o! the ma.or #auses. 3any have been disse#ted, above, as elements o! the Ten 3isbehaviorsE it only remains to dis#uss the !ailure o! the gay #ommunity to "rovide a viable alternative to the heterosexual !amily. @Jir- and 6adsen" (!ter the 1all: <ow ( erica &ill 2on'uer Its +ear and <atred o! the =ay/s in the 30s" p.898B The main thing is to tal& about gayness until the issue be#omes throughly tiresome. $nd we say tal& about homosexuality, we mean .ust that. In the early stages o! the #am"aign, the "ubli# should not be sho#&ed and re"elled by "remature ex"osure to homosexual behavior itsel!. Instead, the imagery o! sex "er se should be down"layed, and the issue o! gay rights redu#ed, as !ar as "ossible, to an abstra#t so#ial *uestion. $s it ha""ens, the $I=S e"idemi# ) ever a #urse and boon !or the gay movement ) "rovides am"le o""ortunity to em"hasi%e the #ivil rightsQdis#rimination side o! things, but un!ortunately it also "ermits our enemies to draw attention to gay sex habits that "rovo&e "ubli# revulsion. @Jir- and 6adsen" (!ter the 1all: <ow ( erica &ill 2on'uer Its +ear and <atred o! the =ay/s in the 30s" p.1>4B The negati#e e!!ects o! the ho ose$ual li!estyle ha#e been written about in any boo-s and articles written by ho ose$uals the sel#es. They are addressed and written to ho ose$uals but when those who oppose ho ose$uality atte pt to raise this issue they are strongly attac-ed. &hat/s e#en ore alar ing is that any ore in the public at large side with the ho ose$uals choosing to ignore the or insists that a discussion should not e#en ta-e place. Get it is these negati#e conse'uences o! ho ose$ual beha#ior that a!!ects e#eryone. %! particular is (IA:" a se$ually trans itted disease that in ( erica was and still is pri arily con!ined to ho ose$ual beha#ior. There is a concern o! a possible second (IA: epide ic a ong ho ose$uals in ( erica. &hat should be #ery alar ing is that ho ose$uals to gain unprecedented support !or )gay rights* used (IA:" which a!!ected pri arily ho ose$uals. It allowed the to !oster to a greater ad#antage the idea that they are )#icti s.* The idea o! ho ose$uals as )#icti s* was to be a critical co ponent in the care!ully calculated public relations ca paign to a-e )gay rights* o#e ent to be success!ul. K +omsexuals as vi&tims In any #am"aign to win over the "ubli#, gays must be "ortrayed as vi#tims in need o! "rote#tion so that straights will be in#lined by re!lex to ado"t the role o! "rote#tor. @Jir- and 6adsen" (!ter the 1all: <ow ( erica &ill 2on'uer Its +ear and <atred o! =ay/s in the 30s" p.148B The "ur"ose o! vi#tim imagery is to ma&e straights !eel very un#om!ortableE that is, to .am with shame the sel!)righteous "ride that would ordinarily a##om"any and reward their antigay belligeren#e, and to lay groundwor& !or the "ro#ess o! #onversion by hel"ing straights identi!y with gays and sym"athi%e with their underdog status. @Jir- and 6adsen" (!ter the 1all: <ow ( erica &ill 2on'uer Its +ear and <atred o! the =ayIs in the 30s" p.148B (ow, two di!!erent messages about the Gay Gi#tim are worth #ommuni#ating. First, the "ubli# should be "ersuaded that gays are vi#tims o! #ir#umstan#e, that they no more #hose their sexual orientation than they did, say, their height, s&in #olor, talents, or limitations. +We argue that, !or all "ra#ti#al "ur"oses, gays should be #onsidered to have been born gay ) even though sexual orientation, !or most humans, seems to be the "rodu#t o! a #om"lex intera#tion between innate "redis"ositions and environmental !a#tors during #hildhood and early adoles#en#e., @Jir- and

6adsen" (!ter the 1all: <ow ( erica &ill 2on'uer Its +ear and <atred o! the =ayIs in the 30s" p.144B Se#ond, gays should be "ortrayed as vi#tims o! "re.udi#e. Straights dont !ully reali%e the su!!ering they bring u"on gays, and must be shown- gra"hi# "i#tures o! brutali%ed gays, dramati%ations o! .ob and housing inse#urity, loss o! #hild #ustody, "ubli# humiliation, et#. @Jir- and 6adsen" (!ter the 1all: <ow ( erica &ill 2on'uer Its +ear and <atred o! =ay/s in the 30s" p.144B K 2roe&tors a Gust &ause To go along with the idea o! )ho ose$uals as #icti s* there was idea to gi#e potential a protectors a .ust cause. The Waging @ea#e media #am"aign will rea#h straights on an emotional level, #asting gays as so#ietys vi#tims and inviting straights to be their "rote#tors. @Jir- and 6adsen" (!ter the 1all: <ow ( erica &ill 2on'uer Its +ear and <atred o! the =ay/s in the 30s" p.14>B Thus, our #am"aign should not demand ex"li#it su""ort !or homosexual "ra#ti#es, but should instead ta&e antidis#rimination as its theme. Fundamental !reedoms, #onstitutional rights, due "ro#ess and e*ual "rote#tion o! laws, basi# !airness and de#en#y toward all o! humanity ) these should be the #on#erns brought to mind by our #am"aign. Its es"e#ially im"ortant !or the gay movement to hit#h its #ause to "re)existing standards o! law and .usti#e, be#ause its straight su""orters must have at hand a #ogent re"ly to the moralisti# arguments o! its enemies. @Jir- and 6adsen" (!ter the 1all: <ow ( erica &ill 2on'uer Its +ear and <atred o! the =ay/s in the 30s" p.14>B K =aBe +omosexuals looB good 0ot only were ho ose$uals to be portrayed as )#icti s* but ho ose$uals also had to be loo- good. ade to

In order to ma&e a Gay Gi#tim sym"atheti# to straights, you have to "ortray him as 7veryman. But an additional theme o! the #am"aign will be more aggressive and u"beat. To #on!ound bigoted stereoty"es and hasten the #onversion o! straights, strongly !avorable images o! gays must be set be!ore the "ubli#. The #am"aign should "aint gay men and lesbians as su"erior ) veritable "illars o! so#iety. @Jir- and 6adsen" (!ter the 1all: <ow ( erica &ill 2on'uer Its +ear and <atred o! the =ay/s in the 30s" p. 14>,144B Famous histori#al !igures are es"e#ially use!ul to us !or two reasons- !irst, they are invariably dead as a doornail, hen#e in no "osition to deny the truth and sue !or libel. Se#ond, and more serious, the virtues and a##om"lishments that ma&e these histori# gay !igures admirable #annot be gainsaid or dismissed by the "ubli#, sin#e high s#hool history textboo&s have already set them in in#ontrovertible #ement. By #asting its violet s"otlight on su#h revered heroes, in no time a s&ill!ul media #am"aign #ould have the gay #ommunity loo&ing li&e the veritable !airy godmother to Western #ivili%ation. @Jir- and 6adsen" (!ter the 1all: <ow ( erica &ill 2on'uer Its +ear and <atred o! =ay/s in the 30s" p. 144B K =aBe 1vi&timiMers3 looB bad +inally there was there a plan on how to deal with the )#icti i5ers.* That is to a-e the loo- bad.

?ur "rimary ob.e#tive regarding diehard homohaters o! this sort is to #ow and silen#e them as !ar as "ossible, not to #onvert or even desensiti%e them. @Jir- and 6adsen" (!ter the 1all: <ow ( erica &ill 2on'uer Its +ear and <atred o! the =ay/s in the 30s" p.1>9B The real target here is not vi#timi%ers themselves but the homohatred that im"els them. @Jir- and 6adsen" (!ter the 1all <ow ( erica &ill 2on'uer Its +ear and <atred o! the =ay/s in the 30s" p. 143B The ob.e#tive is to ma&e homohating belie!s and a#tions loo& so nasty that average $meri#ans will want to disso#iate themselves !rom them. This, o! #ourse, is a variant on the "ro#ess o! .amming. @Jir- and 6adsen" (!ter the 1all: <ow ( erica &ill 2on'uer Its +ear and <atred o! the =ay/s in the 30s" p. 143B With the hel" o! the media, they "ortray those who re!use to buy, and es"e#ially any who dare to "ubli#ly o""ose +#om"etitively rea#t to,, the gay rights idea as bigots, homo"hobes, heterosexists, ignorant, hate!ul, intolerant, and so on. They "osition the a##used in the same #ategory as ra#ists, sexists, elitists, and other "e.orative #lasses. @Condeau" ):elling <o ose$uality to ( erica"* p. 494B The plan !or a-ing the )#icti i5ers* loo- bad also included a way o! dealing with the issue o! ho ose$uality and orality. Se#ond, gays #an undermine the moral authority o! homohating #hur#hes over less !ervent adherents by "ortraying su#h institutions as anti*uated ba#&waters, badly out o! ste" with the times and with the latest !indings o! "sy#hology. $gainst the atavisti# tug o! ?ld Time Beligion one must set the mightier "ull o! S#ien#e and @ubli# ?"inion +the shield and sword o! that a##ursed Cse#ular humanism,. @Jir- and 6adsen" (!ter the 1all: <ow ( erica &ill 2on'uer Its +ear and <atred o! the =ay/s in the 30s" p. 1>3B &e ha#e loo-ed at how the ideas to shi!t the !ocus !ro ho ose$ual beha#ior to )gay rights* and to portray ho ose$uals as )#icti s* was to be instru ented" what !ollows is a loo- at the !oundations !or the calculated public relations ca paign itsel!. The core o! this ca paign was to be through ainstrea edia by the use o! propaganda. We have in mind a strategy as #al#ulated and "ower!ul as that whi#h gays are a##used o! "ursuing by their enemies ) or, i! you "re!er, a "lan as mani"ulative as that whi#h our enemies themselves em"loy. Its time to learn !rom 3adison $venue, to rollout the big guns. Gays must laun#h a large ) s#ale #am"aign ) weve #alled it the Waging @ea#e #am"aign)to rea#h straights through the mainstream media. Were tal&ing about "ro"aganda. @Jir- and 6adsen" (!ter the 1all: <ow ( erica &ill 2on'uer Its +ear and <atred o! the =ay/s in the 30s" p. 191B ;ow #ould a movement ever "enetrate a mar&et that #onsists o! the hearts and minds o! an entire so#iety< The &ey was to #onsider !irst and !oremost the media in everything the homosexual movement did ) to #ontrol in!ormation and images. ?nly by #ontrolling the in!ormation #ould they saturate im"ortant #enters o! in!luen#e and thus avoid or the in!ormation #ould they saturate im"ortant #enters o! in!luen#e and thus avoid or beat other ideas in the mar&et. @Condeau" ):elling <o ose$uality to ( erica" p. 499B The term C "ro"aganda a""lies to any deliberate attem"t to "ersuade the masses via "ubli# #ommuni#ations media. Su#h #ommuni#ation is everywhere, o! #ourse, being a mainstay o! modern so#ieties. Its !un#tion is not to "er"etrate, but to "ro"agateE that is, to s"read new ideas and !eelings +or rein!or#e old ones, whi#h may themselves be either evil or good de"ending on their

"ur"ose and e!!e#t. The "ur"ose and e!!e#t o! "rogay "ro"aganda is to "romote a #limate o! in#reased toleran#e !or homosexuals. $nd that, we say, is good. Three #hara#teristi#s distinguish "ro"aganda !rom other modes o! #ommuni#ation and #ontribute to its sinister re"utation. First, "ro"aganda relies more u"on emotional mani"ulation than u"on logi#, sin#e its goal is, in !a#t, to bring about a #hange in the "ubli#s !eelings. Bertrand Bussell on#e as&ed, DWhy is "ro"aganda so mu#h more su##ess!ul when it stirs u" hatred than when it tries to stir u" !riendly !eelings<D The answer is that the "ubli# is more eager to hate than to love, es"e#ially where outgrou"s are #on#ernedE and that, &nowing this, "ro"agandists have seldom attem"ted to eli#it !riendly !eelings or dam"en hatred. This time, however, we gays will attem"t "re#isely that. $nd well be more su##ess!ul than be!ore be#ause we #an base our e!!orts on te#hni*ues +desensiti%ation, .amming, and #onversion, derived dire#tly !rom a solid understanding o! the "sy#hology o! homhatred. The se#ond sinister #hara#teristi# o! "ro"aganda is its !re*uent use o! outright lies, a ta#ti# we neither need nor #ondone. In the long run, big !at lies wor& only !or the "ro"agandists o! totalitarian states, who #an ma&e them sti#& by exer#ising almost #om"lete #ontrol over "ubli# in!ormation. But in "luralisti# so#ieties, su#h as ours, #hroni# liars on #ontroversial sub.e#ts are invariably !ound out and dis#redited in the "ress by their o""onents. +There is, alas, an ex#e"tion#ertain lies be#ome hallowed "ubli# myths, "ersisting !or as long as the "ubli# #hooses to believe them. (eed we mention the Big 'ie<, Third, even when it sti#&s to the !a#ts, "ro"aganda #an be unabashedly sub.e#tive and one)sided. There is nothing ne#essarily wrong with this. @ro"aganda tells its own side o! the story as movingly +and #redibly, as "ossible,sin#eit#an #ount on its enemies to tell the other side with a vengean#e. In the battle !or hearts and minds, e!!e#tive "ro"aganda &nows enough to "ut its best !oot !orward. This is what our own media #am"aign must do. @Jir- and 6adsen" (!ter the 1all: <ow ( erica &ill 2on'uer Its +ear and <atred o! the =ay/s in the 30s" p. 1992,198B Q Aenseniti5e" Ja " and 2on#ersion Generally s"ea&ing, the most e!!e#tive "ro"aganda !or our #ause must su##eed in doing three things at on#e. X 7m"loy images that desensiti%e, .am, andQor #onvert bigots on an emotional level. This is by !ar, the most im"ortant tas&. X /hallenge homohating belie!s and a#tions on a +not too, intelle#tual level. Bemember, the rational message serves to #amou!lage our underlying emotional a""eal, even as it "ares away the surrounding latti#ewor& o! belie!s that rationali%e bigotry. X Gain a##ess to the &inds o! "ubli# media that would automati#ally #on!er legitima#y u"on these messages and, there!ore, u"on their gay s"onsors. To be a##e"ted by the most "restigious media, su#h as networ& TG, our messages themselves will have to be ) at least initially ) both subtle in "ur"ose and #ra!ty in #onstru#tion. @Jir- and 6adsen" (!ter the 1all: <ow ( erica &ill 2on'uer Its +ear and <atred o! the =ay/s in the 30s" p. 1>2,1>8B The grou"s used by homosexual a#tivists to distribute the homosexual idea and gay rights issues were those that tou#hed the most $meri#ans and had the highest sour#e o! #reditability. Just li&e the tremendous leverage they a#hieved by #o)o"ting the mental health "ro!essions who would then be#ome disseminators o! the homosexual agenda through a#tions and "rograms, it was "lanned that the media, the government, edu#ators, and liberal, less !ervent #hur#hes would be !or#ed on

board. 7a#h o! these #hannels #arries its own authority and #redibility. @Condeau" ):elling <o ose$uality to ( erica" p. 49>B Fnderlying the core o! the ca paign" the use o! propaganda dissi ilated through the use o! ainstrea edia was to be !ir ly grounded in three long,established principles o! psychology and ad#ertising . They are desensiti5ation" .a ing" and con#ersion. The #am"aign we outline in this boo&, though #om"lex, de"ends #entrally u"on a "rogram o! unabashed "ro"aganda, !irmly grounded in long)established "rin#i"les o! "sy#hology and advertising. @Jir- and 6adsen" (!ter the 1all: <ow ( erica &ill 2on'uer Its +ear and <atred o! the =ay/s in the 30s" p. $$#iB 1. Aesensitation We #an extra#t the !ollowing "rin#i"le !or our #am"aign- to desensiti%e straights to gays and gayness, inundate them in a #ontinuous !lood o! gay)related advertising, "resented in the least o!!ensive !ashion "ossible. I! straights #ant shut o!! the shower, they may at least eventually get use to being wet. @Jir- and 6adsen" (!ter the 1all: <ow ( erica &ill 2on'uer Its +ear and <atred o! the =ay/s in the 30s" p. 143B =esensiti%ation aims at lowering the intensity o! antigay emotional rea#tions to a level a""roximating sheer indi!!eren#eE . . . @Jir- and 6adsen" (!ter the 1all: <ow ( erica &ill 2on'uer Its +ear and <atred o! the =ay/s in the 30s" p. 158B The third "rin#i"le is our re#i"e !or desensiti%ing $mbivalent S&e"ti#sE that is, !or hel"ing straights view homosexuality with neutrality rather than &een hostility. $t least at the outset, we see& desensiti%ation and nothing more. >ou #an !orget about trying right u" !ront to "ersuade !ol&s that homosexuality is a good thing. But i! you #an get them to thin& it is .ust another thing ) meriting no more than a shrug o! the shoulders ) then your battle !or legal and so#ial rights is virtually won. @Jir- and 6adsen" (!ter the 1all: <ow ( erica &ill 2on'uer Its +ear and <atred o! the =ay/s in the 30s" p. 1>>B 2. Ja ing

Jamming ma&es use o! the rules o! $sso#iative /onditioning +the "sy#hologi#al "ro#ess whereby, when two things are re"eatedly .uxta"osed, ones !eelings about one thing are trans!ormed to the other, and =ire#t 7motional 3odeling +the inborn tenden#y o! human beings to !eel what they "er#eive others to be !eeling,. @Jir- and 6adsen" (!ter the 1all: <ow ( erica &ill 2on'uer Its +ear and <atred o! the =ay/s in the 30s" p. 150B . . .Jamming attem"ts to blo#&ade or #ountera#ts the rewarding C"ride in "re.udi#e +"ea#e, Jane $usten\, by atta#hing to homohatred a "reexisting, and "unishing, sense o! shame in being a bigot, a horses ass, and a beater and murder. @Jir- and 6adsen" (!ter the 1all: <ow ( erica &ill 2on'uer Its +ear and <atred o! the =ay/s in the 30s" p. 158B 8. 2on#ersion We mean #onversion o! the average $meri#ans emotions, mind, and will, through a "lanned "sy#hologi#al atta#& in the !orm o! "ro"aganda !ed to the nation via the media. @Jir- and 6adsen" (!ter the 1all: <ow ( erica &ill 2on'uer Its +ear and <atred o! the =ay/s in the 30s" p. 158B

In /onversion, we mimi# the natural "ro#ess o! stereoty"elearning, with the !ollowing e!!e#t- we ta&e the bigots good !eelings about all)right guys, and atta#h them to the label gay, either wea&ening or, eventually, re"la#ing his bad !eelings toward the label and the "rior stereoty"e. nderstanding =ire#t 7motional 3odeling, youll readily !oresee its a""li#ation to /onversionwhereas in Jamming the target is shown a bigot being re.e#ted by his #rowd !or his "re.udi#e against gays, in /onversion the target is shown his #rowd a#tually asso#iating with gays in good !ellowshi". @Jir- and 6adsen" (!ter the 1all: <ow ( erica &ill 2on'uer Its +ear and <atred o! the =ay/s in the 30s" p. 155B K 5oming @ut Jir- and 6adsen in their boo-" (!ter the 1all: <ow ( erica &ill 2on'uer Its +ear and <atred o! the =ay/s in the 30s" too- the concept o! )co ing out* and applying the three long,established principles o! psychology and ad#ertising desensiti5ation" .a ing" and con#ersion to it e$plaining how it would greatly ad#ance the )gay rights* o#e ent. )2o ing out* is the concept whereby one punlicly accepts and/or adopts the identity o! being a ho ose$ual. First #oming out hel"s desensiti%e straights. $s more and more gays emerge into everyday li!e, gays as a grou" will begin to seem more !amiliar and unex#e"tional to straights, hen#e less alarming and ob.e#tionable. @Jir- and 6adsen" (!ter the 1all: <ow ( erica &ill 2on'uer Its +ear and <atred o! the =ay/s in the 30s" p. 19>B Se#ond, #oming out allows more .amming o! the reward system !or homohatred. Jamming, youll re#all, means interru"ting the smooth wor&ings o! bigotry by indu#ing in#onsistent !eelings in the bigot. @Jir- and 6adsen" (!ter the 1all: <ow ( erica &ill 2on'uer Its +ear and <atred o! the =ay/s in the 30s" p. 19>B Third, #oming out is a #riti#al #atalyst !or the all)im"ortant C#onversion "ro#ess, as well. /onversion is more than merely desensiti%ing straights or .amming their homohatred- it entails ma&ing them a#tually li&e and a##e"t homosexuals as a grou", enabling straights to identi!y with them. @Jir- and 6adsen" (!ter the 1all: <ow ( erica &ill 2on'uer Its +ear and <atred o! the =ay/s in the 30s" p. 194B Finally, in addition to ma&ing desensiti%ation, .amming, and #onversion "ossible, #oming out is the &ey to so#io"oliti#al em"owerment, the ability o! the gay #ommunity to #ontrol its own destiny. The more gay individuals who stand u" to be #ounted, the more voting and s"ending "ower the gay #ommunity will be re#ogni%ed to have. $s an inevitable result, "oliti#s and business will woo us, the "ress will "ubli#i%e our #on#erns and re"ort our news, and our #ommunity will en.oy enhan#ed "restige. @Jir- and 6adsen" (!ter the 1all: <ow ( erica &ill 2on'uer Its +ear and <atred o! the =ay/s in the 30s" p. 194B &hat is the goal o! the )gayrights* o#e ent? &hether there is an )ho ose$ual agenda* that is an organi5ed atte pt by ho ose$uals to ad#ance ho ose$ual rights Jir- and 6adsen in their boo-" (!ter the 1all: <ow ( erica &ill 2on'uer Its +ear and <atred o! the =ay/s in the 30s" certainly atte pt to i ply that one is needed and it would be good !or both ho ose$uals and society at large. S"e#i!i#ally, we want straights to believe that we no more #hoose gayness than they do straightnessE that its a valid and healthy #onditionE and that, when treated with res"e#t and !riendshi", were ha""y and "sy#hologi#ally well ad.usted as they are. We want them to reali%e that we loo&, !eel, and a#t .ust as they doE were hard)wor&ing, #ons#ientious $meri#ans with love lives exa#tly li&e their own. We want to be seen as the brothers and sisters, daughters and sons, !riends

and #o)wor&ers, and ) yes ) !athers and mothers o! straight $meri#ans- a valued "art o! $meri#an so#iety, a "art whose #ulture, heroes, and news are worthy o! attention and res"e#t. @Jir- and 6adsen" (!ter the 1all: <ow ( erica &ill 2on'uer Its +ear and <atred o! the =ay/s in the 30s" p. 8>3,840B The !ollowing co ents are !ro Condeau/s article ):elling <o ose$uality to ( erica* and one who opposes ho ose$uality writes this article. <is article was published in 2002I thirteen years a!ter Jir- and 6adsen published their boo- (!ter the 1all. <is co ents show .ust how success!ul ho ose$uals ha#e been with the care!ully calculated public relations ca paign to shi!t the public/s !ocus and the discussion o! ho ose$uality !ro )ho ose$ual beha#ior* to the idea o! )gay rights*. ;omosexual a#tivists now routinely name themselves as o!ten and as "ubli#ly as they wish to be dr!ined. @Condeau" ):elling <o ose$uality to ( erica"* p. 492,498B /on#e"ts introdu#ed through the media, edu#ation, government, and #ourts by the homosexual movement theme have sha"ed our dis#ourseE homo"hobia, heterosexism, toleran#e and hate s"ee#h are now mainstream verna#ular. @Condeau" ):elling <o ose$uality to ( erica"* p. 448B The #urrent debate, then, is !ramed di!!erently by both sides. Is homosexual behavior normal or abnormal< $re the maladies #ommonly asso#iated with the homosexual #ondition +de"ression, $I=S, sui#ide, #an#er, #aused by the behavior itsel! or so#ietys rea#tion to it< $re homosexuals .ust the same as heterosexuals< Should s#ien#e or so#iety determine the a##e"tability o! gayness< I! history re"eats itsel!, the "oint o! view that holds sway in $meri#as #ourts will !irst hold sway in the minds and hearts o! individual #iti%ens, .udges, and lawma&ers. $nd the heart and mind o! so#iety is the target mar&et that the gay rights #am"aign means to #a"ture in order to win in #ourts. @Condeau" ):elling <o ose$uality to ( erica"* p. 452B This ex"lains why the gay rights movement o!ten !o#uses on negative labeling +bigot, ignorant, intolerant, in the mar&et"la#e o! #om"eting ideasE a so#ial environment is #reated that is un!riendly to anti)homosexual s"ee#h. 'i&e /hinese water torture rather than brute !or#e, only so#ially en!or#ed "ubli# #om"lian#e at a minimum level, through #ontinued a""li#ation, #an ultimately #hange the "rivately held attitude or belie!. Thus, to "sy#hologi#ally "ro"el so#ietal attitude #hange regarding homosexuality, $meri#a is deluged with "ro)homosexual messages, edu#ation #am"aigns, "ositive images, and sym"atheti# news in the media #reating an ante#edent #ondition that #an be #alled so#ietal dissonan#e.D @Condeau" ):elling <o ose$uality to ( erica"* p. 459B Today, homo"hobes and heterosexists are "ro#laimed to be the "roblem. ;ate #rimes and gay rights legislation are "ro"osed as the solution. >et, the "ur"ose o! law is to dis#riminate against #ertain behaviors. It even dis#riminates against those with real "athologi#al behaviors, i.e., al#oholi#s who drive drun&. 'aws dis#riminate against "arents who believe it is normal to ex"loit their #hildren, #om"anies who .usti!y ma&ing !alse "romises or dangerous "rodu#ts, #iti%ens who believe that they should not have to "ay higher taxes, in#om"etent do#tors, drug dealers, and ti#&et s#a"lers. The debate is not about the "erse#ution o! a "oliti#al minority but is about the states right and its duty to regulate against behaviors that are unhealthy and destru#tive to so#iety at large. DI! at the level o! #ivil "oliti#s there are homosexual "eo"le who do not want to be &nown solely through what

sex they have or where and with how many they have it, it is nonetheless absurd to #laim that sex is merely an#illary to the gay . . . agenda. Gay rights is not about the attainment o! truth nor so#ial .usti#e but the a#hievement o! "ower. The battle #enters on the #ontrol o! "ubli# dis#ourse through mar&eting and "ersuasion, to sha"e what so#iety thin&s about and how they thin& about it. ;omosexual a#tivists envision that a de#ision is ultimately made without so#iety ever reali%ing that it has been "ur"osely #onditioned to arrive at a #on#lusion that it thin&s is its own. @erha"s with the a""li#ation o! #ommon sense, the balan#e #an be regained between right and rights and thereby not only will the !ew be "rote#ted !rom the whims o! the masses but the masses #an be saved !rom the ex#esses o! the !ew.D @Condeau" ):elling <o ose$uality to ( erica"* p. 444, 445B Dibliogra!hy (belo#e" <enry" 6ichele (ine 1arale and Aa#id 6. <alprin. The 7esbian and =ay :tudies Ceader. Coutledge. 0ew Gor- and 7ondon" 1338. A/? ilio" John. )2apitalis and =ay Identity" 49>,4>9" in The 7esbian and =ay :tudies Ceader by <enry (belo#e" 6ichele (ine 1arale and Aa#id 6. <alperin. Coutledge. 0ew Gor- and 7ondon" 1338. Auber an" 6artin. 7e!t %ut. :outh ?nd Eress. 2a bridge" 6(" 2002. Jir-" 6arshall and <unter 6adsen Eh.A. (!ter the 1all: <ow ( erica &ill 2on'uer Its +ear and <atred o! the =ay/s in the 30s. Aoubleday. 0ew Gor-" 1343. Condeau" Eaul ?. ):elling <o ose$uality to ( erica.* Cegent Fni#ersity 7aw Ce#iew. :pring 2002" ;ol. 14" 0o. 2" 448,445B &ee-s" Je!!ery. :e$uality and Its Aiscontents 6eanings" 6yths and 6odern :e$ualities. Coutledge and Jegan Eaul. 7ondon" 1344.

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7arry <ouston o 2hapter %ne ?ssentialis or :ocial 2onstructionis o 2hapter Ten <o ose$ual Identity +or ation o 2hapter 4 Ten Eercent <o ose$ual 6yth o 2hapter 8 (l!red Jinsey o 2hapter 11 <o ose$ual Earenting 6yth

)n the same se&tion

In the sa e section 2hapter 3 =ay Teen :uicide 6yth 2hapter 5 :tonewall to the 1340s 2hapter 11 <o ose$ual Earenting 6yth 2hapter 10 <o ophobia 6yth 2hapter > ( <o ose$ual (genda? 2hapter 9 (ssi ilation or 7iberation 2hapter 8 (l!red Jinsey 2hapter 1 &ho or &hat 5ha!ter # "0P +omosexual =yth ( recent e#ent in the de#elop ent o! the ) odern ho ose$ual* is signi!icant" but ay not yet be considered historical. In a legal brie! !iled in a June 2008 :upre e 2ourt case" 7awrence #s. Te$as" a coalition o! 81 leading pro,ho ose$ual acti#ists groups did not use the 10H !igure !or the nu ber o! ho ose$uals in ( erica. Included in this coalition are so e o! the leading national organi5ations the <u an Cights 2a paignI the 0ational =ay T 7esbian Tas- +orceI Earents" +a ilies T +riends o! 7esbians and =ays @E+7(=BI the =ay T 7esbian (lliance (gainst Ae!a ation @=7((ABI and the Eeople !or the ( erican &ay +oundation. They !iled an a icus curiae brie! @or S!riend o! the court/ brie!B with the F.:. :upre e 2ourt in the case o! 7awrence #s. Te$as. These groups cited in their legal brie!" !ro a study that was published in 1334" the 0ational <ealth and :ocial 7i!e :ur#ey @0<:7:B. The results o! this study are in a boo- by 7au ann" et al." The :ocial %rgani5ation o! :e$: :e$ual Eractices in the Fnited :tates. This study reported that L2.4 percent o! the ale" and 1.4H o! the !e ale" population identi!y the sel#es as gay" lesbian" or bise$ual.L The ad ission o! these !igures by these groups in their legal brie! is in star- contrast to what has been historically cited in the popular yth that 10H o! the population is ho ose$ual. It is this 10H yth that has been historically used to ad#ocate !or the acceptance o! ho ose$uality and e#en !or ho ose$ual support groups in high schools across the country. )Ero.ect 10* in the 7os (ngeles" 2( school district" !ounded in 1344" was one o! the !irst o! these groups" and note the na e o! the group. 6any o! these groups today are co only -nown now as =ay and :traight (lliances. $lthough less than 6 "er#ent o! men and women en.oyed relatively "ermanent and li!elong adult sexual relationshi"s with others o! the same gender, this !igure has been a "oliti#al !ootball ever sin#e. The number 48 "er#ent a""eared later and was not the idea o! MinseyE "erha"s it emerged !rom the subse*uent "oliti#al a#tivism o! gays or their #riti#s +3i#haels 422:,. Minsey himsel! never "romoted this idea, but it has be#ame established in the #ultural imagination as a magi# number. In !a#t, the "er#entage o! $meri#ans who are more or less gayQlesbian identi!ied is "robable smaller sin#e the best s#ienti!i# survey study has !ound that only 0 "er#ent o! men and less than 9 "er#ent o! women are ex#lusively homosexual +'aumann et al. 422L,. @<erdt" :a e :e$" Ai!!erent 2ultures: =ays and 7esbians (cross 2ultures" p.52,58B I @rigins o' the 1"0P =yth The 10H yth !or the nu ber o! ho ose$uals is connected to the Jinsey study and an indi#idual" 1ruce ;oeller. 7au ann"et al. in a !ootnote" on page 243" in their boo-" The :ocial %rgani5ation o! :e$: :e$ual Eractices in the Fnited :tates" lin-s the two together. In a 1330 clai ade by 1ruce ;oeller" who was in the late 13>0s chair o! the 0ational =ay Tas- +orce" ta-es credit !or the origination o! the 10H yth. ;oeller writes in his article ):o e Fses and (buses o! the Jinsey :cale* how he ca e up with the 10H nu ber. This article is !ound in the boo-" <o ose$uality/<eterose$uality 2oncepts o! :e$ual %rientation. The use o! this yth beginning in

the late 13>0s by the odern gays rights o#e ent/s ca paign was to con#ince politicians and the public that )&e Ogays and lesbiansP (re ?#erywhere.* I Oinsey I thin& it worth noting two ma.or "oints about the *uoted se#tion !rom the mens re"ort. The !irst is that, as Ive indi#ated, what Minsey said and what we have #ome to believe Minsey said are two di!!erent things, ;e did not say that 48 "er#ent o! the male "o"ulation was homosexual. ;e was *uite ex"li#it on the sub.e#t. @(rcher" The ?nd o! =ay and the death o! heterose$uality" p.128B The boo-" :e$ual 1eha#ior in the <u an 6ale" by (l!red Jinsey" et al. published in 1344 is historically signi!icant in the de#elop ent o! the concept o! the ) odern ho ose$ual*. Jinsey/s study was once considered the Lde!ining study o! ho ose$ualityL but which has now been shown to be otherwise. Jinsey in his study saw not a ho ose$ual person" but ho ose$ual acts. It would en#ourage #lear thin&ing on these matters i! "ersons were not #hara#teri%ed as heterosexual or homosexual, but as individuals who have had #ertain amounts o! heterosexual ex"erien#e and #ertain amounts o! homosexual ex"erien#e. Instead o! using these terms as substantives whi#h stand !or "ersons, or even as ad.e#tives to des#ribe "ersons, they may better be used to des#ribe the nature o! the overt sexual relations, or o! the stimuli to whi#h an individual eroti#ally res"onds. @Jinsey" Eo eroy" T 6artin" :e$ual 1eha#ior in the <u an 6ale" p. 91>B 3ales do not re"resent two dis#rete "o"ulations, heterosexual and homosexual. @Jinsey" Eo eroy" T 6artin" :e$ual 1eha#ior in the <u an 6ale" p. 983B From all o! this, it should be evident that one is not warranted in re#ogni%ing merely two ty"es o! individuals, heterosexual and homosexual, and that the #hara#teri%ation o! the homosexual as a third sex !ails to des#ribe any a#tuality. @Jinsey" Eo eroy" T 6artin" :e$ual 1eha#ior in the <u an 6ale" p. 94>B From all o! this, it be#omes obvious that any *uestion as to the number o! "ersons in the world who are homosexual and the number who are heterosexual is unanswerable. @Jinsey" Eo eroy" T 6artin" :e$ual 1eha#ior in the <u an 6ale" p. 950B Jinsey wrote about the physical se$ual acts a ale did" and it was based on the orgas s he achie#ed. Jinsey easured )outlets"* that was an organis and listed si$ !or s that one could easure. In order o! their treat ent by Jinsey in the 6ale #olu e were asturbation" nocturnal e issions" heterose$ual petting" heterose$ual intercourse" ho ose$ual relations" and intercourse with ani als o! other species. It was !ro Jinsey/s study that the popular yth" 10H o! the population is ho ose$ual purposely originated !ro . Ti e has not ser#ed Jinsey and his study well. The criticis he initially recei#ed o#er the publication o! his study has continued to grow o#er the years. ?#en in his day the study was 'uestioned about its scienti!ic #alue and the scienti!ic standards he i posed in underta-ing his study. I +omosexual advo&ates a&Bnowledge the 1"0P =yth3 Though this 10H nu ber is no longer widely used" you ay still hear or read about it. The 10H yth is widely used in older boo-s and articles published ad#ocating !or ho ose$uality. Jir- and 6adsen in their boo- published in 1343" (!ter the 1all <ow ( erica &ill 2on'uer Its +ear and <atred o! the =ay/s in the 30s" wrote about this 10H !igure. 6arshall Jir- is a 1340 graduate o! <ar#ard Fni#ersity. 2o,author <unter 6adsen is a public,co unications e$pert who has taught on the <ar#ard Fni#ersity !aculty" designed co ercial ad#ertising on 6adison (#enue and helped

with the !irst national gay ad#ertising e!!ort" the Eositi#e I ages 2a paign. It is a boo- ad#ocating !or ho ose$uality and a change in the strategy !ro a gay re#olution to a public relations ca paign !or winning greater acceptance o! ho ose$uality in ( erica. /onse*uently, gays are assumed to be *uite rare. $lthough when "olled, the average $meri#an now estimates the "ro"ortion o! gays in the general "o"ulation at roughly 48 "er#ent ) whi#h is *uite #orre#t ) he is only "arroting ba#& a mu#h)bandied)about and, to him, a meaningless statisti#. ;e doesnt understand its im"li#ations, and #ertainly doesnt believe that that C48 "er#ent lives anywhere near him, still less that it might in#lude some o! his !riends and a#*uaintan#es. Bather his believe is, 3aybe 48 "er#ent nationally, but not in my ba#&yard. @Jir- and 6adsen" (!ter the 1all <ow ( erica &ill 2on'uer Its +ear and <atred o! the =ay/s in the 30s" p. $#i,$#iiB I! we must draw the line somewhere and "i#& a s"e#i!i# "er#entage !or "ro"aganda "ur"oses, we may as well sti#& with the solidly #onservative !igure suggested by Minsey de#ades ago- ta&ing men ad women together, at least 48A o! the "o"ula#e has demonstrated its homosexual "ro#livities so extensively that the "ro"ortion may reasonably be #alled Cgay. @Jir- and 6adsen" (!ter the 1all <ow ( erica &ill 2on'uer Its +ear and <atred o! the =ay/s in the 30s" p. 15B 7e;ay is a ho ose$ual ad#ocate and researcher who conducted the )gay brain* study in the early 1330s. In a boo-" 2ity o! +riends" published in 1335 he ac-nowledges that the 10H !igure is a yth. In addition, Minsey re"orted that 48 "er#ent o! men are more or less ex#lusively homosexual !or at least three years between the ages o! sixteen and !i!ty)!ive. This !igure was later sei%ed on by gay rights a#tivitists and ta&en that one in ten men are gay. In !a#t, however, Minsey stated that only L "er#ent o! the male "o"ulation are ex#lusively homosexual throughout their lives. @7e;ay T 0onas" 2ity o! +riends" p.51B What !ra#tion o! the S "o"ulation is gay or lesbian< The !igure one hears most #ommonly in the gay #ommunity is 48 "er#ent. Several gay and lesbian organi%ations, boo&s and "eriodi#als uses this !igure in their names, an indi#ation that it is seen as im"ortant to gay and lesbian esteem. The 48 "er#ent !igure is derived !rom the Minsey studies o! !orty to !i!ty years ago +see #ha"ter 0,. What Minsey a#tually re"orted was that 48 "er#ent o! men were more or less ex#lusively homosexual !or three years o! their adult lives. In Minseys data, only about L "er#ent o! men and 9 "er#ent o! women were ex#lusively homosexual throughout their adult lives. Furthermore, Minseys sam"ling and interviewing "ro#edures would not be #onsidered s#ienti!i#ally valid today. 3ore re#ent studies have #onsistently "rodu#ed !igures lower than 48 "er#ent. @7e;ay" T 0onas" 2ity o! +riends" p.101,102B Eaigila sel!,identi!ies as a libertian and a lesbian wo an. :he has both !oes and critics a ong other gays and lesbians. <er 'uotes are !ro a boo- published in 1334. From the start o! my media #areer, I atta#&ed the mu#h)touted a#tivists #laim that 48 "er#ent o! the "o"ulation is gay ) whi#h always was a distortion o! Minseys !indings that 48 "er#ent had had some homosexual ex"erien#e over their li!etime. @Eaigila" ;a ps T Tra ps" p. >8,>4B The 48 "er#ent !igure, servilely re"eated by the media, was "ure "ro"aganda, and it made me, as a s#holar des"ise gay a#tivists !or their uns#ru"ulous disregard !or the truth. Their !ibs and !abri#ations #ontinue now about the still)!ragmentary eviden#e !or a geneti# lin& to homosexuality and !or homosexual behavior among animals. @Eaigila" ;a ps T Tra ps" p. >4B

I "0P =yth is stilled used 0ow so e o! those ad#ocating !or ho ose$uality a-e re!erence to this 10H nu ber in #ery care!ully worded state ents. (ccording to so e one in ten people are ho ose$ual. %thers say that up to 10H are ho ose$ual. $##ording to estimates, at least 4 in 48 teenagers struggles with issues regarding sexual orientation. @=aro!alo" &ol!" Jessel" Eal!rey" and AuCant" )The (ssociation 1etween <ealth Cis- 1eha#iors and :e$ual %rientation ( ong a :chool,based :a ple o! (dolescents"* p. 433,430B This is a state ent that was ade in a 1334 article !ro Eediatrics. +our o! the !i#e article/s authors at the ti e o! its publication were a!!iliated with the <ar#ard 6edical :chool or the <ar#ard :chool o! Eublic health. In the article this state ent was re!erenced by a !ootnote to a 1332 article titled ):pecial health care needs o! ho ose$ual youth* in (dolescent 6edicine +or o#er 80 years those ad#ocating !or the acceptance o! ho ose$uality ha#e repeatedly cited this 10H yth !or the use o! political gain and social acceptance o! ho ose$uality. (lthough there ha#e been a !ew o! those ad#ocating !or ho ose$uality who ac-nowledge the 10H yth. Eerhaps ost i portantly it was not used in a )!riend o! the court* legal brie! !iled by a coalition o! pro,ho ose$ual acti#ists group in the 2008 :upre e 2ourt case" 7awrence #. Te$asI rather a uch lower nu ber was cited. Dibliogra!hy (rcher" 1ert. The ?nd o! =ay @and the death o! heterose$ualityB. Thunder/s 6outh Eress. 0ew Gor-" 2002. =aro!alo" 6A CobertI 2a eron &ol!" 6:I :hari Jessel" :c1I Judith Eal!rey" 6AI and Cobert <. AuCant" EhA. )The (ssociation 1etween <ealth Cis- 1eha#iors and :e$ual %rientation ( ong a :chool,based :a ple o! (dolescents.* Eediatrics. 6ay 1334" ;ol. 101" 0o. 5" 435,302. <erdt" =ilbert. :a e :e$" Ai!!erent 2ultures: =ays and 7esbians (cross 2ultures. &est#iewEress. 133>. Jinsey" (l!red 2." &arren 1. Eo eroy" and 2lyde ?. 6artin. :e$ual 1eha#ior in the <u an 6ale. &. 1. :aunders 2o pany. Ehiladelphia and 7ondon" 1394. Jir-" 6arshall and <unter 6adsen Eh.A." (!ter the 1all <ow ( erica &ill 2on'uer Its +ear and <atred o! the =ay/s in the 30s. Aoubleday . 0ew Gor-" 1343. 7au ann" ?dward" %." John 0. =agnon" Cobert T. 6icheal" and :tuart 6ichaels. The :ocial %rgani5ation %! :e$uality :e$ual Eractices o! the Fnited :tates. The Fni#ersity o! 2hicago Eress. 2hicago T 7ondon" 1334. 7e;ay" :i on T ?lisabeth 0onas. 2ity o! +riends. The 6IT Eress. 2a bridge" 6(" 1335. Eaigila" 2a ille. ;a ps T Tra ps. ;intage 1oo-s. 0ew Gor-" 1334. ;oeller" 1ruce. ):o e Fses and (buses o! the Jinsey :cale.* p.82,84. in 6c&hirter" Aa#id E.6.A." :tephanie (. :anders Eh.A." and June 6acho#er Ceinisch" Eh.A. <o ose$uality/<eterose$uality 2oncepts o! :e$ual %rientation. %$!ord Fni#ersity Eress. 0ew Gor- and 7ondon" 1330.

http://www.banap.net/spip.php?article40

5ha!ter E 6ay 4een Sui&ide =yth

:aturday 29 6ay 200>.

Dy the same authors

7arry <ouston o 2hapter %ne ?ssentialis or :ocial 2onstructionis o 2hapter Ten <o ose$ual Identity +or ation o 2hapter 4 Ten Eercent <o ose$ual 6yth o 2hapter 8 (l!red Jinsey o 2hapter 11 <o ose$ual Earenting 6yth

)n the same se&tion

In the sa e section 2hapter 1 &ho or &hat 2hapter > ( <o ose$ual (genda? 2hapter 10 <o ophobia 6yth 2hapter 2 The 1490s to the 1340s 2hapter 8 (l!red Jinsey 2hapter 9 (ssi ilation or 7iberation 2hapter 4 Ten Eercent <o ose$ual 6yth 2hapter 11 <o ose$ual Earenting 6yth 5ha!ter E 6ay 4een Sui&ide =yth There are an o#erwhel ing range o! e otions and !eelings when discussing suicide. It is e#en ore disturbing when suicide beco es apart o! a political agenda. The idea that gay teens are at a higher ris- !or suicide ay be seen in this conte$t. The !ollowing is written to help e$plain with clarity and a purpose to eet the needs o! all o! the youth who struggle with suicide. Sui#ide is usually a story o! mis"er#e"tions and misunderstandings, o! !eelings o! des"air and la#& o! #ontrolE it #annot be attributed sim"ly to having a di!!i#ult li!e. $nd it has no "la#e on anyones "oliti#al agenda, no matter how worthy. @:cha!!er" )Eolitical :cience"*p.119B ;igh)*uality #are de"ends on sound s#ienti!i# resear#h to determine the #auses o! sui#ide and to determine e!!e#tiveness and sa!ety interventions. Besear#h on the relationshi" between sexual orientation and sui#ide, however, is limited both in *uantity and *uality. @6uehrer" ):uicide and :e$ual %rientation: ( 2ritical :u ary o! Cecent Cesearch and Airections !or +uture Cesearch"* p.>2B $e'ining terms %ne o! the largest concerns in studies o! suicide is the de!ining o! ter s associated with suicide. This is also a proble in ho ose$ual studies. Eeople are ho ose$ual" gay" and 'ueer. ?ach ter has di!!erent eanings when used by indi#iduals in #arious conte$ts. (t one ti e those ad#ocating !or ho ose$uality used se$ual )pre!erence* and now it is se$ual )orientation* to describe erotic attraction between indi#iduals. &hether the attraction is between e bers o! the sa e se$ or to the opposite se$.

:tudies and discussion o! suicide are ha pered by the lac- o! a standard no enclature" i.e. de!inition o! ter s. There is a no 'uestion understanding the eaning o! suicide. 0or is there con!usion with suicide ideation" thin-ing about suicide. 1ut there is a proble with deter ining the seriousness o! these thoughts" because they are sel!,reported. In between these two ter s are the ideas o! suicidal threats" beha#ior" acts" and atte pts. (gain 'uestions arise concerning the seriousness o! these actions" !or e$a ple a suicide atte pt resulting in no in.uries and an atte pt resulting in in.uries. 1oth are suicide atte pts" but in the reporting o! the ay be o! concern. (tte pts o!ten are sel!,reported and without in.uries re'uiring inter#ention by others ay lead to 'uestions o! the #alidity o! the atte pt. 6any people" who only desire attention" ay use suicide as a way o! recei#ing attention. :uicide" !ro ideation to co pletion is di!!icult !or those seeing it as a possible solution to a proble " and e'ually di!!icult !or the ones see-ing to help. +istori&al 2ers!e&tive Though his !indings were greatly overshadowed by a lawsuit brought six students who #harged him with obs#enity +he was !ound guilty and made to "ay a !ine and #osts,, he managed to #ondu#t the !irst large)s#ale gay survey, the s#ienti!i# te#hni*ue u"on whi#h the gay movement was to #ontinually re)establish its #redentials with in#reasing !re*uen#y and s"e#iali%ation over the next #entury. ;irs#h!elds two ultimate .usti!i#ations !or his organi%ation and his a#tivist ta#ti#s and "ursuits also bore a stri&ing resemblan#e to those used in #ontinuing the !ight he started. The !irst was to establish as s#ienti!i# !a#t that the homosexual was born, not made, and so was beyond the s#o"e o! a legal system that #ould "unish "eo"le !or what they did, not who they were. The se#ond was to "revent teenage sui#ide. @(rcher" The ?nd o! =ay and the death o! heterose$uality" p.>9B The idea o! a Sho ose$ual/ being a distinct type o! a person was !irst ad#ocated in the 1490s in =er any. It was by those ad#ocating !or legal rights !or Sho ose$uals/. %ne early =er an leader !or the e ancipation o! ho ose$uals was 6agnus <irsch!eld @1494,1385B. %! the early Sho ose$ual/ rights ad#ocates" <irsch!eld/s career and legacy presents in retrospect as any errors and !ailures to be shunned as achie#e ents to e ulate. <e was Sho ose$ual/ hi sel! li-e any o! the other early ad#ocates !or Sho ose$ual/ rights. <is #iew o! Sho ose$uality/ was si ilar to that o! Flrichs. S<o ose$uality/ was innate and biological in nature. S<o ose$uals/ were a third se$" resulting !ro a hor onal cause. It resulted in a preponderance o! the !e ale in the ale and the ale in the !e ale. <irsch!eld ne#er put !orth a coherent scienti!ic e$planation o! Sho ose$uality/ and his wor-s were re.ected. In 1388 the 0a5is burned his wor-s and research. <irsch!eld/ legacy was tarnished by serious lapses o! pro!essional ethics. <e was accused o! selling worthless patented edicines. The ost serious lapse was the allegations that he e$torted oney !ro so e !a ous =er ans who had in good !aith !urnished hi with aterials re#ealing the inti ate @and incri inatingB sides o! their li#es. <irsch!eld also conducted two polls o! high school boys and ale !actory wor-ers. The poll o! the high school boys resulted in legal troubles !or <irsch!eld. @ne resear&her over time &hanged his mind about homosexual youth and sui&ide :a#in,&illia s !ro 2ornell Fni#ersity in two articles published in the Journal o! 2onsulting and 2linical Esychology" the !irst in 1334 and the second in 2002 co es to opposite conclusions as to the relationship between se$ual orientation and suicide. In his second article he no longer concludes that ho ose$ual youth are at an increased ris- !or suicide. 0ote the titles o! the two articles also. 1elow are 'uotes" including titles !ro the two articles. "EE4: The em"iri#al do#umentation is o! one a##ord- The rate o! sui#ide among gay male, bisexual, and lesbian youths is #onsiderably higher than it is !or heterosexual youths. @:a#in, &illia s" );erbal (nd Ehysical (buse as :tressors in the 7i#es o! 7esbian" =ay 6ale and 1ise$ual

Gouth: (ssociations &ith :chool Eroble s" Cunning (way" :ubstance (buse" Erostitution" and :uicide.* p. 299B. 2002: /onsistent with "revious !indings, results !rom the studies indi#ate that sexual ) minority youths re"ort higher sui#ide attem"ts than do heterosexual youths. ;owever, be#ause many o! these re"orts were !alse and be#ause li!e ) threatening true attem"ts did not vary by sexual orientation, the assertion that sexual ) minority youths as a #lass o! individuals are at in#reased ris& !or sui#ide is not warranted. @:a#in,&illia s" ):uicide (tte pts ( ong :e$ual , 6inority Gouths: Eopulation and 6easure ent Issues.* p. 343B Sour&e o' the 6ay 4een Sui&ide =yth "E#E $e!artment o' +ealth and +uman Servi&es (++S) Je!ort o' the Se&retarys 4asB Hor&e on ;outh Sui&ide and 2aul 6ibson The gay teen suicide yth contro#ersy began with this go#ern ent tas- !orce !or ed to gather papers on youth suicide. There were 50 bac-ground papers addressing a #ery broad range o! issues related to youth suicide and suicidal beha#ior. Two o! the by =ibson and <arry addressed the issue o! se$ual orientation. The authors o! these two papers were not e ployed by the !ederal go#ern ent and neither o! these papers presented any original research on co pleted suicides and se$ual orientation. =ibson/s paper was not based on an actual study but rather on a re#iew o! non, probability @non,rando B studies and agency reports o! lesbian and gay adolescents and adults conducted between 13>2 and 1349. In !or ulating his conclusions =ibson too- !ro Jinsey/s study that 10H o! the ( erican population is ho ose$ual" which itsel! is a yth" ac-nowledged e#en by ho ose$ual ad#ocates. The #iews in the papers were o! the authors. There ha#e been 'uestions raised as whether the papers sub itted by =ibson and <arry were accepted by the tas- !orce and included in the !inal reco endations o! the tas- !orce. (lso it has been noted that these two papers were not sub itted !or the rigorous peer re#iew that is re'uired !or publication in a scienti!ic .ournal. =ibson/s ost o!ten cited clai s are: @1B 80H o! the youth suicides are ho ose$ual. @2B <o ose$ual youths are 2 to 8 ti es ore li-ely to atte pt suicide than their heterose$ual peers. @8B :uicide is the leading cause o! death o! a ong ho ose$ual youth. @4B =ay suicide is caused by the internali5ation o! Sho ophobia/ and #iolence directed towards ho ose$ual youth. In my "sy#hiatri# "ra#ti#e I have !ound that the government statisti#s so !re*uently #ited were not "re"ared by the government and are not statisti#s. They are estimates based on a "ro.e#tion in a "a"er "re"ared !or the tas& !or#e re"ort. The "a"er was never sub.e#ted to rigorous "eer review that is re*uired !or "ubli#ation in a s#ienti!i# .ournal, and #ontained no new resear#h !indings. The estimate that as many as thirty "er#ent o! youth sui#ides are gay was based on the results o! several studies that re"orted high rates o! sui#idal !eelings and behavior by gays and on Minseys #on#lusion that gays ma&e u" ten "er#ent o! the "o"ulation. @:cha!!er" )Eolitical :cience.* p.119B There are ho ose$ual ad#ocates who also ac-nowledge the shortco ings presented by =ibson in his paper. $lthough this in!ormation has been re"orted in many arti#les and texts about lesbian and gay youth, it is not based on an a#tual study but rather on a review o! non)"robability +non)random, studies and agen#y re"orts o! lesbian and gay adoles#ents and adults #ondu#ted between 4259 and 421:. The review was done by @aul Gibson, a #lini#al so#ial wor&er, as one o! 68 "a"ers or studies #ommissioned by the Se#retarys Tas& For#e on >outh Sui#ide, whi#h was established in 4216 in res"onse to growing rates o! youth sui#ide and #on#luded its wor& in 4215. @Cyan and +utter an" 7esbian and =ay Gouth" p.91B

 n!ortunately, Gibsons #on#lusions were based on very limited em"iri#al data, and rely heavily on re"orts !rom organi%ations that may draw individuals with mental health "roblems. @A/(ugelli and <ershberger. )7esbian" =ay" and 1ise$ual Gouth in 2o unity :ettings: Eersonal 2hallenges and 6ental <ealth Eroble s.* p.424B =o#ernor &eld o! 6assachusetts by e$ecuti#e order in 1332 established the 2o ission on =ay and 7esbian Gouth. <e did so using this in!or ation in =ibson/s paper. The 6assachusetts :a!e :chools Ero.ect" =ay and :traight (lliances in schools are also a result o! this !aulty in!or ation on ho ose$ual youth suicides. Studies re!ort that homosexuality !er se is not dire&tly related to sui&ide In this sam"le, bisexuality or homosexuality "er se was not asso#iated with sel!)destru#tive a#ts. 3ost o! the sub.e#ts did not attem"t or "lan sui#ide. @Ce a!edi 6A" 6E<" =ary" Ja es ( +arrow" 6A and Cobert & Aeisher" 6A. )Cis- +actors !or (tte pted :uicide in =ay and 1ise$ual Gouth.* p.435B ?! the ten studies, : ex"lored ris&s !or sui#ide by #om"aring attem"ters and nonattem"ters. They !ound that sui#ide attem"ts were neither universal nor attributable to homosexuality "er se, but were signi!i#antly asso#iated with gender non#on!ormity, early awareness o! homosexuality, stress, violen#e, la#& o! su""ort, homelessness, substan#e abuse, or other "sy#hiatri# sym"toms. @Ce a!edi" =ary" 6A" 6E<. ):e$ual %rientation and Gouth :uicide"* p.1231B DIt is im"ortant to note that sui#ide ris& among homosexual students was not attributed to homosexuality "er se, on the basis o! the absen#e o! su#h asso#iation in the !emales.D @Ce a!edi" LThe Celationship 1etween :uicide Cis- and :e$ual %rientation: Cesults o! a Eopulation,1ased :tudy"L p. 53B ;owever, it seems #lear that only a small "ortion o! sui#ides were o"enly gay. We !ound no eviden#e that the ris& !a#tors !or sui#ide among gays were any di!!erent !rom those among straight teens. @:ha!!er" +isher" <ic-s" Earides" and =ould" ):e$ual %rientation in (dolescents &ho 2o it :uicide.* p.>0B The !indings in this study suggest that there may be !ew i! any di!!eren#es between young gay and straight males who #ommit sui#ide. @Cich" +owler" Goung" and 1len-ush" ):an Aiego :uicide :tudy: 2o parison o! =ay to :traight 6ales. p.452B In the "resent study, the resear#hers examined !a#tors related to de"ression, ho"elessness, and sui#idality in gay, lesbian, and bisexual adoles#ents, #om"ared with demogra"hi#ally similar heterosexual adoles#ents. Sexual minority adoles#ents re"orted greater de"ression, ho"elessness, and "ast and "resent sui#idality than did heterosexual adoles#ents. ;owever, when #ontrolling !or other "sy#hoso#ial "redi#tors o! "resent distress, signi!i#ant di!!eren#es between the 9 sam"les disa""eared.D @:a!ren and <ei berg. )Aepression" <opelessness" :uicidality and Celated +actors in :e$ual 6inority and <eterose$ual (dolescents"* p.453B In the !ew studies examining ris& !a#tors !or sui#ide where sexual orientation was assessed, the ris& !or gay or lesbian "ersons did not a""ear any greater than among heterosexuals, on#e mental and substan#e abuse disorders were ta&en into a##ount. @0ational Institute o! 6ental <ealth web site" www.ni h.nih.go#/research/suicide!a'.c! B Limitations in the resear&h literature

DThis #riti#al summary has identi!ied several limitations in the resear#h literature on sui#ide and sexual orientation- a la#& o! #onsensus on de!initions o! !undamental terms su#h as Dsui#ide attem"tD and Dsexual orientation,D un#ertain reliability and validity o! measures !or these terms, nonre"resentative sam"les, and a la#& o! a""ro"riate #ontrol grou"s, among other limitations. These limitations "revent a##urate #on#lusions about- +4, #om"leted or attem"ted sui#ide rates among gayQlesbian youth in the general "o"ulation or in #lini#al "o"ulations, +9, #om"arsions o! #om"leted or attem"ted sui#ide rates between gayQlesbian youth and nongay youth in the general "oulation, +0, the "otential role that sexual orientation and related !a#tors may "lay in sui#idal behavior inde"endently o! well)established ris& !a#tors su#h as mental and substan#e abuse disorders.D @6uehrer" L:uicide and :e$ual %rientation: ( 2ritical :u ary o! Cecent Cesearch and Airections !or +uture Cesearch" p. >3B %hat the studies do re!ort about homosexual youth and sui&ide Those ho ose$ual youth who do atte pt suicide: @1B ?$press ore gender noncon!or ity i.e. !e inine gender role concepts. @2B 1eca e aware o! their sa e,se$ attractions at an early age. @8B 7abeled the sel#es as ho ose$ual and had their !irst se$ual e$periences at younger ages than their peers. @4B <o ose$ual and heterose$ual youth who atte pt suicide are co parable in the !ollowing ways: @aB 1oth ha#e !a ily proble s. @bB 1oth report drug and alcohol abuse. @cB 1oth ha#e con!licts with the law and ha#e been arrested. @dB 1oth su!!er !ro depression or other ental illness issues. @eB 1oth e$perience either physical or se$ual abuse. @!B 1oth ha#e !a ily e bers or !riends who atte pted or co itted suicide. D@rior studies o! bisexualQhomosexual male adoles#ents have !ound that in#reased rates o! sui#ides attem"ts were not universal, but were asso#iated with "arti#ular ris& !a#tors, su#h as sel!) identi!i#ation as a homosexual at younger ages, substan#e abuse, !emale gender role, !amily dys!un#tion, inter"ersonal #on!li#t regarding sexual orientation, and nondis#losure o! sexual orientation to others.D @ Ce a!edi" LThe Celationship between :uicide Cis- and :e$ual %rientation"L p. 53B Ce a!edi !ro the Fni#ersity o! 60 who is a ho ose$ual ad#ocate" in a 1331 study with others !ound this relationship between ho ose$ual sel!,labeling and suicide. For ea#h years delay in bisexual or homosexual sel!)labeling, the odds o! a sui#ide attem"t diminished by 18 "er#ent. These !indings su""ort a "reviously observed, inverse relationshi" between "sy#hoso#ial "roblems and the age o! a#*uiring a homosexual identity. @Ce a!edi" +arrow" Aeisher" )Cis- +actors !or (tte pted :uicide in =ay and 1ise$ual Gouth.* p.435B This relationship should re ain !ore ost in out atte pts to pro#ide school based se$ education and eeting the needs o! young people struggling with both gender identity con!usion and sa e,se$ attractions. Dibliogra!hy (rcher" 1ert. The ?nd o! =ay @and the death o! heterose$ualityB. Thunder/s 6outh Eress. 0ew Gor-" 2002. 2enters !or Aisease 2ontrol. ):uicide ( ong 2hildren" (dolescents" and Goung (dults , Fnited :tates" 1340,1332.* 66&C &ee-ly (pril 21" 1335/44@15BI 243,231.

Aurby" Aennie A. )=ay" 7esbian" and 1ise$ual Gouth. Journal o! =ay and 7esbian :ocial :er#ices. 1334" ;ol. 1" 0o. 8,4. 1,8>. A/(ugelli" (nthony C. and :cott 7. <ershberger. )7esbian" =ay" and 1ise$ual Gouth in 2o unity :ettings: Eersonal 2hallenges and 6ental <ealth Eroble s.* ( erican Journal o! 2o unity Esychology. (ugust 1338" ;ol. 21" 0o. 4" p. 421,444. +ergusson" EhA" Aa#id 6." John <orwood" 6:c" (nnette 7. 1eautrais" EhA. )Is :e$ual %rientation Celated to 6ental <ealth Eroble s and :uicidality in Goung Eeople.* (rchi#es o! =eneral Esychiatry. %ct. 1333" ;ol. 59" 4>9,440. +ried an" Cichard 2." 6A. )<o ose$uality" Esychopathology" and :uicidality.* (rchi#es o! =eneral Esychiatry. %ct. 1333" ;ol. 59" 44>,444. =aro!alo" 6A Cobert" C. 2a eron &ol! 6:" 7awrence :. &issow 6A 6E<" ?li5abeth C. &oods 6A 6E<" ?li5abeth =ood an 6A. L:e$ual %rientation and Cis- o! :uicide (tte pts ( ong a Cepresentati#e :a ple o! Gouth.L (rchi#es o! Eediatrics and (dolescent 6edicine. 6ay 1333" ;ol. 158" 44>,438. <errel" Cichard" 6:" Jac- =oldberg" EhA" &illia C True" EhA" 6E<" ;is#anathan Ca a-rish an" EhA" 6ichael 7yons" EhA" :eth ?ison" 6A" 6ing T Tsuang" 6A A:c" EhA. ):e$ual %rientation and :uicidality ( 2o,twin 2ontrol :tudy in (dult 6en.* (rchi#es o! =eneral Esychiatry. %ct. 1333" ;ol. 59" 49>,4>4. <ersberger" :7" 0& Eil-ington" (C A/(ugelli. Eredictors o! :uicide (tte pt ( ong =ay" 7esbian" and 1ise$ual Gouth. Journal o! (dolescent Cesearch. %ctober 133>" ;ol. 12" 0o. 4" 4>>,43>. <unter" :-i" 2oleen :hannon" Jo Jno$ and Ja es I. 6artin. 7esbian" =ay" and 1ise$ualGouths and (dults: Jnowledge !or <u ans :er#ices Eractice. :age Eublications. Thousand %a-s" 2(" 1334. 6oscic-i" ?#e J." :cA" 6E<" Eeter 6ueher" EhA" and 7loyd 1. Eotter" EhA" 6E<. )Ceco endations !or a Cesearch (genda in :uicide and :e$ual %rientation.* :uicide and 7i!e , Threatening 1eha#ior. 1335" ;ol. 25" :upple ent" 42,44. 6uehrer" Eeter" EhA. ):uicide and :e$ual %rientation: ( 2ritical :u ary o! Cecent Cesearch and Airections !or +uture Cesearch.* :uicide and 7i!e , Threatening 1eha#ior. 1335" ;ol. 25" :upple ent" >2,41. 0ational Institute o! 6ental <ealth. http://www.ni h.nih.go#/research/suicide!a'.c! %/2arroll" 6A" 6E<" Eatric- &." (lan 7. 1er an" EhA" Conald &. 6aris" EhA" ?#e J. 6oscici-i" :cA" 6E<" 1ryan 7. Tanney" 6A" and 6orton 6. :il#er an" 6A. )1eyond the Tower o! 1able: ( 0o enclature !or :uicidology.* :uicide and 7i!e,Threatening 1eha#ior. +all 1339" ;ol. 29@8B" 28>, 252. Eroctor" 2urtis A. and ;ictor J. =ro5e. )Cis- +actors !or :uicide a ong =ay" 7rsbian" and 1ise$ual Gouths.* :ocial &or-. 1334" ;ol. 83" 0o. 5" 504,518. Eer-ins" Aaniel +. and =len <artless. )(n ?cological Cis- , +actor ?$a ination o! :uicide Ideation and 1eha#ior o! (dolescents.* January 2002" ;ol. 1>" 0o. 1" 8,29.

Ce a!edi" 6A" 6E<" =ary" Ja es ( +arrow" 6A and Cobert & Aeisher" 6A. )Cis- +actors !or (tte pted :uicide in =ay and 1ise$ual Gouth.* Eediatrics. June 1331" ;ol. 4>" 0o. 9" 493,4>5. Ce a!edi" =ary" Ja es ( +arrow" Cobert & Aeisher. )Cis- +actors !or (tte pted :uicide in =ay and 1ise$ual Gouth.* p. 449,433. in Esychological Eerspecti#es on 7esbian and =ay 6ale ?$periences. edited by 7inda A =arnets and Aouglas 2 Ji el. 2olu bia Fni#ersity Eress. 0ew Gor-" 1338. Ce a!edi" =ary" 6A" 6E<. and et. al. LThe Celationship 1etween :uicide Cis- and :e$ual %rientation: Cesults o! a Eopulation,1ased :tudy.L ( erican Journal o! Eublic <ealth. January 1334" ;ol. 44" 0o. 1" 5>,90. Ce a!edi" =ary" 6A" 6E<. ):e$ual %rientation and Gouth :uicide.* Journal o! the ( erican 6edical (ssociation. %ctober 9" 1333" ;ol. 242" 0o. 18" p. 1231,1232. Ce a!edi" =ary" 6A" 6E<. ):uicide and :e$ual %rientation.* (rchi#es o! =eneral Esychiatry. %ct. 1333" ;ol. 5" 445,449. Cich" 6A" 2harles 7." Cichard 2. +owler" 6A" Aeborah Goung" 6A" and 6ary 1len-ush" 6A. ):an Aiego :uicide :tudy: 2o parison o! =ay to :traight 6ales. :uicide and 7i!e,Threatening 1eha#ior. &inter 1349" ;ol. 19@4B" 444,459. Cothera ,1orus" 6ary J. Joyce <unter" and 6argaret Cosrio. ):uicidal 1eha#ior and gay Celated :tress ( ong =ay and 1ise$ual 6ale (dolescents.* Journal o! (dolescent Cesearch. %ctober 1334" ;ol. 3" 0o. 4" 434,504. Cyan" 2aitlin and Aonna +utter an. 7esbian and =ay Gouth. 2olu bia Fni#ersity Eress. 0ewGor-" 1334. :a!ren" :te#en (. and Cichard =. <ei berg. )Aepression" <opelessness" :uicidality and Celated +actors in :e$ual 6inority and <eterose$ual (dolescents.* Journal o! 2onsulting and 2linical Esychology. 1333" ;ol. 9>" 0o. 9" 453,499. :a#in,&illia s" Citch 2. );erbal (nd Ehysical (buse as :tressors in the 7i#es o! 7esbian" =ay 6ale and 1ise$ual Gouth: (ssociations &ith :chool Eroble s" Cunning (way" :ubstance (buse" Erostitution" and :uicide.* Journal o! 2onsulting and 2linical Esychology. 1334" ;ol. 92" 0o. 2" 291,293. :a#in,&illia s" Citch 2. ):uicide (tte pts ( ong :e$ual , 6inority Gouths: Eopulation and 6easure ent Issues.* Journal o! 2onsulting and 2linical Esychology. 2001" ;ol. 93" 0o. 9" 348, 331. :chneider" EhA" :tephen =." 0or an 7. +arberow" EhA" and =abriel 0. Jru-s. ):uicidal 1eha#ior in (dolescent and Goung (dult =ay 6en.* :uicide and 7i!e,Threatening 1eha#ior. &inter 1343" ;ol. 13@4B" 841,834. :cha!!er" Aa#id. )Eolitical :cience.* The 0ew Gor-er. 6ay 8" 1338" ;ol. 93" 119. :ha!!er" Aa#id +C2E @7ondB" +C2E Esych @7ondB" Erudence +isher" 6:" C. <. <ic-s" 6ichael Earides" EhA" and 6adelyn =ould" EhA" 6E<. ):e$ual %rientation in (dolescents &ho 2o it :uicide.* :uicide and 7i!e , Threatening 1eha#ior. 1335" ;ol. 25" :upple ent" 94,>1.

Goder" Je#in (. )2o paring :uicide (tte pters" :uicide Ideators" and 0onsuicidal <o eless and Cunaway(dolescents.* :uicide and 7i!e,Threatening 1eha#ior. :pring 1333" ;ol. 23@1B" 25,89.

http://www.banap.net/spip.php?article41

5ha!ter "0 +omo!hobia =yth

:aturday 29 6ay 200>.

Dy the same authors

7arry <ouston o 2hapter %ne ?ssentialis or :ocial 2onstructionis o 2hapter Ten <o ose$ual Identity +or ation o 2hapter 4 Ten Eercent <o ose$ual 6yth o 2hapter 8 (l!red Jinsey o 2hapter 11 <o ose$ual Earenting 6yth

)n the same se&tion

In the sa e section 2hapter 3 =ay Teen :uicide 6yth 2hapter 11 <o ose$ual Earenting 6yth 2hapter 9 (ssi ilation or 7iberation 2hapter 5 :tonewall to the 1340s 2hapter 4 Ten Eercent <o ose$ual 6yth 2hapter 1 &ho or &hat 2hapter 2 The 1490s to the 1340s 2hapter > ( <o ose$ual (genda? 5ha!ter "0 +omo!hobia =yth The in!or ation being present here is to bring clarity and understanding to a word that has been coined by those ad#ocating !or ho ose$uality. (long with any other things associated with ho ose$uality" )ho ophobia* i ediately places us in a 'uandary. %ne such 'uandary is holding to a position that there is a )ho ose$ual* who is a distinct person. This is a concept" a )ho ose$ual* as a distinct person that those ad#ocating !or ho ose$uality the sel#es cannot agree upon. It is seen in the !ra ewor- o! the philosophical discussion o! )social constructionis * and )essentialis .* The pre#ailing #iew held today by any o! those ad#ocating !or ho ose$uality is a )social constructionist* #iewpoint. There is no )ho ose$ual* as a distinct person" only indi#iduals who sel!,identi!y by those beha#iors or acts they co it" sa e,se$ se$ual acts. In the Fnited :tates and other western societies this identity has ta-en on a #ery strong political connotation. ( group o! people sel!,identi!ying by their beha#ior or the acts they co it see-ing legal sanctioning o! their beha#ior in a )political rights* conte$t. To be ho ose$ual or gay today can best be seen as a )political identity*. <ow can there be )ho ophobia* i! the )ho ose$ual*" as a distinct person does not e$ist? The creating o! ho ophobia is another e$a ple o! ) yth a-ing* the continual portrayal o! a )#icti status* by a group o! indi#iduals who sel!,identi!y by their beha#ior or the acts they

co any

it. The )political ho ose$ual* is not a )representati#e group* o! ho ose$uals and they !ail by easure to 'uali!y !or )#icti * status.

=i!!i#ulties with de!ining homo"hobia are not #on!ined to whether or not it is a true "hobia. The term involves im"li#it re!eren#e to homosexuality, whi#h also has inherent de!initional "roblems. There has been #onsiderable debate in re#ent years over whether homosexuals are universal a#ross di!!erent #ultures or whether the homosexual is an identity that #an only be legitimately dis#ussed in relation to Westerni%ed #ultures.@Elu er" %ne o! the 1oys: 6asculinity" <o ophobia" and 6odern 6anhood" p. 9B /onsistent with the "oliti#al and so#ial #limate o! the nited States during the se#ond hal! o! the 42:8s, the issue o! homosexuality be#ame "oliti#i%ed. There was a movement by an in#reasing number o! gay a#tivists to "romote the #ivil and "oliti#al rights o! homosexuals inasmu#h as homosexuality was beginning to denote minority status with regard to "oliti#al and #ivil rights rather than a #ategory o! devian#e. @sy#hiatry, whi#h had "reviously de!ined homosexuality as a disease and diagnosed homosexuals as mentally ill, was #onsidered a !ormidable but "oliti#ally and strategi#ally im"ortant obsta#le in the struggles o! homosexuals !or so#ial and "olitii#al status. In the late 42:8s homosexuals in the nited States !orged a "otent movement to de"athologi%e homosexuality. @%/Aonohue" and 2aselles. )<o ophobia: 2onceptual" Ae!initional" and ;alue Issues"* p. 9> in Aestructi#e Trends in 6ental <ealth: The &ell,Intentioned Eath to <ar ?dited by Cogers <. &right and 0icolas (. 2u ings.B In the !ollowing 'uote" the )nosological re#ision* being re!erred to is the decision in 13>8 to re o#e ho ose$uality !ro the Aiagnostic and :tatistical 6anual o! 6ental Aisorders @A:6B o! the ( erican Esychiatric (ssociation Shortly a!ter the nosologi#al revision, there was a signi!i#ant shi!t in the !o#us o! the resear#h related to homosexuality. Bather than !o#us on the etiology and #ure o! homosexuality, theorists and resear#hers in "sy#hology began to suggest that negative attitudes toward homosexuals, rather than homosexuality itsel!, #ause many o! the di!!i#ulties that homosexuals !a#e +Smith, 4254,. 3any o! these resear#hers re.e#ted what they re!erred to as the vi#tim analysis, and redire#ted their em"iri#al "ursuits toward the "ossible vi#timi%ers, more s"e#i!i#ally, toward the attitudes o! nonhomosexuals toward homosexuals and homosexuality +3a#=onald, ;uggins, >oung, and Swanson, 4259,. ;omosexuality was now regarded as a normal, healthy, li!estyle #hoi#e. Thus, new *uestions arose- what are the etiology and asso#iated !eatures o! individuals who have negative attitudes and rea#tions toward homosexuals and homosexuality< What is the #ure !or this attitude< @%/Aonohue" and 2aselles. )<o ophobia: 2onceptual" Ae!initional" and ;alue Issues"* p. 94 in Aestructi#e Trends in 6ental <ealth: The &ell,Intentioned Eath to <ar ?dited by Cogers <. &right and 0icolas (. 2u ings.B The de#lassi!i#ation o! homosexuality as a disease by the $meri#an @sy#hiatri# $sso#iation in 4250 generally !ueled the gay movement not only in the nited States but also in other #ountries. ntil 4258 all basi# issues o! same)gender attra#tions, roles, and relationshi"s were #lassi!ied as a disease under the general diagnosis o! homosexuality. It was about this time that the ex"li#it #on#e"t o! homo"hobia U the #ons#ious and un#ons#ious !ear and hatred o! homosexuality and lesbiansQgays U was #oined in so#ial study. The #on#e"ts mar&s a turning "oint not only in s#ienti!i# attitudes about homosexual mental health but also in the in#reasing sel!)esteem o! many gays and lesbians, as noted in mental health studies during and sin#e that time. Generally, the stigma and "re.udi#e inherent in antihomosexual a#tivities, su#h as *ueer)bashing, were im"li#itly a##e"ted by so#iety and san#tioned through the disease label. In many ways they still are +;ere& 4220,. @<erdt" :a e :e$" Ai!!erent 2ultures: =ays and 7esbians (cross 2ultures" p.59B

<o ophobia is a ) edical condition* coined by those ad#ocating !or ho ose$uality to be used to describe the )attitudes and actions* o! those whose oppose ho ose$uality. <o ophobia as originally de!ined was the )dread or !ear o! being in close contact with ho ose$uals.* There is so e con!usion as to where this word )ho ophobia* actually originates. Two #iews can be !ound in articles and boo-s that discuss ho ophobia. )The word" which ay ha#e been coined in the 1390s" was used by J.T. : ith in 13>1 in an article entitled )<o ophobia: ( Tentati#e Eersonality Ero!ile.* @+one" <o ophobia ( <istory" p.5B %thers write that =eorge &einberg in his 13>2 boo-" :ociety and the <ealthy <o ose$ual introduced ho ophobia into literature about ho ose$uality. &hat is clear" that this word )ho ophobia* is a poor choice o! a word to use !or describing the attitudes and actions by those who oppose ho ose$uality. The attitudes and actions are not a phobia in the clinical sense. This word !ails to clearly describe what the attitudes and actions towards ho ose$uality are. 1ut !or gaining acceptance o! ho ose$uality and !or political considerations the word has strong ad#antages. 6uch o! the in!or ation that !ollows co es !ro those ad#ocating !or ho ose$uality. I $e'ining 1+omo!hobia3 ;omo"hobia is a "roblemati# term, "arti#ularly when ta&en literally. @Elu 6asculinity" <o ophobia" and 6odern 6anhood" p. 4B er" %ne o! the boys:

'iterally, the irrational !ear o! homosexualsE used more widely to denote hatred !or gay men and lesbians and the view that they are somehow in!erior to heterosexuals. @Jran5 and 2usic-" =ay Cights" p. 155B It a""ears that during the "ast two de#ades, the term homo"hobia has been generali%ed to denote any negative attitude, belie!, or a#tion toward homosexuals +;aaga, 4224E Fy!e, 4210,. @%/Aonohue" and 2aselles. )<o ophobia: 2onceptual" Ae!initional" and ;alue Issues"* p. 94 in Aestructi#e Trends in 6ental <ealth: The &ell,Intentioned Eath to <ar ?dited by Cogers <. &right and 0icolas (. 2u ings.B ;omo"hobia was a #onvenient term designed to inter"ret #ultural restri#tions on homosexual behavior, but be#ome a #at#hall "oliti#al #on#e"t used to re!er to any non"ositive attitude gays. ;owever, the des#ri"tions o! the #on#e"t and the resear#h used to su""ort the theories show neither irrational !ear nor a s"e#i!i# rea#tion toward homosexuals. @0ungessor" <o ose$ual (cts" (ctors" and Identities p.192B ?ther variants o! the more general de!inition o! homo"hobia in#luded /olins +4224, des#ri"tion o! homo"hobia as any antihomosexual bias and dis#riminatory behavior. @%/Aonohue" and 2aselles. )<o ophobia: 2onceptual" Ae!initional" and ;alue Issues"* p. 93 in Aestructi#e Trends in 6ental <ealth: The &ell,Intentioned Eath to <ar ?dited by Cogers <. &right and 0icolas (. 2u ings.B There were still other de!initional attem"ts. 3orin and Gar!in&le +4251, #hara#teri%ed the homo"hobi# as an individual who does not value a homosexual li!estyle e*ually with a heterosexual li!estyle @%/Aonohue" and 2aselles. )<o ophobia: 2onceptual" Ae!initional" and ;alue Issues"* p. 93 in Aestructi#e Trends in 6ental <ealth: The &ell,Intentioned Eath to <ar ?dited by Cogers <. &right and 0icolas (. 2u ings.B Bell +4224, #onsidered homo"hobia to be the e*uivalent o! homonegativity, whi#h re!ers to any negative !eelings or thoughts about homosexuals and homosexuality. @%/Aonohue" and 2aselles.

)<o ophobia: 2onceptual" Ae!initional" and ;alue Issues"* p. 93 in Aestructi#e Trends in 6ental <ealth: The &ell,Intentioned Eath to <ar ?dited by Cogers <. &right and 0icolas (. 2u ings.B Beiter +4224, de!ined homo"hobia as antihomosexual "re.udi#e, a #om"lex "henomenon whose roots have been tra#ed to a #ultural #ontext. @%/Aonohue" and 2aselles. )<o ophobia: 2onceptual" Ae!initional" and ;alue Issues"* p. 93 in Aestructi#e Trends in 6ental <ealth: The &ell,Intentioned Eath to <ar ?dited by Cogers <. &right and 0icolas (. 2u ings.B The term homo"hobia is now "o"ularly #onstrued to mean !ear and disli&e o! homosexuality and those who "ra#ti#e it. @+one" <o ophobia ( <istory" p.5B C;omo"hobia has be#ome "o"ular as a des#ri"tor o! a wide range o! negative emotions, attitudes, and behaviors toward homosexual "eo"le. @<aaga" )<o ophobia*?" p. 1>1B $s the word homo"hobia gained #urren#y, it began to be widely used by "ro!essionals and non) "ro!essionals to indi#ate any negative attitude, belie!, or a#tion dire#ted against homosexual "ersons, with the result that the term has lost mu#h o! its original "re#ision. @<udson and Cic-etts" )( :trategy !or the 6easure ent o! <o ophobia"* p.85>B ;omo"hobia is mainly a #ategory a##usation be#ause it is "rimarily dire#ted at a#ts and what a#ts re"resent in !antasy, and only se#ondarily at the "eo"le who #ommit those a#ts, even though this #entury has given those "eo"le a distin#t name. This is the one ideologi#al "re.udi#e that aims at doing, not being. @Goung,1ruehl" The (nato y o! Ere.udices" p. 148B I 1+omo!hobia3 is not a !hobia3 ( phobia in its clinical sense is an irrational !ear o! so ethingI an indi#idual who has a phobia tries to a#oid that which triggers this !ear. I! they cannot a#oid the ob.ect o! their phobia" it is endured with great an$iety and distress. $ "hobia is a mainly irrational !ear o! something. It is not an illness. It is not a mental disorder. @www.pe2000.co /phobiawhat.ht B $ "hobia is a "ersistent, ex#essive, unrealisti# !ear o! an ob.e#t, "erson, animal, a#tivity or situation. The "hobi# individual either tries to avoid the thing that triggers the !ear, or endures it with great anxiety and distress. @www.intelihealth.co /I</ihtI</&:I<&00/3883/34>5.ht lB :o using the de!initions and descriptions o! ho ophobia abo#e" which are used by those ad#ocating !or ho ose$uality we ha#e the isuse o! a word. I 5om!aring a !hobia to a !reGudi&e In sum, homo"hobia seems, at least des#ri"tively, more li&e a "re.udi#e than li&e a "hobia. @<aaga" )<o ophobia*?" p.1>2B 1elow in a chart is what <aaga uses to support the idea that ho ophobia is a pre.udice and not a phobia as de!ined in a edical clinical sense. The person who su!!ers !ro a phobia is an$ious about it" sees his !ears as e$cessi#e" a#oids so ething" and he is the one that ust change. 1ut the one who is pre.udiced is angry towards another" .usti!ies his anger" use aggressi#e beha#ior in discri inating against so eone" and it is the person who is pre.udiced and who discri inates ust change.

Ehobia @re.udi#e +homo"hobia, 2roblemati& emotion an$iety anger Audgement o' oness emotions e$cessi#e or unreasonable seing ones anger as .usti!ied 2roblemati& emotion a#oidance aggression 2oliti&al agenda regarding target no target dis#rimination against targets Lo&us o' motivation 'or &hange Lthe el#esL are targets the "eo"le holding su#h attitudes I =easuring +omo!hobia +i#e studies by researchers atte pting to easure ho ophobia are re#iewed here. The !irst was by Jenneth T. : ith in 13>1" using a nine,ite <o phobia :cale @<,:caleB and was reported in the .ournal" Esychological Ceports. 1. : ith 13>1 ?ne o! the earliest attem"ts to measure homo"hobia #onsisted o! an e!!ort to dis#over "sy#hoso#ial #orrelates o! individuals re"orting negative attitudes toward homosexuals +Smith, 4254. Smith develo"ed a twenty)!our)item sel!)re"orting *uestionnaire, whi#h #onsisted o! a nine) item ;omo"hobia S#ale +;)S#ale, and !i!teen items assessing attitudes related to a diverse set o! to"i#s, su#h as "atriotism, materialism, sexuality, religion, and traditional sex roles. @%/Aonohue" and 2aselles. )<o ophobia: 2onceptual" Ae!initional" and ;alue Issues"* p. >0 in Aestructi#e Trends in 6ental <ealth: The &ell,Intentioned Eath to <ar ?dited by Cogers <. &right and 0icolas (. 2u ings.B : ith/s study to easure ho ophobia was conducted at the :tate Fni#ersity 2ollege at +redonia. The participants in his study were 180 students in psychology classes. <e used a twenty,!our sel!, reporting 'uestionnaire" and only nine 'uestions were directly related to the easure ent o! ho ophobia. The *uestionnaire was administered to a grou" o! undergraduate "sy#hology students. ?! the ninety)three returned *uestionnaires, those with the twenty)one highest and twenty)one lowest s#ores on the ;)S#ale #om"rised the homo"hobi# and nonhomo"hobi# grou"s. @%/Aonohue" and 2aselles. )<o ophobia: 2onceptual" Ae!initional" and ;alue Issues"* p. >0,>1 in Aestructi#e Trends in 6ental <ealth: The &ell,Intentioned Eath to <ar ?dited by Cogers <. &right and 0icolas (. 2u ings.B : ith/s study contained parts that should be o! concern and the researcher ac-nowledged the in his reporting o! the study. 0ot only was the <,:cale based on a s all nu ber 'uestions" but his 'uestionnaire did not truly represent a scale. : ith/s arbitrary choosing o! the lowest and highest twenty,one scores in deter ining his <,:cale is perhaps the ost 'uestionable part o! his study in atte pting to easure ho ophobia. Smith #on#eded that the *uestionnaire did not truly re"resent a s#ale be#ause it used a !or#ed) #hoi#e res"onse !ormat rather than a #ontinuum. @%/Aonohue" and 2aselles. )<o ophobia: oti#ated to change

2onceptual" Ae!initional" and ;alue Issues"* p. >0 in Aestructi#e Trends in 6ental <ealth: The &ell,Intentioned Eath to <ar ?dited by Cogers <. &right and 0icolas (. 2u ings.B The "sy#hometri# "ro"erties o! the ;)S#ale and the remaining items were not re"orted in this study. It a""ears that no reliability measures o! the ;)S#ale or the measures o! the "ersonality variables were obtained. 3oreover, it is un#lear whether using the twenty)one lowest s#ores #onstituted an ade*uate method o! determining #uto!! s#ores !or #ategori%ation. It is "ossible that this grou" might have had a trun#ated range and not s#ored in a su!!i#iently extreme manner to warrant #lassi!i#ation as either homo"hobi# or nonhomo"hobi#. @%/Aonohue" and 2aselles. )<o ophobia: 2onceptual" Ae!initional" and ;alue Issues"* p. >1 in Aestructi#e Trends in 6ental <ealth: The &ell,Intentioned Eath to <ar ?dited by Cogers <. &right and 0icolas (. 2u ings.B Thus, Smiths ;)S#ale +4254, is a "sy#hometri#ally *uestionable measure o! homo"hobia. I! "sy#hometri# "ro"erties were evaluated, they were not re"orted by the author. There were no established norms or a##e"table validity !or the ;)S#ale, rather arbitrary #uto!!s were designated based on the twenty)one lowest s#ores in the sam"le. @%/Aonohue" and 2aselles. )<o ophobia: 2onceptual" Ae!initional" and ;alue Issues"* p. >1 in Aestructi#e Trends in 6ental <ealth: The &ell,Intentioned Eath to <ar ?dited by Cogers <. &right and 0icolas (. 2u ings.B 2. 7u by 13>9 In 13>9" 7u by reported in the Journal o! <o ose$uality his study to easure ho ophobia. <e conducted the study on the ca pus o! the :outherna Illinois Fni#ersity at 2arbondale. The research participants were 120 iddle,class 2ausasian ale sub.ects who ca e !ro etroplitan" urban" and rural areas within the state o! Illinois. There were 90 ho ose$ual sub.ects and 90 heterose$ual sub.ects. 7u by in his study con#erted : ith/s <,:cale by using a 7i-ert inde$" with ratings !ro 1 @)strongly disagree*B to 5 @)strongly agree*B. 'umby +425:, #onverted Smithss ;)S#ale to a 'i&ert index, with ratings !rom 4 +strongly disagree, to 6 +strongly agree,, and #ondu#ted a study that "ur"ortedly assessed the validity o! the measure. @%/Aonohue" and 2aselles. )<o ophobia: 2onceptual" Ae!initional" and ;alue Issues"* p. >1 in Aestructi#e Trends in 6ental <ealth: The &ell,Intentioned Eath to <ar ?dited by Cogers <. &right and 0icolas (. 2u ings.B 7u by .ust li-e : ith" ac-nowledges basic !laws in his study. They begin with an assu ption 7u by ade in conducting his study. 7u by using his 7i-ert inde$ !ails to signi!icantly i pro#e the easure ent o! ho ophobia. 'umby assumed that i! the ;)S#ale a#tually measured homo"hobia in nonhomosexuals, there would be signi!i#ant di!!eren#es between the res"onses o! homosexuals and those o! heterosexuals. The glaring !law in the logi# o! this assum"tion is that although any valid measure o! homo"hobia would be ex"e#ted to dis#riminate between homosexuals and heterosexuals, it does not !ollow that a measure that dis#riminates between these two grou"s ne#essarily is a valid measure o! homo"hobia. In !a#t, all that #ould be #on#luded !rom su#h a measure is that #ertain res"onse "atterns #orrelate "ositively or negatively with heterosexuality. @%/Aonohue" and 2aselles. )<o ophobia: 2onceptual" Ae!initional" and ;alue Issues"* p. >1 in Aestructi#e Trends in 6ental <ealth: The &ell,Intentioned Eath to <ar ?dited by Cogers <. &right and 0icolas (. 2u ings.B 'umby, however, re"orted that the s#ale #annot be #onsidered a valid measure o! homo"hobia be#ause it !ailed to meet the minimal Guttman S#alogram re*uirements. This !inding was attributed, in "art, to the ambiguity and aw&wardness o! the wording o! many items. @%/Aonohue" and 2aselles. )<o ophobia: 2onceptual" Ae!initional" and ;alue Issues"* p. >1 in Aestructi#e Trends in

6ental <ealth: The &ell,Intentioned Eath to <ar 2u ings.B

?dited by Cogers <. &right and 0icolas (.

$lthough 'umby remedied the di!!i#ulties resulting !rom Smiths +4254, !or#ed)#hoi#e !ormat, his 'i&ert index does not re"resent a signi!i#ant im"rovement in the measurement o! homo"hobia. @%/Aonohue" and 2aselles. )<o ophobia: 2onceptual" Ae!initional" and ;alue Issues"* p. >2 in Aestructi#e Trends in 6ental <ealth: The &ell,Intentioned Eath to <ar ?dited by Cogers <. &right and 0icolas (. 2u ings.B 8. 6ilha " :an 6iguel" and Jellogg 13>9 ( second study atte pting to easure ho ophobia was also reported in the sa e 13>9 issue o! the Journal o! <o ose$uality" which contained 7u by/s study. This was a study conducted at the Fni#ersity o! <ouston by 6ilha " :an 6iguel" and Jellogg. The study participants were a pool o! >35 sub.ects in introductory psychology classes. 7i-e the other two studies to easure ho ophobia these researchers used a 'uetionaire !or at. They had 84 belie! state ents where responses were ade in a true,!alse !or at. There were 84 belie! state ents !or each ale ho ose$uals and !e ale ho ose$uals !or a co bined total o! >9 ite s. The 5: items were administered to a "ool o! 526 sub.e#ts drawn !rom a "o"ulation o! undergraduate "sy#hology students. @%/Aonohue" and 2aselles. )<o ophobia: 2onceptual" Ae!initional" and ;alue Issues"* p. >9 in Aestructi#e Trends in 6ental <ealth: The &ell,Intentioned Eath to <ar ?dited by Cogers <. &right and 0icolas (. 2u ings.B Thirty)eight belie! statements were generated that whi#h re!le#ted a wide s"e#trum o! o"inions #on#erning homosexuals. @6ilha " :an 6iguel" and Jellogg" )( +actor , (nalytic 2onceptuali5ation o! (ttitudes Toward 6ale and +e ale <o ose$uals"* p.4B These resear#hers develo"ed a *uestionnaire #onsisting o! thirty)eight items designed to survey a broad range o! attitudes and belie!s toward homosexuality. @%/Aonohue" and 2aselles. )<o ophobia: 2onceptual" Ae!initional" and ;alue Issues"* p. >5 in Aestructi#e Trends in 6ental <ealth: The &ell,Intentioned Eath to <ar ?dited by Cogers <. &right and 0icolas (. 2u ings.B Bes"onses were in a true)!alse !ormat. $ll items were du"li#ated to re!er se"arately to male and !emale homosexuals. @%/Aonohue" and 2aselles. )<o ophobia: 2onceptual" Ae!initional" and ;alue Issues"* p. >9 in Aestructi#e Trends in 6ental <ealth: The &ell,Intentioned Eath to <ar ?dited by Cogers <. &right and 0icolas (. 2u ings.B %! the 8 studies conducted up until 13>9" o! instru ents to easure ho ophobia 6ilha " :an 6iguel" and Jellogg/s ay be considered the ost ethodologically sound. @rior to the develo"ment o! the I;@, 3ilham, San 3iguel, and Mellogg +425:, #ondu#ted what a""ears to be the most methodologi#ally sound investigation o! attitudes toward homosexuality. @%/Aonohue" and 2aselles. )<o ophobia: 2onceptual" Ae!initional" and ;alue Issues"* p. >5 in Aestructi#e Trends in 6ental <ealth: The &ell,Intentioned Eath to <ar ?dited by Cogers <. &right and 0icolas (. 2u ings.B 4. <udson and Cic-etts 1340 <udson and Cic-etts/instrue ent !or easuring ho ophobia is the one that is ost widely used. Their study was conducted at the Fni#ersity o! <awaii at 6anoa a ong students in the depart ents o! social wor-" sociology" and psychology. 800 usable responses were obtained a ong participants

on a #oluntary" non,rando basis. <udson and Cic-etts instru ent to easure ho ophobia is a scale" the Inde$ o! <o ophobia @I<EB" consisting o! 85 ite s with a 7i-ert response scale. =uring the !all o! 4255 a brie! *uestionnaire and three s#ales were administered to students in the de"artments o! so#ial wor&, so#iology, and "sy#hology at the niversity o! ;awaii at 3anoa on a voluntary, non)random basis. $ total o! 088 usable res"onses were obtained, and, while an exa#t re#ord was not &e"t, the res"onse rate was well over 18A. @<udson and Cic-etts" )( :trategy !or the 6easure ent o! <o ophobia"* p.892B The most widely used measure o! homo"hobia was #onstru#ted by ;udson and Bi#&etts +4218,. These resear#hers attem"ted to #ombine items that assessed attitudinal dimensions o! homo"hobia, as well as a!!e#tive #om"onents o! the homo"hobi# res"onse. @%/Aonohue" and 2aselles. )<o ophobia: 2onceptual" Ae!initional" and ;alue Issues"* p. >2 in Aestructi#e Trends in 6ental <ealth: The &ell,Intentioned Eath to <ar ?dited by Cogers <. &right and 0icolas (. 2u ings The s#ale, titled the Index o! ;omo"hobia +I;@,, #onsists o! twenty)!ive items with a 'i&ert res"onse s#ale. @%/Aonohue" and 2aselles. )<o ophobia: 2onceptual" Ae!initional" and ;alue Issues"* p. >5 in Aestructi#e Trends in 6ental <ealth: The &ell,Intentioned Eath to <ar ?dited by Cogers <. &right and 0icolas (. 2u ings.B The I<E scale besides being the ost widely used instru ent !or easuring ho ophobia" is also the ost e pirically and psycho etrically sophisticated. 1ut 'uestions still re ain o#er whether this scale actually easures ho ophobia or a reaction to ho ose$uality. ?verall the develo"ers o! the I;@ used a somewhat more em"iri#al and "sy#hometri#ally so"histi#ated a""roa#h than "revious resear#hers who "rodu#ed instruments to measure homo"hobia. The internal #onsisten#y o! the s#ale was evaluated, and some validation issues were addressed by the resear#hers. ;owever, signi!i#antly more resear#h is needed be!ore #on#lusions #an be made about the reliability and the validity o! in!eren#es !rom this s#ale. Nuestions remain about whether this s#ale a#tually measures homo"hobia or a rea#tion to homosexuality. @%/Aonohue" and 2aselles. )<o ophobia: 2onceptual" Ae!initional" and ;alue Issues"* p. >5 in Aestructi#e Trends in 6ental <ealth: The &ell,Intentioned Eath to <ar ?dited by Cogers <. &right and 0icolas (. 2u ings.B 5. 7ogan 1339 The Journal o! <o ose$uality printed in a 1339 issue another study easuring ho ophobia. (s with all the other studies and scales atte pting to easure ho ophobia beginning in with : ith in 13>2" 7ogan/s study shows that the use o! the ter )ho ophobia* to describe ant,ho ose$ual beha#ior is inaccurate and inappropriate. 7ogan/s study was conducted at the Fni#ersity o! ;irginia. The study sa ple co prised 20> !e ales and 1>> ales !ro the 6ental <ealth (d.ust ent and the Eersonality and Eersonal (d.ust ent courses. The author de#eloped a 24,ite =ay and 7esbian Cesponse :cale @=7C:B. Cesponses to the state ents !ro =ay and 7esbian Cesponse :cale @=7C:B were indicated using a 5,point 7i-ert scale" a nu ber 1 response was )strongly agree* and a nu ber 5 response was )strongly disagree.* The G'BS in#luded statements indi#ative o! a "hobi# res"onse to gays and lesbians, and statements indi#ative o! "re.udi#ial res"onses to gays and lesbians as measured by a!!e#tual statements, stereoty"i#al belie!s, and o"inions regarding a#tive dis#rimination against gays and lesbians. @7ogan" <o ophobia? 0o" <o opred.udice" p. 40B

In #on#lusion, the !indings o! this study indi#ate that the broad a""li#ation o! the term homo"hobia to des#ribe anti)homosexual res"onse is ina##urate and ina""ro"riate and should only be used to des#ribe those !ew individuals who demonstrate a true "hobi# res"onse to gays and lesbians. Further, this study strongly suggests that most anti)homosexual res"onses !all into the #ategory o! "re.udi#e and the use o! the term homo"re.udi#e to des#ribe su#h res"onses is re#ommended. @7ogan" <o ophobia? 0o" <o opred.udice" p.50B I Limitations o' homo!hobia (d#ocates !or ho ose$uality ac-nowledge the li itation o! the word )ho ophobia* itsel!. 6ost proble atic is that any o! the in!erences reachers ade based on these instru ents to easure ho ophobia are in#alid due to the nu erous psycho etric proble s with each o! these ho ophobia scales. The word ho ophobia is still used because other eans o! e$pressing the )concept o! ho ophobia* with ore accurate words to describe what it really is" a pre.udice" ha#e !ailed to catch on. @erha"s the most serious "sy#hometri# !law involving the validation o! all s#ales o! homo"hobia is the absen#e o! a "re)existing, behaviorally re!eren#ed #riterion grou". The validation o! the homo"hobia instruments examined involved a #riterion grou" designated by s#ores on measures o! some #onstru#t that was believed to be related to homo"hobia, su#h as sexual #onservatism, religiosity, or malad.ustment. This de!e#t might have been remedied by using a #riterion grou" su#h as individuals who have engaged in hate #rimes against homosexuals. Thus, given the numerous "sy#hometri# "roblems with ea#h o! these s#ales, many o! the in!eren#es resear#hers ma&e based u"on instruments to measure the homo"hobia #onstru#t are invalid. @%/Aonohue" and 2aselles. )<o ophobia: 2onceptual" Ae!initional" and ;alue Issues"* p. >> in Aestructi#e Trends in 6ental <ealth: The &ell,Intentioned Eath to <ar ?dited by Cogers <. &right and 0icolas (. 2u ings.B 7xisting "sy#hometri# measures o! homo"hobia have been inade*uate and there!ore it is not #lear #urrently whether this #onstru#t #an be a##urately measured. The develo"ment o! the #onstru#t o! homo"hobia a""ears to be in its in!an#y. It is o! "aramount im"ortan#e to establish a #onsensus on a #lear univo#al de!inition o! this term. $ !amily o! related terms #ould range !rom the very general +e.g., homonegativity,, re!erring to any negative attitude or behavior, to the more s"e#i!i#. In addition, it #ould #arve out subsets o! this domain su#h as homo"hobia +e.g., an irrational !ear and avoidan#e, or homoaggressiveness +e.g., individuals who #ommit illegal a#ts that hurt homosexuals., @%/Aonohue" and 2aselles. )<o ophobia: 2onceptual" Ae!initional" and ;alue Issues"* p. 42 in Aestructi#e Trends in 6ental <ealth: The &ell,Intentioned Eath to <ar ?dited by Cogers <. &right and 0icolas (. 2u ings.B From now on, there!ore, when we really do mean C!ear o! homosexuals, Chomo"hobia it will beE when we are tal&ing about hatred o! homosexuals, well s"ea& +without the hy"en, o! Chomohatred, homohating, and Chomohaters. @Jir- and 6adsen" (!ter the 1all <ow ( erica &ill 2on'uer Its +ear and <atred o! the =ay/s in the 30s" p.XXIIIB ;omo"hobia is a mobile "olymor"hous "re.udi#e that in#or"orates a range o! meanings, many whi#h are nonsexual. This ma&es it di!!i#ult to assign a satis!a#tory name to homo"hobia. @Elu er" %ne o! the boys 6asculinity" <o ophobia" and 6odern 6anhood" p. 805B /learly, "revious attem"ts to #on#e"tuali%e the #ongnitive dimension o! rea#tivity toward homosexuality by means o! one all)in#lusive, bi"olarly valen#ed #ontinuum are inade*uate. It would a""ear that heterosexuals ma&e greater distini#tions and dis#riminations in

#on#e"tuali%ating homosexuality than has been assumed "reviously. @6ilha " :an 6iguel" and Jellogg" ))( +actor , (nalytic 2onceptuali5ation o! (ttitudes Toward 6ale and +e ale <o ose$uals"* p. 3B The results o! the "resent study lend su""ort to multidimensional #on#e"tuali%ation o! res"onses to homosexuality. @6ilha " :an 6iguel" and Jellogg" ))( +actor , (nalytic 2onceptuali5ation o! (ttitudes Toward 6ale and +e ale <o ose$uals"* p. 10B 2ritics o! ho ophobia ha#e also obser#ed that ho ophobia is proble atic !or at least two reasons. First, em"iri#al resear#h does not indi#ate that heterosexuals antigay attitudes #an reasonably be #onsidered a "hobia in the #lini#al sense. Indeed, the limited data available suggest that many heterosexuals who ex"ress hostility toward gay men and lesbians do not mani!est the "hysiologi#al rea#tions to homosexuality that are asso#iated with other "hobias +see Shields O ;arriman, 421L,. Se#ond, using homo"hobia im"lies that antigay "re.udi#e is an individual, #lini#al entity rather than a so#ial "henomenon rooted in #ultural ideologies and intergrou" relations. 3oreover, a "hobia is usually ex"erien#ed as dys!un#tional and un"leasant. $ntigay "re.udi#e, however, is o!ten highly !un#tional !or the heterosexuals who mani!est it. @http://psychology.ucda#is.edu/rainbow/ht l/pre.Vde!n.ht lB I An enemy be&omes a 'riend Eerhaps one ay !ind interesting that those ad#ocating !or ho ose$uality use the concept o! )ho ophobia*. &ithin this concept o! ho ophobia" it is an illness that is obser#ed and there is need !or psychological help !or the one who su!!ers !ro ho ophobia. In a political conte$t there is also the idea o! discri ination. Fp until 13>8 the #iew was co only held that it was a ho ose$ual who was ill and in need o! psychological help. In 13>8 those ad#ocating !or ho ose$uality through a three year long social/political ca paign by gay acti#ists" pro,gay psychiatrists and gay psychiatrists" not as a result o! #alid scienti!ic studies was able to change the #iew o! ho ose$uality as an illness. This e#ent was the re o#al o! ho ose$uality !ro the (E(/s @( erican Esychiatric (ssociationB lists o! se$ual disorders in the Aiagnostic and :tatistical 6anual. In 4250, by a vote o! 6,16L to 0,148, the diagnosti# #ategory o! homosexuality was eliminated !rom the =iagnosti# and Statisti#al 3anual o! 3ental =isorders +=S3, o! the $meri#an @sy#hiatri# $sso#iation +Bayer 4214,. @%/Aonohue" and 2aselles. )<o ophobia: 2onceptual" Ae!initional" and ;alue Issues"* p. 99 in Aestructi#e Trends in 6ental <ealth: The &ell,Intentioned Eath to <ar ?dited by Cogers <. &right and 0icolas (. 2u ings.B Writing about the 4250 de#ision and the dis"ute that surrounded it, Bayer +4214, #ontended that these #hanges were "rodu#ed by "oliti#al rather than s#ienti!i# !a#tors. Bayer argued that the revision re"resented the $@$s surrender to "oliti#al and so#ial "ressures, not new data or s#ienti!i# theories regarding on human sexuality. @%/Aonohue" and 2aselles. )<o ophobia: 2onceptual" Ae!initional" and ;alue Issues"* p. 99 in Aestructi#e Trends in 6ental <ealth: The &ell,Intentioned Eath to <ar ?dited by Cogers <. &right and 0icolas (. 2u ings.B Those ad#ocating !or ho ose$uality ha#e ta-en that who once was an ene y and used the as an ally. There was an e$change in roles" the idea that ho ose$uality was an illness" needing a ental health cure" and creating a condition o! )ho ophobia* an illness su!!ered by those opposing ho ose$uality and who are in need o! a ental health cure. &ho is a ho ose$ual? &hat is ho ophobia? Those ad#ocating !or ho ose$uality cannot agree on answers to these 'uestions a ong the sel#es. 1ut recently a new concept has arisen that o! )gay

!atigue*. There was a recent article in a Aallas newspaper about )gay !atigue*. The author was writing about the constant bo bard ent !or the propagandi5ing o! a beha#ior" atte pting to portray it in the best light possible. &hile ignoring !or the ost part the negati#e conse'uences" the growing rates o! se$ually trans itted diseases a ong ho ose$uals and en who ha#e se$ with en. The loudest cry o! warning about the growing possibility o! a second (IA: epide ic is co ing !ro so e ho ose$uals the sel#es. &ho is heeding this cry? I %arnings by homosexuals themselves o' a !ossible se&ond A)$S e!idemi& )Is the badge o! the )se$ual outlaw* -illing us?* www.ad#ocate.co /ht l/stories/300/300Vactup.asp )0e#er (gain* www.ad#ocate.co /ht l/stories/440/440VaidsVcohan.asp )( idli!e <I; crisis* www.ad#ocate.co /ht l/stories/452/452V idli!ehi#.asp Dibliogra!hy +one" 1yrne. <o ophobia ( <istory. 6etropolitan 1oo-s. 0ew Gor-" 2000. +ried an" Cichard 2. 6.A." and Jenni!er I Aowney" 6.A. )<o ose$uality.* The 0ew ?ngland Journal o! 6edicine %ct. 9" 1334" ;ol. 881" 0o. 4" 328,380. <aaga" Aa#id (. +. )<o phobia*? Journal o! :ocial 1eha#ior and Eersonality. 1331" ;ol. 9" 0o. 1" 1>1,1>4. Jantor" 6artin. <o ophobia Aescription" Ae#elop ent" and Ayna ics o! =ay 1ashing. Eraeger. &estport" 2onnecticut and 7ondon" 134. Jran5" Cachel and To 2usic-. =ay Cights. +acts on +ile" Inc. 0ew Gor-" 2000.

Jir-" 6arshall and <unter 6adsen Eh.A. (!ter the 1all <ow ( erica &ill 2on'uer Its +ear and <atred o! the =ay/s in the 30s. Aoubleday. 0ew Gor-" 1343. <erdt" =ilbert. :a e :e$" Ai!!erent 2ultures: =ays and 7esbians (cross 2ultures. &est#iewEress. 133>. <udson" EhA." &alter and &endell (. Cic-etts. )( :trategy !or the 6easure ent o! <o ophobia.* Jornal o! <o ose$uality. :u er 1344" ;ol. 5 @4B" 85>,8>2. 7u by" EhA." 6alco ?." )<o ophobia: The Duest !or a ;alid :cale.* Journal o! <o ose$uality. +all" 13>9" ;ol. 2@1B" 83,4>. 7ogan" EhA" 2olleen C. <o ophobia? 0o" <o opred.udice. Journal o! <o ose$uality. 1339. ;ol. 81@8B" 81,58. 6iguel" 6:" 2hristopher 7. and Ji 6ilha " Ehd. )The Cole o! 2ogniti#e and :ituational ;ariables in (ggression Toward <o ose$uals.* Journal o! <o ose$uality. +all 13>9" ;ol. 2 @1B" 11, 2>.

6ilha " EhA." Ji " 2hristopher 7. :an 6iguel" 6:. (nd Cichard Jellogg. )( +actor , (nalytic 2onceptuali5ation o! (ttitudes Toward 6ale and +e ale <o ose$uals.* Journal o! <o ose$uality. +all 13>9" ;ol. 2 @1B" 8,10. 0ungessor" 7on =. <o ose$ual (cts" (ctors" and Identities. Eraeger. 0ew Gor-" 1348. %/Aonohue" &illia T. and 2hristine ?. 2aselles. )<o ophobia: 2onceptual" Ae!initional" and ;alue Issues.* E. 95, 48 in Aestructi#e Trends in 6ental <ealth: The &ell,Intentioned Eath to <ar ?dited by Cogers <. &right and 0icolas (. 2u ings. Coutledge. 0ew Gor- and <o#e" 2005. Eatterson" 2harolette J. ):e$ual %rientation and <u an Ae#elop ent: (n %#er#iew.* Ae#elop ental Esychology 1335" ;ol. 81" 0o.1" 8,11. Elu er" EhA" Aa#id. %ne o! the boys 6asculinity" <o ophobia" and 6odern 6anhood. <arrington Ear- Eress. 0ew Gor-" 7ondon and %$!ord" 1333. :an 6iguel" 6:." 2hristopher 7. and Ji 6ilha " EhA." )The Cole o! 2ogniti#e and :ituational ;ariables in (ggression.* Journal o! ho ose$uality. +all 13>9" ;ol.2 @1B" 11,2>. : ith" Jenneth T. )<o ophobia: ( Tentati#e Eersonality Ero!ile.* Esychological Ceports. 13>1" 23" 1031,1034. &right" Cogers <. and 0icolas (. 2u ings. Aestructi#e Trends in 6ental <ealth: The &ell, Intentioned Eath to <ar . Coutledge Taylor T +rancis =roup. 0ew Gor- and <o#e" 2005. Goung,1ruehl" ?lisabeth. The (nato y o! Ere.udices. <ar#ard Fni#ersity Eress. 2a bridge" 6assachusetts" 1339. http://www.intelihealth.co /I</ihtI</&:I<&000/3883/34>5.ht l http://www. entalhealth.co /dis/p20 an04.ht l http://psychology.ucda#is.edu/rainbow/ht l/pre.Vde!n.ht l

http://www.banap.net/spip.php?article42

5ha!ter "" +omosexual 2arenting =yth

:aturday 29 6ay 200>.

Dy the same authors

7arry <ouston o 2hapter %ne ?ssentialis or :ocial 2onstructionis o 2hapter Ten <o ose$ual Identity +or ation o 2hapter 4 Ten Eercent <o ose$ual 6yth o 2hapter 8 (l!red Jinsey o 2hapter 11 <o ose$ual Earenting 6yth

)n the same se&tion

In the sa e section 2hapter 4 Ten Eercent <o ose$ual 6yth 2hapter > ( <o ose$ual (genda? 2hapter 3 =ay Teen :uicide 6yth 2hapter 4 &orld &ar II to the 1390s 2hapter 5 :tonewall to the 1340s 2hapter 8 (l!red Jinsey 2hapter 10 <o ophobia 6yth 2hapter 9 (ssi ilation or 7iberation 5ha!ter "" %hat About the 5hildren( A Jeview o' +omosexual 2arenting Studies (d#ocates !or legali5ing sa e,se$ relationships by ci#il unions" gay arriages or do estic partners" o!ten say these relationships ha#e no bearing on the well being o! children. They clai that nu erous studies support such an outco e. 1ut in the !i#e articles re#iewed below" other researchers say this is not the caseI rather that the studies are biased and contain !atal !laws and li itations. :tacy and 1iblar5 are sociologists who !a#or ho ose$ual parenting" and e#en they ad it" the sexual orientation o! these "arents matter somewhat more !or their #hildren than the resear#hers #laimed. 2hildren raised by ho ose$ual parents di!!er in their !a ily relationships" gender identity" and gender beha#ior !ro children raised by heterose$ual parents. There are also di!!erences in se$ual beha#ior and practices by children raised by ho ose$ual parents. They !ollow the role odeling o! their parents in ho ose$uality. " )( Ce#iew o! Aata 1ased :tudies (ddressing the (!!ects o! <o ose$ual Earenting on 2hildren/s :e$ual and :ocial +unctioning.* Ehilip (. 1elcastro" Theresa =ra lich" Tho as 0icholson" and Cichard &ilson. Journal o! Ai#orce T Ce arriage. 1338" ;ol. 20@1/2B" p.105,122. (ll o! the authors are associated with uni#ersities" 1elcastro at the Fni#ersity o! 0ew Gor@Aepart ent o! <ealth and Ehysical ?ducationB" =ra lich with the Fni#ersity o! (r-ansas !or 6edical :ciences" and the other three with the &estern Jentuc-y Fni#ersity @Aepart ent o! Eublic <ealthB. +ourteen studies were re#iewed. :tudies were selected based upon the !ollowing criteria. 1. data based 2. post,13>5 publication 8. independent #ariable , ho ose$ual parent 4. dependent #ariable , so e aspect o! the reared child/s se$ual and /or se$ual !unctioning 7a#h study was evaluated a##ording to a##e"ted standards o! s#ienti!i# in*uiry. The most im"ressive !inding was that all o! the studies la#&ed internal validity, and not a single study re"resented any sub)"o"ulation o! homosexual "arents. Three studies met minimal or higher standards o! internal validity, while the remaining eleven "resented moderate to !atal threats to internal validity. The #on#lusion that there are no signi!i#ant di!!eren#es in #hildren reared by lesbian mothers versus heterosexual mothers is not su""orted by the "ublished resear#h data base. @1elcastro et al. )( Ce#iew o! Aata 1ased :tudies (ddressing the (!!ects o! <o ose$ual Earenting on 2hildren/s :e$ual and :ocial +unctioning.* p.105,109.B 2 )The Eotential I pact o! <o ose$ual Earenting on 2hildren.* 7ynn A. &ardle. Fni#ersity o! Illinois 7aw Ce#iew. Fni#ersity o! Illinois at Frbana,2ha paign" 2ollege o! 7aw. 2ha paign" I7. 133>" ;ol. 133>" 0o. 8" p. 488,320.

&ardle is a law pro!essor at the J. Ceuben 2lar- 7aw :chool" 1righa Goung Fni#ersity. <is article was published in a law .ournal addressing legal issues. <is concern is the isuse o! social science studies co paring the e!!ects o! ho ose$ual parenting to heterose$ual parenting. In his article" &ardle cites the study by 1elcastro et al. discussed abo#e. Thus, #olle#tively, the so#ial s#ien#es studies "ur"orting to show that #hildren raised by "arents who engage in homosexual behavior are not sub.e#t to any signi!i#antly enhan#ed ris&s are !lawed methodologi#ally and analyti#ally, and !all short o! the standards o! reliability needed to sustain su#h #on#lusions. @&ardle" )The Eotential I pact o! <o ose$ual Earenting on 2hildren.* p. 452B : )@<owB Aoes the :e$ual %rientation o! Earents 6atter?* Judith :tacy and Ti othy J. 1iblar5" ( erican :ociological Ce#iew. (pril 2001" ;ol. 99" 0o. 2" p.153,148. The authors are sociology pro!essors at the Fni#ersity o! :outhern 2ali!ornia. In their article they ac-nowledge their bias in support o! ho ose$ual parenting. Twenty,one psychological studies published between 1341 and 1334 were re#iewed. They were selected by the !ollowing criteria. The studies: 1. included a sa ple o! gay or lesbian parents and children and a co parison group o! heterose$ual parents and children 2. assessed di!!erences between groups in ter s o! statistical signi!icances 8. included !indings directly rele#ant to children/s de#elop ent. The studies re#iewed co pared relati#ely ad#antaged lesbian parents @14 studiesB and gay parents @8 studiesB with roughly atched sa ples o! heterose$ual parents. ale

7#hoing the #on#lusion o! meta)analysts $llen and Burell +422:,, the authors o! all 94 studies almost uni!ormly #laimed to !ind no di!!eren#es in measures o! "arenting or #hild out#omes. In #ontrast, our #are!ul s#rutiny o! the !indings they re"ort suggests that on some dimensions ) "arti#ularly those related to gender and sexuality ) the sexual orientations o! these "arents matter somewhat more !or their #hildren than the resear#hers #laimed. @:tacy T 1iblar5. )@<owB Aoes the :e$ual %rientation o! Earents 6atter?* p.19>B 4 )0o 1asis: &hat the :tudies Aon/t Tell Fs (bout :a e,:e$ Earenting*. Cobert 7erner" Eh.A." and (lthea J 0agai" Eh.A. http://www. arriagewatch.org/publications/nobasis.ht 7erner and 0agai are pro!essionals in the !ield o! 'uantitati#e analysis. In their article they e#aluated 43 e pirical studies on sa e,se$ @or ho ose$ualB parenting. ?ach study was e#aluated based on how they carried out si$ -ey research tas-s: 1. !or ulating a hypothesis and research design 2. controlling !or unrelated e!!ects 8. easuring concepts @bias" reliability" and #alidityB 4. sa pling 5. statistical testing 9. addressing the proble o! !alse negati#es @statistical powerB 'erner and (agai !ound at least one !atal resear#h !law in all !orty)nine studies. $s a result, they #on#lude that no generali%ations #an reliably be made based on any o! these studies. For these reasons the studies are no basis !or good s#ien#e or good "ubli# "oli#y. @7erner T 0agai. )0o 1asis: &hat the :tudies Aon/t Tell Fs (bout :a e,:e$ Earenting*. p.8B 5 ):tudies o! <o ose$ual Earenting: ( 2ritical Ce#iew.* =eorge Ce-ers and 6ar- Jilgus Cegent Fni#ersity 7aw Ce#iew. 2001,2002" ;ol. 14" 0o. 2" 848,842. Ce-ers EhA is a pro!essor at the Fni#ersity o! :outh 2arolina :chool o! 6edicine. <e is the author o! o#er 100 .ournal articles" in#ited boo- chapters" and nine boo-s. Ce-ers has gi#en in#ited e$pert testi ony to nu erous !ederal go#ern ent agencies and presented in#ited papers to acade ic

eetings in 24 countries. (gencies such as the 0ational :cience +oundation and the 0ational Institute o! 6ental <ealth ha#e supported his wor- through !ellowships" contracts" and grants. Jilgus" 6.A. Eh.A. is a board certi!ied child and adolescent psychiatrist. <e was also a!!iliated with the Fni#ersity o! :outh 2arolina :chool o! 6edicine at the ti e o! co,authoring the article. The "ur"ose o! this arti#le is to "rovide an overview o! the methodology and "ossible limitations o! existing resear#h studies on the e!!e#ts o! homosexual "arenting studies u"on #hild develo"ment in order to assist lawyers, legislators, and .udges to identi!y "oliti#ally)motivated assertions regarding so)#alled resear#h !indings that are not, in !a#t, substantiated by ade*uate s#ienti!i# resear#h. @Cec-ers and 6a-igus" ):tudies o! <o ose$ual Earenting* ( 2ritical Ce#iew"* p. 849B Ce#iewed were 85 o! the best currently a#ailable ho ose$ual parenting studies published in re!ereed @peer re#iewedB acade ic .ournals. This arti#le dis#overed that with very !ew ex#e"tions, the existing studies on homosexual "arenting are methodologi#ally !lawed and they should be #onsidered no more than ex"loratory "ilot wor& whi#h suggest dire#tions !or rigorous resear#h studies. @Cec-ers and 6a-igus" ):tudies o! <o ose$ual Earenting* ( 2ritical Ce#iew"* p. 845B $t best, the s#ientist must still #onsider this body o! "ublished arti#les to be suggestive o! "ossible leads to be systemi#ally resear#hed in !uture rigorous #ontrolled resear#h studies. $t worst, these methodologi#ally !lawed studies are misleading, biased, "oliti#ally motivated !orms o! "ro"aganda, whi#h irres"onsibly assert #on#lusions whi#h are not s#ienti!i#ally warranted. @Cec-ers and 6a-igus" ):tudies o! <o ose$ual Earenting* ( 2ritical Ce#iew"* p. 8>5B Limitations and 'laws o' the homosexual !arenting studies reviewed We have identi!ied #on#e"tual, methodologi#al, and theoreti#al limitations in the "sy#hologi#al resear#h on the e!!e#ts o! "arental sexual orientation and have #hallenged the "redominant #laim that the sexual orientation "arents does not matter at all. @:tacy T 1iblar5. )@<owB Aoes the :e$ual %rientation o! Earents 6atter?* p.1>9B " Sam!les :i5e: 6arginally acceptable sa ple si5es. 0u bers #aried !ro 5 in one study to a !ew do5en. +re'uently 10 to 40 sub.ects were studied. :a ples are too s all to yield eaning!ul results. ):a ple o! con#enience*: sub.ects are sel!,selected" or at least not rando ly selected. Cecruited through ad#ertise ents in ho ophile publications. )Earticipants who recruited other participants.* ?ducated" econo ically stable white lesbians are typically o#er,represented. 2 5ontrol 6rou!s :o e studies had no control groups. :eldo co pared to and their children arried heterose$ual !a ilies. %!ten co pared to single heterose$ual parents

2ohabitation: 6ost o! the lesbian others were cohabiting with a partner" while heterose$ual others were single parents not cohabiting with partners. : $ata

Aata collection: In so e studies the ho ose$ual parents were inter#iewed in person" while the heterose$ual parents/ data was collected by ail in response. (nalysis o! the data: 1road o#er,generali5ations abound" especially in e$trapolating the results to the general population. :o e studies had issing or inade'uate statistical analysis o! the data. There was a general inaccurate reporting o! the data that was e$pressed through illegiti ate generali5ations or unwarranted conclusions. Finally, based u"on the resear#hers inter"retations o! the data, and at least in one #ase #ensorshi" o! the data, most were biased towards "roving homosexual "arents were !it "arents. $ disturbing revelation was that some o! the "ublished wor&s had to disregard their own results in order to #on#lude that homosexuals were !it "arents. We believe that the system o! manus#ri"t review by "eers, !or minimum s#ienti!i# standards o! resear#h, was #om"romised in several o! these studies. @1elcastro" et al. )( Ce#iew o! Aata 1ased :tudies (ddressing the (!!ects o! <o ose$ual Earenting on 2hildren/s :e$ual and :ocial +unctioning.* p. 11>B : Longitudinal studies This is a new area o! research. There is #ery little data a#ailable on the adult children o! ho ose$uals. So#ial desirability bias- Both resear#hers and res"ondents "er#eive that within so#iety, or at least the subgrou" o! so#iety with whi#h they identi!y, it is deemed desirable, "rogressive, and enlightened to su""ort one "arti#ular out#ome ) in this #ase, that homosexual "arenting is .ust as good as heterosexual "arenting. @&ardle" )The Eotential I pact o! <o ose$ual Earenting on 2hildren.* p. 444 $nother mutual limitation o! many o! the studies was one identi!ied by Bees +4252,, namely, lesbians "oliti#al and legal desire to "resent a ha""y, well)ad.usted !amily to the world. @1elcastro et al. )( Ce#iew o! Aata 1ased :tudies (ddressing the (!!ects o! <o ose$ual Earenting on 2hildren/s :e$ual and :ocial +unctioning.* p.119.B %hat the homosexual !arenting studies do showF What is "ossible, given the #olle#tive limitations o! these three studies, is to #on#lude that there a""ears to be some signi!i#ant di!!eren#es between #hildren raised by lesbian mothers versus heterosexual mothers in their !amily relationshi"s, gender identity, and gender behavior. @1elcastro et al. )( Ce#iew o! Aata 1ased :tudies (ddressing the (!!ects o! <o ose$ual Earenting on 2hildren/s :e$ual and :ocial +unctioning.* p.113.B The author suggests that these studies have ignored signi!i#ant "otential e!!e#ts o! gay #hildrearing on #hildren, in#luding in#reased develo"ment o! homosexual orientation in #hildren, emotional and #ognitive disadvantages #aused by the absen#e o! o""osite)sex "arents, and e#onomi# se#urity. @&ardle" )The Eotential I pact o! <o ose$ual Earenting on 2hildren.* p.488B 7ven in a uto"ian so#iety, however, one di!!eren#e seems less li&ely to disa""ear- The sexual orientation o! "arents a""ears to have a uni*ue +although not large, e!!e#t on #hildren in the "oliti#ally sensitive domain o! sexuality. The eviden#e, while s#anty and underanaly%ed, hints that "arental sexual orientation is "ositively asso#iated with the "ossibility that #hildren will be more li&ely to attain similar orientation ) and theory and #ommon sense also su""ort su#h view.@:tacy T 1iblar5. )@<owB Aoes the :e$ual %rientation o! Earents 6atter?* p.1>>,1>4B

It is the two sociologists" :tacy and 1iblar5" who ac-nowledge their bias in that they support ho ose$ual parenting. :tacy and 1iblar5 ad it that there are !laws in the ho ose$ual parenting studies" We have identi!ied #on#e"tual, methodologi#al, and theoreti#al limitations in the "sy#hologi#al resear#h on the e!!e#ts o! "arental sexual orientation . . . They belie#e it is ho ophobia and heterose$is that pre#ents ho ose$ual parenting !ro being on par with heterose$ual parenting. :o !or the it is not ho ose$uality itsel! that pre#ents good parenting" but the society and culture" e#en though our society and culture today allows unprecedented historical acceptance o! ho ose$uality. &hat is ost surprising o! all" are their co ents that )social sciences research* is not grounds !or deter ining the e!!ects o! ho ose$ual parenting on children in the political consideration o! granting parental rights !or ho ose$ual parenting. They are sociologists the sel#es. We agree, however, that ideologi#al "ressures #onstrain intelle#tual develo"ment in this !ield. In our view, it is the "ervasiveness o! so#ial "re.udi#e and institutionali%ed dis#rimination against lesbians and gay men that exerts a "ower!ul "oli#ing e!!e#t on the basi# terms o! "sy#hologi#al resear#h and "ubli# dis#ourse on the signi!i#an#e o! "arental orientation. The !ield su!!ers less !rom overt ideologi#al #onvi#tions o! s#holars than !rom the un!ortunate intelle#tual #onse*uen#es that !ollows !rom im"li#it hetero)normative "resum"tions governing the terms o! the dis#ourse ) that healthy #hild develo"ment de"ends u"on "arenting by a married heterosexual #ou"le. @:tacy T 1iblar5. )@<owB Aoes the :e$ual %rientation o! Earents 6atter?* p.190B ?n #ontrary, we "ro"ose that homo"hobia and dis#rimination are the #hie! reasons why "arental sexual orientation matters at all. @:tacy T 1iblar5. )@<owB Aoes the :e$ual %rientation o! Earents 6atter?* p.1>>B 7ven were heterosexism to disa""ear, however, "arental sexual orientation would "robably #ontinue to have some im"a#t on the eventual sexuality o! #hildren. @:tacy T 1iblar5. )@<owB Aoes the :e$ual %rientation o! Earents 6atter?* p.1>4B Thus, while we disagree with those who #laim that there are no di!!eren#es between #hildren o! heterosexual "arents and #hildren o! lesbigay "arents, we une*uivo#ally endorse their #on#lusion that so#ial s#ien#e resear#h "rovides no grounds !or ta&ing sexual orientation into a##ount in the "oliti#al distribution o! !amily rights and res"onsibilities. @:tacy T 1iblar5. )@<owB Aoes the :e$ual %rientation o! Earents 6atter?* p.1>3B http://www.banap.net/spip.php?rubri'ue12

@ver&oming +omosexuality
7atest addition : :aturday 10 :epte ber 2005.

Sub,se&tions

7arry/s :tory

4his se&tionNs arti&les

+omosexuality and 5hristianity

:aturday 10 :epte ber 2005 by 7arry <ouston

9nderstanding and @ver&oming

:unday 10 (pril 2005 by 7arry <ouston http://www.banap.net/spip.php?article4>

+omosexuality and 5hristianity

:aturday 10 :epte ber 2005.

Dy the same authors

7arry <ouston o 2hapter %ne ?ssentialis or :ocial 2onstructionis o 2hapter Ten <o ose$ual Identity +or ation o 2hapter 4 Ten Eercent <o ose$ual 6yth o 2hapter 8 (l!red Jinsey o 2hapter 11 <o ose$ual Earenting 6yth

)n the same se&tion

In the sa e section Fnderstanding and %#erco ing +omosexuality and 5hristianity ' What does it mean to be a /hristian< It is to be in relationship with the person o! Jesus 2hrist. It is not the things we do @pray" read the 1ible" go to churchB" or the things we do not do @-ill" steal" lieB" not where we go @the church we attendB" but who we -now @Jesus 2hristB. It is not the things we do, or the things we do not do, but who we &now. 6artin 7uther tal-ed about being )a little 2hrist.* ' What are those things that harm and hinder our relationshi" with Jesus and one another< K :in@sB K :I0: not :o ething I 0eed" but :o eone I 0eed K Ten 2o and ents

<ebrews 11:25 . . . en.oy the "leasures o! sin !or a season. @(nd so o!ten this season is #ery short" !or sin 'uic-ly ensnares and ensla#es resulting in bondage to sin.B Co ans 9:19 Mnow ye not, that to whom ye yield yourselves servant to obey, his servants ye are to whom ye obeyE whether o! sin unto death, or o! obedien#e unto righteousness< @That is why I want to tal- about replacing o#er and abo#e healing and change.B &arning and preparing our hearts: Jesus/ words !ro own eye.B 6atthew >:1,5 @ta-e the bea out o! thine

' Tem"tation Te ptation is not sin. K This 'uote used by any including the =er an theologian 6artin 7uther I !ound #ery help!ul in o#erco ing y struggle with ho ose$uality. These ay not be the e$act words" but the ideal is captured. ;ou &annot sto! the birds 'rom 'lying over your head Dut you &an sto! them 'rom building a nest in your hair K Te ptation ay be that rando thought co ing into your indI sin is when you dwell on that rando thought" allowing it to grow roots and producing !ruit" beco ing drea s and !antasies. K Te ptation is that glance you loo- and stare. a-e with your eyeI sin is when you turn your head to ta-e a second

K Te ptation ay be that longing and hungering !or relationship and inti acy" sin is when an illegiti ate physical se$ual act is used to !ill and satis!y that legiti ate need !or relationship and inti acy. Ja es 1:18,15 'et no man say when he is tem"ted, I am tem"ted o! God- !or God #annot be tem"ted with evil, neither tem"teth he any man- But every man is tem"ted, when he is drawn away o! his own lust, and enti#ed. Then when lust hath #on#eived, it bringeth !orth sin- and sin, when it is !inished, bringeth !orth death. I 2orinthians 10:18 There hath no tem"tation ta&en you but su#h as is #ommon to man- but God is !aith!ul, who will not su!!er you to be tem"ted above that ye are ableE but will with the tem"tation also ma&e a way to es#a"e, that ye may be able to bear it. Ja es 1:12 Blessed is the man that endureth tem"tation- !or when he is tried, he shall re#eive the #rown o! li!e, whi#h the 'ord hath "romised to them that love him. II Eeter 2:3 The 'ord &noweth how to deliver the godly out o! tem"tations, and to reserve the un.ust unto the day o! .udgment to be "unished' Gods WordQ;oly Bible K <igh ;iew K 7et the =od/s &ord as a ^ Cule boo-: ^ Coad ^ Cepair ore clear portions interpret the less clear. K Erinciples to lead and guide. K

ore than dos and don/ts but rather principles

ap: gi#es directions to lead and guide through li!e anual: to repair and restore our li#es

' Justi!i#ation and San#ti!i#ation K Justi!ication is a .udicial declaration by =od that one has been righteous. :ancti!ication is the process o! one beco ing ore li-e 2hrist. Justi!ication is all the wor- o! =od" as a result o! Jesus/

li!e" death and resurrection. &e ha#e a part in our sancti!ication the trans!or into the li-eness o! Jesus 2hrist.

aturing o! our !aith" being

K The pi#otal point in the annals o! ti e was the li!e o! Jesus 2hrist" <is birth" death" and resurrection. K Eosition/?$perience Those who ha#e Jesus 2hrist" as 7ord and :a#ior their )positional* relationship with =od has been ade right. 1ut in the here and now" )e$perientially* our li#es ay not always !eel and re!lect our )positional* relationship with =od through Jesus 2hrist. K (lready/ 0ot Get =eorge ?ldon 7add spo-e o! the Jingdo o! =od in this world as )already/not yet.* In the !irst co ing o! the person o! Jesus 2hrist" the Jingdo o! =od has already co e into this world. It is with the :econd 2o ing o! the person o! Jesus 2hrist that this world will !ully e$perience the Jingdo o! =od. I want to apply these two ideas )positional/e$periential* and )already/not yet* to our struggle with ho ose$uality. (s we do so" we ust re e ber that te ptation is not sin. ' ;ealingQ/hange The :criptures gi#e a #ery clear description and e$a ples o! physical healings. 1ut what about when people spea- o! the healing o! e ories and/or e otions? (lso :cripture is #ery clear when it spea-s about changing what one does and/or their beha#ior. ' $""li#ation The !ollowing song is !ro )Aeli#erer* by Candy and Terry 1utler Aeli#er e" y great Aeli#erer :et y heart !ree !ro clean heart (nd a pure ind Aeli#er e" Aeli#erer Aeli#er e" y great Aeli#erer :et y heart !ree !ro ene y (nd all his e ories Aeli#er e" Aeli#erer K +eart ?5e-iel 11:13,20 $nd I will give them one heart, and I will "ut a new s"irit within youE and I will ta&e the stony heart out o! their !lesh, and will give them an heart o! !lesh- That they may wal& in my statutes, and &ee" mine ordinan#es, and do them- and they shall be my "eo"le. Esal 51 those things that are holding those things that are holding e =i#e ea 6ercy Cecords. @;ineyard 2hristian +ellowshipB

e Ta-e the

I :a uel 19:> But the 'ord said unto Samuel, 'oo& not on his #ountenan#e, or on the height o! his statureE be#ause I have re!used him- !or the 'ord seeth not as man seethE !or man loo&eth on the outward a""earan#e, but the 'ord loo&eth on the heart. 6atthew 9:24 (o man #an serve two masters- !or either he will hate the one, and love the otherE or else he will hold to the one, and des"ise the other. >e #annot serve God and mammon.

K =ind ?phesians 4:20,24 But ye have not so learned /hristE I! so be that ye have heard him, and have been taught by him, as the truth is in Jesus- That ye "ut o!! #on#erning the !ormer #onversation the old man, whi#h is #orru"t a##ording to the de#eit!ul lustsE $nd be renewed in the s"irit o! your mindE $nd that ye "ut on the new man, whi#h a!ter God is #reated in righteousness and true holiness. Co ans 12:1,2 I besee#h you there!ore, brethren, by the mer#ies o! God, that ye "resent your bodies a living sa#ri!i#e, holy, a##e"table unto God, whi#h is your reasonable servi#e. $nd be not #on!ormed to this world- but be ye trans!ormed by the renewing o! your mind, that ye may "rove what is that good, and a##e"table, and "er!e#t, will o! God. 2olossians 8:1,8 I! ye then be risen with /hrist, see& those things whi#h are above, where /hrist sitteth on the right hand o! God. Set your a!!e#tion on things above, not on things on the earth. For ye are dead, and your li!e is hid with /hrist in God. Ehilippians 4:5,3 'et your moderation be &nown unto all men. The 'ord is at hand. Be #are!ul !or nothingE but in every thing by "rayer and su""li#ation with than&sgiving let your re*uests be made &nown unto God. $nd the "ea#e o! God, whi#h "asseth all understanding, shall &ee" your hearts and minds through /hrist Jesus. Finally, brethren, whatsoever things are true, whatsoever things are honest, whatsoever things are .ust, whatsoever things are "ure, whatsoever things are lovely, whatsoever things are o! good re"ortE i! there be any virtue, and i! there be any "raise, thin& on these things. Those things, whi#h ye have both learned, and re#eived, and heard, and seen in me, do- and the God o! "ea#e shall be with you. I Eeter 18,19 Where!ore gird u" the loins o! your mind, be sober, and ho"e to the end !or the gra#e that is to be brought unto you at the revelation o! Jesus /hristE $s obedient #hildren, not !ashioning yourselves a##ording to the !ormer lusts in your ignoran#e- But as he whi#h hath #alled you is holy, so be ye holy in all manner o! #onversationE Be#ause it is written, Be ye holyE !or I am holy. II 2orinthians 10:8,9 For though we wal& in the !lesh, we do not war a!ter the !lesh-+For the wea"ons o! our war!are are not #arnal, but mighty through God to the "ulling down o! strong holdsE, /asting down imaginations, and every high thing that exalteth itsel! against the &nowledge o! God, and bringing into #a"tivity every thought to the obedien#e o! /hristE $nd having in a readiness to revenge all disobedien#e, when your obedien#e is !ul!illed. K 7nemy ($evil or Satan) II 2orinthians 14 $nd no marvelE !or Satan himsel! is trans!ormed into an angel o! light. Ce#elation 12:3 $nd the great dragon was #ast out, that old ser"ent, #alled the =evil, and Satan, whi#h de#eiveth the whole world- he was #ast out into the earth, and his angels were #ast out with him. 6atthew 4:1 Then was Jesus led u" o! the S"irit into the wilderness to be tem"ted o! the devil. ?phesians 4:29,2> Be ye angry, and sin not- let not the sun go down u"on your wrath- (either give "la#e to the devil.

I John 2:15,19 'ove not the world, neither the things that are in the world. I! any man love the world, the love o! the Father is not in him. For all that is in the world, the lust o! the !lesh, and the lust o! the eyes, and the "ride o! li!e, is not o! the Father, but is o! the world. Ja es 4:>,10 Submit yourselves there!ore to God. Besist the devil, and he will !lee !rom you. =raw nigh to God, and he will draw nigh to you. /leanse your hands, ye sinnersE and "uri!y your hearts, ye double minded. Be a!!li#ted, and mourn, and wee"- let your laughter be turned to mourning, and your .oy to heaviness. ;umble yourselves in the sight o! the 'ord, and he shall li!t you u". I Eeter 5:4 Be sober, be vigilantE be#ause your adversary the devil, as a roaring lion, wal&eth about, see&ing whom he may devour1e!ore you answer the 'uestions below I as- that you #isit www.banap.net and read the page that opens up. There I write about y struggle with ho ose$uality" and so e -ey understandings that were #ery help!ul !or e in o#erco ing ho ose$uality. 6ore i portantly there are 'uotes !ro those who sel!,identi!y as ho ose$ual" they are writing ac-nowledging their belie! that people are not born ho ose$uals. There!ore it is not who one is" a ho ose$ual but rather it is ho ose$uality" what one does. (lso be!ore continuing on with answering the 'uestions below I as- that you thin- about the concepts o! )change* and )healing*/ that are o!ten heard when discussing o#erco ing ho ose$uality. <o ose$uality" along with any other things is a relationship issue. I want to talabout )replacing* those things that are har !ul and unhealthy with those things that are ore help!ul and healthy !or us. +or in )replacing* there will be )change* and )healing*. The latter are not the goals" but the results o! )replacing*. &hat we need to )replace* are not only the things we do or not do" but also what we belie#e and percei#e about oursel#es. I want to !urther write so e things that I !ound to be #ery bene!icial in y o#erco ing ho ose$uality. Though you ay not agree with the !ollowing co ents" I as- that you be open inded and gi#e the so e thought and prayer. I strongly e phasis in y li!e accepting personal responsibility !or not only y acts" but also those things I belie#e. It was #ery di!!icult !or e to begin to belie#e that I was not a )ho ose$ual*" because I was allowing y !eelings and e otions to strongly in!luence e. I struggled with the concepts o! )healing* and )change* because i plied in the is the idea that it is !ro )without* that so ething would co e into y struggle with ho ose$uality and a-e the di!!erence. This also allowed e to be so ewhat passi#e in o#erco ing y struggle with ho ose$uality. Thus it resulted in allowing e to put the burden on this other !ro )without* !or !ailing to i pact y o#erco ing ho ose$uality. 1ut as I begin to understand the concept o! )replacing* it resulted in e recogni5ing that I ust ta-e a ore acti#e role in y o#erco ing ho ose$uality. 6ore i portantly it ga#e e greater control" as I too- on ore responsibility !or y o#erco ing ho ose$uality" and thereby wea-ening the power o! the bro-enness/wea-ness in y li!e to lead and rule. The end result in this shi!t in y belie! syste was a #ery strong" power!ul opti is and hope!ulness that I would be #ictorious in o#erco ing ho ose$uality. :o when thin-ing about ho ose$uality and healing how do you answer the 'uestions. 1B &ho is the healer? 2B &hat is being healed? 8B <ow is one being healed?

4B &hat is healing o!

e ories and/or e otions?

' Fnderstanding and %#erco ing There are ultiple pathways that ay lead one into ho ose$uality. 7i-ewise there will be ultiple pathways in o#erco ing ho ose$uality. &hat one does" ho ose$uality or who one is" a ho ose$ual. The case !or the !or er is uch stronger. The truth be told" the !or er is the truth. I! you do not belie#e e" read what those ad#ocating !or ho ose$uality and those who sel!,identi!y as ho ose$uals write. &hen answering these 'uestions below there are three areas to thin- about. 1B (ctual beha#ior" those things I do. 2B <ow I thin-" which includes 8B 6y !eelings and e otions. K Fnderstanding 1B &here a I now? y perceptions.

2B <ow did I get here? 8B &here do I want to go? K %#erco ing 1B 2an I? Ges 2B :hould I? 0o 1ut . . . 8B Ao I really want to? http://www.banap.net/spip.php?article40

9nderstanding and @ver&oming

:unday 10 (pril 2005.

Dy the same authors

7arry <ouston o 2hapter %ne ?ssentialis or :ocial 2onstructionis o 2hapter Ten <o ose$ual Identity +or ation o 2hapter 4 Ten Eercent <o ose$ual 6yth o 2hapter 8 (l!red Jinsey o 2hapter 11 <o ose$ual Earenting 6yth

)n the same se&tion

In the sa e section <o ose$uality and 2hristianity 9nderstanding and @ver&oming There are ultiple pathways that ay lead one into ho ose$uality. 7i-ewise there will be pathways in o#erco ing ho ose$uality. ultiple

&hat one does" ho ose$uality or who one is" a ho ose$ual. The case !or the !or er is uch stronger. The truth be told" the !or er is the truth. I! you do not belie#e e" read what those ad#ocating !or ho ose$uality and those who sel!,identi!y as ho ose$uals write. 1e!ore you answer the 'uestions below I as- that you #isit www.banap.net and read the page that opens up. There I write about y struggle with ho ose$uality" and so e -ey understandings that were #ery help!ul !or e in o#erco ing ho ose$uality. 6ore i portantly there are 'uotes !ro those who sel!,identi!y as ho ose$ual" they are writing ac-nowledging their belie! that people are not born ho ose$uals. There!ore it is not who one is" a ho ose$ual but rather it is ho ose$uality" what one does. (lso be!ore continuing on with answering the 'uestions below I as- that you thin- about the concepts o! Schange/ and Shealing/ that are o!ten heard when discussing o#erco ing ho ose$uality. <o ose$uality" along with any other things is a relationship issue. I want to tal- about Sreplacing/ those things that are har !ul and unhealthy with things that are ore help!ul and healthy !or us. +or in Sreplacing/ there will be Schange/ and Shealing/. The latter are not the goals" but the results o! Sreplacing/. &hat need to be replaced are not only the things we do or not do" but also what we belie#e and percei#e about oursel#es. I want to !urther write so e things that I !ound to be #ery bene!icial in y o#erco ing ho ose$uality. Though you ay not agree with the !ollowing co ents" I as- that you be open inded and gi#e the so e thought. I strongly e phasis in y li!e accepting personal responsibility !or not only y acts" but also those things I belie#e. It was #ery di!!icult !or e to begin to belie#e that I was not a )ho ose$ual*" because I was allowing y !eelings and e otions to strongly in!luence e. I struggled with the concepts o! Shealing/ and Schange/ because i plied in the is the idea that it is !ro )without* that so ething would co e into y struggle with ho ose$uality and a-e the di!!erence. It also allowed e to be so ewhat passi#e in o#erco ing y struggle with ho ose$uality. Thus it resulted in allowing e to put the burden on this other !ro )without* !or !ailing to i pact y o#erco ing ho ose$uality. 1ut as I begin to understand the concept o! Sreplacing/" it resulted in e recogni5ing that I ust ta-e a ore acti#e role in y o#erco ing ho ose$uality. 6ore i portantly it ga#e e greater control" as I too- on ore responsibility !or y o#erco ing ho ose$uality" and thereby wea-ening the power o! the bro-enness/wea-ness in y li!e to lead and rule. The end result in this shi!t in y belie! syste was a #ery strong" power!ul opti is and hope!ulness that I would be #ictorious in o#erco ing ho ose$uality. &hen answering these 'uestions below there are three areas to thin- about. 1B (ctual beha#ior" those things I do. 2B <ow I thin-" which includes !eelings and e otions. 9nderstanding y perceptions. 8B 6y

&here a

I at now?

<ow did I get here? &here do I want to go? @ver&oming 2an I? Ges :hould I? 0o 1ut . . . Ao I really want to? http://www.banap.net/spip.php?rubri'ue80

Same,Sex =arriage
7atest addition : :unday 1> %ctober 2010.

Sub,se&tions

7egal 2hallenge to =oodridge

4his se&tionNs arti&les

-5ourt o' 2ubli& @!inion6onday 20 :epte ber 2010 by 7arry <ouston

$ue 2ro&ess and 78ual 2rote&tion

Tuesday 14 :epte ber 2010 by 7arry <ouston

6ay and Lesbians %ho @!!ose Same,Sex =arriage

:unday 1> %ctober 2010 by 7arry <ouston

Sus!e&t 5lass
Tuesday 14 :epte ber 2010 by 7arry <ouston http://www.banap.net/spip.php?article110

-5ourt o' 2ubli& @!inion6onday 20 :epte ber 2010.

Dy the same authors

7arry <ouston o 2hapter %ne ?ssentialis or :ocial 2onstructionis o 2hapter Ten <o ose$ual Identity +or ation o 2hapter 4 Ten Eercent <o ose$ual 6yth o 2hapter 8 (l!red Jinsey o 2hapter 11 <o ose$ual Earenting 6yth

)n the same se&tion

In the sa e section =ay and 7esbians &ho %ppose :a e,:e$ 6arriage :uspect 2lass Aue Erocess and ?'ual Erotection -5ourt o' 2ubli& @!inionThirty,one states ha#e allowed their citi5ens to participate through #oting on the issue o! de!ining arriage and who is allowed to arry. ;oters ha#e appro#ed constitutional bans on sa e,se$ arriage in 29 states since the 2008 6assachusetts Judicial :upre e 2ourt ruling" legali5ing sa e, se$ arriageI the constitutions o! !our other states also li it arriage to heterose$uals. The i portance and #alue o! a constitution ay be seen in the process o! a ending a constitution. :tate constitutional a end ents are typically appro#ed !irst by the legislature or special constitutional con#ention and then by the #oters in a re!erendu . In so e states" one or both o! these steps is repeated. 6aine in a 2003 election was the thirty,!irst state by a public #oter re!erendu in the battle o#er sa e,se$ arriage to re.ect sa e,se$ arriage. It was not an a end ent to the 6aine :tate 2onstitution" but a #oter re!erendu to o#erturn and #eto a law" passed by the legislature and signed by the go#ernor allowing sa e,se$ arriage. It past with 58H" 800"444 out o! the 594"9>9 #otes being cast #oting to o#erturn and #eto the law allowing sa e,se$ arriage. :a e,se$ arriage in 2ali!ornia has been accepted by the 2ali!ornia :upre e 2ourt and the legislature" but re.ected by the =o#ernor and the people. 7egislation was passed in 13>1 to replace gendered pronouns with gender,neutral pronouns. 2ali!ornia 2i#il 2ode relating to arriage was uni!or ly interpreted as including only opposite [se$ couples. 1ut because o! worries that the language was unclear" a bill was passed in 13>> de!ining arriage in 2ali!ornia as a ci#il contract between a an and a wo an. Eroposition 22 was passed in a 2000 pri ary election" by a #ote o! 91H to 84H. :enator Jnight authored it and the one,sentence code section e$plicitly de!ined the union o! a an and a wo an as the only #alid or recogni5able !or o! arriage in the :tate o! 2ali!ornia. In 2005 and in 200> the 2ali!ornia state legislature passed bills legali5ing sa e,se$ arriage both ti es =o#ernor :chwar5enegger #etoed the bills. <e did so in re!erence to Eroposition 22. The 2ali!ornia :upre e 2ourt o#erturned Eroposition 22 in a 2004 decision" thus allowing sa e,se$ arriages to ta-e place in 2ali!ornia until 0o#e ber 2004. The ballot initiati#e" Eroposition 4" a state constitutional a end ent titled ?li inates Cight o! :a e,:e$ 2ouples to 6arry (ct" appeared on the 2ali!ornia general election ballot in 0o#e ber 2004 and passed with a 52H a.ority.The 2ali!ornia :upre e 2ourt heard se#eral challenges to Eroposition 4 in 6arch 2003"Obut ulti ately

upheld the a end ent. +ollowing is a table o! the states listing the year" title" and the percentage o! support !or the a end ent. Amendments that grant legislative authority to ban same,sex marriage :tate Gear :upport ;ote H Title <awii 1334 93H 2onstitutional ( end ent 2 Amendments that ban same,sex marriage (las-a 1334 94 1allot 6easure 2 0e#ada 2000" 2001 >0H" 9>H 0e#ada Duestion 2 6ississippi 2004 49H 6ississippi ( end ent 1 6issouri 2004 >2H 2onstitutional ( end ent 2 6ontana 2004 9>H 6ontana Initiati#e 39 %regon 2004 5>H %regon 1allot 6easure 89 2olorado 2009 59H 2olorado ( end ent 48 Tennessee 2009 41H Tennessee ( end ent 1 (ri5ona 2004 59H (ri5ona Eroposition 102 2ali!ornia 2004 52H 2ali!ornia Eroposition 4 Amendments that ban same,sex marriage and &ivil unions, but not other &ontra&ts 0ebras-a 2000 >0H Initiati#e 6easure 419 (r-ansas 2004 >5H 2onstititional ( end ent 8 =eorgia 2004 >9H 2onstititional ( end ent 1 Jentuc-y 2004 >5H 2onstititional ( end ent 1 7ouisiana 2004 >4H 2onstititional ( end ent 1 0orth Aa-ota 2004 >8H 0orth Aa-ota 2onstitutional 6easure 1 %hio 2004 92H :tate Issue 1 %-lho a 2004 >9H :tate Issue 1 Ftah 2004 99H 2onstititional ( end ent 8 Jansas 2005 >9H Eroposed ( end ent 1

Te$as 2005 >9H Eroposition 2 (laba a 2009 41H :anctity o! 6arriage ( end ent @( end ent >>4B Idaho 2009 98H Idaho ( end ent 2 :outh 2arolina 2009 >4H :outh 2arolina ( end ent 1 :outh Aa-ota 2009 52H :outh Aa-ota ( end ent 2 &isconsin 2009 53H &isconsin Ce!erendu +lorida 2004 92H +lorida ( end ent 2 Amendments that ban same,sex marriage, &ivil unions, and other &ontra&ts 6ichigan 2004 53H :tate Eroposal [04,2 ;irginia 2009 5>H 6arshall,0ew an ( end ent http://www.banap.net/spip.php?article103 1

$ue 2ro&ess and 78ual 2rote&tion

Tuesday 14 :epte ber 2010.

Dy the same authors

7arry <ouston o 2hapter %ne ?ssentialis or :ocial 2onstructionis o 2hapter Ten <o ose$ual Identity +or ation o 2hapter 4 Ten Eercent <o ose$ual 6yth o 2hapter 8 (l!red Jinsey o 2hapter +i#e: Types o! <o ose$ualities / (ge,:tructured

)n the same se&tion

In the sa e section :uspect 2lass L2ourt o! Eublic %pinionL =ay and 7esbians &ho %ppose :a e,:e$ 6arriage Aue Erocess and ?'ual Erotection

A rational basis 'or a due !ro&ess &laim

LbearO P a real and substantial relation to the public health" sa!ety" general wel!are.L orals" or so e other phase o! the

The in!or ation in this paper is rele#ant and i portant in the discussion o! sa e,se$ arriage. To legally sanction sa e,se$ relationships would continue to nor ali5e and legiti i5e relationships" which ay include sa e,se$ physical se$ acts" that are detri ental to the indi#iduals in#ol#ed and

to our society at large. &hat has been written here is to share in!or ation that should be apart o! an open and honest discussion o! ho ose$uality in light o! the a.ority opinion written in the legal case" =oodridge #ersus Aepart ent o! Eublic <ealth. Including this in!or ation it could be logically argued that the arriage ban does eet the rational basis test !or either due process or e'ual protection. Included here is in!or ation that has been ta-en !ro se#eral recent 1oston =lobe articles" boo-s and articles written by those ad#ocating !or ho ose$uality. +irst 'uotes ha#e been ta-en !ro the !ollowing website that contains the opinions !ro the =oodridge #s Aepart ent o! Eublic <ealth. These 'uotes ha#e been ta-en !ro the a.ority opinion written by 2hie! 6arshall. ? phasis has been added. www.state. a.us/courts/courtsand.udges/courts/supre e.udicialcourt/goodridge.ht l )?ntry o! .udg ent shall be stayed !or 140 days to per it the 7egislature to ta-e such action as it ay dee appropriate in light o! this opinion.* )Erotecting the wel!are o! children is a para ount :tate policy. Cestricting couples" howe#er" cannot plausibly !urther this policy.* arriage to opposite,se$

L This re!or ulation redresses the plainti!!s/ constitutional in.ury and !urthers the ai o! arriage to pro ote stable" e$clusi#e relationships. It ad#ances the two legiti ate :tate interests the depart ent has identi!ied: pro#iding a stable setting !or child rearing and conser#ing :tate resources.* )+or the reasons we e$plain below" we conclude that the basis test !or either due process or e'ual protection.* arriage ban does not eet the rational

)Aue Erocess clai s: rational basis analysis re'uires that statutes LbearO P a real and substantial relation to the public health" sa!ety" orals" or so e other phase o! the general wel!are.L )?'ual protection challenges: the rational basis test re'uires that Lan i partial law a-er could logically belie#e that the classi!ication would ser#e a legiti ate public purpose that transcends the har to the e bers o! the disad#antaged class.L Q (!ter the 1all published in 1343 This is a boo- by 6arshall Jir- a 1340 graduate o! <ar#ard Fni#ersity. 2o,author <unter 6adsen is a public,co unications e$pert who has taught on the <ar#ard Fni#ersity !aculty" designed co ercial ad#ertising on 6adison (#enue and helped with the !irst national gay ad#ertising e!!ort" the Eositi#e I ages 2a paign. It is a boo- ad#ocating !or ho ose$uality and a change in the strategy !ro a gay re#olution to a public relations ca paign !or winning greater acceptance o! ho ose$uality in ( erica. )The ca paign we outline in this boo-" though co ple$" depends centrally upon a progra o! unabashed propaganda" !ir ly grounded in long,established principles o! psychology and ad#ertising.* @Jir- and 6adsen" (!ter the 1all <ow ( erica &ill 2on'uer Its +ear and <atred o! the =ay/s in the 30s" p.$$#iB

)(!ter the 1all has now detailed a co prehensi#e public relations ca paign that should go a long way toward saniti5ing our #ery unsanitary i age. 1ut we can/t hide !ore#er beneath a coat o! whitewashI we ha#e to step out !ro behind the !aRade e#entually" and unless we/#e ade so e real changes by the ti e we do" people will see that we/re still the sa e old 'ueers. :traights hate gays not .ust !or what their yths and lies say we are" but also !or what we really are" all the s'uea-y,clean edia propaganda in the world won/t sustain a positi#e i age in the long run unless we start scrubbing to a-e oursel#es a little s'ea-ier and cleaner in reality. (nd as it happens" our noses @and other partsB are !ar !ro clean. In one a.or aspect" ( erica/s ho ohaters ha#e" li-e the pro#erbial blind pig" rooted up the tru!!le o! truth: the gay li!estyle , not our se$uality" but our li!estyle , is in the pits. This chapter will tell you what/s wrong with a lot o! gays" why its wrong" and how you can dance the new steps . . . a!ter the ball.* @Jir- and 6adsen" (!ter the 1all <ow ( erica &ill 2on'uer Its +ear and <atred o! the =ay/s in the 30s" p. 2>9,2>>B )This chapter/s purpose" there!ore" is 2onstructi#e 2riticis . &e outline ten categories o! isbeha#ior , things that any gays do" or are that are praised and ideali5ed by the gay leadership as part o! our Sli!estyle /, that can no longer be borne" and !or two reasons: they a-e us loo- bad to straights" and they cause needless su!!ering" lowering the 'uality o! li!e within the gay co unity.* @Jir- and 6adsen" (!ter the 1all <ow ( erica &ill 2on'uer Its +ear and <atred o! the =ay/s in the 30s" p.2>9,2>>B Q 1oston =lobe 11/28/2002 In a 0o#e ber 28" 2008 article" )10 years/ wor- led to historic win in court* written by G#onne (braha gi#es insight and bac-ground in!or ation to the case" =oodridge #ersus Aepart ent o! Eublic <ealth. This court case is about sa e,se$ arriage in 6assachusetts. &hile credit ay be gi#en !or the strong case ade by the lawyers and plainti!!s in this legal suit" they pre#ailed with the :J2. It is in this critical issue o! rede!ining the historical eaning o! arriage that this article re#eals so e disturbing insight into the preparation o! the case by the lawyers and plainti!!s. There is a co parison to the court case that led to ;er ont ci#il unions. %ne i portant consideration is that the plainti!!s in the 6( case are not a )representati#e sa ple* o! the ho ose$ual population. In any so called scienti!ic studies in#ol#ing ho ose$uality" )sa pling* is a co on ethodological !law Is this another atte pt at deliberate deceit and deception by ho ose$uals to in!luence a greater acceptance to ho ose$uality in ( erica? In this paper there are other newspaper articles and boo-s that are cited to gi#e a greater understanding into a ore representati#e sa ple o! ho ose$uals. 1ut !irst the !ollowing 'uotes ha#e been ta-en !or this newspaper article" )10 years/ wor- led to historic win in court* 1onauto told the group that 6assachusetts" with the broad protections pro#ided by its constitution and a :upre e Judicial 2ourt steadily e$panding the notion o! !a ily" was the ideal state in which to see- arriage licenses. The case de anded care!ul calculation. The ti ing had to be rightI the plainti!!s had to loo- li-e !riendly ne$t,door,neighborsI the strategy had to be tailored to a#oid a decision li-e ;er ont/s" which stopped short o! arriage. LI was ad"L 1onauto said. LI was thrilled we were still in the ga e" and they had this beauti!ul language in there about the hu anity o! gay people" but I couldn/t belie#e they had done so ething that I thought was a political .udg ent. I had ne#er heard o! segregating the word arriage !ro its rights and protections.L

The plainti!!s" who would ser#e as the public !ace o! the lawsuit" were chosen care!ully. They had to be #aried in age" ethnicity" and pro!ession. They had to be well,spo-en" but not too political. They had to be longti e couples who had been !aith!ul to one another. They had to stand up to rigorous cri inal bac-ground chec-s" and to con#ince the lawyers that there were no s-eletons in their closets. &hittling down the legal argu ents too- hundreds o! hours. 1onauto and her colleagues had to !ind a way to a#oid the ;er ont outco e" to win a .udg ent that went all the way M not .ust ci#il unions" but !ull,!ledged arriage. In ;er ont" a a.or part o! the plainti!!s/ case had !ocused on the rights and protections gi#en to arried couples" such as hospital #isitation and ta$ bene!its. That !ocus had le!t roo !or the 7egislature to gi#e gay and lesbian couples so e o! the rights and protections o! arriage" without granting arriage itsel!. To a#oid that in 6assachusetts" =7(A lawyers had to con#ince the court that arriage is ore than the su o! its protections. L&e spent ore ti e in 6assachusetts tal-ing about how arriage is a basic ci#il and hu an right"L 1onauto said. LIt cannot be splintered into state and !ederal protections. &e tal-ed about what arriage is in our culture.L Q 1oston =lobe 11/21/2008 This article !ro the 0o#e ber 21" 2008 1oston =lobe" )Cise in syphilis !ound F:" region* by :tephen : ith reports on the increasing rates o! syphilis a ong ho ose$uals. It repeats the the es !ound in other si ilar articles about syphilis and (IA:. The incidences o! syphilis is !alling in all other groups o! people" but rising in ho ose$uals. This rise in the nu ber o! the cases o! syphilis a ong ho ose$uals re!lects a resu ption o! unsa!e se$ practices and !oreshadows a possible second (IA: epide ic. The !ollowing 'uotes ha#e been ta-en !ro this 1oston =lobe article. The increase in syphilis cases a ong en" specialists said yesterday" re!lect co ple$ changes in se$ual beha#ior and the eans o! eeting se$ual co panions two decades deep into the (IA: epide ic" and they !ear those sa e changes ay !oreshadow a new wa#e o! <I;. 6assachusetts pro#ides a telling snapshot o! the challenges con!ronted by disease specialists. Q the nu ber o! cases in the state nearly doubled !ro 2001 to 2002" !ro 109 to 13>.

L&e/re tal-ing about s all nu bers still" but nu bers that are going in the wrong direction"L said Ar. (l!red Ae6aria" the state/s director o! co unicable disease control. :till" specialists said" there/s no denying that syphilis has returned to the gay and bise$ual co unities with a !erocity not seen !or ore than 20 years. Today" with the arri#al o! power!ul drug coc-tails" (IA: is .ust as li-ely to be #iewed as a chronic illness that can be controlled. That belie!" in turn" has led to a resu ption o! unsa!e se$ual practices" !ueled by the use o! club drugs such as ecstasy and se$ual liaisons arranged o#er the Internet. Q

1oston =lobe 11/24/2008 In the 0o#e ber 24" 2008 edition o! the 1oston =lobe there was an article about (IA:. )I was In!ected 0eedlessly*" subtitled" )Cis-y 1eha#ior and <I; Increasing ( ong Goung =ay 6en* written by 1ella ?nglish. The article was about a 24 year old <I; positi#e young gay an" 0ate 7ongin who wor-s !or a 1oston nonpro!it health,care agency. In the article he shares his story and the article repeats co on the es !ound a ong ho ose$uals today. The !ollowing is his response to !inding out he was <I; positi#e. 7ongtin was stunned. Ges" he was gay" and yes" he/d had LunprotectedL se$. L:till" it was the last thing I e$pected"L he recalls. LI had not been pro iscuous. &hen you/re 28" you .ust don/t thin- this is going to happen. Gou thin- you/re in#incible. It/s li-e drin-ing and dri#ing: Gou ne#er thinyou/re going to crash the car.L The article also repeats the warnings and concerns about the status o! (IA: today a ong ho ose$uals. (lar ing is the age o! those beco ing <I; positi#e today" so e o! the as young as 18 years old. (IA: is a se$ually trans itted disease. ( generation a!ter the (IA: epide ic cut a de#astating swath through the gay co unity" the nu ber o! gay young en who are newly in!ected with the #irus is alar ing. Aespite 20 years o! warnings about Lunsa!eL se$M and seeing the deadly results o! the plagueM gay en between the ages o! 14 and 24 do not see to be getting the essage. The new !ace o! <I; is not the old !ace. Than-s to the Ldrug coc-tailL that can -eep opportunistic in!ections and !ull,blown (IA: at bay !or years" any people today with <I; are li#ing with it" not dying !ro it. :o the essage recei#ed by a new generation o! gay en is that <I; is .ust another se$ually trans itted diseaseM that" li-e syphilis" it/s treatable" not li!e,threatening. (s a result" ris-y beha#ior is up. (ccording to the 6assachusetts Aepart ent o! Eublic <ealth" 18, to 24,year,olds ade up 4.> percent o! new <I; cases in 6assachusetts in 2002" co pared with 9.1 percent in 1333M an increase o! ore than 40 percent. (nd in a two,year <I; #accine trial conducted in 1oston" doctors !ound the rate o! new in!ection a ong young ales ore than double what they had anticipated. In the !ollowing 'uotes" 0ate re#eals how he beca e <I; positi#e. ( story that is co any ho ose$uals. on !or

<e soon settled into what he considered a serious relationship. They were together nine onths but bro-e up in the spring o! 2002. LI started going out and drin-ing a little ore"L says 7ongtin. <e et a an at a bar. (!ter a !ew dates" they had se$. L( couple o! wee-s later" he stopped answering y calls"L says 7ongtin" who is now 24. ( ong his !riends" 7ongtin is -nown as thought!ul and care!ul: <e doesn/t cruise bars or go online loo-ing !or an anony ous hoo-up. L6y pre!erence is a onoga ous relationship"L he says. Ar. Jenneth 6ayer" a edical research director at the +enway 2o unity <ealth 2enter was also inter#iewed in the article. The !ollowing are his co ents about the antiretro#iral drugs used by <I; positi#e indi#iduals. +or the drugs to be e!!ecti#e" they ust be ta-en e#ery day" which any o! his patients !ail to do.

) I! you/re not 35 percent adherent" you are at great ris- !or the #irus beco ing resistant"L he says. Then there are the physiological co plications and the long ter e!!ects o! the drugs. L&e/re concerned about other alignancies and li#er and cardio#ascular disease"L he says. The article also contains co ents about ho ose$uals who are <I; positi#e and se$ually acti#e. oral and ethical no,brainer. LI

To 7ongtin" disclosing one/s <I; status to a se$ual partner is a thin- it/s .ust wrong not to"L he says.

0ot all gay en !eel the sa e way. (t a recent support,group eeting !or young <I;,positi#e en at JCI" two o! the en say they would not tell se$ partnersM e#en though they had been in!ected by en who !ailed to tell the . LGou/re -nown as a /gi!t gi#er/ i! you ha#e it"L says one These last two 'uotes !ro an. LThere is de!initely a stig a.L

the article are in re!erence to the li!e o! 24,year,old 0ate 7ongtin.

(s !or 7ongtin" it has been a year since his diagnosis" a year o! not li#ing dangerously. <is new li!e includes ta-ing his drug coc-tail twice a day and li#ing with the side e!!ects: so e di55iness and #i#id drea s LI choose to continue li#ing Q ?nglish I:E 0ews 12/2/2008 ( news article in the ?nglish #ersion o! the Inter Eress 0ews was written !ro the Eort o! :pain in the 2aribbean. The article was about a speech gi#en by 2ourtney 1artholo ew !or &orld (IA: Aay. 1artholo ew is head o! the 6edical Cesearch +oundation @6C+B and an (IA: researcher. <e did not ad#ocate !or the use o! condo s as part o! a change in beha#ior in his speech. (lso he e$pressed concern about relying on antiretro#iral drugs" !or two reasons" long ter side e!!ects !ro the drugs and increasing nu bers o! <I;,in!ected patients ha#e de#eloped resistance to all the antiretro#iral drugs a#ailable to date. The web address !or Inter Eress 0ews is www.ipsnes.net. The !ollowing 'uotes are ta-en !ro the article. )7i!estyles 6ust 1e 2hanged" :ays (IA: Cesearcher* written by Eeter Cichards and published on Aec. 2" 2008 in the ?nglish IE: 0ews. L0o a ount o! 'uilts" condo s and co e orati#e sta ps on &orld (IA: Aay are going to sta p out this pande ic unless we address the root causes"L said 2ourtney 1artholo ew" head o! the 6edical Cesearch +oundation @6C+B" in a speech here !or &orld (IA: Aay on 6onday. )The #irus/s root causes" according to the researcher" include po#erty" per issi#eness" pro iscuity" prostitution and pornography.* 1artholo ew said that during the early days o! the (IA: pande ic" people were so Lscared that any curbed their pro iscuous li!estylesL. L(!ter a !ew years and particularly with the ad#ent o! antiretro#iral drugs" it is business as usual"L he added. )1ut relying on drugs ight be a ista-e" according to 1artholo ew. y li!e"L he says. <e pauses. L1ut it/s still a ter inal disease.L

)&hereas these drugs are prolonging the li#es o! any M albeit not all M we do not -now !or how any years one can continue ta-ing the without e#entual long ter and serious to$ic e!!ects.* L6oreo#er" it is not co only -nown that in the best centres o! <I;/(IA: treat ent and care in the Fnited :tates" the stage has now been reached where between 85 and 95 per cent o! <I;, in!ected patients ha#e de#eloped resistance to all the antiretro#iral drugs a#ailable to date"L he added. The !ollowing historical in!or ation has been ta-en !ro boo-s and articles written by those ad#ocating !or ho ose$uality. ( bibliography o! sources is at the end o! this paper. Q )gay ale clone*" )circuit parties* and )(IA:

1eginning in the early 13>0s" and through the !ollowing two decades it was social and cultural e#ents that were pri arily o! historical signi!icance in the continue de#elop ent o! the concept o! the ) odern ho ose$ual*. Three o! the ay be seen in the )gay ale clone*" )circuit parties* and (IA:. (ll three o! these are intertwined together. The gains o! greater social and political acceptance were o!!set by the conse'uences o! beha#ior. (lthough ho ose$uals were achie#ing acceptance by the status as a ho ose$ual" )who one is*" it was the conse'uence o! ho ose$uality" )what one does* that was o! o#erwhel ing larger historical signi!icance. The disease" (IA:" ra#aged the ho ose$ual population and greatly a!!ected the society at large. &hat continues to be generally o#er loo-ed today is that (IA: is pri arily a se$ually trans itted disease" and particularly so with so e o! the se$ual practices that ta-e place in the ho ose$ual li!estyle. There has always been and still continues to be today a inority o! those that ha#e accepted the ho ose$ual identity who bra#ely spea- out that (IA: is a conse'uence o! beha#ior and se$ual practices. They are o#erwhel ing shouted down by a a.ority o! those that ha#e accepted the ho ose$ual li!estyle and who !ail to ta-e personal responsibility. Instead de anding that they be allowed to li#e their li#es as they please and e#en doing those things that ay ha#e deadly conse'uences. There are those ho ose$uals who want to ha#e se$: whene#er they want it" howe#er they want it" and with who e#er they want. ) +ro :tonewall to the !irst (IA: alert was only twel#e short years

. . . (IA: did not appear out o! nowhere. It was a direct result o! the se$ual re#olution" which y generation unleashed with the best intentions" but whose worse e!!ects were to be su!!ered pri arily by gay en. In the &est" despite uch propaganda to the contrary" (IA: is a gay disease and will re ain one !or the !oreseeable !uture.* @Eaglia" ;a ps and Tra ps. p.94B Throughout history the ale ho ose$ual was o!ten based on non,gender con!or ity" that is the e!!e inate ale. (lthough this still continues today" a re.ection o! this stereotyping is seen in the )gay ale clone*. There are two boo-s written by ho ose$uals the sel#es that de!ines this )gay ale clone*. 7i!e %utside is by 6ichelango :ignorileis. <e writes about gay en" asculinity" the )gay ale clone*" and )circuit parties*. 6artin 7e#ine was a sociologist" and uni#ersity pro!essor. The boo-" =ay 6acho" is an edited #ersion o! 7e#ine/s doctoral dissertation. <e died o! (IA: co plications at the age o! 42. )( -ey !actor in the !or ulation and pro ulgation o! the cult o! asculinity that also dis ayed the gay liberationist was that the do inant gender style was now super asculine. It was as i! the 1390s and the counter culture androgyny ne#er occurred. =ay ale culture was still reeling !ro the crisis o! asculinity that had a!!ected ho ose$uals !or decades. =ay en" attracted to the asculine ideas

they/d culti#ated in the !urti#e days prior to :tonewall" see ed now institutionali5e and e$aggerate a heterose$ual,inspired" acho loo-. The 13>0s clone was born" and his loo- e$plored on the streets o! rapidly growing gay ghettos in do5ens o! ( erican cities.* @:ignorile" 7i!e %utside" p.51,52B )2lones sy boli5e odern ho ose$uality. &hen the dust o! gay liberation had settled" the doors to the closet were opened" and out popped the clone. Ta-ing a cue !ro o#e ent ideology" clones odeled the sel#es upon traditional asculinity and the sel!,!ul!ill ent ethic. @Gan-elo#itch 1341B (ping blue,collar wor-ers" they butched it up and acted li-e acho en. (ccepting e,generation #alues" they searched !or sel!,!ul!ill ent in anony ous se$" recreational drugs" and hard partying. 6uch to acti#ists/ chagrin" liberation turned the )1oys in the 1and* into doped,up" se$ed,out" 6arlboro en. The clone in any ways was" the anliest o! en. <e had a gy ,de!ined bodyI a!ter hours o! rigorous bodybuilding" his physi'ue rippled with bulging uscles" loo-ing ore li-e co petiti#e body builders than hairdressers or !lorists. <e wore blue,collar garb,!lannel shirts o#er uscle T, shirts" 7e#i 501s o#er wor- boots" bo ber .ac-ets o#er hooded sweatshirts. <e -ept his hair short and had a thic- oustache or closely cropped beard. There was nothing 0ew (ge or hippie about this re!or ed gay liberationist. (nd the clone li#ed the !ast li!e. <e )partied hard"* ta-ing recreational drugs" dancing in discos till dawn" ha#ing hot se$ with strangers.* @7e#ine" =ay 6acho" p.>,4B )2ircuit parties* are uni'ue to the ho ose$ual li!estyle" but are si ilar to other parties called )ra#es* and can be traced bac- to the popularity o! disco usic in the 13>0s. The popularity o! these )circuit parties* has grown tre endously o#er the past 10 years. There is no uni!or de!inition o! a )circuit party*" because these parties continue to e#ol#e. )<owe#er" a circuit party tends to be a ulti,e#ent wee-end that occurs each year at around the sa e ti e and in the sa e town or city and centers on one or ore large" late,night dance e#ents that o!ten ha#e a the e @!or e$a ple" a color such as red" blac- or whiteB.* 6ansergh" 2ol!a$" 6ar-s" Cader" =u5 an" T 1uchbinder" )The 2ircuit Earty 6en/s <ealth :ur#ey: +indings (nd I plications !or =ay and 1ise$ual 6en.* p.358B 1ecause these )circuit parties* are uni'ue to the ho ose$ual li!estyle" it is !ro the ho ose$ual edia itsel! that ost o! the in!or ation about these parties co es !ro . (lthough there has been a study published in the ( erican Journal o! Eublic <ealth" which is 'uoted !ro abo#e. (lso F:(T%A(G.co published an article" )&orries crash Scircuit parties/" 09/20/2002. The in!or ation that is co ing !ro all sources is stri-ingly si ilar. That is the high pre#alence o! drug use and se$ual acti#ity" including unprotected anal se$. )The circuit,with its .et set )(,7ist* o! well,heeled and uscular gay en, had actually been in e$istence in the pre,(IA: ti e" albeit it was s all and #ery e$clusi#e. It consisted in the late 13>0s into the early 1340s ostly o! a about thousand en who !lew bac- and !orth between 0ew Gorand 7os (ngeles" going !ro the !a ous parties at the +la ingo and the :aint in 0ew Gor- to the ones at the Erobe in 7.(. 1ut in the 1330s the circuit grew to consist o! parties all around the country" indeed around the world,!ro 6ia i to 6ontreal" ;ancou#er to :ydney,with tens o! thousands o! en who regularly attend e#ents. In the early 1330s there were only a hand!ul o! e#entsI by 1339" according to (lan 1rown in %ut and (bout" a gay tra#el newsletter" there were o#er 50 parties a year" roughly one per wee-. Typically these are wee-end,long e#ents" ore a series o! all,night @and dayti eB parties stretching o#er a !ew days" o!ten ta-ing place in resort hotels" each punctuated by al ost uni#ersal drug use a ong attendees.* @:ignorile" 7i!e %utside" p.94,95B

(ccording to health o!!icials" Eal :prings" 2( has de#eloped one o! the highest per capita rates o! syphilis in the nation" dri#en ostly by gay and bise$ual en. Eal :prings is where the &hite Earty is held annually in (pril. The 2008 party raised concerned a ong public health o!!icials and so e gay leaders that the e#ent would !eed the spread o! syphilis. )1ut charities , along with public health o!!icials and any gay rights leaders , are increasingly unco !ortable with what has beco e the dar- side o! circuit parties: widespread drug use and rando " unprotected se$ that so e charities say is .ust the type o! beha#ior they discourage.* @)&orries crash Scircuit parties/.* www.usatoday.co /news/nation/2002/09/20/circuit,parties,usat.ht B It is the dra atic increase in the incidences o! syphilis in the past two years by those who ha#e accepted a ho ose$ual li!estyle and a group usually titled 6:6 @ en who ha#e se$ with enB that is alar ing. %nce again it is the ho ose$ual edia that has been e$pressing concern" along with the go#ern ent/s 2enter !or Aisease 2ontrol. The signi!icance o! this increase in syphilis is as an indicator !or the increase in unsa!e se$ practices and precludes a possible dra atic rise in the incidence o! (IA: again. The !ollowing 'uote is !ro the online edition o! the (d#ocate" a gay aga5ine and is !ro a co entary that was published on %ctober 18" 2008. )&e ust (2T FE againU &e ha#e to ta-e to the streets ar ed with our rage and clai our health and dignity. &e need to screa bloody urder" point the !inger o! sha e" and de and action. 1ut this ti e we/re not going to screa at the &hite <ouse or sha e the ;atican or de and action !ro the Aepart ent o! <ealth and <u an :er#ices or the 2enters !or Aisease 2ontrol and pre#ention. This ti e we/re going to screa at oursel#es" sha e oursel#es" de and action !ro oursel#es, nobody but oursel#es.* @)Is the badge o! the )se$ual outlaw* -illing us?* http//www.ad#ocate.co /ht l/stories/300/300Vactup.aspB This alar ing trend surrounding (IA: was also being reported in a 1334 article published in the 0ew ?ngland Journal o! 6edicine. It was on the declining age o! <I; in!ection. +or the years o! 134> to 1331 the a#erage age was less then 25 years. This is also the latter period re!erred in the !ollowing 'uote. )Auring the latter period one o! e#ery !our people newly in!ected with <I; was younger then 22.* @Cosenberg" 1iggar" T =oedert" )Aeclining (ge at <I; In!ection*" p.>43,>30B (ccording to the 0o#e ber 24" 2008 1oston =lobe article" )I was in!ected needlessly* it has !allen to indi#iduals 18 years o! age !or the -eeping o! (IA: statistics. The three social and cultural e#ents !ro the 13>0/s (IA:" the )gay ale clone*" and )circuit parties* continue to be o! historical signi!icance and increasingly so in the de#elop ent o! the concept o! the ) odern ho ose$ual*. They do so because there is a new generation o! ho ose$ual en" who once again are participating in e#en larger nu bers in this har !ul li!estyle. The current generation o! ho ose$ual en who are participating in this har !ul li!estyle are su!!ering the sa e conse'uences as the pre#ious generation. (nd these conse'uences carry o#er to a!!ect the society at large as it did with the !irst (IA: epide ic a ong ho ose$uals. &hat has been written here is to share in!or ation that should be apart o! an open and honest discussion o! ho ose$uality in light o! the a.ority opinion written in the legal case" =oodridge #ersus Aepart ent o! Eublic <ealth. To legally sanction sa e,se$ relationships would continue to nor ali5e and legit ateli5e relationships that are detri ental to the indi#iduals in#ol#ed and to our society at large. Including this in!or ation it could be logically argued that the arriage ban does eet the rational basis test !or either due process or e'ual protection. http://www.banap.net/spip.php?article111

6ay and Lesbians %ho @!!ose Same,Sex =arriage

:unday 1> %ctober 2010.

Dy the same authors

7arry <ouston o 2hapter %ne ?ssentialis or :ocial 2onstructionis o 2hapter Ten <o ose$ual Identity +or ation o 2hapter 4 Ten Eercent <o ose$ual 6yth o 2hapter 8 (l!red Jinsey o 2hapter +i#e: Types o! <o ose$ualities / (ge,:tructured

)n the same se&tion

In the sa e section Aue Erocess and ?'ual Erotection :uspect 2lass L2ourt o! Eublic %pinionL 0ot all 6ays and Lesbians Advo&ate and Su!!ort Same,Sex =arriage 0ot all o! those who sel!,identi!y as gay and lesbian ad#ocate !or and support sa e,se$ arriage. There are gays and lesbians who sel!,identi!y as *ueer and they are the ones who generally oppose sa e,se$ arriage. This opposition to sa e,se$ arriage co es !ro their ideology !or se$ual liberation. This opposition to sa e,se$ arriage also is historical" in that it was an ideological di#ision !ro the #ery beginning o! the odern gay and lesbian o#e ent. This ideological di#ision is !ra ed in the discussion o! assi ilation or liberation in how ho ose$uals" gays" lesbians" and 'ueers should relate to the cultuer and society in which they li#e. +or ore in!or ation about ideological di#ision o! Lassi ilationL or LliberationL at www.banap.net This opposition to sa e,se$ arriage ay be read in the e$tensi#e writings by gay and lesbian authors. ;omosexuals have hardly been uni!ied in their su""ort !or same)sex marriage +7gan and Sherrill 9886,. The division #omes in two relevant !orms. ?n one hand, many homosexuals, li&e many heterosexuals, do not "ersonally as"ire to be#ome married. ?n the other hand, some homosexuals o""ose marriage as an institution. 7s"e#ially during the early years o! the gay liberation movement, some voi#es re.e#ted everything they asso#iated with heterosexuality, in#luding sex roles, marriages, and the !amily +/haun#ey, 988L, 12,. For many men, gay liberation was about sexual ex"erimentation, not monogamous #ou"ling. For many lesbians, marriage was an inherently "atriar#hal institution, whi#h "layed a #entral role in stru#turing the domination o! women. @Co " Introduction: The Eolitics o! :a e,:e$ 6arriage" p. 15 in The Eolitics o! :a e, :e$ 6arriage" editors 2raig (. Ci er an and 2lyde &ilco$B The #am"aign !or marriage, never a broad)based movement among gay and lesbian a#tivists, de"ended !or its su##ess on the #ourts. It was laun#hed by a relatively small number o! lawyers, not by a #onsensus o! a#tivists. It remains a "ro.e#t o! litigation, though with the su""ort o! the ma.or lesbian and gay organi%ations. @&arner" The Trouble &ith 0or al :e$" Eolitics" and the ?thics o! Dueer 7i!e" p. 45B

First, marriage will not liberate us as lesbians and gay men. In !a#t, it will #onstrain us, ma&e us more invisible, !or#e our assimilation into the mainstream, and undermine the goals o! gay liberation. Se#ond, attaining the right to marry will not trans!orm our so#iety !rom one that ma&es narrow, but dramati#, distin#tions between those who are married and those who are not married to one that res"e#ts and en#ourages #hoi#e o! relationshi"s and !amily diversity. 3arriage runs #ontrary to two o! the "rimary goals o! the lesbian and gay movement- the a!!irmation o! gay identity and #ulture and the validation o! many !orms o! relationshi"s. @?ttelbric-" ):ince &hen is 6arriage a Eath to 7iberation?*" p. 21 in 7esbian and =ay 6arriage Eri#ate 2o it ents" Eri#ate 2ere onies" editor :u5anne :her an.B But the "i#ture is more #om"lex than #overage o! re#ent events suggest. Gays and lesbains have been debating the desirability and im"ortan#e o! same)sex marriage !or years, and this intra#ommunity debate re!le#ts dee"er tension and o""ositions within gay and lesbians #ommunities, #on!li#ts over the "oliti#al and #ultural goals o! the gay and lesbian movement and over the ta#ti#s used to a##om"lish those goals. In "arti#ular, the marriage *uestion reveals a !ault line among gay and lesbian a#tivists and #ommentators, a divide between those who em"hasis a rights)orientated a""roa#h to so#ial #hange, viewing assimilation as the ultimate goal o! gay and lesbian a#tivism, and those who advo#ate a liberationist or *ueer ethi# !o#used on de#onstru#ting !ixed sexual #ategories and trans!orming dominant #ultural understandings o! intima#y, sexuality, !amily, and the state. @<ull" :a e,:e$ 6arriage The 2ultural Eolitics o! 7o#e and 7aw" p. >4,>3B Gay and lesbian #riti#s o! marriage, by #ontrast, view marriage as !undamentally in#om"atible with the de!ining "rin#i"les o! *ueer li!e and a#tivism and argue that the #osts o! "ursuing marriage outweigh its su""osed bene!its. @<ull" :a e,:e$ 6arriage The 2ultural Eolitics o! 7o#e and 7aw" 41B The tensions evident in this intra#ommunity debate on marriage re!le#t dee"er divisions within gay and lesbian #ommunities and movements along the !ault line o! assimilation vs. liberation. For those on the *ueerQliberation side o! the divide, the desire !or marriage re"resents a "roblemati# e!!ort to integrate into mainstream so#iety without #hallenging its o""ressive "ower stru#ture. /riti#s view the institution o! marriage as !undamentally !lawed, both be#ause o! its "atriar#hal history and be#ause it grants the state undue #ontrol over sexual behavior and intimate #ommitments. They dismiss the idea that gays and lesbians will !undamentally alter and im"rove the institution o! marriage by be#oming "art o! it. For those on the assimilationQe*uality side o! the divide, however, the la#& o! marriage rights symboli%es one o! the !ew remaining barriers to !ull so#ial and legal e*uality !or $meri#an gays and lesbians. 3arriage su""orters argue that the institution o! marriage has #hanged over time and will #ontinue to evolve, su#h "arti#i"ation in marriage signi!ies the #han#e to resha"e an im"ortant so#ial institution into a more egalitarian !orm, rather than #a"itulation to an inherently o""ressive and strati!ying arrangement. @<ull" :a e,:e$ 6arriage: The 2ultural Eolitics o! 7o#e and 7aw" p. 48,44B &hat ay be seen alar ing is those gays and lesbians who #oice their support !or sa e,se$ arriage as apart o! a greater goal" that starts with sa e,se$ arriage" but ends with cultural support and legal recognition !or all -inds o! relationships regardless the age and the nu ber o! the participants in a relationship. $ signi!i#ant number o! in!luential voi#es on the gay le!t re.e#t the idea o! same)sex marriage, suggesting marriage itsel! is o""ressive. They tolerate same)sex marriage only as a transitional movement toward the eventual abolition o! marriage. @1yrd" )2on.ugal 6arriage +osters <ealthy <u an and :ocietal Ae#elop ent*" p.3 in. &hat/s the <ar ? Aoes 7egali5ing :a e,:e$ 6arriage Ceally <ar Indi#iduals" +a ilies or :ociety? ?ditor 7ynn A &ardle.B

In !a#t, soon a!ter same)sex marriage advo#ates su!!ered a de!eat in Washington State, a grou" o! 968 a#ademi#s and #elebrities in#luding /ornell west, Gloria Steinem, Babbi 3i#hael 'erner, Judith Sta#ey, (an ;unter and $rmistead 3au"in signed the mani!esto, Beyond same)Sex 3arriage, $ (ew Strategi# Gision !or $ll ?ur Families and Belationshi"s, whi#h "etitions !or legal rights and "rivileges o! marriage !or all arrangements, li&e extend !amilies living in one household and !riends in long)term, #are)giving relationshi"s. @1yrd" )2on.ugal 6arriage +osters <ealthy <u an and :ocietal Ae#elop ent*" p.3 in. &hat/s the <ar ? Aoes 7egali5ing :a e,:e$ 6arriage Ceally <ar Indi#iduals" +a ilies or :ociety? ?ditor 7ynn A &ardle.B ( web page" 1eyond 6arriage has been created and you www.beyond arriage.org ay access it through this lin-

Those ad#ocating !or sa e,se$ arriage say the argu ent that sa e,se$ arriage will lead to ore than two people in a relationship is a slippery slope argu ent. (nd they are right. It is not a slippery slope argu ent because ultiple partnered relationships are ta-ing place now a ong gays" lesbians and ho ose$uals. (n article in the June 9" 2009 o! The (d#ocate discusses such relationships. The aga5ine co#er carries the phrase" )0ational gay and lesbian news aga5ine.* The co#er has a picture o! three ale !igurines on top o! a ca-e" and the headline is )Eolyga y T gay en" Airty laundry or se$ual !reedo ?" <ow gay en handle ultiple partners.* <ere is a lin- to the (d#ocate article at www.highbea .co The co#er story" Aose gay polyga y wor-? also entions the <1%/s @<o e 1o$ %!!ice tele#ision networ-B show" )1ig 7o#e.* The (d#ocate article contains the !ollowing. )<1%/s )1ig 7o#e* has ignited debate about hetro polyga y" but polya orous relationships are not news to the any gay en with ultiple log,ter partners.* The article begins with discussing the relationship between 8 en and a wo an !ro :o er#ille" 6(. The (d#ocate also has an article inter#iewing an out @openly gayB an who is a writer !or the <1% show )1ig 7o#e.* Eolyga y is the word used !or heterose$ual relationships and it used in the conte$t o! en with ultiple wi#es. The word used !or ultiple partnered ho ose$ual relationships is polya ory. ( polya orous relationship is an open ho ose$ual relationship" usually allowing se$ual relationships a ong the ultiple partners in the relationship. %!ten in these ultiple partnered ho ose$ual relationships there is !ull -nowledge and consent to this se$ual relationship by all the partners in#ol#ed. The (d#ocate article writes about !our polya orous relationships and has pictures o! all !our polya orous relationships including the :o er#ille" 6( group. (nother article that ay be !ound on the internet and contains ore details and in!or ation ay be !ound in a conser#ati#e political aga5ine was published in 2008. The article )1eyond =ay 6arriage* and authored by :tanley Jurt5.The lin- is www.wee-lystandard.co . (lthough those gays and lesbians who are honest and sincere" with the best o! intentions !or wanting to be able to en.oy and particpate all the bene!its o! arriage" espically the legal bene!its" an honest" eaning!ul and open discussion is in the best interest !or our culture and soceity" today and in the !uture. http://www.banap.net/spip.php?article104

Sus!e&t 5lass
Tuesday 14 :epte ber 2010.

Dy the same authors

7arry <ouston o 2hapter %ne ?ssentialis or :ocial 2onstructionis o 2hapter Ten <o ose$ual Identity +or ation o 2hapter 4 Ten Eercent <o ose$ual 6yth o 2hapter 8 (l!red Jinsey o 2hapter +i#e: Types o! <o ose$ualities / (ge,:tructured

)n the same se&tion

In the sa e section =ay and 7esbians &ho %ppose :a e,:e$ 6arriage L2ourt o! Eublic %pinionL Aue Erocess and ?'ual Erotection :uspect 2lass (s an indi#idual" a ho ose$ual has all o! the rights pro#ided to all indi#iduals in the Fnited :tates. (s couples" ho ose$uals are denied so e rights" which are granted to heterose$ual couples. ( +o$0ews.co " in a partial transcript o! a ):pecial Ceport with 1rit <u e* who was spea-ing to Aouglas J iec" 7aw Ero!essor" Eepperdine Fni#ersity the idea o! a )suspect class* was raised. Ero!essor J iec was also 'uoted" as saying the recent :J2 ruling in the =oodridge #s Aepart ent o! Eublic <ealth is also very mu#h an exam"le o! raw, .udi#ial a#tivism. http://www.!o$news.co /story/0"2388"108528"00.ht l The !ollowing 'uote is written in re!erence to ho ose$uals and their relationship to being a )suspect class*. The reason is that, until now, the Su"reme /ourt has #orre#tly re!rained !rom "utting homosexuals on "ar with ra#ial minorities or women as a #lass o! #iti%ens deserving o! su#h high "rote#tion that any state a#tion dis#riminating against them must survive the /ourts stri#t s#rutiny +as the /ourt #alls them, a Dsus"e#t #lassD,. This is be#ause s#ien#e "roves that homosexuality is not an immutable #hara#teristi# as is ra#e or gender, and be#ause as one o! the most well)!unded "oliti#al lobbies in the nation, homosexuals do not have the "oliti#al "owerlessness so #learly exhibited by $!ri#an)$meri#ans under slavery and segregation. http://www.!rc.org/get.c! ? iWE;08+01 There are !our Indicia o! :uspectedness that can be used to deter ine i! a group is a suspect class" history o! purpose!ul discri ination" political powerlessness" i utable trait" and grossly un!air. In 7awrence #s Te$as" a legal challenge to ho ose$ual sodo y the :upre e 2ourt narrowly ruled that sodo y was a atter o! pri#acy between two consenting adults. This case was not about sa e,se$ arriage" nor did it conclude that ho ose$uals were a )suspect class.* When a grou" !ails to *uali!y as a sus"e#t #lass, whi#h homosexuals have re"eatedly done, they are "rohibited !rom a""ealing to the 7*ual @rote#tion /lause o! the nited States /onstitution, unless they are being de"rived o! D!undamental rights.D Individual homosexuals have all the !undamental rights a##orded to every #iti%en o! the nited States. In#luded as !undamental rights are- the right to vote, the right to interstate travel, the right to "riva#y, and the First $mendment rights o! !ree s"ee#h, !reedom o! the "ress, !reedom o! assembly, !reedom o! "etition, !reedom o!

religion, and !reedom !rom the establishment o! religion. http://www.!a ily.org/c!oru /research/papers/a0002394.ht l The !ollowing in!or ation is !ro a web site" )Te$t (ssist !or :uspect 2lasses +lowchart* http://classes.lls.edu/archi#e/ anhei -/114d8/echarts/suspect$.ht +istory o' 2ur!ose'ul $is&rimination Ba#ial or religious minorities may have been given little or no #han#e to su##eed in so#iety. Barriers "reventing !ull "arti#i"ation in#luded limiting edu#ation !or $!ri#an $meri#ans and women +"artially be#ause o! the belie! that neither grou" was #a"able o! learning and were so worthless as human beings as not merit the ex"enditure o! time and e!!ort to edu#ate them, and then "assing laws "rohibiting voting. The dis#rimination in these ty"es o! #ases is intentional and those doing the dis#riminating are doing it !or the "ur"ose o! limiting the grou"s a##ess to and e!!e#t on so#iety in general. The stigma o! in!eriority that has been im"osed on the members o! sus"e#t #lasses by so#iety may be#ome a sel!)!ul!illing "ro"hesy and the grou"s will begin to a##e"t so#ietys view o! them as true and valid, "er"etuating the vi#ious #ir#le o! hel"lessness and so#ial disdain. 2oliti&al 2owerlessness Individuals belonging to the sus"e#t #lasses are either stru#turally or !un#tionally ex#luded !rom the "ro#ess. The history o! "revious dis#rimination, histori#al la#& o! edu#ation, and the entren#hed !eelings that their votes will not #ount, has #reated a situation where minorities and women are relu#tant to vote or run !or o!!i#e. These barriers are very signi!i#ant. $lthough there are many laws that guarantee women and minorities all the rights guaranteed to white men, there are still very !ew women and minorities in high "ositions in the government. Furthermore, it is mu#h more di!!i#ult to mobili%e women or minorities to vote. )mmutable 4rait There is no way to #hange the distinguishing #hara#teristi# that "la#es the individual into the sus"e#t or *uasi)sus"e#t #lass. $nother way to see this is that there is no !ree entry into and egress this grou". This is the di!!eren#e between ra#e or gender whi#h #annot be easily #hanged and a #hara#teristi# li&e wealth, whi#h, at least theoreti#ally, #an be altered +(ote- Wealth is not a sus"e#t #lass unless it is a "roxy !or ra#e, alienage, or another sus"e#t #lass,. -6rossly 9n'air3 Is the dis#rimination or dis"arate e!!e#t o! a !a#ially nondis#riminatory law so egregious as to o!!end #ommon "re#e"ts o! de#en#y. <o ose$ual beha#ior has been tolerated throughout history by ost societies and cultures. 1y any o! those ad#ocating !or ho ose$uality the idea o! a )ho ose$ual* as a distinct indi#idual is a recent in#ention. The )ho ose$ual* seen as a distinct indi#idual is a )social construct* and is historically traced to the 1490s in =er any. There is still no way to identi!y who is a ho ose$ual" odern scienti!ic scrutiny has !ailed to do so. It continues be beha#ior and acts" ho ose$uality which de!ines the indi#idual as a ho ose$ual. There are se#eral national ho ose$ual ad#ocacy groupsI one is the <u an Cights 2a paign. This group was !ounded in 1340 and today has ore then 500"000 e bers according to their web site. They are ( erica/s largest gay and lesbian organi5ation" who lobbies e bers o! 2ongress in

&ashington A2" obili5es grassroots action" and atte pts to increase public understanding through inno#ati#e education and co unication strategies. They are currently running a one illion dollar national ad ca paign pro oting sa e,se$ arriage. This year they ha#e o#ed into their new national head'uarters in &ashington A2 on Chode Island street" near our national go#ern ent. This 90"000 s'uare !oot building was purchased and re odeled !or around 25 illion dollars. The !ollowing 'uote is !ro a boo- written by a gay historian.

It isnt at all obvious why a gay rights movement should ever have arisen in the nited States in the !irst "la#e. $nd its "ro!oundly "u%%ling why that movement should have be#ome !ar and away the most "ower!ul su#h "oliti#al !ormation in the world. Same gender sexual a#ts have been #ommon"la#e throughout history and a#ross #ultures. Today, to s"ea& with surety about a matter !or whi#h there is absolutely no statisti#al eviden#e, more adoles#ent male butts are being "enetrated in the $rab world, 'atin $meri#an, (orth $!ri#a and Southeast $sia then in the west. But the notion o! a gay identity rarely a##om"anies su#h sexual a#ts, nor do "oliti#al movements arise to ma&e demands in the name o! that identity. Its still almost entirely in the Western world that the genders o! ones "artner is #onsidered a "rime mar&er o! "ersonality and among Western nations it is the nited States ) a #ountry otherwise #onsidered a bastion o! #onservatism ) that the strongest "oliti#al movement has arisen #entered around that identity. Weve only begun to analy%e why, and to date #an say little more then that #ertain signi!i#ant "re) re*uisites develo"ed in this #ountry, and to some degree everywhere in the western world, that werent "resent, or hadnt a#hieved the ne#essary #riti#al mass, elsewhere. $mong su#h !a#tors were the wea&ening o! the traditional religious lin& between sexuality and "ro#reation +one whi#h had made non)"ro#reative same gender desire an automati# #andidate !or denun#iation as unnatural,. Se#ondly the ra"id urbani%ation and industriali%ation o! the nited States, and the West in general, in nineteen #entury wea&ened the material +and moral, authority o! the nu#lear !amily, and allowed maveri#&s to es#a"e into wel#ome anonymity o! #ity li!e, where they #ould #hoose a "reviously una##e"table li!estyle o! singleness and non#on!ormity without #onstantly worrying about "arental or village busybodies "oun#ing on them. @6artin Auber an. 7e!t %ut. :outh ?nd Eress. 2a bridge" 6(" 2002 p. 414,415.B Justice 6arshall in the 23th !ootnote o! her opinion declares that ho ose$uals are a )class*. Is she i plying here that ho ose$uals are e bers o! a )suspect class*? www.state. a.us/courts/courtsand.udges/courts/supre e.udicialcourt/goodridge.ht l I! anything, extending #ivil marriage to same)sex #ou"les rein!or#es the im"ortan#e o! marriage to individuals and #ommunities. That same)sex #ou"les are willing to embra#e marriages solemn obligations o! ex#lusivity, mutual su""ort, and #ommitment to one another is a testament to the enduring "la#e o! marriage in our laws and in the human s"irit. HF(92I 92. We are #on#erned only with the withholding o! the bene!its, "rote#tions, and obligations o! #ivil marriage !rom a #ertain #lass o! "ersons !or invalid reasons. ?ur de#ision in no way limits the rights o! individuals to re!use to marry "ersons o! the same sex !or religious or any other reasons. It in no way limits the "ersonal !reedom to disa""rove o!, or to en#ourage others to disa""rove o!, same)sex marriage. ?ur #on#ern, rather, is whether histori#al, #ultural, religious, or other reasons "ermit the State to im"ose limits on "ersonal belie!s #on#erning whom a "erson should marry. The !ollowing 'uotes are ta-en !ro the inority opinion that was written as apart o! the :J2 response !ro the re'uest by the 6( :enate. This re'uest was as-ing the :J2 i! ci#il unions !or

sa e,se$ relationships o!!ering all the protections and bene!its o! arriage would satsi!y the ruling !ro =oodridge # Aepart ent o! <ealth. These 'uotes spea- to the issue o! Lsuspect class.L Justice :os an appears to understand that the a.ority is i plying that ho ose$uals are a Lsuspect class.L The Goodridge o"inion em"loyed re"eated analogies to #ases involving !undamental rights and sus"e#t #lassi!i#ations, while ostensibly not ado"ting either "redi#ate !or stri#t s#rutiny. Id. at 062) 0:4 +Sosman, J., dissenting,. Todays answer to the Senates *uestion dis#ards the !ig lea! o! the rational basis test and, relying ex#lusively on the rhetori# rather than the "ur"orted reasoning o! Goodridge, assumes that dis#rimination on the basis o! sexual orientation is "rohibited by our /onstitution as i! sexual orientation were indeed a sus"e#t #lassi!i#ation. HF(:I I! that is the view o! a ma.ority o! the Justi#es, they should identi!y the new test they have a""arently ado"ted !or determining that a #lassi!i#ation ran&s as Dsus"e#tDK other ty"es o! "ersons ma&ing #laims o! a denial o! e*ual "rote#tion will need to &now whether they, too, #an *uali!y as a Dsus"e#tD #lassi!i#ation under that new test and thereby obtain stri#t s#rutiny analysis o! any statute, regulation, or "rogram that uses that #lassi!i#ation. (o analysis o! why sexual orientation should be treated as a sus"e#t #lassi!i#ation was "rovided in Goodridge, and none is "rovided today. >et that is, a""arently, the inter"retation that is now being given to Goodridge. The !ootnote dis#laimer o! any resort to Dsus"e#t #lassi!i#ationD and #orres"onding Dstri#t s#rutinyD analysis, ante at n. 0, rings hollow in light o! the swee"ing text o! todays answer. @6(CT<( 1. :%:6(0" J." %EI0I%0: %+ T<? JF:TI2?: T% T<? :?0(T?. :J2,03198.B This assum"tion is most ex"li#it in the answers invo#ation o! the #on#e"t o! Dse"arate but e*ual,D suggesting that the di!!erent naming o! the statutory s#heme #ontains the same ty"e o! #onstitutional de!e#t as that identi!ied in Brown v. Board o! 7du#., 0L5 .S. L10, L26 +426L,. See ante at. ?! #ourse, that landmar& #ase involved a #lassi!i#ation +and resulting se"aration, based on ra#e, a #lassi!i#ation that is ex"ressly "rohibited by our /onstitution +art. 4 o! the =e#laration o! Bights, as amended by art. 48: o! the $mendments o! the 3assa#husetts /onstitution, and has long been re#ogni%ed as a Dsus"e#tD #lassi!i#ation re*uiring stri#t s#rutiny !or "ur"oses o! e*ual "rote#tion analysis under the Fourteenth $mendment to the nited States /onstitution. See 3#'aughlin v. Florida, 052 .S. 41L, 424)429 +42:L,, #iting Bolling v. Shar"e, 0L5 .S. L25, L22 +426L,, and Morematsu v. nited States, 090 .S. 94L, 94: +42LL,. /lassi!i#ations based on ra#e, and hen#e any se"arate but allegedly e*ual treatment o! the ra#es, Dmust be viewed in light o! the histori#al !a#t that the #entral "ur"ose o! the Fourteenth $mendment was to eliminate ra#ial dis#rimination emanating !rom o!!i#ial sour#es in the States.D 3#'aughlin v. Florida, su"ra at 429. It is that Dhistori#al !a#tD #on#erning the D#entral "ur"oseD o! the Fourteenth $mendment, id., not how Delegantly HitI de#ries the denial o! e*ual "rote#tion o! the laws to any "erson, D ante at n. 0, that sub.e#ts ra#ial #lassi!i#ations to stri#t s#rutiny. ;ere, we have no #onstitutional "rovision that has, as either its D#entralD or even its "eri"heral "ur"ose, the elimination o! dis#rimination based on sexual orientation. $nd, notwithstanding the Delegant and universal "ronoun#ementsD o! our /onstitution, id., all but a very !ew #lassi!i#ations are reviewed under the mere rational basis test. @+ootnote 9" 6(CT<( 1. :%:6(0" J." %EI0I%0: %+ T<? JF:TI2?: T% T<? :?0(T?. :J2, 03198.B http://www.banap.net/spip.php?rubri'ue81

Legal 5hallenge to 6oodridge

7atest addition : 6onday 28 January 2009.

4his se&tionNs arti&les

-Sus!e&t 5lass Status&ednesday 29 %ctober 2005 by 7arry <ouston

5onstitutional 5hallenge
&ednesday 29 %ctober 2005 by 7arry <ouston

)ntrodu&tion
&ednesday 29 %ctober 2005 by 7arry <ouston

Larry +ouston
&ednesday 29 %ctober 2005 by 7arry <ouston

Jational Dasis
&ednesday 29 %ctober 2005 by 7arry <ouston

Jelie'
&ednesday 29 %ctober 2005 by 7arry <ouston

Jes!onse toF States =otion to $ismiss

6onday 28 January 2009 by 7arry <ouston http://www.banap.net/spip.php?article59

)ntrodu&tion
&ednesday 29 %ctober 2005.

Dy the same authors

7arry <ouston o 2hapter %ne ?ssentialis

or :ocial 2onstructionis

o o o o

2hapter Ten <o ose$ual Identity +or ation 2hapter 4 Ten Eercent <o ose$ual 6yth 2hapter 8 (l!red Jinsey 2hapter +i#e: Types o! <o ose$ualities / (ge,:tructured

)n the same se&tion

In the sa e section Cesponse to: :tate/s 6otion to Ais iss Cational 1asis 2onstitutional 2hallenge L:uspect 2lass :tatusL 7arry <ouston Celie! )ntrodu&tion 1. Goodridge v. =e"artment o! @ubli# ;ealth 440 6ass. 803 @2008B allows sa e,se$ co only spo-en o! as gay arriage by .udicial decree. 2. Goodridge was ruled on a rational basis" with the in!or ation presented to the court. 8. &ill Goodridge sustain a direct legal challenge? This legal challenge to o#erturn Goodridge is e$cising y legal right to pursue an answer to this 'uestion. 4. The para eters o! the discussion o! ho ose$uality are best !ra ed byI &ho one is" a ho ose$ual or &hat one does" ho ose$uality. The latter recei#es the strongest support. 5. 0o one is born a ho ose$ual. %ne ay o#erco e ho ose$uality. arriage"

9. The plainti!!" 7arry <ouston" chooses to sel!,identi!y as a !or er ho ose$ual. >. Thus Goodridge ay be seen as !urthering the continuation o! the legiti ati5ation and nor ali5ation o! ho ose$uality" ho ose$ual beha#ior. 4. There!ore o#erturning Goodridge eets a rational basis test !or sustaining two o! the original clai s ay by the 2o onwealth o! 6assachusetts" @1B ensuring the o"timal setting !or #hild rearing, that the de"artment de!ines as a Ctwo "arent)"arent !amily with one "arent o! ea#h sex, @2B "reserving s#ar#e State and "rivate !inan#ial resour#es. 3. There!ore o#erturning Goodridge rea!!ir s the 2onstitution o! the 2o onwealth o! 6assachusetts" in that in broad ter s it is the 7egislature/s power and authority to enact orders" rules" and laws to regulate conduct" to the e$tent that such orders" rules and laws are necessary to secure the health" sa!ety" good order" co !ort" or general wel!are o! the co unity. 2arties 10. Elainti!! 7arry <ouston is a resident o! :o er#ille" 6iddlese$ 2ounty" in the 2o 6assachusetts. onwealth o!

11. Ae!endant Aepart ent o! Eublic <ealth is a depart ent o! the e$ecuti#e branch o! the 2o onwealth established and go#erned by =.7. chapter 1>. 12. Ae!endant Eaul 2ote is the 2o Aurisdi&tion 18. This court has .urisdiction pursuant =.7. c.281(" Q1. 14. The (ttorney =eneral is charged to appear !or the 2o onwealth" its depart ents and o!!icers in cases in which the 2o onwealth its interested or in which the acts or doings o! the depart ents and o!!icers are called into 'uestion pursuant to =.7. c. 12" Q 8. The (ttorney =eneral has been or shortly will be ser#ed with a copy o! this action. 2ontinue reading: Larry +ouston http://www.banap.net/spip.php?article5> issioner o! the Aepart ent o! Eublic <ealth.

Larry +ouston
&ednesday 29 %ctober 2005.

Dy the same authors

7arry <ouston o 2hapter %ne ?ssentialis or :ocial 2onstructionis o 2hapter Ten <o ose$ual Identity +or ation o 2hapter 4 Ten Eercent <o ose$ual 6yth o 2hapter 8 (l!red Jinsey o 2hapter +i#e: Types o! <o ose$ualities / (ge,:tructured

)n the same se&tion

In the sa e section Introduction Cesponse to: :tate/s 6otion to Ais iss Cational 1asis Celie! L:uspect 2lass :tatusL 2onstitutional 2hallenge Larry +ouston 15. 7arry at one ti e belie#ed he was a ho ose$ual. Today 7arry see-s a!!ir ation and #alidation as he chooses to sel!,identi!y as a !or er ho ose$ual. 19. There are ultiple pathways that ay lead one to pursuing ho ose$uality" ho ose$ual beha#ior. +or 7arry it was early se$ual e$ploration with another early adolescent boy his sa e age.

1>. This led e to belie#e the lie o! ho ose$uality that through physical se$ual acts with others ales I could eet a legiti ate need !or inti acy in sa e,se$ relationships. 1ut ho ose$uality is an illegiti ate atte pt to eet the legiti ate need !or inti acy in sa e,se$ relationships. Inti acy is ore than physical se$ual acts. <o ose$uality is a relationship issue. 14. 7i-ewise there are ho ose$ual beha#ior. ultiple pathways one ay pursue to o#erco ing ho ose$uality"

13. %ne day I told si$ !riends about y struggle with ho ose$uality" ho ose$ual beha#ior. I spo-e to the indi#idually and each one did not -now I was spea-ing to the others about y struggle with ho ose$uality. The !irst words each one o! the shared with e a!ter I told the o! y struggle with ho ose$uality was )word !or word* the sa e. 20. It was surreal and unbelie#able. They all responded by saying" 'arry I &now you have a "roblem, 'arry you are not a homosexual. 21. There was no iraculous change in y li!e that day" but what occurred was the beginning o! a change in y perception and what I belie#ed about ysel!. 7arry is not a ho ose$ual. 22. I began to understand and resol#e the real issue that was causing the proble s in y li!e. This issue was trying to resol#e y legiti ate need !or sa e,se$ inti acy and healthy sa e,se$ relationships" illegiti ately through ho ose$uality" ho ose$ual beha#ior. 28. (dditional in!or ation o! y o#erco ing ho ose$uality section 7arry/s :tory" an article titled )7arry/s :tory.* ay be read on www.banap.net" in the

24. 7arry has !aced discri ination as a !or er ho ose$ual. <e ca e under in#estigation by three depart ents o! <ar#ard Fni#ersity where he is e ployed in Aining :er#ices. 25. The in#estigations arose a!ter a <ar#ard student wrote an article !or the <ar#ard 2ri son/s +i!teen 6inutes @The &ee-end 6aga5ine o! the <ar#ard 2ri sonB in the :epte ber 2>" 2001 edition. The article titled )2an This 6an 6a-e Gou :traight?* ay be read on the internet at www.thecri son.co /article.asp$?re!W121824. 29. The three <ar#ard Fni#ersity depart ents conducting the in#estigations Aining :er#ices" the +resh an Aean/s %!!ice" and the Fnited 6inistry %!!ice ne#er contacted e" 7arry" as apart o! the in#estigations. 2>. Three additional articles o! the in#estigations published by The <ar#ard 2ri son ay read on the internet at www.thecri son.co /article.asp$?re!W121>8>" www.thecri son.co /article.asp$? re!W190404" www.thecri son.co /article.asp$?re!W844144. 24. %! particular interest is the in#estigation by The Fnited 6inistries Aepart ent that o#ersees the 2hristian student groups at <ar#ard Fni#ersity. The Fnited 6inistry Aepart ent includes those who sel! identi!y as gay and lesbian" who are sta!! and !aculty o! <ar#ard Fni#ersity" and who are pastors o! 6e orial 2hapel the <ar#ard Fni#ersity church. 23. I was ne#er contacted by the Fnited 6inistries Aepart ent as part o! their in#estigation o! ysel!" but I had pre#iously et these gay and lesbian e bers o! the Fnited 6inistries Aepart ent" who are pastors at <ar#ard 6e orial 2hurch. In +ebruary and 6arch o! 2000 they spo-e to a discussion group as apart o! a !i#e,wee- series o! discussions on being gay and being a

2hristian" which was led by two <ar#ard Fni#ersity seniors. I too- an acti#e part in the discussions and with tal-ing to other participants i ediately a!ter the discussions each wee-. 80. I spo-e as an indi#idual who sel!,identi!ied as a !or er ho ose$ual" and shared o#erco ing ho ose$uality. y story o!

81. I also personally introduced ysel!" including sha-ing hands" to the gay and lesbian leaders o! the Fnited 6inistry Aepart ent a!ter they had spo-en to the discussion group. 82. :o !ro the beginning o! y e ploy ent at <ar#ard Fni#ersity Aining :er#ices in January o! 2000 the gay and lesbian e bers o! <ar#ard Fni#ersity @sta!! and studentsB were aware o! the presence at <ar#ard Fni#ersity o! an indi#idual who sel!,identi!ied as a !or er ho ose$ual. 88. 1ut still I ca e under in#estigation by three depart ents o! <ar#ard Fni#ersity a!ter a :epte ber 2>" 2002 article by a <ar#ard Fni#ersity student in a <ar#ard Fni#ersity ca pus newspaper. 84. The in#estigations ha#e appeared to co e to a close" although no <ar#ard Fni#ersity o!!icial has e#er contacted e. The !ollowing co ents were reported in a 0o#e ber 20" 2001 article in The <ar#ard 2ri son titled" niversity ?!!i#ials Brea& Silen#e on 7x)Gay 7m"loyee. 85. Both ;arvard o!!i#ials ) Bobert W. Iuliano, de"uty general #ounsel, and 7li%abeth Studley Ibby (athans, dean o! !reshman ) em"hasi%ed ;arvards "rote#tion o! !ree s"ee#h and suggested that the niversity may not ta&e any a#tion against ;ouston. 89. %! i portance is that this legal challenge to =oodridge is being !iled a!ter the 6assachusetts 7egislature has held two consecuti#e annual sessions. 8>. In each annual session" the 7egislature has held 2onstitutional 2on#entions" speci!ically to ta-e legislati#e action relati#e to sa e,se$ @gayB arriage. 84. In %ctober o! 2008" I began lobbying the e bers o! the 6assachusetts 7egislature and continued throughout these two annual sessions. 83. (dditional in!or ation that was presented to the e bers o! the 6assachusetts 7egislature be read on www.banap.net in the section :a e,:e$ 6arriage in 6assachusetts. ay

40. 1eginning in (pril o! 2005 through :epte ber o! 2005 I presented in!or ation to all 200 o!!ices o! the 6assachusetts 7egislature on a wee-ly basis" e$cept !or the !i#e,wee- period I was in the F-raine and two other wee-s. 41. These 18 articles ha#e dates included in their titles. 42. ( database with the na es o! the indi#idual legislators was set up. Then in a ail erge" these na es were placed at the top o! each handout. The handouts I deli#ered to each o!!ice. 48. I lobbied in 2005 supporting the Tra#alini,7ees ( end ent" which was not success!ully #oted !or appro#al during the :epte ber 2005 2onstitutional 2on#ention. 44. This a end ent" through ci#il unions !or sa e,se$ couple granted to the 6assachusetts rights and bene!its granted to arried heterose$ual couples. all the

45. It ust be re e bered whate#er action a state shall ta-e" whether by arriage or ci#il unions !or sa e,se$ couples" according to !ederal andate arriage is de!ined as a relationship between one an and one wo an @Ae!ense o! 6arriage (ct" 1339B" thereby !or !ederal recording purposes sa e,se$ couples ha#e )second class status*. 49. This includes but is not li ited to !ederal ta$ codes. 4>. The +ederal Ae!ense o! 6arriage (ct also allows other states the possibility o! not recogni5ing sa e,se$ arriages per!or ed in another state. 44. 1y 6assachusetts/ law sa e,se$ couples that are not citi5ens o! the 2o 6assachusetts are not legally eligible !or arriage in 6assachusetts. 43. The reality o! allowing sa e,se$ challenges !or sa e,se$ couples. onwealth o! any

arriage by .udicial decree in 6assachusetts has created

2ontinue reading: -Sus!e&t 5lass Statushttp://www.banap.net/spip.php?article90

-Sus!e&t 5lass Status&ednesday 29 %ctober 2005.

Dy the same authors

7arry <ouston o 2hapter %ne ?ssentialis or :ocial 2onstructionis o 2hapter Ten <o ose$ual Identity +or ation o 2hapter 4 Ten Eercent <o ose$ual 6yth o 2hapter 8 (l!red Jinsey o 2hapter +i#e: Types o! <o ose$ualities / (ge,:tructured

)n the same se&tion

In the sa e section 2onstitutional 2hallenge Celie! Introduction 7arry <ouston Cational 1asis Cesponse to: :tate/s 6otion to Ais iss 1Sus!e&t 5lass Status3 50. The Fnited :tates :upre e 2ourt applies what is called Lsuspect,class statusL when it wants to gi#e a certain inority group special protection. ( suspect class is de!ined as @1B an ob#iously distinguishable inority" @2B sub.ect to a history o! discri ination" @8B that is so politically powerless as to be in need o! special assistance. The Fnited :tates :upre e 2ourt has established

only three suspect classes: @1B race" 7o#ing #. ;irginia" 844 F.:. 1" 11 @139>BI @2B national origin" Jore atsu #. Fnited :tates" 828 F.:. 214" 219 @1344BI and @8B alien status =raha #. Cichardson" 408 F.:. 895" 8>2 @13>1BI but see ( bach #. 0orwic-" 441 F.:. 94" >2,>5 @13>3B. 51. Though ho ose$uals ha#e been granted )suspect,class status* in a lower court ruling" on appeal in subse'uent higher courts including the Fnited :tates :upre e 2ourt ho ose$uals ha#e not been granted )suspect,class status*. 52. %! particular i portance concerning ho ose$uals and )suspect,class status* are three cases brought be!ore the Fnited :tates :upre e 2ourt @1B 1owers #. <ardwic-" 4>4 F.:. 149 @1349B" @2B 7awrence #. Te$as" 583 F.:. 554 @2008B" @8B Co er #. ?#ans" 51> F.:. 920 @1339B. 58. %! particular i portance" noteworthy" and scienti!ically #alid is that at the ti e o! the ruling in 7awrence #. Te$as" 583 F.:. 554 @2008B was that recepti#e anal intercourse is the highest risbeha#ior !or contacting <I;/(IA:. This has always been highest ris- beha#ior throughout the three decades o! the <I;/(IA: epide ic. 54. %! particular i portance is an a icus curiae brie! @or S!riend o! the court/ brie!B !iled with the F.:. :upre e 2ourt in the case 7awrence #. Te$as" 583 F.:. 554 @2008B. 55. This brie! was !iled by 81 pro,ho ose$ual acti#ists groupsI including the Eeople !or the ( erican &ay +oundation" and including so e o! the leading national gay and lesbian organi5ations" the <u an Cights 2a paign @<C2BI the 0ational =ay T 7esbian Tas- +orce @0=7T+BI Earents" +a ilies T +riends o! 7esbians and =ays @E+7(=BI the =ay T 7esbian (lliance (gainst Ae!a ation @=7((AB. 59. The brie! is noteworthy because in it these groups cited !igures !or the nu ber o! ho ose$uals lower than the usual 10 percent o! the population is ho ose$ual @10H <o ose$ual 6ythB. These groups cited in their legal brie!" !ro a study that was published in 1334" the 0ational <ealth and :ocial 7i!e :ur#ey @0<:7:B. The results o! this study are in a boo- by 7au ann" et al." The :ocial %rgani5ation o! :e$: :e$ual Eractices in the Fnited :tates. This study reported that L2.4 percent o! the ale" and 1.4H o! the !e ale" population identi!y the sel#es as gay" lesbian" or bise$ual.* 5>. (dditional in!or ation on the 10H <o ose$ual 6yth ay be !ound on www.banap.net in the section <o ose$ual 6yths" in an article titled )Ten Eercent.* 54. ):uspect 2lass :tatus* is i portant in =oodridge" in that though it was ruled on a )rational basis"* the a.ority opinion written by 2hie! Justice 6arshall reads as alluding to and supporting ho ose$uals being e bers o! a )suspect class.* 53. 2hie! Justice 6arshall in the a.ority opinion agrees with the 2o onwealth o! 6assachusetts @Aepart ent o! Eublic <ealthB argu ent that )no !unda ental or )suspect* class is at issue.* 90. 2hie! Justice 6arshall writes: )The depart ent argues that no !unda ental right or LsuspectL class is at issue here" O+021P and rational basis is the appropriate standard o! re#iew. +or the reasons we e$plain below" we conclude that the arriage ban does not eet the rational basis test !or either due process or e'ual protection. 1ecause the statute does not sur#i#e rational basis re#iew" we do not consider the plainti!!s/ argu ents that this case erits strict .udicial scrutiny.* 91. 2hie! Justice 6arshall authored the @? phasis added with bold typeB a.ority opinion and uses the word )class* in two places.

92. 2hie! Justice 6arshall writes: )In this case" we are con!ronted with an entire" si5eable &lass o' !arents raising children who ha#e absolutely no access to ci#il arriage and its protections because they are !orbidden !ro procuring a arriage license.* 98. 2hie! Justice 6arshall writes: )+0 23. &e are concerned only with the withholding o! the bene!its" protections" and obligations o! ci#il arriage !ro a certain &lass o' !ersons !or in#alid reasons.* 94. :J2 Justice :os an writes the !ollowing in her dissenting opinion in =oodridge. @? phasis added with bold typeB 95. :J2 Justice :os an writes: )(lthough ostensibly applying the rational basis test to the ci#il arriage statutes" it is abundantly apparent that the court is in !act applying so e unde!ined stricter standard to assess the constitutionality o! the arriage statutes/ e$clusion o! sa e,se$ couples. &hile a#oiding any e$press conclusion as to any o! the pro!!ered routes by which that e$clusion would be sub.ected to a test o! strict scrutinyMin!ringe ent o! a !unda ental right" discri ination based on gender" or discri ination against gays and lesbians as a sus!e&t &lassi'i&ationMthe opinion repeatedly alludes to those concepts in a prolonged and elo'uent prelude be!ore articulating its #iew that the e$clusion lac-s e#en a rational basis.* 2ontinue reading: Jational Dasis 5hallenge http://www.banap.net/spip.php?article92

Jational Dasis
&ednesday 29 %ctober 2005.

Dy the same authors

7arry <ouston o 2hapter %ne ?ssentialis or :ocial 2onstructionis o 2hapter Ten <o ose$ual Identity +or ation o 2hapter 4 Ten Eercent <o ose$ual 6yth o 2hapter 8 (l!red Jinsey o 2hapter +i#e: Types o! <o ose$ualities / (ge,:tructured

)n the same se&tion

In the sa e section L:uspect 2lass :tatusL 7arry <ouston Celie! Introduction 2onstitutional 2hallenge Cesponse to: :tate/s 6otion to Ais iss Jational Dasis 'or @verturning 6oodridge

99. The !ollowing additional in!or ation is rele#ant to =oodridge and presented or considered.

ay or

ay not ha#e been

9>. Eara eters o! the discussion o! ho ose$uality are best !ra ed: )&ho one is" a ho ose$ual or &hat one does" ho ose$uality.* The case !or the latter is strongest. 94. 0o one is born a ho ose$ual. %ne ay o#erco e ho ose$uality. e ber o!

93. The de!ining characteristic o! ho ose$uality is a se$ual erotic attraction to another the sa e se$" and ay include physical se$ual acts with a e ber o! the sa e se$. >0. In so e aspects ho ose$uality ay be seen as se$ual i

aturity and learned beha#ior.

>1. <o ose$uality is a relationship issue. >2. <o ose$uality is an illegiti ate atte pt to relationships. eet the legiti ate need !or inti acy in sa e,se$

>8. There are ultiple pathways that ay lead one to pursuing ho ose$ualityI li-ewise there are ultiple pathways to o#erco ing ho ose$uality. >4. The labels gay and lesbian ha#e #ery strong political connotations. In the late 1390s ho ose$uality beca e #ery politici5ed" today/s youth are re.ecting this politici5ation o! ho ose$uality. >5. Their #iews correlate with the long historical perspecti#e o! ho ose$uality. >9. Fp until the 1490s ho ose$uality was an act" called sodo y. Then in =er any in the 1490s ho ose$uality beca e a condition one had. Those co itting ho ose$ual acts in =er any see-ing legal rights coined the word )ho ose$ual*. >>. It was in the Fnited :tates in the late 1390s that ho ose$uality beca e an identity" )gay.* >4. (dditional in!or ation o! ho ose$uality !ro a historical perspecti#e www.banap.net in the section In#enting the )<o ose$ual.* ay be read on

>3. 2on!licting ideologies a ong ho ose$uals: )(ssi ilation* and ):e$ual 7iberation.* 40. These con!licting ideologies o! )(ssi ilation* and :e$ual 7iberation* ha#e been argued a ong ho ose$uals e#er since they !irst began !or al organi5ations in the early 1350s in ( erica. It was these con!licting ideologies that led to an early change in the leadership o! the 6attachine :ociety o! 2ali!ornia. 41. (ssi ilation calls !or the integration o! ho ose$uals into ainstrea society" see-ing to achie#e societal acceptance o! ho ose$uals by e phasi5ing the si ilarities between ho ose$uals and heterose$uals. 42. <o ose$uals are to be presented as ordinary people" eschewing an identity based on beha#ior" i.e. only di!!erence is an erotic attraction to a e ber o! the sa e gender.

48. The assi ilation strategy encouraged the ho ose$ual to )act nor al and !it in* with other e bers o! society. This continued the historical concept o! )passing*" where a ho ose$ual would be thought o! as a heterose$ual in their outward appearance and beha#iors. 44. :a e,se$ @gayB arriage" openly gay and lesbian e bers ser#ing in the ilitary" acti#e in#ol#e in the education o! young people through a presence in schools" i.e. =ay" 7esbian and :traight ?ducators 0etwor- @=7:?0B" =ay and :traight (lliances @=:(B" and a positi#e portrayal o! ho ose$uals in the popular edia are assi ilation strategies. 45. +or ale ho ose$uals )se$ual liberation"* eans to ha#e se$ual !reedo in se$ual li#es that are untra eled by the con#entions and li its o! social nor s" to be se$ual rebels and outlaws. 49. (dditional in!or ation about these two con!licting ideologies o! )(ssi ilation* and ):e$ual 7iberation a ong ho ose$uals ay be read on www.banap.net in the section (ssi ilation or 7iberation. 4>. 2hie! Justice 6arshall writes in the a.ority opinion in =oodridge @? phasis added with bold typeB: )I! anything" e$tending ci#il arriage to sa e,se$ couples rein!orces the i portance o! arriage to indi#iduals and co unities. That sa e,se$ couples are willing to e brace arriage/s sole n obligations o! ex&lusivity, mutual su!!ort, and &ommitment to one another is a testa ent to the enduring place o! arriage in our laws and in the hu an spirit. O+023P* 44. The basis. ost co on ethodological !law in scienti!ic studies o! ho ose$uals is a )sa pling

43. The se#en plainti!! couples are not representati#e ho ose$uals couples. 30. In a 0o#e ber 28" 2008 1oson =lobe article" )10 years/ wor- led to historic win in court* written by G#onne (braha gi#es insight and bac-ground in!or ation to the case" =oodridge #. Aepart ent o! Eublic <ealth 440 6ass. 803 @2008B. 31. The !ollowing 'uotes ha#e been ta-en !ro years/ wor- led to historic win in court.* that 0o#e ber 28" 2008 1oston =lobe article" )10

32. The "lainti!!s, who would serve as the "ubli# !a#e o! the lawsuit, were #hosen #are!ully. 38. They had to be varied in age, ethni#ity, and "ro!ession. 34. They had to be well)s"o&en, but not too "oliti#al. 26. They had to be longtime #ou"les who had been !aith!ul to one another. 2:. They had to stand u" to rigorous #riminal ba#&ground #he#&s, and to #onvin#e the lawyers that there were no s&eletons in their #losets. 25. Those advo#ating !or homosexuality have written two boo&s about homosexual "arenting and the lives o! #hildren with homosexual "arents =i!!erent mothers- sons and daughters o! lesbians tal& about their lives and What $bout the /hildren< Sons and =aughters o! 'esbian and Gay @arents Tal& about Their 'ives.

21. The titles are a##urate des#ri"tions o! the boo&s themselves. ?ne o! the many things that #an be ta&en !rom these #hildrens stories o! their lives is the length o! the relationshi"s their "arents enter into and the number o! these relationshi"s. 22. ?!ten these relationshi"s are short in duration o! time and with numerous "artners. 488. $dditional in!ormation on studies o! homosexual "arenting may be !ound on www.bana".net in the se#tion ;omosexual 3yths, in an arti#le titled ;omosexual @arenting 3yth. 484. ?ne very im"ortant idea that di!!ers in heterosexual marriage and homosexual relationshi"s is that o! !idelity and monogamy. 489. The !ormer a##e"ts as normative the idea o! !idelity and monogamy whereas !or the latter normative is o!ten termed serial monogamy and o"en relationshi"s in sexual matters. 480. In homosexual relationshi"s serial monogamy is !aith!ulness with the #urrent "artner. Similarly with an attem"t to be !aith!ul to the next "artner, and however many "artners that !ollow, however long the relationshi"s may last. 48L. ;omosexual relationshi"s are o"en in that built into the relationshi"s are "rovisions !or outside sexual a#tivity with other individuals. 486. The !ollowing *uote is by two authors who sel!)identi!y as gay, o! the authors 3arshall Mir& and ;unter 3adsen @h.=., one graduated !rom ;arvard niversity +Mir&, 4218, and the other was a "ro!essor at ;arvard niversity. Their boo& is titled $!ter the Ball ;ow $meri#a Will /on*uer Its Fear and ;atred o! the Gays in the 28s 48:. In short, the gay li!estyle ) i! su#h a #haos #an, a!ter all, legitimately be #alled a li!estyle ) .ust doesnt wor&- it doesnt serve the two !un#tions !or whi#h all so#ial !ramewor&s evolve- to #onstrain "eo"les natural im"ulses to behave badly and to meet their natural needs. 485. While its im"ossible to "rovide an exhaustive analyti# list o! all the root #auses and aggravants o! this !ailure, we #an asseverate at least some o! the ma.or #auses. 481. 3any have been disse#ted, above, as elements o! the Ten 3isbehaviorsE it only remains to dis#uss the !ailure o! the gay #ommunity to "rovide a viable alternative to the heterosexual !amily. +Mir& and 3adsen, $!ter the Ball ;ow $meri#a Will /on*uer Its Fear and ;atred o! the Gays in the 28s, ".0:0, 482. The 3assa#husetts =e"artment o! @ubli# ;ealth is #harge by statue with "romoting, "rote#ting, and sa!eguarding "ubli# health, See G.'. #. 45. 448. The 3assa#husetts =e"artment o! @ubli# ;ealth tra#ts, re"orts, and "ublishes in!ormation on the negative medi#al #onse*uen#es o! homosexual behavior. 444. Two #ategories des#ribing those who #ommit homosexual behavior are +4, men who have sex with men +3S3, and +9, men who have sex with men and in.e#t drugs +3S3QI= , !or "ur"oses o! re"orting and "ublishing statisti#al data !or Sexually Transmitted =iseases +ST=s, and ;IGQ$I=S. 449. The #ategory o! men who have sex with men +3S3, re"resents the largest single #ategori#al grou" o! those having ;IGQ$I=S.

440. In!ormation ta&en !rom the 3assa#husetts =e"artment o! @ubli# ;ealth website. htt"-QQwww.mass.govQd"hQto"i#sQhivaids.htm 44L. highly o!!ensive to a reasonable "erson These *uoted words are !rom an ?#tober 40, 9886 $dvo#ate.#om +The $ward wining 'GBT (ews Site, news arti#le titled Wests #om"uter !iles #alled Chighly o!!ensive. This is the online version o! The $dvo#ate, a gay and lesbian maga%ine. 446. These words were used by lawyers !or S"o&ane 3ayor James West in arguing against the "ubli# release o! #om"uter !iles !ound on a S"o&ane, W$ #ity owned la"to" #om"uter hard drive used by S"o&ane 3ayor, James West. 44:. The !iles allegedly #ontain sexually ex"li#it #orres"onden#e and "hotos o! young gay men. 445. S"o&ane 3ayor James West admits to visiting gay websites on his #ity)owned la"to" #om"uter. 441. S"o&ane 3ayor James West is !a#ing a =e#ember : re#all ele#tion. 442. S"o&ane 3ayor James West is also under a FBI investigation. ;e is alleged to have o!!ered "er&s, tri"s, or /ity ;all Jobs and a""ointments to several young gay men. The FBI is investigating whether those o!!ers and a""ointments #onstituted an abuse o! "ubli# o!!i#e. 498. Thus Goodridge that allows same)sex +gayQhomosexual, #ou"les to marry may be seen as !urthering the #ontinuation o! the legitimati%ation and normali%ation homosexuality, homosexual behavior, whi#h may be highly o!!ensive to a reasonable "erson. 494. $dditional in!ormation o! homosexual behavior, whi#h may be highly o!!ensive to a reasonable "erson may be read on www.bana".net in the se#tion Inventing the ;omosexual in an arti#le titled /ha"ter 5 C/lones, $I=S, and /ir#uit @arties. /ontinue reading- onstitutional hallenge http://www.banap.net/spip.php?article53

5onstitutional 5hallenge
&ednesday 29 %ctober 2005.

Dy the same authors

7arry <ouston o 2hapter %ne ?ssentialis or :ocial 2onstructionis o 2hapter Ten <o ose$ual Identity +or ation o 2hapter 4 Ten Eercent <o ose$ual 6yth o 2hapter 8 (l!red Jinsey o 2hapter +i#e: Types o! <o ose$ualities / (ge,:tructured

)n the same se&tion

In the sa e section

Cational 1asis Introduction Cesponse to: :tate/s 6otion to Ais iss Celie! L:uspect 2lass :tatusL 7arry <ouston

5onstitutional 5hallenge to 6oodridge 122. The 2onstitution o! the 2o authority to regulate arriage. onwealth o! 6assachusetts delegates to the 7egislature the

128. 2hie! Justice 6arshall in the a.ority opinion writes: @? phasis added with bold type.B In rea#hing our #on#lusion we have given !ull de!eren#e to the arguments made by the /ommonwealth. (ut it has failed to identify any constitutionally ade&uate reason for denying civil marriage to same.sex couples. 124. 2onsistent in =oodridge" beginning in the written decision by :uperior 2ourt Justice 2onnolly has been the ac-nowledge ent by .udges" both in :uperior 2ourt and the :J2" that the 2onstitution o! the 2o onwealth o! 6assachusetts delegates to the 7egislation" not the .udiciary the authority to regulate arriage. 125. Justice o! the :uperior 2ourt" Tho as ?. 2onnolly writes twice in his decision that allowing sa e,se$ couples to arry is a atter !or the legislature. @? phasis added with bold type.B 129. Justice 2onnolly writes: While this #ourt understands the reasons !or the "lainti!!s re*uest to reverse the /ommonwealths #enturies)old legal tradition o! restri#ting marriage to o""osite)sex #ou"les, their re&uest should be directed to the 'egislature/ not the courts. 12>. Justice 2onnolly writes: This #ourt a#&nowledges the inherent #ontradi#tion that the /ommonwealth allows same)sex #ou"les to establish legal relationshi"s with their #hildren but not with ea#h other. $do"tion o! Tammy, L4: 3ass. 986 +4220,E $do"tion o! Susan, L4: 3ass. 4880 +4220,E 7.(.?. v. '.3.(., L92 3ass. 19L, #ert. =enied, 691 .S. 4886 +4222,. Furthermore, the 'egislature amended the ado"tion laws to allow ado"tion o! #hildren by same)sex #ou"les. See $#ts O Besolves 4222, 0 P 46. The /ommonwealths ele#ted re"resentatives, not #ourts, should resolve this "aradox. See /onnors, L08 3ass at L0 +ex#luding the word s"ouse to ex#lude domesti# "artners,. While this #ourt understands the "lainti!!s e!!orts to be married, they should pursue their &uest on (eacon #ill. 124. 2hie! Justice 6arshall in the a.ority opinion in Goodridge @? phasis added with bold typeB writes: /ivil marriage is #reated and regulated through exer#ise o! the "oli#e "ower. See /ommonwealth v. Stowell, 012 3ass. 454, 456 +4210, +regulation o! marriage is "ro"erly within the s#o"e o! the "oli#e "ower,. D@oli#e "owerD +now more #ommonly termed the States regulatory authority, is an old)!ashioned term !or the /ommonwealths lawma&ing authority, as bounded by the liberty and e*uality guarantees o! the 3assa#husetts /onstitution and its ex"ress delegation o! "ower !rom the "eo"le to their government. In broad terms, it is the 'egislature)s power to enact rules to regulate conduct, to the extent that su#h laws are Dne#essary to se#ure the health, sa!ety, good order, #om!ort, or general wel!are o! the #ommunityD +#itations omitted,. ?"inion o! the Justi#es, 0L4 3ass. 5:8, 516 +42:8,. HF(49I See /ommonwealth v. $lger, 5 /ush. 60, 16 +4164,. 123. The 7egislature/s 2onstitutional authority to regulate arriage was ac-nowledged by 2hie! Justice 6arshall in the =oodridge decision when in the a.ority opinion she writes@? phasis added

with bold typeB: 17ntry o' Gudgment shall be stayed 'or "#0 days to !ermit the Legislature to taBe su&h a&tion as it may deem a!!ro!riate in light o' this o!inion 3 180. E(CT T<? +IC:T $ =e#laration o! the Bights o! the Inhabitants o! the /ommonwealth o! 3assa#husetts. (rticle X;III pro#ides in rele#ant part: and they have a right to re*uire o! their lawgivers and magistrates, an exa#t and #onstant observan#e o! them, in the !ormation and exe#ution o! the laws ne#essary !or the good administration o! the #ommonwealth. 181. E(CT T<? +IC:T $ =e#laration o! the Bights o! the Inhabitants o! the /ommonwealth o! 3assa#husetts. (rticle XXX. In the government o! this #ommonwealth, the legislative de"artment shall never exer#ise the exe#utive and .udi#ial "owers, or either o! them- the exe#utive shall never exer#ise the legislative and .udi#ial "owers, or either o! them- the .udi#ial shall never exer#ise the legislative and exe#utive "owers, or either o! them- to the end it may be a government o! laws and not o! men. 182. E(CT T<? :?2%0A The Frame o! Government. 2hapter I. T<? 7?=I:7(TI;? E%&?C. :?2TI%0 1. The =eneral 2ourt. (rticle I; pro#ides in rele#ant part: $nd !urther, !ull "ower and authority are hereby given and granted to the said general #ourt, !rom time to time, to ma&e, ordain, and establish, all manner o! wholesome and reasonable orders, laws, . . . so as the same be not re"ugnant or #ontrary to this #onstitution, as they shall .udge to be !or the good and wel!are o! this #ommonwealth . . .D 188. E(CT T<? :?2%0A The Frame o! Government /ha"ter III. J =I/I$B> @?W7B. (rticle ;. D$ll #auses o! marriage, divor#e, and alimony, and all a""eals !rom the .udges o! "robate shall be heard and determined by the governor and #oun#il, until the legislature shall, by law, ma&e other "rovision.D 2ontinue Ceading: Jelie' http://www.banap.net/spip.php?article54

Jelie'
&ednesday 29 %ctober 2005.

Dy the same authors

7arry <ouston o 2hapter %ne ?ssentialis or :ocial 2onstructionis o 2hapter Ten <o ose$ual Identity +or ation o 2hapter 4 Ten Eercent <o ose$ual 6yth o 2hapter 8 (l!red Jinsey o 2hapter +i#e: Types o! <o ose$ualities / (ge,:tructured

)n the same se&tion

In the sa e section 7arry <ouston L:uspect 2lass :tatusL Cesponse to: :tate/s 6otion to Ais iss

2onstitutional 2hallenge Cational 1asis Introduction

5laims 'or Jelie' 2ount I 184. Elainti!! repeats" re,alleges and incorporates in this paragraph all o! the allegations set !orth abo#e" as !ully set !orth herein. 185. &ithin the Aepart ent o! Eublic <ealth is a Cegistry o! ;ital Cecords and :tatistics. 6assachusetts law charges the 2o issioner" Eaul 2ote" with en!orcing state laws relati#e to arriage through his super#ision o! the Cegistrar o! ;ital Cecords and :tatistics. 189. The Aepart ent o! Eublic <ealth and its 2o issioner through city and town cler-s and other inisterial actors who operate under the Ae!endants/ control and direction concerning arriage licenses" issues a arriage certi!icate to sa e,se$ couples. 18>. The custo and practice o! issuing a arriage certi!icate to sa e,se$ couples through .udicial decree" =oodridge #. Aepart ent o! Eublic <ealth 440 6ass. 803 @2008B is unconstitutional according to the 2onstitution o! the 2o onwealth including but not li ited to articles Eart the +irst (rticle X;III" Eart the +irst (rticle XXX" Eart the :econd 2hapter I :ection 1 (rticle I;" Eart the :econd 2hapter III (rticle I;. 2rayers 'or Jelie' &<?C?+%C?" the plainti!! respecti#ely re'uests that this <onorable 2ourt order the !ollowing relie!: 1. ?nter a declaratory .udg ent that the issuing o! a arriage certi!icate to sa e,se$ couples by .udicial decree #iolates the 2onstitution o! the 2o onwealth o! 6assachusettsI 2. ?nter a declaratory .udg ent that o#erturning =oodridge #. Aepart ent o! Eublic <ealth 440 6ass. 803 @2008B is possible on a rational basis" 8. %rder the Aepart ent o! Eublic <ealth and its 2o issioner through city and town cler-s and other inisterial actors who operate under the Ae!endants/ control to cease and re!rain !ro issuing arriage certi!icates to sa e,se$ couplesI 4. %rder the Aepart ent o! Eublic <ealth and its 2o issioner a!ter all appeals ha#e been co pleted and this <onorable 2ourt/s decision has been upheld" that all arriage certi!icates that ha#e been pre#iously issued to sa e,se$ couples are hereby to be declared null and #oidI 5. %rder the Aepart ent o! Eublic <ealth and its 2o issioner that a!ter all appeals ha#e been co pleted and this <onorable 2ourt/s decision has been upheld" that all arriage certi!icates that ha#e been pre#iously issued to sa e,se$ couples and recorded in the Aepart ent o! Eublic <ealth/s Cegistry o! ;ital Cecords and :tatistics to be re o#ed !ro the Aepart ent o! Eublic <ealth/s Cegistry o! ;ital Cecords and :tatisticsI 9. %rder the Aepart ent o! Eublic <ealth and its 2o issioner through the 6assachusetts Aepart ent o! Eublic <ealth/s Cegistry o! ;ital Cecords and :tatistics to pro#ide to all sa e,se$

couples who ha#e been pre#iously issued arriage certi!icates written noti!ication through the Fnited :tates Eostal :er#ices that their arriage certi!icates are null and #oid and ha#e been re o#ed !ro the Aepart ent o! Eublic <ealth/s Cegistry o! ;ital Cecords and :tatisticsI >. %rder the Aepart ent o! Eublic <ealth and its 2o issioner through the 6assachusetts Aepart ent o! Eublic <ealth/s Cegistry o! ;ital Cecords and :tatistics to report to this <onorable 2ourt written noti!ication that such instructions by this <onorable 2ourt ha#e been success!ully co pleted. 4. (ward reasonable costs and !ees 3. =rant such other relie! as is .ust and appropriate. http://www.banap.net/spip.php?article98

Jes!onse toF States =otion to $ismiss

6onday 28 January 2009.

Dy the same authors

7arry <ouston o 2hapter %ne ?ssentialis or :ocial 2onstructionis o 2hapter Ten <o ose$ual Identity +or ation o 2hapter 4 Ten Eercent <o ose$ual 6yth o 2hapter 8 (l!red Jinsey o 2hapter +i#e: Types o! <o ose$ualities / (ge,:tructured

)n the same se&tion

In the sa e section Celie! Cational 1asis 7arry <ouston 2onstitutional 2hallenge Introduction L:uspect 2lass :tatusL 2lainti''s Je!ly to $e'endants =otion to $ismiss 5om!laint Hor La&B o' SubGe&t,=atter Aurisdi&tion In a otion" )Ae!endants/ 6otion to Ais iss 2o plaint +or 7ac- o! :ub.ect,6atter Jurisdiction"* being presented to this <onorable 2ourt !or dis issal o! <ouston #. Aepart ent o! Eublic <ealth" a direct legal challenge to =oodridge" the (ttorney =eneral/s o!!ice has three points in their argu ent. They are )standing"* )contro#ersy"* and ).urisdiction.* 7oo-ing to =oodridge itsel!" answers to these three points ay be !ound. ):tanding* and )contro#ersy* both arise !ro a 2onstitutional basis" which is allowing sa e,se$ @gayB arriage by .udicial decree. =oodridge is unconstitutional and illegal" there!ore =oodridge grants )standing"* )contro#ersy* arises !ro =oodridge being unconstitutional and illegal" and =oodridge grants ).urisdiction* to the :uperior 2ourt.

It is re'uested o! this <onorable 2ourt in their consideration o! this otion !or dis issal o! <ouston #s. Aepart ent o! Eublic <ealth to gi#e care!ul consideration to 6. =. 7. (. c. 281( Q 3." )Eurpose and construction o! declaratory .udg ent pro#isions.* This #ha"ter is de#lared to be remedial. Its "ur"ose is to remove, and to a!!ord relie! !rom un#ertainty and inse#urity with res"e#t to rights, duties, status, and other legal relations, and it is to be liberally #onstrued and administered. (C=F6?0T I. ):tanding* ):tanding* arises" !ro 6r. <ouston being a resident o! :o er#ille" 6assachusetts" a citi5en o! the 2o onwealth o! 6assachusetts. (s this is a 2onstitutional 'uestion any and all citi5ens o! the 2o onwealth o! 6assachusetts ha#e standing to !ile a direct legal challenge to =oodridge. The otion !or dis issal raises the issue o! )alleging in.ury and )breach o! duty* citing =inter" 42> 6ass. at 828 @citations o ittedB. )&here relie! is sought against the 2o onwealth or its agencies" )alleging in.ury alone is not enoughI plainti!! ust allege a breach o! duty owed to it by the public de!endant.* The )breach o! duty* occurs whereby the Aepart ent o! Eublic <ealth and the 2o issioner o! Eublic <ealth" Eaul 2ote" !ail to act to uphold their oaths o! o!!ice they agreed to and swore to uphold. :i ply stated that is )to support and uphold the 2onstitution o! the 2o onwealth o! 6assachusetts.* )Fnder the 2onstitution and 7aws o! the 2o onwealth and o! the Fnited :tates e#ery person chosen or appointed to any o!!ice" ci#il or ilitary" under the go#ern ent o! this 2o onwealth" be!ore he enters on the duties o! his o!!ice" is re'uired to ta-e and subscribe the !ollowing oath or a!!ir ation:* @2o onwealth o! 6assachusetts the 6anual !or the =eneral 2ourt 133>,1334" pg. 283B. T<? %(T< %+ %++I2? I"VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV" do sole nly swear that I will bear true !aith and allegiance to the 2o onwealth o! 6assachusetts and will support the 2onstitution thereo!. :o help e" =od. I"VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV" do sole nly swear and a!!ir that I will !aith!ully and i partially discharge and per!or all the duties incu bent on e as VVVVVVVVVVV" according to the best o! y abilities and understanding" agreeably" to the rules and regulations o! the constitution" and the laws o! this 2o onwealth , :o help e =od. The otion !or dis issal raises the issue o! )a li-ely bene!it* citing 0ew ?ngland Ai#. %! the ( erican :oc. ;. 2o issioner o! (d in." 48> 6ass. 1>2" 1>> @2002B. )6oreo#er" in order to ha#e standing" plainti!!s ust show that they will e$perience ) a li-ely bene!it should the contested point be resol#ed in their !a#or.* The )li-ely bene!it* should this <onorable 2ourt rule in !a#or o! this legal challenge to =oodridge" <ouston #. Aepart ent o! Eublic <ealth" will be e$perienced not only by 6r. <ouston but all o! the citi5ens o! the 2o onwealth o! 6assachusetts is that the 2onstitution o! the 2o onwealth o! 6assachusetts will be upheld and the laws o! the 2o onwealth o! 6assachusetts will be supported. =oodridge is unconstitutional and illegal" there!ore =oodridge grants )standing.* The personal interest in re'uested relie!" o#erturning =oodridge" is upholding the 2onstitution o! the 2o onwealth o! 6assachusetts and is supporting the laws o! the 2o onwealth o! 6assachusetts.

The otion !or dis issal in 'uestioning 6r. <ouston/s )standing* also uses =.7. c. 281(" Q 2 !or support. The closing paragraph o! this 6assachusetts =eneral 7aw is as !ollows. The !oregoing enumeration shall not limit or restri#t the exer#ise o! the general "owers #on!erred in se#tion one in any "ro#eeding where de#laratory relie! is sought, in whi#h .udgment or de#ree will terminate the #ontroversy or remove un#ertainty. @6. =. 7. (. c. 281(" Q 2B II. )2ontro#ersy* There is ore than a ere disagree ent on the part o! 6r. <ouston in !iling this direct legal challenge to =oodridge. The =oodridge decision itsel! creates )contro#ersy* and raises )contro#ersy.* =oodridge is unconstitutional and illegal. )2ontro#ersy* results !ro =oodridge and =oodrige raises )contro#ersy* by placing the Eublic Aepart ent o! <ealth and its 2o issioner Eaul 2ote in a position that is both unconstitutional and illegal in ordering by .udicial decree the issuing o! arriage certi!icates to sa e,se$ couples. The 2onstitution o! the 2o onwealth o! 6assachusetts delegates to the legislature the authority to regulate arriage. 2onsistent in =oodridge" beginning in the written decision by :uperior 2ourt Justice 2onnolly has been the ac-nowledge ent by .udges" both in :uperior 2ourt and the :J2" that the 2onstitution o! the 2o onwealth o! 6assachusetts delegates to the 7egislation" not the .udiciary the authority to regulate arriage. The 7egislature/s 2onstitutional authority to regulate arriage was ac-nowledged by 2hie! Justice 6arshall in the =oodridge decision when in the a.ority opinion she writes: )?ntry o! .udg ent shall be stayed !or 140 days to per it the 7egislature to ta-e such action as it ay dee appropriate in light o! this opinion.* The !ollowing are (rticles !ro the 2onstitution o! the 2o onwealth o! 6assachusetts.

E(CT T<? +IC:T ( Aeclaration o! the Cights o! the Inhabitants o! the 2o onwealth o! 6assachusetts. (rticle X;III pro#ides in rele#ant part: and they have a right to re*uire o! their lawgivers and magistrates, an exa#t and #onstant observan#e o! them, in the !ormation and exe#ution o! the laws ne#essary !or the good administration o! the #ommonwealth. E(CT T<? +IC:T ( Aeclaration o! the Cights o! the Inhabitants o! the 2o onwealth o! 6assachusetts. (rticle XXX. In the government o! this #ommonwealth, the legislative de"artment shall never exer#ise the exe#utive and .udi#ial "owers, or either o! them- the exe#utive shall never exer#ise the legislative and .udi#ial "owers, or either o! them- the .udi#ial shall never exer#ise the legislative and exe#utive "owers, or either o! them- to the end it may be a government o! laws and not o! men. E(CT T<? :?2%0A The +ra e o! =o#ern ent. 2hapter I. T<? 7?=I:7(TI;? E%&?C. :?2TI%0 1. The =eneral 2ourt. (rticle I; pro#ides in rele#ant part: $nd !urther, !ull "ower and authority are hereby given and granted to the said general #ourt, !rom time to time, to ma&e, ordain, and establish, all manner o! wholesome and reasonable orders, laws, . . . so as the same be not re"ugnant or #ontrary to this #onstitution, as they shall .udge to be !or the good and wel!are o! this #ommonwealth . . .D E(CT T<? :?2%0A The +ra e o! =o#ern ent. 2hapter III. JFAI2I(CG E%&?C. (rticle ;. D$ll #auses o! marriage, divor#e, and alimony, and all a""eals !rom the .udges o! "robate shall be heard and determined by the governor and #oun#il, until the legislature shall, by law, ma&e other "rovision.D The =oodridge decision itsel! creates )contro#ersy* and raises )contro#ersy.* =oodridge is unconstitutional and illegal. )2ontro#ersy* results !ro =oodridge and =oodrige raises

)contro#ersy* by placing the Eublic Aepart ent o! <ealth and its 2o issioner Eaul 2ote in a position that is both unconstitutional and illegal in ordering by .udicial decree the issuing o! arriage certi!icates to sa e,se$ couples. =oodridge is illegal according to =.7. c.1>. The 6assachusetts Aepart ent o! Eublic <ealth is charge by statue with pro oting" protecting" and sa!eguarding public health" :ee =.7. c. 1>. =oodridge that allows sa e,se$ @gay/ho ose$ualB couples to arry ay be seen as !urthering the continuation o! the legiti ati5ation and nor ali5ation ho ose$uality" ho ose$ual beha#ior" which is detri ental to those who beco e in#ol#ed. %ne beha#ior a ong ale ho ose$uals is passi#e anal intercourse. The Fnited :tates 2enter !or Aisease 2ontrol and Ere#ention @2A2B reports that the highest ris- beha#ior !or obtaining <I;/(IA: is passi#e anal intercourse. The Fnited :tates 2enter !or Aisease 2ontrol and Ere#ention/s @2A2B" 6orbidity and 6ortality &ee-ly Ceports @66&CsB 0o#e ber 14" 2005 / 54@45BI1143,1158 was Trends in <I;/(IA: Aiagnoses ,,, 88 :tates @who ha#e na e,based <I; reportingB" 2001,2004. It included the !ollowing in!or ation. The route o! <I; in!ection !or the a.ority @91HB o! ales was through ale,to, ale se$ual contact. +ro 2008 to 2004" the nu ber o! <I;/(IA: diagnoses a ong 6:6 @ en who se$ with enB increased 4HI this increase was statistically signi!icant @p]0.05B. Auring this recoding period all other recorded categories o! indi#iduals e$cept 6:6 @ en who se$ with enB e$perienced declining instances and rates o! <I;/(IA: diagnoses. III. )Jurisdiction* =oodridge was !iled and ruled in :uperior 2ourt Aepart ent" de!endants were the Aepart ent o! Eublic <ealth and the then presiding 2o issioner o! Eublic <ealth. 2hie! Justice 6arshall o! the :J2 in writing the a.ority opinion in =oodridge" grants .urisdiction to the :uperior 2ourt. :he wrote" )&e re and this case to the :uperior 2ourt !or entry o! .udg ent consistent with this opinion.* =oodridge is unconstitutional and illegal. =oodridge grants sa e,se$ @gayB arriage by .udicial decree. This <onorable 2ourt is being re'uested to rule in this legal challenge to =oodridge" <ouston #. Aepart ent o! public <ealth" to o#erturn =oodridge. :ee paragraph %ne o! Erayers !or Celie!. )?nter a declaratory .udg ent that the issuing o! a arriage certi!icate to sa e,se$ couples by .udicial decree #iolates the 2onstitution o! the 2o onwealth o! 6assachusetts.* ( second re'uest o! this <onorable 2ourt is to order the Aepart ent o! Eublic <ealth to cease and re!rain !ro issuing arriage certi!icates to sa e,se$ @gayB couples" see paragraph Three o! Erayers !or Celie!. The :uperior 2ourt has .urisdiction to do so" this is the court in which ordered the issuing o! arriage certi!icates to sa e,se$ @gayB couples. :hould this <onorable 2ourt rule in the plainti!!/s !a#or in the legal challenge" <ouston #. Aepart ent o! public <ealth" that the issuing o! arriage certi!icates to sa e,se$ couples is unconstitutional and illegal" a )!urther contro#ersy* will arise. This )!urther contro#ersy* is the arriage certi!icates pre#iously issued to sa e,se$ couples. This <onorable 2ourt is being re'uested to help resol#e this )!urther contro#ersy* 'uali!ied by )a!ter all appeals ha#e been co pleted and this <onorable 2ourt/s decision has been upheld* see paragraphs +our" +i#e" :i$ and :e#en o! Erayers !or Celie!. This <onorable 2ourt ay help resol#e this )!urther contro#ersy*" not through )di#orce* or )annul ent* rather by ruling that the issuing o! arriage certi!icates to any and all sa e,couples is and was unconstitutional and illegal. There!ore" all arriage certi!icates that ha#e been pre#iously issued to sa e,se$ couples are hereby to be declared null and #oidI lac-ing any legal standing to ha#e being originally issued. Earagraphs +our" +i#e" :i$" and :e#en o! Erayers !or Celie! ay help resol#e this )!urther contro#ersy* that will arise should this <onorable 2ourt rule in !a#or o! the

plainti!! in <ouston #. Aepart ent o! Eublic <ealth" that the issuing o! sa e,se$ couples is unconstitutional and illegal. 2%027F:I%0

arriage certi!icates to

+or the reasons stated abo#e" the de!endants/ 6otion to Ais iss 2o plaint +or 7ac- o! :ub.ect, 6atter Jurisdiction should be dis issed with pre.udice.