Cim 2

Finite element vibration analysis of composite skew laminates containing
delaminations around quadrilateral cutouts

T. Park
a
, S.-Y. Lee
a
, G.Z. Voyiadjis
b,
*
a
Department of Civil Engineering, Hanyang University, 17 Haedang-dong Sungdong-Gu, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea
b
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received 2 September 2008
Accepted 6 November 2008
Available online 18 November 2008
Keywords:
Delamination
Composite laminate
Free vibration
Skew angle
a b s t r a c t
The free vibration analysis of laminated composite skew plates with delamination around a centrally
located quadrilateral cutout is carried out based on the high-order shear deformation theory (HSDT) in
this study. In the nite element formulation for the delamination around cutout, the seven degrees-of-
freedom per each node are used with transformations in order to t the displacement continuity condi-
tions at the delamination region. The numerical results obtained for the rectangular plates are in good
agreement with those of other preceding investigations. The new results for skew plates in this study
mainly show the effect of the interactions between the skew angle and other various parameters, for
example, cutout size, delamination area, and length-to-thickness ratio. Key observation points are dis-
cussed and a brief design guideline is given.
2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Composite laminates with cutouts are extensively used in a di-
verse industrial eld, especially, nuclear facilities, aeronautical,
mechanical, marine, automotive and civil structures because of
their many merits. Cutouts are useful for saving weight, for provid-
ing fuel, electrical and hydraulic lines. It is also well known that
skew plates are often used in modern structures, despite the math-
ematical difculties encountered in their analysis. Swept wings of
airplanes, for example, can be idealized by introducing substruc-
tures in the form of oblique plates. Similarly, complex alignment
problems in bridge designs are often solved by using skew plates.
Numerous other applications of oblique parallelogram slabs can
also be found in buildings. However, composite skew laminates
with cutouts may result in a signicant change of the dynamic
characteristics and undesirable delaminations around cutouts dur-
ing the manufacturing process. Therefore, it is vital to study the ef-
fect of cutouts and delaminations simultaneously on the dynamic
response of composite skew laminates.
Free vibration of laminated composite beam or plate structures
with delaminations has been studied by a host of investigators
using a variety of approaches. Lee et al. [11,10] analyzed the free
vibration of axially compressed laminated composite beam and
beam-columns with multiple delaminations. Park et al. [17] pre-
sented a recurrent single delaminated beam model for vibration
analysis of multi-delaminated beams. Tenek et al. [21] studied
the dynamic effect of delaminations of composite plates using
the three-dimensional nite element method. Campanelli and
Engblom [4] used eight-noded shear deformable plate elements
with six degrees-of-freedom per each node to accurately predict
the effect of delaminations on the modal dynamic characteristics
of a laminated composite plate. In order to represent the delami-
nated region, Campanelli and Engblom [4] joined the upper and
lower plate elements in the delamination region to single plate ele-
ments along the boundary of the delamination region using a pen-
alty parameter. Saravanos and Hopkins [19] developed the
mechanics for the damped dynamic characteristics of composite
laminates with delaminations and conducted both analytical and
experimental studies. They described the unknown kinematic per-
turbations induced by a delamination as the additional degree of
freedom.
_
Zak et al. [24] developed theoretical models using the ele-
ments which have eight-nodes with ve degrees-of-freedom per
each node. They then performed an extensive experimental inves-
tigation to verify changes in the bending natural frequencies due to
delaminations. Hu et al. [7] proposed a C
0
-type FEM model based
on simple high-order plate theory which can satisfy the condition
that the transverse shear strain is zero on the top and bottom sur-
faces of plates in order to analyze the vibration response of delami-
nated composite laminates. They also employed displacement
continuity conditions based on the least-squares technique to de-
scribe delamination. Della and Shu [5] reviewed the literature that
dealt with the vibration of delaminated composite laminates. They
provided related researches on the various analytical models and
numerical analyses. Lee and Park [12] presented a nite element
1359-8368/$ - see front matter 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2008.11.004
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 225 578 8668; fax: +1 225 578 9176.
E-mail address: voyiadjis@eng.lsu.edu (G.Z. Voyiadjis).
Composites: Part B 40 (2009) 225236
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Composites: Part B
j our nal homepage: www. el sevi er. com/ l ocat e/ composi t esb
method (FEM) using the enhanced assumed strain solid element for
analyzing laminated composite plates containing delaminations.
However, in these papers, delamination is considered without
cutouts. There are very few studies that have researched delami-
nation around a cutout. Ju et al. [8] have presented a nite ele-
ment approach in conjunction with the Mindlin plate theory to
analyze the free vibration of square and circular composite plates
with delamination around centrally located internal square and
circular cutouts using the rst-order shear deformation theory
(FSDT). Kumar and Shrivastava [9] have studied the dynamic re-
sponse of square composite plates with a centrally located rectan-
gular cutout with and without delamination. They used a method
based on the higher-order shear deformation theory (HSDT) and
Hamiltons principle. However, their studies do not provide a de-
tailed explanation of the delamination of laminates using the
HSDT.
The scope of the studies mentioned above is limited in that
they analyze only rectangular composite laminates. Many high-
er-order theories exist for skewed composite laminates, but they
are mostly applicable to plates without delamination [16,23,2,
22,15,6,14]. In this paper, we extend the HSDT to study the free
vibration of skew composite laminates with delaminations
around the cutout. The skew angle and layup sequence of com-
posites with different cutouts and delamination sizes could play
a dominant role in determining and efciently controlling the dy-
namic characteristics of the composite structure without causing
a change in its material properties. We further extend the study
to take into account the effects of skew angles, cutout and delam-
ination sizes, layup sequences, and interactions between these
three parameters.
2. Finite element method
In this paper, we consider three types of elements for the
delamination model: (1) Undelaminated part (Part I), (2) elements
at the delaminated area (Part II), (3) elements at connecting
boundaries of the undelaminated and delaminated areas (Part III)
as shown in Fig. 1. In the gure, the shaded area indicates the del-
aminated region, which is divided into upper and lower elements
at the same location.
2.1. Undelaminated elements: Part I
The nite element formulation of laminated composite skew
plates based on HSDT is introduced in this section. The HSDT used
to analyze rectangular undelaminated plates is derived from the
third-order laminate formulation of Reddy [18]. Fig. 2 shows the
geometry and cross-section of skew laminates with delamination
around the cutout. A nonconforming element for skew plates has
seven degrees-of-freedom, namely, ~ u; ~ v; ~ w;
o~ w
ok
1
;
o~ w
ok
2
; /
k
1
; /
k
2
. The
notations ~ u; ~ v; ~ w;
o~ w
ok
1
;
o~ w
ok
2
_ _
and /
k
1
; /
k
2
are the mid-plane dis-
placements in the K
1
, K
2
and Z-directions, the respective deriva-
tives and the rotations transverse normal about K
2
- and K
1
-axes,
respectively. The generalized displacements can be approximated
by the following expressions:
~ u
~ v
/
k
1
/
k
2
_
_
_
4
11
W
1
I
4
~ u
1
~ v
1
/
k
1
1
/
k
1
1
_
_
_
_
and
~ w
o ~ w
ok
1
o ~ w
ok
2
_
_
_
4
11
C
1
C
1
C
1
oC1
ok
1
oC1
ok
1
oC1
ok
1
oC1
ok
2
oC1
ok
2
oC1
ok
2
_
_
_
_
~ w
1
o ~ w1
ok
1
o ~ w1
ok
2
_
_
_
_
;
1
where I
4
is a 4 4 identity matrix, W
1
are the Lagrange interpola-
tion functions and C
1
;
oC1
ok
1
and
oC1
ok
2
are the Hermite interpolation func-
tions, and their derivatives, respectively.
The element stiffness matrix K
r
of a skewplate without delam-
ination using the relationship represented in Eq. (1) can be rewrit-
ten in the natural coordinates
k
1
;
k
2
as
K
r

_
1
1
_
1
1
B
T
D
S
BjJjd
k
1
d
k
2
; 2
Cutout
Delamination region
Part
Part
Part
Fig. 1. Finite element model of composite plates with delamination around a
central cutout.
1
, X
Y
y
1
x
Cutout
(a) geometry (Top view)
m
~
1
~
+ m
(b) cross-section (Front view)
mth layer
kth layer
th layer
th layer
3rd layer
2nd layer
1stlayer
k
k+1
U
L
Fig. 2. Geometry and cross-section of skew laminates with delamination around
cutout.
226 T. Park et al. / Composites: Part B 40 (2009) 225236
where jJj is the determinant of the Jacobian matrix and D
S
is the
stiffness matrix in the global coordinates. The 13 28 straindis-
placement matrix B with 13 1 strain vector in the
k
1
;
k
2
coordi-
nates is given by
B
4
11
oW1
o
k
1
0 0 0 0 0 0
0
oW1
o
k
2
0 0 0 0 0
oW1
o
k
1
oW1
o
k
2
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
oW1
o
k
1
0
0 0 0 0 0 0
oW1
o
k
2
0 0 0 0 0
oW1
o
k
1
oW1
o
k
2
0 0 c
1
o
2
C1
o
k
2
1
c
1
o
2
C
0
1
o
k
2
1
c
1
o
2
C
00
1
o
k
2
1
c
1
oW1
o
k
1
0
0 0 c
1
o
2
C1
o
k
2
2
c
1
o
2
C
0
1
o
k
2
2
c
1
o
2
C
00
1
o
k
2
2
0 c
1
oW1
o
k
2
0 0 c
1
o
2
C1
o
k
1
o
k
2
c
1
o
2
C
0
1
o
k
1
o
k
2
c
1
o
2
C
00
1
o
k
1
o
k
2
c
1
oW1
o
k
1
c
1
oW1
o
k
2
0 0
oC1
o
k
2
0 0 0 W
1
0 0
oC1
o
k
1
0 0 W
1
0
0 0 c
2
oC1
o
k
2
0 0 0 c
2
W
1
0 0 c
2
oC1
o
k
1
0 0 c
2
W
1
0
_
_
_
_
;
3
where c
1
and c
2
are the parameters referred to as tracers, and the
13 13 stiffness matrix D
S
can be expressed as
D
S

A B E 0 0
B D F 0 0
E F H 0 0
0 0 0 A D
0 0 0 D F
_
_
_
_
: 4
The mass matrix of the skew element is given by the relationship
M
e

_
b
0
_
l
0
H
T
D
S
Hdk
1
dk
2

_
1
1
_
1
1
H
T
D
S
HjJjd
k
1
d
k
2
; 5
where H is a matrix consisting of Lagrange and Hermite interpola-
tion functions.
2.2. Delaminated elements: Part II
As mentioned earlier, Part II indicates the elements in the com-
pletely delaminated area. In this case, they are divided into two dif-
ferent type i.e. lower and upper elements due to delamination. For
the lower elements at the delaminated area, the stiffnesses of Eq.
(4) can be expressed as
A
L
ij
; B
L
ij
; D
L
ij
; E
L
ij
; F
L
ij
; H
L
ij

_
h
L
=2
h
L
=2
Q
ij
1; z; z
2
; z
3
; z
4
; z
6
dz
~ m
k1
_
z
k1
z
k
Q
k
ij
1; z; z
2
; z
3
; z
4
; z
6
dz;
i; j 1; 2; 6;
A
L
ij
; D
L
ij
; F
L
ij

_
h
L
=2
h
L
=2
Q
ij
1; z
2
; z
4
dz
~ m
k1
_
z
k1
z
k
Q
k
ij
1; z
2
; z
4
dz; i; j 4; 5:
6
For the upper elements at the delaminated area we have the follow-
ing expressions:
A
U
ij
; B
U
ij
; D
U
ij
; E
U
ij
; F
U
ij
; H
U
ij

_
h
U
=2
h
U
=2
Q
ij
1; z; z
2
; z
3
; z
4
; z
6
dz
m
k~ m1
_
z
k1
z
k
Q
k
ij
1; z; z
2
; z
3
; z
4
; z
6
dz; i; j 1; 2; 6;
A
U
ij
; D
U
ij
; F
U
ij

_
h
U
=2
h
U
=2
Q
ij
1; z
2
; z
4
dz
m
k~ m1
_
z
k1
z
k
Q
k
ij
1; z
2
; z
4
dz; i; j 4; 5:
7
Here, Q
k
ij
denotes the stiffnesses of the kth layer and the positions
at the top and bottom faces of the kth layer z
k1
and z
k
.
2.3. Elements at connecting boundaries: Part III
Part III is the most important part for the nite element for-
mulation because it reveals the discontinuity of the neutral axes
between the elements in the undelaminated and lower delami-
nated portions as shown in Fig. 3. For completeness, it is neces-
sary to address a nite element in order to model laminated
skew plates with delamination around the cutout. In this case,
the upper and lower elements in the delaminated region should
be joined to single plate elements along the boundary of the del-
aminated region. As shown in the gure, there exist three types
of elements at the boundaries of the delaminated and undelami-
nated portions. Here, based on HSDT, we provide a detailed
explanation on the formulation for connectivity between the ele-
Element in upper
delaminated portion
Element in
undelaminated portion
Element in lower
delaminated portion
Delamination
region
Element M
Element U
Element L
e
h
e
M
=
2
'
e
M
h
L
h
U
h
Midplane of element
M
Midplane of element
L
Midplane of element
U
Fig. 3. Elements at connecting boundaries between elements in the undelaminated
and lower delaminated portions.
T. Park et al. / Composites: Part B 40 (2009) 225236 227
ments in Part III. Fig. 4a shows the boundary of the lower dela-
minated portion; the boundary includes both nodes 1 and 4. In
order to ensure the continuity of the displacements across the
thickness of the plate at such nodes, the displacement vector
of the mid-plane of elements at the connecting boundary of
the lower delaminated portion should be essentially identical
to that of the points adjacent to these planes in the undelami-
nated portion. This implies that
jU
L
j jU
M
j
1
3
e
; 8
where jU
L
j is the mid-plane displacement vectors ~ u ~ v ~ w b c
T
at
nodes located on the delamination boundary of the lower delaminat-
ed portions and e is the distance between the f
M
1
f
M
2
-plane and f
L
1
f
L
2
-
plane. The element stiffness, mass matrices and element nodal dis-
placement vectors respectively for element M are denoted by k
M
,
m
M
and d f g
M
, andk
L
,m
L
and d f g
L
for element L. Theelement nodal
displacement vector d f g
M
and d f g
L
are, respectively, dened by
d f g
M
d
M
1
d
M
2
d
M
3
d
M
4
_ _
T
; 9
d f g
L
d
L
1
d
L
2
d
L
3
d
L
4
_ _
T
: 10
For HSDT, the seven degrees-of-freedom at node a can be expressed
as follows:
d
a
f g
~ u
a
~ v
a
~ w
a
o~ wa
ok
1
o~ wa
ok
2
/
k
1
a
/
k
2
a
_ _
T
; a 1; 2; 3; 4:
11
In order to satisfy the displacement continuity conditions at the
connecting boundary, the displacements and rotations can now be
expressed as
~ w
L
b
~ w
M
b
o~ w
L
b
ok
1
o~ w
M
b
ok
1
;
o ~ w
L
b
ok
2
o ~ w
M
b
ok
2
; b 1; 4;
/
L
k
1
b
/
M
o
1
b
; /
L
k
2
b
/
M
o
2
b
:
12
The displacement eld for the HSDT is given, respectively, as
~ u
M
b
~ u
b
z
M
/
M
k
1
b

4
3h
M
2
z
3
M
/
M
k
1
b

o ~ w
M
b
ok
1
_ _
~ u
b

h
M
2
/
M
k
1
b

4
3h
M
2

h
M
2
_ _
3
/
M
k
1
b

o~ w
M
b
ok
1
_ _
~ u
b

h
M
2
/
M
k
1
b

h
M
6
/
M
k
1
b

h
M
6
o ~ w
M
b
ok
1
~ u
b

h
M
3
/
M
k
1
b

h
M
6
o~ w
M
b
ok
1
; 13
~ u
L
b
~ u
b
z
L
/
L
k
1
b

4
3h
L
2
z
3
L
/
L
k
1
b

o ~ w
L
b
ok
1
_ _
~ u
b

h
L
2
/
L
k
1
b

4
3h
L
2

h
L
2
_ _
3
/
L
k
1
b

o ~ w
L
b
ok
1
_ _
~ u
b

h
L
2
/
L
k
1
b

h
L
6
/
L
k
1
b

h
L
6
o ~ w
L
b
ok
1
~ u
b

h
L
3
/
L
k
1
b

h
L
6
o ~ w
L
b
ok
1
; 14
z
M

h
M
2
; z
L

h
L
2
: 15
Substituting for ~ u
b
from Eq. (13) into Eq. (14) and making use of the
relations in Eq. (12) /
M
k
1
b
/
L
k
1
b
;
o~ w
M
b
ok
1
o~ w
L
b
ok
1
_ _
, the displacement ~ u
L
b
can be rewritten as
~ u
L
b
~ u
M
b

h
M
3
/
M
k
1
b

h
L
3
/
L
k
1
b

h
M
6
o ~ w
M
b
ok
1
h
L
6
o~ w
L
b
ok
1
~ u
M
b

2
3
h
M
h
L
2
_ _
/
M
k
1
b

1
3
h
M
h
L
2
_ _
o~ w
M
b
ok
1
~ u
M
b

1
3
e
o~ w
M
b
ok
1
2
3
e/
M
k
1
b
; b 1; 4: 16
Similarly, we also have
~ v
L
b
~ v
M
b

1
3
e
o~ w
M
b
ok
2
2
3
e/
M
k
2
b
; b 1; 4: 17
Therefore, Eqs. (12), (16) and (17) can be transformed into the mid-
dle plane using the following transformation relationship:
~ u
L
b
~ v
L
b
~ w
L
b
o ~ w
L
b
ok
1
o ~ w
L
b
ok
2
/
L
k
1
b
/
L
k
2
b
_
_
_
1 0 0
e
3
0
2e
3
0
0 1 0 0
e
3
0
2e
3
0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 1
_
_
_
_
~ u
M
b
~ v
M
b
~ w
M
b
o~ w
M
b
ok
1
o~ w
M
b
ok
2
/
M
k
1
b
/
M
k
2
b
_
_
_
_
; 18
or, in brief,
fd
b
g
L
gfd
b
g
M
; b 1; 4; e
h
M
h
L
2
: 19
U
3
U
2
U
1
M
3
M
1
M
2
(b) Upper delaminated portion

6
5
4
1
2
3
M
2
M
3
M
1
L
2
L
3
L
1
(a) Lower delaminated portion

Fig. 4. Coordinate systems for element at connecting boundary in the upper and
lower delaminated portions.
For the upper delaminated portion, the similar relationship with Eq.
(18) can be derived as (see Fig. 4b)
~ u
U
b
0
~ v
U
b
0
~ w
U
b
0
o~ w
U
b
0
ok
1
o~ w
U
b
0
ok
2
/
U
k
1
b
0
/
U
k
2
b
0
_
_
_
1 0 0
e
0
3
0
2e
0
3
0
0 1 0 0
e
0
3
0
2e
0
3
0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 1
_
_
_
_
~ u
M
b
0
~ v
M
b
0
~ w
M
b
0
o~ w
M
b
0
ok
1
o~ w
M
b
0
ok
2
/
M
k
1
b
0
/
M
k
2
b
0
_
_
_
_
; 20
or, in brief,
fd
b
0 g
U
gfd
b
0 g
M
; b
0
1; 4; e
0

h
M
h
U
2
: 21
The transformation to satisfy the displacement continuity condi-
tions at the connecting boundary for element U and element L
can be established as follows:
fdg
UorL
Tf
~
dg
UorL
;
where
f
~
dg
U or L
b d
M
1
d
UorL
2
d
UorL
3
d
M
4
c
T
and T
g 0 0 0
0 I 0 0
0 0 I 0
0 0 0 g
_
_
_
_
;
22
where the matrix I denotes a unit matrix. The transformation ma-
trix T in Eq. (22) is used in conjunction with the node numbers 1
and 4 connecting the boundary as shown in Fig. 4. Fig. 6 shows
the induced transformation matrix T for the eight different con-
necting boundaries represented in Fig. 5. In Fig. 6, the shaded area
indicates the delaminated region for the different connecting
boundaries.
The element stiffness and mass matrix transformed by the ma-
trix T are then expressed as
K
U or L
e
T
T
K
U or L
e
T; 23
M
U or L
e
T
T
M
U or L
e
T: 24
For a free vibration, the equation of motion is written in the follow-
ing form:
fM x
2
Kg f0g: 25
In order to understand the dynamic behavior of a system, we of-
ten need to know only a few low-order eigenvalues of the sys-
tem. In this study, the subspace iteration method [3] is adopted
to extract the eigenpairs representing the low-order natural fre-
quencies. This method selects a subspace whose dimensions,
determined by the desired number of eigenvalues to be obtained,
are the same as those of the entire matrix. The Jacobi iteration
method is then carried out on the selected matrix using the Ritzs
base vector as an initial vector. This method has the advantages
of effective memory management and computational efciency
as compared to other methods which carry the entire matrix in
the computation [3].
3. Numerical results
Based on the nite element formulation described earlier, we
compare the results of our technique with those published by
other researchers and study the inuences of skew angles on the
free vibration of composite structures containing delamination
around a quadrilateral cutout. In this case, we consider that the
delamination occurred in the middle layer of the laminates. Fig. 7
shows the dimensions and boundary conditions of square and
skew plates analyzed by the aforementioned theories for the mate-
rials whose properties are listed in Table 1. In the gure, the letters
S, C, and F denote simply supported edges, clamped edges, and free
edges, respectively.
3.1. Numerical verication
In order to validate the FEM code developed for free vibration
analysis, the normalized natural frequency of a symmetric com-
posite square laminate made of Material II is computed and com-
pared with the results reported by Kumar and Shrivastava [9].
The results are also compared with those calculated using a com-
mercial software [1], which is based on the FSDT. As shown in
Tables 24, the results obtained for the plates with or without cut-
out and delamination obtained in this study are in good agreement
with those reported by Kumar and Shrivastava [9]. Tables 5 and 6
show the induced natural frequencies of skew plates without cut-
out and delamination for different skew angles and length-to-
thickness ratios. In order to validate our results, we compare them
with those obtained by other studies. The comparison reveals that
the differences in the results obtained using the HSDT and FSDT are
negligible for the square and skew plates. However, it should be
noted that the results obtained using different theories would be
noticeably different depending on the given geometrical conditions
and layup sequences [13].
The normalized natural frequencies with respect to various
values of E
1
/E
2
are shown in Table 7 and are compared with
the three-dimensional solution obtained by ABAQUS (Fig. 8).
Normalized natural frequencies corresponding to rst mode are
obtained for all clamped square composite plates with 30%
delamination around central cutout. The present results show
somewhat larger values than 3D solutions and have accurate val-
ues within 510%.
3.2. Delamination size effect
Table 8 shows the normalized natural frequencies of simply
supported skew composite plates for different delamination sizes
around the central cutout (c=b 0:1). We extend the analysis in
this study in order to take into account plates with different skew
angles and delamination sizes, while considering a xed layup se-
quence and length-to-thickness ratio of the plate of 45
=0
3
90
=0
2
=90
s
and b=h 75, respectively. It can be observed from
the table that the induced frequency is heavily dependent on the
Cutout
Case 1 Case 2
Case 4
Case 5 Case 6
Case 3
Case 8
Case 7
Delamination
Region
Fig. 5. Connecting boundaries at different locations of a delamination region.
skew angle, particularly in the case of u < 60
. Even for a small

skew angle of 15, the frequencies of the rst mode show a 15
20% increase in comparison with those of the rectangular plates.
On the other hand, the change in frequency due to the delamina-
tion size is relatively small because of the small cutout size. How-
ever, for a larger cutout size (c=b 0:2, the results show
signicantly different trends, as observed in Fig. 9ad. It can be ob-
served from the gures that the frequencies of the rst mode for
delamination sizes of 0% and 30% have a negligible difference,
regardless of the skew angle. On the other hand, the difference
tends to increase for a delamination size of more than 30%. It
may also be observed that the normalized natural frequencies in
modes IIIV decrease sharply as the delamination size increases.
However, it is known that in general, the frequency of the rst
mode is the most signicant because it reects the dominant dy-
namic characteristics of the structure. The results in Table 8 and
Fig. 9 indicate that it could be preferable to use a skew member
to efciently control the dynamic characteristics in the presence
of delamination.
3.3. Fiber angle effect
Fig. 10 shows the effect of the unidirectional ber angles and
skew angles on the natural frequency of simply supported compos-
ites containing a delamination size of 30% and 50% around the cen-
tral cutout (c=b 0:2). It can be observed from the gure that the
use of different skew angles has a negligible effect on the delami-
nated plates, regardless of the ber angles. On the other hand, the
induced frequency for a skew angle of more than 30 is strongly
dependent on the ber angle. The difference becomes more signif-
(a) Case 1 (b) Case 2
1
4 3
2
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
00 0
T
I

=

1
4 3
2
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
I
T
I

=

(c) Case 3 (d) Case 4
1
4 3
2
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
T
I

=

1
4 3
2
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
T
I
I

=

1
4 3
2
00 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
I
T

=

1
4 3
2
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
I
I
T

=

(e) Case 5 (f) Case 6
1
4 3
2
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
I
T

=

1
4 3
2
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
I
T
I

=

(g) Case 7 (h) Case 8
Fig. 6. Transformation matrix for the different locations.
icant for the case in which the skew angle of the plate is 75. In this
case, we notice that the natural frequencies for a ber angle of
approximately 45 are the lowest because of the inuence of the
degraded stiffness. For large values of skew angles and different -
ber angles, the material and structural axes could be close to each
other, resulting in a change in the stiffness of the plates. As shown
in the gure, there are certain peculiar and complex interactions
produced by the combined effect of the skew angles and ber
orientations.
Table 9 shows the natural frequency of a four-layer symmetric
cross-ply skew laminates containing 30% delamination around the
central cutout (c=b 0:2). For small skew angles (u < 30
), the
highest frequency occurs for the laminate with a layup sequence
of [30/60/60/30] or [45/45/45/45] because its stiffness is
greater than that of the others. On the other hand, it can be ob-
served that the natural frequencies for [0/90/90/0] are the highest
value of frequency for large skew angles because of the same rea-
son mentioned earlier. Furthermore, the differences between the
layup sequences for different skew angles depend on many geo-
metrical parameters such as the delamination and cutout sizes,
length-to-thickness ratio, and boundary conditions.
3.4. Length-to-thickness ratio effect
Tables 10 and 11 show the natural frequencies of the simply
supported skew laminates tabulated as a function of the length-
2
X
1
X
Cutout
Delamination
b
c
c
d
b
(a) Square plate
2
X
Delamination
2
1 1
, X
Cutout
b
l
(b) Skew plate
S S
S
S
C C
C
C
F S
S
S
F
C
F
F
(c) Boundary conditions
Fig. 7. The geometry and boundary conditions of square and skew plates with delamination around quadrilateral cutout.
Table 1
Mechanical and physical properties of the materials used in this study.
Material Source E
1
E
2
m
12
G
12
G
23
G
13
q
I Kumar and Shrivastava [9] 130.0 10.0 0.35 5.0 3.3 5.0 1500.0
II Lee and Park [12] 4000.0 100.0 0.25 0.6E
2
0.5E
2
0.6E
2
1.0
III Reddy [18] 2500.0 100.0 0.25 0.5E
2
0.2E
2
0.5E
2
1.0
The units of E
1
, E
2
, G
12
, G
23
, G
13
of Material I are GPa and that of q is kg/m
3
, respectively. And note that the properties of Materials II and III are normalized by E
2
.
Table 2
Normalized natural frequencies of simply supported square plates with cutout and
without delamination (SSSS, b=h 75, x xb
2

q=E2
_
=h, 45
=0
3
90
=0
2
=90
s
,
Material I).
Cutout ratio
(c=b)
Source Mode
I II III IV
0.0 Kumar and Shrivastava [9] (FSDT) 13.59 29.11 37.79 53.93
Kumar and Shrivastava [9] (HSDT) 13.71 29.50 38.30 54.85
ABAQUS (FSDT) 13.68 29.89 39.10 55.56
This study (HSDT) 13.59 29.00 37.66 53.60
ABAQUS (FSDT) 13.16 29.21 37.15 53.88
This study (HSDT) 13.11 28.24 35.52 51.96
ABAQUS (FSDT) 14.22 26.21 29.38 50.18
This study (HSDT) 14.17 25.64 28.60 48.26
ABAQUS (FSDT) 19.42 28.20 29.32 45.88
This study (HSDT) 19.33 27.81 28.86 43.98
Table 3
Normalized natural frequencies of all clamped square plates with cutout and without
delamination (CCCC, b=h 15, x xb
2

q=E2
_
=h, 45
=0
3
90
=0
2
=90
s
, Mate-
rial I).
Cutout
ratio
(c=b)
Source Mode
I II III IV
0.2 Kumar and Shrivastava [9] 21.50 32.89 37.83 50.47
(HSDT) 20.85 32.95 37.34 50.60
ABAQUS (FSDT) 21.03 32.46 36.98 50.74
This study (HSDT)
(HSDT) 26.90 31.30 34.97 47.52
ABAQUS (FSDT) 26.92 31.85 35.51 47.20
This study (HSDT)
(HSDT) 44.04 44.14 52.64 55.11
ABAQUS (FSDT) 43.28 47.31 55.76 60.05
This study (HSDT)
to-thickness ratio b=h (symmetric cross-ply laminates with a layup
sequence of [45/45/45/45], Material I). The plate has delamina-
tion sizes of 30% and 50% around the central cutout (c=b 0:2). For
thick plates (b=h < 20), it is interesting to observe that the natural
frequencies do not show a signicant change, regardless of the val-
ues of the skew angles. On the other hand, as the length-to-thick-
ness ratio increases (thin plates), the effect of the skew angle on
the frequencies becomes signicant, particularly for the rst mode.
This behavior leads us to the conclusion that thick skew plates
with b=h < 20 can be analyzed in this case as rectangular plates.
However, we cannot neglect the effect of the skew angle in analyz-
ing thin skew plates with b=h > 20 because the contributions made
by the skew angle could be signicant to the thickness of a skew
plate.
Table 4
Normalized natural frequencies of simply supported square plates with delamination
(SSSS, x xb
2

q=E2
_
=h, c=b 0:1, b=h 75, 45
=0
3
90
=0
2
=90
s
, Material I).
Delamination (%)
c 2d=b 100
Source Mode
I II III IV
0 Kumar and Shrivastava [9] (FSDT) 13.40 29.07 37.65 53.51
This study (HSDT) 13.40 29.06 37.58 53.83
This study (HSDT) 13.27 27.97 35.18 53.80
This study (HSDT) 12.98 25.42 28.93 44.15
This study (HSDT) 12.72 23.28 25.08 25.71
Table 5
Normalized natural frequencies of simply supported square and skew plates without
cutout and delamination (SSSS, b=h 1; 000, x xb
2

q=E2
_
=p
2
h, b=l 1,
45
= 45
=45
= 45
=45
, Material II).
Skew
angle u
Mode Normalized natural frequency (x)
This study
(HSDT)
This study
(FSDT)
Wang [23]
(FSDT)
Singha and Ganapathi
[20] (FSDT)
0 I 2.4284 2.4181 2.4339 2.4339
II 4.9905 4.9678 4.9865 4.9859
III 6.1367 6.1394 6.1818 6.1814
IV 8.5183 8.4275 8.4870 9.4849
V 10.2214 10.2528 10.2536 10.2506
VI 11.4669 11.5682 11.6464 11.6433
30 I 2.6040 2.5942 2.6119 2.6118
II 5.6476 5.6622 5.6902 506890
III 6.7934 6.7971 6.8316 6.8308
IV 9.3342 9.3931 9.4773 9.4737
V 11.7903 11.8545 11.8900 11.8828
VI 13.0764 13.2505 13.2355 13.2258
Table 6
Normalized natural frequencies (x) of simply supported and clamped skew plates
without cutout and delamination (b=h 10, x xb
2

q=E2
_
=p
2
h,
45
= 45
=45
= 45
=45
, b=l 1, Material II).

Skew
angle u
Mode Non-dimensionalized frequency (x)
SSSS CCCC
This study
(HSDT)
Wang [23]
(FSDT)
This study
(HSDT)
Wang [23]
(FSDT)
0 I 1.8431 1.8792 2.3086 2.2857
II 3.2909 3.3776 3.7482 3.7392
III 3.6663 3.6924 4.0569 3.9813
IV 4.7888 4.9682 5.1631 5.1800
V 5.4066 5.4835 5.7649 5.7019
VI 5.5992 5.6002 5.9499 5.8455
30 I 2.0605 2.0002 2.6260 2.6626
II 3.6023 2.6269 4.0636 4.1367
III 4.1902 4.2830 4.6501 4.7227
IV 4.9952 5.0708 5.4037 5.4950
V 5.9986 6.2499 6.3307 6.5410
VI 6.4766 6.5351 6.8075 6.8830
45 I 2.5238 2.4788 3.2951 3.3523
II 4.1432 4.2214 4.7067 4.8079
III 5.4112 5.5857 5.9581 6.0520
IV 5.5012 5.5981 5.9649 6.1029
V 5.9392 7.0029 7.2176 7.4069
VI 7.4251 7.6255 7.7490 7.9276
Table 7
Normalized natural frequencies corresponding to rst mode of all clamped square
plates with 30% delamination (CCCC, x xb
2

q=E2
_
=h, c=b 0:1, Material III,
0
=90
=90
=0
).
E
1
E
2
ratio (E
1
=E
2
) ABAQUS (3D) This study (2D) Difference (%)
25.0 2.5585 2.8295 9.58
5.00 1.2551 1.3725 8.55
2.50 0.9690 1.0279 5.73
1.67 0.8224 0.8718 5.66
1.25 0.7286 0.7763 6.15
1.00 0.6653 0.7096 6.24
Fig. 8. A three-dimensional model and mode shape I of plates with delamination
around central cut using ABAQUS.
4. Summary and conclusion
In this study, we developed a nite element based on the
HSDT to study the free vibration of laminated composite skew
plates with delamination around quadrilateral cutouts. An ef-
cient two-dimensional nite element model for delamination is
also presented in detail. The effects of the skew angle on the
natural frequencies and modes of the laminated composite
plates are studied using various parameters such as the
delamination and cutout sizes, layup sequences, and length-
to-thickness ratios. We found the following key observations
while designing composite skew structures containing
delamination.
1. The usage of a skew member could enable us to efciently con-
trol the dynamic characteristics of the delaminated composites.
Even for a small skew angle of 15, the frequencies of the rst
mode increase only by 1520% in comparison to those of rect-
angular plates.
2. For a large cutout size (c=b 0:2), the frequencies of the
rst mode for delamination of 0% and 30% show a negligi-
ble difference, regardless of the skew angle. On the other
hand, the difference tends to increase for a delamination
size of more than 30% because the skew angle of the plate
has a strong inuence on the natural frequency due to sig-
nicant changes in geometry resulting from the large
delamination size.
Table 8
Normalized natural frequencies (x) of simply supported skew plates with cutout and
delamination (45
=0
3
90
=0
2
=90
s
, c=b 0:1, b=h 75, Material I).
Skew angle u Mode Delamination size (%), c 2d=b 100
0 30 50 70
0 I 13.401 13.272 12.984 12.721
II 29.062 27.972 25.421 23.281
III 37.583 35.184 28.938 25.083
IV 53.832 53.805 44.159 25.713
15 I 14.738 15.747 15.379 14.649
II 29.307 27.907 25.513 23.399
III 40.517 39.738 32.904 25.860
IV 51.266 49.879 43.462 29.811
30 I 17.483 18.890 18.302 16.801
II 30.083 26.999 25.083 23.041
III 47.332 43.139 37.736 26.142
IV 49.752 47.261 39.037 33.236
45 I 20.412 21.521 20.661 18.583
II 31.262 26.093 24.730 22.643
III 48.972 35.334 32.004 26.985
IV 55.210 49.521 43.255 28.736
60 I 23.041 23.601 22.477 20.014
II 32.578 26.022 24.938 22.404
III 48.689 29.365 27.731 25.416
IV 62.173 36.083 34.743 30.357
75 I 24.881 23.843 22.813 20.491
II 33.632 24.943 24.463 21.792
III 48.673 25.721 24.914 22.884
IV 66.085 27.471 26.636 24.759
(a) Mode I
(b) Mode I I
(c) Mode III (d) Mode IV
Fig. 9. Normalized natural frequencies (x) of simply supported skew plates with cutout and delamination (45
=0
3
90
=0
2
=90
s
, c=b 0:2; b=h 75; Material I).
3. The effect of the unidirectional ber angles and skew angles on
the natural frequency becomes more signicant for a skew
angle of more than 30. For large skew angles and different ber
angles, the material and structural axes could be close to each
other, resulting in a change in the stiffness of the delaminated
plates.
4. In the case of symmetric cross-ply skew laminates with small
skew angles (u < 30
), the frequency of the laminate with a

layup sequence of [30/60/60/30] or [45/45/45/45] is
the highest because it has greater stiffness than others. On
the other hand, the natural frequencies for [0/90/90/0] are
the highest values for large skew angles. This reveals the
importance of the relationship between the layup sequence
and skew angle.
5. Thick skew plates with b=h < 20 can be analyzed as rectangular
plates. However, we can not neglect the effects of the skew
angle in analyzing thin skew plates because the contributions
of the skew angle could be signicant in the case.
The intuitive prediction of the dynamic characteristics of dela-
minated composite skew structures is difcult because of their
complexity due to the combined effect of anisotropy and skewed
0
15
30
45
60
75
0
15
30
45
60
75
90
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
Skew angle
Fiber angle
N
a
t
u
r
a
l

f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
12
14
16
18
20
22
(a) 30% delamination
0
15
30
45
60
75
0
15
30
45
60
75
90
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
Skew angle
Fiber angle
N
a
t
u
r
a
l

f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
(b) 50% delamination
Fig. 10. Normalized natural frequencies (x) of unidirectional ber reinforced skew plates with cutout and delamination (SSSS, c=a 0:2; b=h 75; Material I).
geometry. The results of this study may serve as a benchmark for
future guidelines to design skew composite structures in consider-
ing delaminations around cutout. However, our parametric study is
for only single delamination through the thickness and further
studies should be carried out for multiple delaminations. In order
to prove the effectiveness of the technique, it will be also necessary
to prove the concept from stress problems at delamination around
cutout.
Acknowledgement
This work was supported by the research fund of Hanyang
University (HY-2006-I).
References
[1] ABAQUS. ABAQUS/CAE Users Manual, Version 6.7. USA: Hibbitt, Karlsson and
Sorensen Inc.; 2007.
[2] Anlas G, Gker G. Vibration analysis of skew bre-reinforced composite
laminated plates. J Sound Vibr 2001;242(2):26576.
[3] Bathe KJ. The nite element procedures in engineering analysis. Englewood
Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall; 1996.
[4] Campanelli RW, Engblom JJ. The effect of delamination in graphite/PEEK
composite plates on modal dynamic characteristics. Compos Struct
1995;31:195202.
[5] Della CN, Shu C. Vibration of delaminated composite laminates: a review. Appl
Mech Rev 2007;60:120.
[6] Garg AK, Khare RK, Kant T. Free vibration of skew ber-reinforced composite
and sandwich laminates using a shear deformable nite element model. J
Sandwich Struct Mater 2006;8(1):3354.
[7] Hu N, Fukunaga H, Kameyama M, Aramaki Y, Chang FK. Vibration analysis of
delaminated composite beams and plates using a higher-order nite element.
Int J Mech Sci 2002;44(7):1479503.
[8] Ju F, Lee HP, Lee KH. Free vibration of composite plates with delaminations
around cutouts. Compos Struct 1995;31(2):17783.
[9] Kumar A, Shrivastava RP. Free vibration of square laminates with delamination
around a central cutout using HSDT. Compos Struct 2005;70(3):31733.
[10] Lee S, Park T, Voyiadjis GZ. Vibration analysis of multi-delaminated beams.
Compos Part B Eng 2003;34(8):64759.
[11] Lee S, Park T, Voyiadjis GZ. Free vibration analysis of axially compressed
laminated composite beam-columns with multiple delaminations. Compos
Part B Eng 2002;33(8):60517.
[12] Lee SY, Park DY. Buckling analysis of laminated composite plates containing
delaminations using the enhanced assumed strain solid element. Int J Solids
Struct 2007;44:800627.
[13] Lee SY, Wooh SC, Yhim SS. Dynamic behavior of folded composite plates
analyzed by the third order plate theory. Int J Solids Struct 2004;41:187992.
Table 9
Normalized natural frequencies (x) of symmetric cross-ply skew plates with 30%
delamination (SSSS, c=b 0:2, b=h 75, Material I).
Skew
angle u
Mode Layup sequence
0/90/
90/0
15/75/
75/15
30/60/
60/30
45/45/
45/45
60/30/
30/60
0 I 10.156 10.820 12.164 12.788 12.136
II 21.157 22.541 24.997 25.966 24.984
III 31.044 30.777 30.932 31.295 30.888
IV 44.037 45.027 45.960 46.690 45.949
15 I 12.441 13.057 14.052 14.009 12.809
II 12.442 24.514 27.159 28.230 26.876
III 12.441 31.814 31.415 30.464 29.556
IV 42.856 45.471 49.582 49.548 46.180
30 I 15.997 16.011 16.238 15.581 14.293
II 24.764 26.728 28.615 28.909 28.899
III 36.045 34.919 34.126 32.691 30.541
IV 42.614 45.353 48.408 49.166 45.531
45 I 18.911 18.291 18.049 17.173 16.069
II 18.912 28.351 29.171 28.675 28.700
III 39.033 37.882 37.125 35.946 34.295
IV 43.069 45.252 47.122 47.600 45.801
60 I 21.161 20.141 19.730 18.814 18.024
II 28.766 29.538 19.731 18.814 29.043
III 41.169 40.254 39.691 38.731 29.043
IV 43.899 45.205 46.277 47.068 46.794
75 I 22.643 21.440 20.994 20.101 19.579
II 29.985 30.329 29.991 29.058 29.636
III 42.326 30.329 41.333 40.541 39.934
IV 44.773 45.285 45.894 46.894 47.644
Table 10
delamination for different length-to-thickness ratios ([45/45/45/45], c=b 0:2,
Material I).
Skew angle u Mode Length-to-thickness ratio, (b=h)
5 10 20 40 80
0 I 8.995 11.021 11.947 12.364 12.851
II 14.037 20.744 24.116 25.385 26.030
III 14.853 22.219 27.254 29.806 31.443
IV 15.144 30.928 40.968 44.773 46.887
15 I 9.037 11.092 12.139 12.901 14.169
II 14.777 21.405 25.193 26.939 28.389
III 14.777 21.554 26.072 28.509 28.389
IV 15.207 29.639 42.621 48.108 49.860
30 I 9.114 11.281 12.652 13.984 15.763
II 14.531 20.850 25.154 27.425 29.067
III 14.531 22.266 26.734 29.714 33.023
IV 16.689 33.473 40.781 45.702 48.881
45 I 9.243 11.564 13.328 15.227 17.368
II 14.393 20.424 24.546 26.968 28.844
III 15.983 23.066 28.383 32.348 36.312
IV 18.951 31.450 39.444 44.263 47.923
60 I 9.431 11.946 14.113 16.529 19.031
II 14.322 20.186 24.255 26.849 28.943
III 16.357 23.825 29.866 34.633 39.135
IV 20.418 30.907 38.838 43.789 47.363
75 I 9.616 12.323 14.814 17.583 20.336
II 14.297 20.102 24.206 26.968 29.259
III 16.641 24.384 30.925 36.169 40.967
IV 20.277 30.659 38.637 43.676 47.174
Table 11
delamination for different length-to-thickness ratios ([45/45/45/45], c=b 0:2,
Material I).
Skew angle u Mode Length-to-thickness ratio, (b=h)
5 10 20 40 80
0 I 8.331 9.859 10.600 11.155 12.285
II 13.681 17.854 20.036 20.912 21.770
III 13.734 18.209 20.037 23.216 25.569
IV 14.101 31.979 36.294 38.540 40.029
15 I 8.489 10.143 11.073 12.014 13.887
II 13.444 17.896 20.696 22.010 23.342
III 13.444 18.507 21.191 23.382 23.342
IV 14.825 29.992 37.410 39.612 41.037
30 I 8.625 10.456 11.751 13.287 15.697
II 13.261 17.580 20.438 22.201 23.948
III 14.426 19.117 22.329 24.969 28.586
IV 16.853 28.304 38.789 38.679 40.744
45 I 8.778 10.800 12.520 14.654 17.485
II 13.193 17.416 20.247 22.273 24.416
III 14.731 19.658 23.337 26.746 30.651
IV 19.277 27.196 32.680 37.951 40.030
60 I 8.980 11.216 13.364 16.042 19.281
II 8.981 17.385 20.296 22.646 25.268
III 15.058 20.186 24.315 28.243 32.321
IV 18.992 26.624 32.156 37.083 32.321
75 I 9.176 11.615 14.099 17.144 20.666
II 13.223 17.432 20.482 23.133 26.159
III 15.309 20.612 25.059 29.272 33.416
IV 18.849 26.349 31.967 36.614 39.631
[14] Meunier M, Shenoi RA. Dynamic analysis of composite sandwich plates with
damping modelled using high-order shear deformation theory. Compos Struct
2001;54(2/3):24354.
[15] Nayak AK, Shenoi RA, Moy SSJ. Transient response of composite sandwich
plates. Compos Struct 2004;64(3/4):24967.
[16] Park T, Lee SY, Seo JW, Voyiadjis GZ. Structural dynamic behavior of skew
sandwich plates with laminated composite faces. Compos Part B Eng
2008;39:31626.
[17] ParkT, LeeS, VoyiadjisGZ. Recurrent singledelaminatedbeammodel for vibration
analysis of multi-delaminated beams. J Eng Mech, ASCE 2004;130(9):107282.
[18] Reddy JN. Mechanics of laminated composite plates and shells: theory and
analysis. New York: CRC Press; 2004.
[19] Saravanos DA, Hopkins DA. Effects of delaminations on the damped dynamic
characteristics of composite laminated: analysis and experiments. J Sound Vibr
1996;192(5):97793.
[20] Singha MK, Ganapathi M. Large amplitude free exural vibrations of
laminated composite skew plates. Int J Non-Linear Mech 2004;39(10):
170920.
[21] Tenek LH, Henneke EG, Gunzburger MD. Vibration of delaminated composite
plates and some applications to non-destructive testing. Compos Struct
1993;23(3):25362.
[22] Wang CM, Ang KK, Yang L, Watanabe E. Free vibration of skew sandwich plates
with laminated facings. J Sound Vibr 2000;235(2):31740.
[23] Wang S. Free vibration analysis of skew bre-reinforced composite laminates
based on rst-order shear deformation theory. Comput Struct 1997;63:
52538.
[24]
_
Zak A, Krawczuk M, Ostachowicz W. Numerical and experimental
investigation of free vibration of multilayer delaminated composite beams
and plates. Comput Mech 2000;26(3):30915.

Cim 2

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Descrizione originale:

Titolo originale

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Cim 2

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Finite element vibration analysis of composite skew laminates containing

delaminations around quadrilateral cutouts

(b) Upper delaminated portion

(a) Lower delaminated portion

. Even for a small

, b=l 1, Material II).

), the frequency of the laminate with a

Potrebbero piacerti anche