ReviewofTransmissionLine

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Why TL ?

Wh Voltage When V lt at t A changes h state t t , does d it appear at t B instantaneously? i t t l ? There will be propagation delay due to large electrical separation .

In MICs communication , few Inches may be far and propagation delay for Voltage signal to appear at an other IC will be more.

Propagation of voltage signals can be modeled as TL. Voltage and Current can propagate along a TL as waves SENSE

Lumped Element Model for a Transmission Line Coaxial cable is an example p of TL

Transmission lines usually consist of 2 parallel conductors. A short segment z of transmission line can be modeled as a lumped-element circuit.

Conduction current in centre conductor R, and L i( t) i(z, V (z, t)

I I + I
+ + + +

Displacement current (conductance, capitance)

I H I + I

E V I
-

V + V I + I

V I

V + V I + I

The voltage and current vary along the structure in time t and distance z. SENSE

We can consider on a small section of TL z. It is so small that electrical effects are occurring instantaneously and d we can simply use lumped p circuit theory.

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EquivalentCircuit
z
R L R C G L

Lossy line

R + j L Zo = G + j C
L Zo = C

(R + j L )(G + j C )

Lossless line

= LC

I + I
+ + + +

I + I

A l i Analysis
I ( z, t )
R + j L

E V I
-

V + V I + I

V I

V + V I + I

I + z

dI dz

V ( z, t )

dV + V z G + j C dz

From Kirchoff Voltage Law

Kirchoff current law

dV dI V V + z = RI z + L z dz dt

dI dV I I + z = GV z + C z dz dt

dV dI z = RI z + L z dt dz dV dI = RI + L dz dt
(a)

dI dV z = GV z + C z dt dz dI dV = GV + C dz dt
(b)

Analysis
Lets V=Voejt , I = Ioejt Therefore th then

dV = j V dt

dI = j I dt

dV = (R + j L )I dz

dI = (G + j C )V dz
dV d 2I 2 = (G + j C ) dz dz

Differentiate with respect to z

d 2V dI 2 = (R + j L ) d dz d dz d 2V = (R + j L )(G + j C )V 2 dz d 2V 2 = V 2 dz

d 2I = (R + j L )(G + j C )I 2 dz d 2I 2 = I 2 dz

Analysis
The solution of V and I can be written in the form of

V = Ae
where

+ Be

+ z

Ae z Be + z I= Zo
= + j =

R + j L Zo = G + j C

and

(R + j L )(G + j C )

Let say at z=0 , V=VL , I=IL and Z=ZL Therefore

VL = A + B
and

VL = ZL IL

A B IL = Zo

Analysis
Solve simultaneous equations ( e ) and (f )

VL + I L Z o A= 2
Inserting in equations ( c) and (d) we have

VL I L Z o B= 2

e + z + e z e + z e z V ( z ) = VL I L Zo 2 2 e + z + e z VL I ( z) = I L 2 Zo e + z e z 2

Analysis
B t But

e z + e z and cosh( h( z ) = 2

e z e z sinh( z ) = 2

Then, e , we e have a e

V ( z ) = VL cosh( z ) I L Z o sinh( z )

and

VL ** I ( z ) = I L cosh( z ) sinh( z ) Zo V ( z ) VL cosh( z ) I L Z o sinh( z ) Z ( z) = = I ( z ) I cosh( z ) VL sinh( z ) L Zo

Analysis
or

Z L cosh( z ) Z o sinh( z ) Z ( z) = Zo Z cosh( z ) Z sinh( z ) L o Z L Z o tanh( z ) Z ( z) = Zo Z Z tanh( z ) L o

Or further reduce

For lossless transmission line , = j since =0

cosh( j z ) = cos( z ) sinh( j z ) = j sin( z )

Z L + jZ o tan( z ) Z ( z) = Zo Z o + jZ L tan( z )

Analysis
antinode Standing g Wave Ratio (SWR) ( ) Reflection coefficient node

Be z = Ae z
Ae-z Bez Voltage and current in term of reflection coefficient

VL = Ae z + Be z = Ae z (1 + ) Ae z Be z Ae z (1 ) IL = = Zo Zo

VL 1 + ZL = = Zo IL 1
or

ZL 1+ = Zo 1

Analysis
For loss-less transmission line = j By substituting in * and ** ,voltage and current amplitude are

[ A [ I ( z) = 1+ Z
o

V ( z ) = A 1 + + 2 cos( (2 z + )
2
2

] 2 cos(2 z + )]
and

1/ 2

1/ 2

Voltage at maximum and minimum points are

Vmax = A(1 + )
Therefore

Vmin = A(1 )
For purely resistive load

VSWR = s =

1+ 1

ZL s= Zo

Analysis
Other related equations

Z max

1+ Vmax = = Zo 1 I min

= sZ o

Z min

1 Vmin = = Zo 1+ I max

Zo = s

Z L Zo = Z +Z o L
From equations (g) and (h), we can find the max and min points Maximum Minimum

2 z + = 0, 2 , 4 ,K 2 z + = , 3 ,K

ImportantTransmissionlineequations
Zin Zo ZL

Z L + jZ o tanh l Z in i = Zo Z o + jZ L tanh l
Z L Zo = Z L + Zo
SWR = 1+ 1

VariousformsofTransmission Lines

Two wire cable

Coaxial cable

Microstripe line

Rectangular waveguide

Circular waveguide

Stripline

ComparisonofWaveguideandTransmissionLine Characteristics
Transmission line Two or more conductors separated by some insulating medium (twowire, coaxial, microstrip, etc.). Normal operating mode is the TEM or quasi-TEM mode (can support TE and TM modes but these modes are typically undesirable) undesirable). No cutoff frequency for the TEM mode. Transmission lines can transmit signals from DC up to high frequency. Significant Si ifi t signal i l attenuation tt ti at t hi high hf frequencies i due d to t conductor d t and dielectric losses. Small cross-section transmission lines (like coaxial cables) can only t transmit it low l power levels l l due d to t the th relatively l ti l high hi h fields fi ld concentrated t t d at specific locations within the device (field levels are limited by dielectric breakdown). Large cross-section cross section transmission lines (like power transmission lines) can transmit high power levels.

ComparisonofWaveguideandTransmissionLine Characteristics Waveguide

Metal waveguides are typically one enclosed conductor filled with an insulating medium (rectangular, (rectangular circular) while a dielectric waveguide consists of multiple dielectrics. Operating modes are TE or TM modes (cannot support a TEM mode) mode). Must operate the waveguide at a frequency above the respective TE or TM mode cutoff ff f frequency f for that mode to propagate. Lower signal attenuation at high frequencies than transmission lines. Metal waveguides can transmit high power levels. The fields of the propagating wave are spread more uniformly over a larger crosssectional area than the small cross-section transmission line. Large cross-section (low frequency) waveguides are impractical due to large size and high cost.

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Parallelwirecable
C= cosh 1(d / 2a )
cosh
1

or

ln(d / a )

for
for

a << d
a << d

L=

(d / 2a )

or ln(d / a )

Zo =

cosh 1(d / 2a )

Where a = radius of conductor d = separation bet between een cond conductors ctors

Coaxialcable
b a

2 C= ln (b / a ) 1 Zo = ln (b / a ) 2

L= ln(b / a ) 2
fc = 2 r ckc

2 kc = a+b

Where a = radius of inner conductor b = radius of outer conductor c = 3 x 108 m/s