Coal Bed Methane

TOTAL CBM SOLUTION INDIA PVT LTD
COAL BED METHAN

Exploration and Production Technologies
Biswarup Akhuli
2011
C-8/8657, Vasanta
!n", N#$ D#%&'-110070
ABSTRACT Energy resources and its best utilization decide the industrial growth and prosperity of a country. Coal is basic source of energy for the industrial development in the world. The gas found in coal is also a source of energy which is being utilized to a great extent these days and this gas is known as coalbed methane, because methane is the dominant constituent in all the gases present in it. This is one of the most recent discoveries in past couple of decades as a promising energy resource. Coal ed !ethane "C !# is a hydrocarbon gas found mainly adsorbed on the internal surface of coal. $t is also found dissolved in associated ground water. C ! generation and in% place&gas content are deciding factors for C ! exploration. These are guided by various petrography and geological factors like adsorption capacity, depth, macerals content, maturity, cleat system, hydrogeologic condition, structural setup etc. $n&place&gas and gas generation are also controlled by permeability, microspores, action of micro organism, reservoir pressure, hydrodynamics of the area, cleat aperture, width and extension, fault etc.
iswarup 'khuli, !.(c. Petroleum )eosciences
CONTENT (l. +o. ,. *. -. .. $ntroduction Coal reserves in $ndia C ! block in $ndia Coal ed !ethane .., ..* ..... ..2 ..4 2. /hat is C !0 1ormation of C ! !ethane retention in coal seams 1low mechanism of C ! 3ifference between conventional and coal bed reservoir )eological controls on C ! ..5 Types of C ! Exploration and Production of C !. "3rilling, casing, perforation, hydrofracturing, dewatering, gas6water production.# 4. !ethods of C ! potentiality study 4., 4.* 4.4.. 4.2 5. 8. Proximate analysis Estimation of $n&situ gas content by direct and $ndirect method. 'dsorption $sotherm and its application. )as Chromatography Porosity
4.4 Permeability 7tilization of C ! 9eference
LIST OF FIGURES (l.+o. 3etails of figure
, * . 2
3istribution of coal reserves in $ndia !a:or coal fields in $ndia C ! blocks in $ndia (tages of coalification Transformation of organic matter to coal
1.
Introdu tion The advent of Coalbed !ethane "C !# has added a new dimension to the vitality of coal
and coal deposits. The methane in coal seams is a by&product of the coalification process which was earlier considered as a mining hazard. +owadays it has become a ma:or alternative source of energy world over. !oreover, it is a potential replacement of natural gas. Coal is sedimentary rock which is formed due to biochemical decomposition of plant materials by bacterial activity and succeeding metamorphic transformation. The process of formation of coal is known as Coalification process. 3uring coalification process, large amount of gases are generated which is known as coalbed gas. 'mong these gases methane is principal and dominated gas. (o coal bed gas is known as Coalbed !ethane. /hen methane is mixed with air, it is called firedamp. $f it is mixed with air in the range of 2&,2; by volume, it is explosive. $f the concentration of methane in the air is <; by volume, then it is highly explosive. The difference between the typical natural gas and C ! is that the. natural gas consists of 82&<=; methane, whereas C ! contains <8; of methane. (o it is also termed as clean fuel. !ethane and coal are formed together during coalification.Coal acts as both source and reservoir for C !. C ! is trapped in the coal seams due to overburden pressure. C ! occurs in coal pores in three states> adsorbed, 1ree (tate and dissolved state. !ost of the gases are generated in the early biogenic stage which is escaped due to poor gas retention capacity of low rank coal and shallow depth of burial. )ases produced during thermogenic stage could not migrate due to high pressure regimes and remain stored in the coal. Porosity of coal matrix provides space to adsorb the gas into the internal surface of the coal. There are two types of pressure on coal seam by which methane gas is retained in coal> confining pressure and hydrostatic pressure. 1or gas extraction pressure should be reduced. (ince confining pressure cannot be so we reduce hydrostatic pressure by dewatering. 3uring extraction of gas, we follow several processes like drilling, geophysical logging, casing, cementation, perforation, hydrofracturing, and dewatering and gas production. C ! is a form of energy which can be used for a variety of purposes that range from domestic, commercial, industrial to electrical power generation. ?ther gases that may exist in coal gas deposits in trace amounts are ethane, propane, butane, carbon dioxide and nitrogen.
?ne cubic foot of methane gas has a heating capacity of approximately ,===
tu " ritish
thermal units#. +atural gas is typically measured in units of one thousand cubic feet "!C1#. $n the 7nited (tates, one !C1 of methane gas generates enough energy to match the energy consumed by one person for ,.* days.
2) Coal Reserves in India

India contains 2.7% resource of the world and it has sixth rank in the world in coal resource. India has coals of Gondwana and tertiary formations. Gondwana coals are largely confined to river valleys such as the Damodar (West engal and ihar!" #ahanadi ($rissa!" and Godavari (#aharashtra and %ndhra &radesh!. 'oal fields of %ssam of (aintia and arail series )elong to the *ertiary age. *he lignite de+osits of (ammu and ,ashmir" ,erala" *amil -adu and Gu.arat are also of the *ertiary age.
1ig. , > 3istribution of coal reserves in $ndia The age of )ondwana coal is Permo& carboniferous. 3uring this period, the climate was most favorable for the formation of coal. )ondwana coals are mostly deposited during Permian time and temperature was below .= degree centigrade south latitude.
1ig. *> & !a:or Coalfields in $ndia !ost of the coal reserves in $ndia are concentrated in the peninsular part within 58 to 88 degrees East longitude and ** to *. degrees +orth latitude. 's per )eological (urvey of $ndia, the estimated coal reserves, down to a depth of ,,*== meter, stood at *=852,.2 million tones as on ,.,.<<. ?f these estimated reserves, down to a depth of ,,*== meters, which is considered economically viable are <= percent of the total reserves. 'bout 8- percent of total resources are non&coking coals and ,. percent belongs to coking coals. CB! "ot#ntialit$ o% India> 'lthough $ndia contains only ,; of the total coal reserves of the world exploration of C ! as an alternative source of energy has attracted the energy sector. (izeable reserves of C ! is expected in $ndia because gas recovery does not affect existing
mine workings as reservoirs lies below the zone of conventional mining and hot coal reserves remain undisturbed after recovery of gas. 9ecovered gas can be utilized and power transmitted through the national grid.
1ig. -> C ! blocks in $ndia
Coal in $ndia occurs in two stratigraphic horizons viz. )ondwana of the Permian age@ Tertiary of Eocene to !iocene age.
)eological (urvey of $ndia based on detailed coal exploration estimated the coal reserves to be *,- billion tones for )ondwana seams. ?n segregation the reserves estimated by ).(.$. and
+eyveli Aignite corporation "+.A.C.# into shallow and deeper categories depending on their depth of occurrence as less than or greater than -==m respectively, it indicates that out of *,billion tones estimated reserves of )ondwana coals, about 5=; ",.< billion tones# are mineable and -=; "4. billion tones# are unmineable. ?n the other hand the total Tertiary coal reserves are found to be about *2. billion tones. ?ut of these *.* are unmineable and only 2; ",*billion tones# are mineable. The stored energy of these coals can be exploited through the underground coal gasification "7)(# and C ! extraction in $ndia. C ! is a low pressure gas, having heating value of about 8<== Bcal6cubic meter. /ater in the coal bed must be removed to reduce pressure on methane molecules and thus to produce the trapped methane. GLOBAL SCENARIO
Sl.No. COUNTR Y RUSSI A CHIN A US A AUSTRALI A CANA! A IN!I A S. A"RICA U.# . $OLAN ! ti)# and S op# o% %ERMAN Y &IMBAB' E COAL RESOURCES (BILLION TONNES) 650 0 400 0 3 7 0 170 0 700 0 24 1 15 0 1 0 16 0 th# pr#s#nt 32 stud$ 0 8 CBM RESOURCES (TCM ) 17114 31. 8 1 2 10. 8 10. 2 1. 0 3. 2 2. 8 2. 8 2. 8 0.0 5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
&. 1 O'(#
0 1 1
The $ndian energy sector shows a large dependence on the fossil fuels. 's the oilfields are dwindling the country is in search of a new source of energy. The reserve estimation for C ! is entirely a new concept and it has become a ma:or alternative source of energy world over. iswarup 'khuli, !.(c. Petroleum )eosciences <
C ! is a potentially important energy resource in many of the ma:or coal mining countries of the world. (ignificant volumes of C ! are exploited worldwide with most of the gas originating from operational deep coal mines, and lesser Cuantities recovered from abandoned mine workings. !any coal&producing countries are now looking at the potential for wider application of C ! technologies to maximize the exploitation of gas from coal seams. C ! is a clean fuel with similar properties to natural gas when not diluted by air or other non& combustible mine gases. The main ob:ectives of present study are> *. *.1 Proximate analysis of coal. Estimation of gas content by direct method and indirect method. To determination of adsorption isotherm and its application. 3etermination of porosity and permeability. Coal'#d !#than# +hat is Coal B#d !#than#,
Coal bed methane is the gas that is retained by coal beds in the subsurface. The gas is generated during coalification and is adsorbed on the coalDs internal surface. /ithin its structure coal contains a portion of constituents that can be volatilized by changing the ambient temperature and pressure. ?nce volatilized, these substances may flow through the coal according to pressure gradient. The gases that are released in this way, is known as Coal Bed Methane or Coal Bed Gas. Coal bed gas contains a variety of constituents like CE., C?*, +*, E*?, C*E4 and other hydrocarbons, but methane gas is found in high concentrations in most underground coal seams. ThatDs why the term FCoal ed !ethaneG is used.
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For.ation o% CB! iswarup 'khuli, !.(c. Petroleum )eosciences ,=
Coal is a sedimentary rock which is progressively developed during biochemical decomposition of plant substances and metamorphic transformation. The formation of coal is known as FCoalification ProcessG. The coalification processes involves two stages> ,. Bio h#.i al sta/#0 1 iochemical decomposition of plant materials takes place due to atmospheric oxidation by fungi and also by aerobic bacteria. The plant debris are converted into the precursors of the coal micro constituents and the main controlling factors for such biochemical transformation are hydrogen ion "pE# concentration and redox"Eh# potential of the medium. $n anaerobic conditions the protoplasm, proteins, lignin cellulose etc. are decomposed and transformed. "C4E,=?2#. Cellulose Parr ",<=4# "C4E,=?2#2 Cellulose "C4E,=?2#2 Cellulose Parr ",<=<# -C,*E,8?< Aigno&cellulose 9 C**E*=?- H2CE. H 8C?* HC? H 5E*? ituminous coal 9 C**E*=?- H2CE. H 8C?* H C? H,=E*? ituminous coal 9 C*=E**?. H-CE. H4C?* HC? H 8E*? C< 9 E4? H 5CE. H8C?* H-CE*? ituminous Coal
1rom above reactions it is clear that biogenic gas is produced by the decomposition of organic matter by microorganisms generated in peat swamps. The breakdown of organic matter leading to methanogenesis is performed in a complex series of processes by a diverse population of microbes, each of which contributes to the partial oxidation of organic matter. The ma:or reCuirements for the generation of significant amount of biogenic gas are> anoxic environment, low sulphate concentration, low temperatures, abundant organic matters, high pE, adeCuate pore space and sedimentation. -. Th#r.o/#ni pro #ss0 /ith increasing time, temperature and pressure, coal progresses
through various stages from peat to lignite, sub& bituminous and ultimately to anthracite. 's
iswarup 'khuli, !.(c. Petroleum )eosciences ,,
thermogenic stage advances, the percentage of oxygen is progressively decreased due to loss of water resulting in increased percentage of carbon. Eydrogen percentage remains almost constant until coal attains carbon percentage of <*;. The accumulated vegetable matters are accumulated are subseCuently transformed into coal by pressure and temperature. The overburden pressure and temperature gradient are sufficient in transforming plant material into coal. This is evident from the fact that with depth the maturity of coal seams increases.
1ig. . > (tages of coalification /ood Peat Aignite (ub bituminous (emi& anthracite $ncreasing depth and maturity "rank#. Thermogenic coal bed gas generation results from devolatilisation of the coal beds. /ith increasing coalification resulting from higher temperatures and pressures, coal becomes enriched in carbon as large amounts of volatile matter rich in hydrogen and oxygen are released. ituminous 'nthracite
iswarup 'khuli, !.(c. Petroleum )eosciences ,*
1ig. 2 > Transformation of organic matter to coal Coal bed methane "C !# is the gas generated during coal formation process and stored in the internal surface of the coal. Iast Cuantities of methane rich gas are generated during coalification. 's much as *2= meter cube gas is generated for each ton of coal while maturation from lignite to anthracite. !ost of the gases generated in the early biogenic stage escaped due to poor gas retention capacity of low rank coals and shallow depth of burial. )ases generated in the succeeding thermogenic stage could not migrate as a result of high pressure regimes and remained stored in the coal. Oth#r /as#s %ound in oal s#a.s0 Iarious types of gases are found in coal seams besides methane for example C?*, +*, E*(,C*E4, E*?, etc. The Cuantity of enclosed gas is dependent on the physical properties of the coal seams, such as hardness, content of mineral matter and structure of the coal seams, etc. $n general, the denser and harder is the coal the greater is the Cuantity of occluded gas. The amount of occluded gas in coal is dependent on various factors, such as temperature, pressure, pyrite content or fusain contents etc. $t has been shown that under pressure coal adsorbs more gases. There are two principal contaminants in methane&C?* J +*. oth are formed from the decomposition of organic material and should be expected at some levels in all coal bed methane. +itrogen emission begins as 'mmonia "+E-# near the end of the high volatile bituminous stage. $t is found as only minor constituents because its molecular size is very small "- 'ngtrom# and it escapes from the system more rapidly than other gases
iswarup 'khuli, !.(c. Petroleum )eosciences ,-
C?* is a principal constituent of early thermogenic gases. C?* is commonly a relatively minor and extremely variable constituent in the produced gas. 3ue to its molecular size it migrates rapidly as a gas. C?* is highly soluble in water which facilitates its mobility. 'pproximately one volume of C?* will dissolve in one volume of fresh water at earthDs surface conditions at *= degree centigrade. 't -== atm. and ,== degree centigrade, conditions eCuivalent to a coal bed methane reservoir, about -= volumes of C?* "(TP# will dissolve in that same one volume of water. )enerally methane and C?* occur in coal in inverse proportion i.e. when methane predominates, the C?* is less and when C?* content is more methane appears in small Cuantities. This is due to the fact that C?* is formed by the oxidation of methane. 's a result, with progressive oxidation, the Cuantity of methane decreases, while the Cuantity of C?* increases. 3ue to high pyrite content the amount of C?* in a coal seam may increase because pyrite absorbs oxygen when moist, and the absorbed oxygen produces water by combining with hydrogen@ also C?* by combining with carbon. Eydrogen sulfide "E*(# is found in coal seams in trace amount because it is the last constituent of natural gas to form "starting at about ,== KC#.
iswarup 'khuli, !.(c. Petroleum )eosciences ,.
*.& !#than# R#t#ntion in Coal B#ds> !ethane is retained in coal seams in three states. ,. 'dsorbed state *. 1ree gas state -. 3issolved in solution Adsor'#d !#than#
Coal sur%a # !#than# in Fr## /as stat#
"or# spa # 1. Adsor'#d stat# % !aximum "<8;# methane retention in coal beds is in the form of adsorbed state. The methane adsorption generally takes place at high pressure. !ethane "adsorbate# is adsorbed on the surface of the coal bed "adsorbent# and their molecules are held together by a weak force of attraction i.e., IanderwaalDs force. !ethane molecule "adsorbate#
Coal "adsorbent#
iswarup 'khuli, !.(c. Petroleum )eosciences ,2
$t is totally different from absorption phenomena. 'bsorption takes place on the surface at low temperature. $t is chemical phenomenon and there is always a strong bond between the atoms. $n contrast of it adsorption takes place at depth and high temperature J pressure. $t is physical phenomenon and there is no bond between the molecules of methane J coal except a weak force of attraction. -. Fr## /as stat# 2 $n this state methane molecules are present in the pore spaces instead of
coal surface. The pores in coal may be of three types> !acro pores "L 2= nm# !eso pores " *&2= nm# !icro pores " M* nm#
'll these three pores are primary pores and it is less important for methane retention than secondary pores like fractures J :oints "cleat system#. &. 3issol)#d in solution % some methane molecule is found dissolved in solutions present
in the pore spaces of coal. $ts amount is very&very less than the gases present in adsorbed state J 1ree (tate. Fa tors a%%# tin/ th# .#than# r#t#ntion 4stora/# apa it$5 o% oal0 There are number of factors which affect the gas storage capacity of coal such as coal rank, coal type, mineral matter content, moisture content, temperature and pores. Coal rank0 9ank defines the level of compositional maturity of the coal. 's coalification process progresses, the rank of the coal increases. The carbon content and vitrinite reflectance are also increased with coal rank. ut as rank of the coal increases the moisture content, volatile matter and ash content decrease. Coal rank is often considered to be the main parameter affecting the methane adsorption capacity. 'dsorption capacity increases with coal rank.
Coal t$p#0 coal type refers to those characteristics, which are initially determined by the nature of the ingredient matter, the condition of deposition, and extent of operation of the first or biochemical process of coal making. The features of coal type include variation macroscopic banding, microscopic maceral composition and mineral matter content. !aceral composition influences methane generation .e.g. liptinite macerals are hydrogen rich and generate more methane than inertinite "oxygen rich# macerals. Coal type affects on methane sorption. Iitrinite rich coal have found to have greater adsorption capacity than inertinite over a wide range of ranks. !ethane adsorption capacity and desorption rates vary significantly between bright and dull coal types. right coal has a greater adsorption capacity but lower diffusion rate than dull coal from the same seam. Consistent variation in pore size and distribution account for these effects with bright coal having a large number of smaller microspores than the eCuivalent dull coal from the same seam.
!in#ral .att#r ont#nt0 The inorganic constituents in the coal are the mineral matter content that acts as a diluent, which reduces methane storage capacities. The predominant minerals like carbonates and clays block the coal microspores which includes fractures and cleats, reducing gas flow rates. $t was observed that increase in ash content decreased the adsorption capacity of the coal.
!oistur# ont#nt0 !oisture content is rank related variable, which influences the storage capacity of methane in coal directly. The effect of moisture on gas adsorption capacity is inversely related. $t is reported that ,; increase in moisture content may reduce the adsorption capacity by *2; and 2; moisture may reduce 42; of adsorption capacity . !ethane adsorption decreases with increasing moisture content up to critical moisture content. !oisture present in excess of the critical value has no further effect on methane adsorption. This critical value was found to be related to the oxygen content of the coal.
T#.p#ratur#0 Temperature influences the sorption capacity of coal, as sorption is an activated energy process. ' linear relationship has been observed with increasing temperature for a given rank coal. 'n increase in temperature of ,= degree centigrade lowers the adsorption capacity by about ,cc6g.
"or#s0 Pores in coal are developed during coalification process and are classified as micro "M*nm#, meso "*&2=nm# and macro&pores "L2=nm#. The pore volume of coal takes a 7&shaped trend with increasing coal rank. $t decreases to a minimum at around 82&<=; carbon content followed by increase with increasing rank. The decrease in pore volume in low rank coal is the result of collapse of primary macro and meso pores due to physical compactness and later due to plugging by higher hydro carbon generation. (econdary porosity is developed with deplugging and depolarization of the coal, but this is further destroyed in the meta anthracite with graphitization. $ncreasing pore volume provides greater storage capacity for gas in coal.
*.* Flow !# hanis. in Coal B#d R#s#r)oir0 ' unit of coal can be taken as a cube which is bounded by butt "secondary# and face "primary# cleats as shown in figure.
!atrix blocks in coal /ithin the cube, a network of micropores and interconnecting capillaries leads to the thoroughfare of the bounding cleats. 'ccording to literature, the movement of gas in coal has three distinct stages, 3esorption of the gas from coal surfaces due to decrease in the pressure. 3iffusion through the coal matrix from a zone of higher concentration to the cleat system. 1low of gas through the coal seam cleat network under 3arcyDs flow conditions.
15
3#sorption "h#no.#non0 $n this phenomenon methane molecules detach from the microspore surfaces of the coal matrix and enter the cleat system where methane molecule exist as a free gas. The desorption isotherm defines the relationship between the adsorbed gas concentration in the coal matrix and the free gas presents in coal cleat system. $n the desorption stage the desorption isotherm is the link between the flow in the matrix systems "where flow is controlled by concentration gradient# and flow in the cleat system "where flow is controlled by pressure gradient#. The relationship between gas concentration and pressure is a nonlinear function i.e. generally defined by the Aangmuir eCuation.
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3i%%usion !# hanis.0 $n this process, there is random molecular motion from high concentration to low concentration. Eere methane molecules desorbs from the matrix into the coal cleat system in response to methane concentration gradient. 3iffusion of gas through the micropores of coal is described by fickDs law. &5 3ar $6 %low0 'fter local diffusion of gas through the micropores of the coal, the transport of gas occurs in fracture and cleats. The fluid flow in the cleat system can be described by 3arcyDs law.
iswarup 'khuli, !.(c. Petroleum )eosciences ,<
3arcyDs law relates the flow rate in the reservoir, as fractures in a coal seam to the pressure drop across the reservoir using a proportionality constant i.e. permeability. The 3arcyDs eCuation is given by> N O & B' IA /here, N O volume of fluid flow through a column in unit time. B O Permeability "a constant# ' O cross sectional area of the column. PO Pressure difference, "Pf& Pi#, Pf L Pi A O traveling length I O viscosity Eere, negative sign indicates that the flow is in the direction of higher pressure to lower pressure "P#
iswarup 'khuli, !.(c. Petroleum )eosciences *=
*.7
3i%%#r#n # B#tw##n Con)#ntional and Coal B#d R#s#r)oir The geological evolution of coal bed reservoirs is essentially similar to that of
conventional hydrocarbon reservoirs. The basic difference between the two reservoirs is the mechanism of Pentrapment of reservoir gasD. ?ther important differences are tabulated below> R#s#r)oir hara t#risti Sour # ro k8 R#s#r)oir ro k r#lationship0 Con)#ntional Gas R#s#r)oirs $n conventional reservoir the source rock and the reservoir rocks are different from each other e.g. most conventional oil and gas are sourced by shale beds but trapped in sandstone beds $n conventional reservoir, the hydrocarbon storage capacity is provided by open pores whose size is of the order of micrometers to millimeters in dimension and which contains 2&*=; volume of the rock. !any conventional reservoirs have good permeability so that hydrocarbon fluids are able to flow from the rock matrix. Coal B#d R#s#r)oirs ?n the other hand in coal bed reservoirs, the source and reservoir rocks are the same. e.g. Coal ed !ethane is formed in coal seams and also trapped in the coal seam. $n coal bed reservoir, hydrocarbon gas storage capacity is related to open molecular structure of coal. The pore size varies in the order of several nanometers. The porosity of typical coal bed gas reservoirs is usually less than 2; and sometimes less than ,;. $n coal bed reservoir there are closely spaced :oints and fractures, termed as cleat system which are responsible for the fluid transportation. Coal bed reservoirs are commonly saturated with water but sometimes these are dry. The pore size varies in the order of several nanometers. $t has dual porosity. )ases found in coal bed reservoir, occur mostly in adsorbed state. 1low of gas follows only 3arcyDs law.
Trappin/ !# hanis.
"#r)asi)#l$ Fra tur#d R#s#r)oir R#lationship wat#r
to Convectional reservoirs generally contain minor amounts of water. $f there is a lot of water in the pores, then there is no gas. Si9# o% por#s $n conventional reservoir, the pores are typically on the order of micrometer to millimeters. $t has single porosity. "h$si al stat# o% )ases retain in conventional /as reservoir as free gas, condensate or dissolved state. 1low of gas follows 1ickDs law and 3arcyDs law.
iswarup 'khuli, !.(c. Petroleum )eosciences *,
*.: G#olo/i al Controls on CB!0 )eology of the area affects and modifies mainly the generation, retention and transportation mechanism of coal seams. Therefore study of geological parameters on coal seams is very necessary for the development of C !. There are a lot of factors that affects the C ! development. The important among these are as follows>& 3#positional ondition0 /hen higher concentration of plant materials is deposited in the basin, coals are formed. There may be two type of origin of coal@ $n& situ and drifted. $n& situ coal contains biogenic gas as well as thermogenic gas while drifted coal contains thermogenic gas. /ith the help of isotope analysis one can know that whether the gas is thermogenic of biogenic. Cli.at#0 /arm and humid climate of sub& tropical region is most suitable for the formation of coal. Stru tural a ti)it$0 $f area is tectonically unstable then the coals are mostly faulted and :ointed. Aarge scale faults are harmful because it provides path for the escape of gas from the coals. Thi kn#ss and d#pth o% oal0 Thick coal seams contain more gas content than the thin coal seams. 's the depth of coal seams increases the pressure of overburden on the seams increases, due to which adsorption capacity of coal increases. Thus gas content are directly proportional to the depth of coal seams. Rank o% th# oal0 9ank is the compositional maturity of the coal. Eigh rank coals have higher maturity. The rank is based on volatile matter, fixed carbon, heating value, coking power, etc. Eigh rank coals have higher adsorption capacity and vice versa. "#tro/raph$ o% oal0 Coal is mainly composed of macerals. There are three maceral groups& Iitrinite, Aiptinite and $nertinite. The vitrinite coals have more micropores containing higher gas Cuantity. $nertinite have least gas Cuantity. T#.p#ratur# and "r#ssur#0 $f temperature of the reservoir is high, then methane adsorption capacity is low and vice versa. ?n the other hand methane storage capacity increases with pressure. Cl#at s$st#.0 Cleats are the fractures in the coal seams. $t provides path for the flow of gas within the coal seams. $f the coals have higher porosity and permeability due to cleats, then gas can easily flow. Thus higher cleats density is profitable for the development of C !. iswarup 'khuli, !.(c. Petroleum )eosciences **
;$dro 1/#olo/i al Condition0 Coals found at the lower and intermediate depths, are generally contains aCuifer but coal seams found below seven hundred meters depth are mostly dry and absence of water. )ood aCuifers hamper the rate of production and also increase the duration of dewatering and finally the cost of production. *.< T$p# o% Coal'#d !#than#
T$p#s o% CB!0 $t is very important to distinguish different categories of methane from coal as explained below. Coal !in# !#than# 4C!!5 !ethane is released as a result of mining activity when a coal seam is mined out and if not controlled to prevent the accumulation of flammable mixtures of methane in air "2&,2;# it presents a serious hazard. )as drainage techniCues are used to enable planned coal production rates to be achieved safely by reducing gas emissions into longwall mining districts to a flow that can be satisfactory diluted by the available fresh air. $n some instances gas drainage is also needed to reduce the risk of sudden, uncontrolled emissions of gas into working districts. $n well managed mines, in favourable geological and mining conditions, the methane concentrations in drained C!! can reach 5=; or more. C!! of such Cuality may be utilized. Eowever, poorly drained mines will only achieve methane concentrations that are much lower, and may be too low for conventional utilization purposes. !ethane capture and its utilization from coal mines is generally not practiced in $ndia as current levels of coal production in gassy mines are generally achievable using ventilation controls but even where there may be some safety benefit there is some resistance to introducing gas drainage due to lack of technology, expertise and experience. 'dditionally, there is the perception that C!! utilization is not commercially viable. =#ntilation Air !#than# 4=A!5 !ethane released from coal seams into the ventilation air of the active coal mine is called Ientilation 'ir !ethane "I'!#. Concentrations of methane in the ventilation air are generally, limited by law, for safety reasons, at =.2 to *; in different parts of a mine with variations depending on the country. Concentrations can be controlled by the volume of ventilation air circulated "dilution# or through special drainage "C!!#. The concentration of methane in I'! iswarup 'khuli, !.(c. Petroleum )eosciences *-
is typically =.8; or less and is too low for conventional utilization purposes. Eowever, technologies are being developed to remove the methane, and where additional gas is available to generate electricity using the thermal energy recovered. A'andon#d !in# !#than# 4A!!5 /hen an active coal mine is closed and abandoned, methane continues to be emitted from all the coal seams disturbed by mining, decaying gradually over time unless arrested by flooding due to groundwater recovery. 3epending on the methane concentrations, local regulations and the geology it may be possible, or reCuired for public safety reasons to continue draining or venting this 'bandoned !ine !ethane "'!!#. '!! extraction and utilization schemes aim to recover the gas left behind in unmined coal above and below goaf "worked out# areas formed by longwall mining methods. The gas can either be transported by pipeline to a nearby user consumer for combustion in boilers or used on site to generate electricity for local use or sale to the grid. '!! reservoirs consist of groups of coal seams that have been de& stressed, and therefore of enhanced permeability, but only partially degassed by longwall working. 1avourable pro:ect sites are those where a market for the gas exists, the '!! reservoir is of substantial size and not affected by flooding and the gas can be extracted at reasonably high purity. ' number of schemes are in place in countries such as 7.B. and )ermany .+o '!! schemes are in place in $ndia and initial investigations show limited promise.
Coalbed methane drainage
iswarup 'khuli, !.(c. Petroleum )eosciences *.
=ir/in Coal'#d !#than# 4=CB!5 Coalbed methane and virgin coalbed methane are terms conventionally used for methane drained and captured directly from coal seams.C ! is generally reserved to describe the gas produced from the surface bore holes ahead of mining for coal mine safety and coal production reasons.IC ! is produced by similar process but completely independent of mining activity. !ethane concentration in IC ! is generally very high "around <=;# and can be used as a replacement for natural gas supplies. 7. CB! E>"LORATION 7.1 3#)#lop.#nt o% CB! r#sour #s0 +ot all coal seams are suitable for the purpose of C ! due to various reasons. Therefore before commercial production of C !, testing of wells is often completed on 2 to,= bore wells in close proximity in an area. Testing of bore wells is done in following stages> 3#.ar ation o% Basin8 Blo k8 Ar#a0 This is the first step towards the development of C !. 1irst of all we demarcate the target area which is rich in coal beds. $n $ndia 9anigan: and arakar formations are most suitable for the C ! development and okaro, +orth Barnpura, (outh production because it contains good Cuality coals of sub bituminous rank. The most C ! prominent blocks are 9anigan: and Qharia, East Barnpura, (ohagpur etc. G#olo/i al In%or.ation0 1or the development of C ! a geologist need the basic geological idea about the area such as structural, lithological, stratigraphical information. ' geologist can get this information from related regional offices of )eological survey of $ndia ")($#. Sit# s#l# tion and suita'ilit$0 'fter the demarcation of the area and getting basic information geologist select few preferable sites for the test drilling based on earlier studies and researches of that area. )enerally sites should be free from structural complexes and intrusive. There should be enough water present near the drilling site because of its reCuirement during the water6 mud based drilling. 1inally the well drilling started. Suita'l# 3rillin/> 'fter the selection of drilling site, geologist determines suitable type of drilling to the rock types associated with coal seams, depth of drilling etc. )enerally iswarup 'khuli, !.(c. Petroleum )eosciences *2
sandstones and shale are found in coal seams. To interpret the underground formations of the area, geologist reCuires the underground core samples. Therefore core drilling is used. The drilling is done till the basements of coal formations are reached. Coll# tion o% sa.pl#s0 Core of the underground rocks is lifted upon the surface by the core barrel. The cores are mostly of 4 m length and their diameter is generally ..2 mm. +ow the cores are washed and identified. Core of coals are sealed in the canister for the study of in situ gas content. G#olo/i al Lo//in/> 3uring the core drilling the core are lifted upon the surface and studies by the geologist and their depth is also recorded. +ow litho logs are prepared for each bore wells. The correlations of same formations are done on the basis of their compositions, and finally a log data is prepared. Stud$ o% th# i.portant %#atur#s0 The rock specimens "cores# found from the drilling is now studied in detail. The important features of core to studied are porosity, permeability, hardness, composition, degree of metamorphism, cementing materials, matrix, size and shape of grains, faulting, intrusion, compressive strengths, elasticity etc. $n the coal rank, volatile matter, mineral matter, ash content, fixed carbon, moisture content, calorific values, cleats and petrography of coals are studied. R#s#r)# al ulation0 $f the area of the coal seams, thickness of coal seams, specific gravity of coal and gas content per unit mass is known, the total gas volume of the particular coal seam can be found out which is given as> ? @ A AB T B d B C /here, NO Total gas Cuantity of C ! in an area in cubic meter 'O 'rea of the coal seam in sCuare meter TO Thickness of the coal seam in meter dO specific gravity of coal CO gas content of coal per unit mass 7.3i%%#r#nt T$p#s o% +#lls0 Bor#hol# w#ll0 Aow cost, small diameter "-R# well drilled to obtain subsurface information through continuous coring "*R diameter# of the coal bearing formation.
iswarup 'khuli, !.(c. Petroleum )eosciences *4
EBplorator$ w#ll0 /ell to ascertain C ! productibility through stimulation, testing, dewatering and collecting reservoir and geological data for preliminary economic assessment.
"ilot w#lls0 /ells drilled to asses the commercial production of C !, usually spread in several clusters in the different parts of the contact area. The recovery factor, production profiles etc. are obtained from these wells for commitment of gas supply.
7.& 3rillin/ %or CB! #Bploration0 Iertical open hole wells are best for high permeability coals closely spaced low cost well bores. 1ractures stimulation of vertical well bores is based and applied for medium permeability coals, thin beds and where multiple coal seams are penetrated. The problem is that most vertical wells are inn inefficient due to low gas recovery rates, long term dewatering, the large number of wells needed to depressurize and limitations of surface access. Eorizontal open wells can be used for thick coal seams, low permeability coals, and in areas where good lateral continuity is present. ' pinnate drainage pattern established by drilling multiple side laterals off a main horizontal lateral provides maximum C ! production under ideal reservoir conditions. Eorizontal holes are drilled into the coal seam from development entries in the mine. They drain methane from the unmined areas of the coal seam shortly before mining, reducing the flow of methane into the mining section. ecause methane drainage occurs only from the mined coal seam and the period of drainage is relatively short, the recovery efficiency of this techniCue is low. 7.* Casin/ and #.#ntation0 Aarge diameter steel pipes called casing is screwed run into the well. The casing stabilizes the well, preventing the sides from caving in J prevents water flow from other formations into the well. 3uring casing a gap is created between casing pipe J wall of the well. This gap is filled by a cement called slurry at high pressure. There is casing programme as the well is being drilled .The well is drilled,cased,drilled deeper J then cased again.
Casing and Cementation The well is first drilled down to a certain depth with a large diameter bit J then drill string is run out of the well. Aarge diameter casing "surface casing# is cemented into the well. The well is then drilled down to the drilling target J tested. ' string of smaller diameter casing "production casing# is then run through the surface casing into the well J cemented.
1igure showing different types of casing.
7.7
"#r%oration0
ore holes are then shot into the casing at the level of the producing
zone by a perforating gun with explosive charges. This is done by a small diameter steel pipe which isrun down the centre of the well. 'fter the explosion by a perforating gun coal seam is fractured a J a connection is made between the coal seam J bore hole. This process is very expensive. $t takes . crores for one week. 'fter perforation the well is flushed.
Perforated production well after casing and cement 7.: ;$dro%ra turin/0 Eydrofracturing is done for easy production of methane. )enerally coal has very less permeability "M - md# which create problem in C ! production, but for easy production of methane permeability should be L,= md. There are following - steps for hydrofracturing> '# Fracturing fluid injection&1racturing fluid is in:ected into the targeted coal seam. 1luid causes a pressure build p that creates and propagates the fracture away from the well perpendicular to the direction of least principal stress.
iswarup 'khuli, !.(c. Petroleum )eosciences *<
1racturing 1luid $n:ection # Fracture propagation % 1luid migrates in the direction of propagated fractures however fluid leakoff occurs out into the formation through existing fractures.
1racture propagation C# Proppant placement % ?nce fracture propagation is complete gelled fluid carrying a proppant "typically sand# is introduced into the formation to prop the fracture open. 1racture propagation and proppant in:ection are one continuous process.
1ig> Proppant placement 7.< 3#wat#rin/> 'fter hydrofracturing water is taken out from the well by which a low pressure zone is created. 3ue to pressure difference coal bed methane flows from zone of high pressure to zone of low pressure.
iswarup 'khuli, !.(c. Petroleum )eosciences -=
1luidrecovery63ewatering There are - important tools for dewatering. Progressive cavity pump "PC pump#&pumping abrasives with progressive cavity, helical rotor, eccentric screw pumps often used to pump slurries. Eelical rotor pumps " also known as progressive cavity pump, eccentric screw pump,mono pump # use a spiral rotor to move a chamber full of product through the pump. /hen moving slurries it is critical that the rotor wipes the rubber firmly, else fine particles get between the rotor stator J rip material out.
"ro/r#ssi)# pu.p
Su k#r rod pu.p 4SR"5
iswarup 'khuli, !.(c. Petroleum )eosciences -,
The (ucker 9od Pump brings underground oil to the earthSs surface. $t is driven by a motor which turns a flywheel with a crank arm. which in turn, attaches to the /alking 'ttached to the crank arm is a Pitman 'rm eam. 't the other end of the walking beam is the ox and is attached to the 9od (tring. 't the
Eorsehead. The Eanger Cable hangs off the Eorsehead, and is attached with a clamp to a Polished 9od, which goes through a (tuffing bottom of the well a Traveling Ialve, often :ust a ball in a cage, is attached to the Plunger "shown in green# at the end of the 9od (tring. elow that is another ball in a cage, called a (tanding Ialve. This pump can lift oil ,=,=== feet or moreT In arti%i ial li%tD the oil is pumped up the tubing to the surface. ' common artificial lift techniCue is a beam pumper or sucker rod pump.
'ir lift pump 'n electric motor or gas engine on the ground causes a steel walking beam to pivot up and down. 'ttached to the opposite end of the walking beam is a long, small diameter steel rod called a sucker rod string. (ucker rods come in twenty five foot lengths that are screwed together to form the sucker rod string. The sucker rod string runs all the way down the well through the tubing to the downhole pump on the bottom of the tubing. The walking beam causes the sucker rod string to rise and fall. This activates the downhole pump which lifts the oil up the tubing to the surface.
iswarup 'khuli, !.(c. Petroleum )eosciences -*
7.E Gas "rodu tion0 Coalbed methane wells are completed open hole. 7sing this method, casing is set to the top of the target coalbed and the underlying target zone is under&reamed and cleaned out with a fresh&water flush. ' down&hole submersible pump is then used to move water up the tubing@ the gas then separates from the water and flows up the annulus.
)as production The natural gas and the water that are produced at individual wells are piped to a metering facility, where the amount of production from each well is recorded. The methane then flows to a compressor station where the gas is compressed and then shipped via pipeline. The water produced is diverted to a central discharge point at a drainage or impoundment. (ome of the produced water is rein:ected into nearby aCuifers.
iswarup 'khuli, !.(c. Petroleum )eosciences --
:.
!#thods o% CB! "ot#ntialit$
:.1 "roBi.at# anal$sis0 1or general purpose proximate analysis is taken into consideration. $t includes determination of moisture, volatile matter, fixed carbon and ash content. The procedures for proximate analysis are rather empirical, but do not reCuire elaborate costly eCuipments. 's such this analysis is widely used for industrial purpose and also for grading the coals.
!oistur#
+hol# oal
Eeating at ,=2 KC
3r$ Coal
Non Ash
Combustion at 8== KC
Eeating at <==KC
=olatil# .att#r
Calculated by difference
Ash
FiB#d Car'on
Non 2 =olatil# r#sidu#
'(T! Proximate 'nalysis
!oistur# ont#nt0 /ater is considered to occur in four different states in coal, as described by Brumin ",<4-#.
iswarup 'khuli, !.(c. Petroleum )eosciences -.
,# Adh#r#nt .oistur#1 $t is mechanically retained on the surface of the coal or in cracks and internal cavities are so large to be considered part of the structure of the coal substance, and possessing normal vapor pressure. The synonymous terms of adherent moisture are Ffree moistureG, Fbulk waterG, Fsuperficial waterG. *# Inh#r#nt .oistur#1 These are condensed or physically sorbed in the capillaries and micropores of the coal substance, distinguished by subnormal vapor pressure. (ynonymous terms are Ftrue bed moistureG, moistureG. -# Ch#.i all$ o.'in#d wat#r1 $t is bound into molecular structure of the coal and released only by the breaking of molecular bonds. This can occur either naturally during coalification or artificially during pyrolysis. .# !oistur# o% ;$dration& $t is the moisture of hydration of inorganic constituents in the coal, especially clay minerals. The moisture content of any given coal sample is variable, and may range from near zero up to a maximum capacity moisture content, which is reflective of the rank of the coal and composition. Measurement of moisture: 1or the determination of inherent moisture , gm of air dried coal is taken in a silica dish and heated to a temperature of ,== % ,,= degree centigrade for one hour. The loss in weight before and after the heating is taken as moisture. The loss in weight is reported as percentage of the original weighas moisture content. Calculation: efore heating /eight of dish O a gm /eight of dish H coal O b gm /eight of coal O "b&a# gm 'fter heating /eight of dish H coal O c gm@ /eight of coal without moisture O "c&a# gm@ !oisture ; O "c&a# x,== "b&a# =olatil# .att#r0 1or measuring volatile matter , gm air dried coal is heated under controlled conditions in a standard crucible with a lid. The crucible is placed in a furnace and heated to F natural bed moistureG, or Fcapacity
iswarup 'khuli, !.(c. Petroleum )eosciences -2
approximately <== degree centigrade for a period of 5 minutes. The loss in weight after heating is calculated as percentage of the sample taken for the test. This gives the percentage of moisture and volatile matter. To obtain the percentage of volatile matter, the moisture content should also be determined at the same time. The moisture content value is deducted from the total percentage of volatile matter obtained in volatile matter determination. )as content "af# O gas contentU xU ,== ,== % 'sh )as content "daf# O gas contentU xU ,== ,== % 'sh % moisture Ash> ash is obtained by the complete combustion of the inorganic mineral matter of coal. The mineral matter in a coal seam may be of two types. ?ne type is inherent mineral matter which is intimately associated with the coal. This type of mineral matter comes in contact of coal during the early stage of coal formation partly as terrigenous matter and partly it is derived from the peat forming plants. The other is the adventitious or epigenetic mineral matter. This is deposited subseCuent to the formation of coal in its cracks, fissures, cleavages or cleats through percolating water. The mineral matter in coal after combustion is converted into ash. 1or determination of ash , gm of air dried coal is heated up to 8== H6& *= degree centigrade for , hour in furnace. The dish is then taken out and cooled in a desiccator and weighed. The remaining weight is ash content. FiB#d Car'on0 1ixed carbon "1C# is the weight loss upon combustion of a devolatalized coal sample 1ixed carbon is not determined. $t is estimated by deducting the sum total of moisture;, volatile matter; and ash; from ,==. $n other words 1ixed carbon O ,== % "! H I.!. H '# /here, ! O moisture; I.!. O volatile matter;, ' O ash content;
:.-
Esti.ation o% In1Situ1Gas ont#nt Coal gas reservoir deliverability is a function of the amount of gas &in &place and the gas
storage and movement characteristics. To reliably estimate these values, you must know in&situ& gas content and desorption gas behavior. 3esorption describes the physical mechanisms by which gas is released as reservoir pressure is reduced. !any accepted procedures for correcting and interpreting gas content data from coals are now found inadeCuate. 7sing these procedures without understanding their limitations can results in inaccurate simulation input data and reserve estimate. There are two methods for estimation of gas content. 3irect method $ndirect method
3ir# t !#thod %or In1Situ1Gas Cont#nt This method was suggested by 3iamond and Aevine ",<8,# and adopted by 7( !. The gas content of coal is determined by measuring the gas released from a sample of coal taken from the seam. ' recovered sample is placed in sealed canister i.e. desorption canister. /hen coal samples are recovered from a wellbore, some gas content is lost during sampling i.e. before gas content measurements. This gas is called Aost )as "N,# . 'mount of gas released in desorption canister is known as 3esorbed gas "N*#.(ome gas is still present in the sample which is known as 9esidual gas "N-#. 3irect method involves following components> (ampling of coal cores Aost gas estimation "N,# !easurement of 3esorbed )as "N*# 3etermination of 9esidual )as "N-# Total )as Iolume "N#
Sa.plin/ o% Coal Cor#s0 ' person must present at the site during sampling. 1or calculating the total gas content, that person must record the exact time of coal bed encountered, start of coal retrieval and lapsed time until the sample is sealed in the sample canister.
Lost Gas Esti.ation 4?15 0 The volume of gas released from a sample before it can be placed in a canister, is known as Aost )as. The amount of Aost )as depends upon the following factors& 3rilling medium Time reCuired retrieving, measure and describing the core and sealing the sample in the canister. $f air or mist is used as a medium during drilling, coal begins desorbing gas immediately upon penetration by core barrel. $f medium is water6mud, desorption is assumed to begin when the core is halfway out of the hole. The shorter the time reCuired collecting the sample and sealing it into the canister, the lost gas calculation is easy. The lost gas can be calculated by graphical method by plotting the graph between desorption time "lost time# and cumulative desorbed gas volume. The volume of gas given off is propor2ional to the sCuare root of desorption time.
L o s t g a s c a lc u la tio n
2111 0211
y / 0 1 2 .3 4 x 5 0 2 6 7 .2 2 7 / 1 .3 3 4 4
Cumm. desorbed gas (cc)
0111 211 4 .1 1 0 2 .1 1 0 6 .1 1 2 8 .1 1 9 1 .1 1
1 1 .1 1 5211
50111 50211 52111
s q u a re ro o t o f tim e
Calculating of lost gas by fitting straight line into first few desorption data. $n this graph it is clear that the volume of gas given off is proportional to the sCuare root of desorption time. 1or lost gas calculation, following information must be known> 3rilling !edium Time coal bed encountered "'# iswarup 'khuli, !.(c. Petroleum )eosciences -8
Time core started out of hole " # Time core reached surface "C# Time core sealed in canister "3# Aost gas time calculation Aost Time O "3 % '#, if air or mist is used O "3 % C# H "C % #6* , if water6mud is used !#asur#.#nt o% 3#sor'#d Gas 4?-50 ' portion of total sorbed gas is released from a sample into desorption canister is known as 3esorbed gas "N*#. !easured gas volume is reported as standard temperature and pressure conditions. 3esorbed gas is measured by /ater 3isplacement !ethod first described by ertard et al. ",<5=# and later refined by Bissell et al.",<5-#. 3#s ription o% apparatus0 1 The given experiment is known as /ater 3isplacement !ethod. $t consists of % 3esorption canister, copper tube, water beaker, connecting pipes, burette, iron stand and a reservoir. The 3esorption canister is filled with coal sample fitted with pressure gauge. The desorbed gas comes out from desorption canister through the pipe, passes through water beaker and is collected in the burette. $nside the water beaker the pipe is connected with copper tube. The desorbed gas pushes the level of methyl orange in the burette. The displaced methyl orange is collected in the reservoir. The displaced methyl orange determines the volume of desorbed gas. The observed data are presented in tabular form to compute N* as follows>& 3at# 4dd8.8$$.p5 1 1 1 Ti.# 4.inut#5 1 1 1 A.'i#nt t#.p. KC 1 1 1 A.'i#nt pr#ssur# 4in h8..5 1 1 1 Canist#r t#.p. 4KC# 1 1 1 3#sor'#d )olu.# 4.l.5 1 1 Total 4?-5 @... Cu.ulati)# 3#sor'#d )olu.# 4.l.5 1 1 1
3#t#r.ination o% R#sidual Gas 4?&5 % 'fter determination of N* the coal sample is weighed and then kept into air tight steel vessel. The air tight vessel contains several brass rods to grind the core samples below *== mesh (( size. The air tight steel vessel is filled with nitrogen gas
iswarup 'khuli, !.(c. Petroleum )eosciences -<
to avoid adsorption of oxygen initially present in the vessel by the crushed coal. The volume of residual gas released on crushing is measured by water displacement method.
Total Gas =olu.# 4?5 % The Total gas volume is calculated by the following formula& )as Content "cc6g# N O "N, H N* H N-#6 / /here, NO gas content N,O lost gas N*O desorbed gas N-O residual gas /O weight of the sample Sorption Ti.# 4T5 2(orption time is defined as the time reCuires to recover 4-.*; of methane gas from core sample. (orption time characterizes the desorption rate of gas from the coal. $n low rank coal, sorption time is low i.e. high gas desorption rate and increase in cumulative gas production. (orption time is only determined when "N, H N*#L N-. $f "N, H N*# M N-, then sorption time is not determined. Esti.ation o% Gas Cont#nt '$ Indir# t !#thod0 1 There are several indirect methods for estimation of gas content. Convectional indirect methods for estimating gas content reCuire sorption isotherm testing and analysis as well as knowledge of reservoir pressure and temperature. (ome indirect methods are given below> ,. 7sing $sotherms *. Bim !ethod -. ulk density logs method 1. Usin/ Isoth#r.s0 This method is based on AangmuirDs Eypothesis. 'ccording to this hypothesis, Fthe concentration of gas sorbed depends on the pressureG The Aangmuir sorption isotherm eCuation is shown below. )s O )sl VP6"PH PA#W /here> )s O )as content "storage capacity# at eCuilibrium pressure " Aangmuir volume# )sl O gas content at infinite pressure " Aangmuir volume #, scf6ton
iswarup 'khuli, !.(c. Petroleum )eosciences .=
P O ECuilibrium pressure, psia PA O pressure at which =.2 )sl is obtained "Aangmuir pressure#, psia 3#t#r.ination o% !#than# adsorption apa it$0 !ethane sorption capacity of coal represents the relationship between adsorbed gas volume and pressure .!ethane storage capacity of coal sample is a function of coal type, rand, temperature, pressure, mineral matters and moisture content. !ethane storage capacity increases with coal rank i.e. storage capacity and coal rank have lineal relationship. 't a constant pressure methane storage capacity decreases with temperature. 't a constant temperature methane storage capacity increases with pressure. !ethane adsorption capacity decreases with mineral matter. $t is reported that ,; increase in moisture content may reduce the adsorption capacity by *2; and 2; moisture content up to critical moisture content. !ethane adsorption isotherm determines the gas storage capacity of a coal sample with pressure. !ethane sorption capacity of a coal may be determined by two methods viz. Iolumetric and gravimetric method. The Iolumetric method has been discussed for measurement of methane adsorption capacity of coals at in& situ condition. The experimental procedure is mainly comprised of eCuipment used to perform the experiment, sample preparation and adsorption isotherm determination. ECuip.#nt0 The eCuipment used in the experiment is consisted of a water bath to maintain the isothermal condition, panel for controlling the flow of gas, reference and sample cells for storing gas and coal samples, heater for maintaining the reCuired temperature, pressure transducer to record the drop in pressure and vacuum pump is used to evacuate the system and shown in figure> Sa.pl# pr#paration> $t involves four steps which are following a# (ample selection b# (ample crushing c# Proximate analysis d# ECuilibration of moisture iswarup 'khuli, !.(c. Petroleum )eosciences .,
a5
Sa.pl# S#l# tion0 (ample for $sotherm can be collected from exploratory borehole or from under ground mines and sample is selected on the basis of depth and ash content. 1or experiment, ash free coal is suitable to avoid the influence of mineral matter on adsorption capacity. 1or this purpose, before performing experiment, proximate analysis of the sample is carried out. The purpose of proximate analysis is to Cuantify the mass of coal present in the isotherm samples.
'5
Sa.pl# Crushin/0 The sample is then crushed and passed to a sieve of size &=.4-= mm H =..== mm. The small size of coal sample is used for adsorption and desorption of methane in a shorter time period. ' larger particle size results in longer waiting periods for reaching sorption eCuilibrium.
"roBi.at# anal$sis0 Then we do proximate analysis of coal sample i.e., determination of moisture, volatile, ash, and fixed carbon percentage. =olatil# .att#r Ash FiB#d ar'on 1ixed carbon "1C# is the weight loss upon combustion of a devolatalized coal sample. 1C O,==&"!HI!H'#; /here, 1CO fixed carbon !Omoisture content I!O volatile matter ' O ash content
!oistur# , gm. Coal sample is heated in an oven up to ,==&,,= KC for , hour. Then we weight the sample. The loss in wt. after heating the sample determines the moisture content.
, gm coal sample is ,gm. Coal sample is heated up to "8== heated up to "<== *=# KC in a furnace ,=# KC for , hour. 'fter that it is kept in desicator Aoss in weight after to cool at room heating O moist.; H temperature. Iolatile ; The residual part is known as ash. )as content O gas content X ,==
d5
ECuili'ration o% .oistur#0 !oisture content is an important influencing parameter of adsorption isotherm. ECuilibration of moisture affords a means of estimating the bed moisture of either coal that is wet and shows visible surface moisture, or coal that may have lost some moisture. /hen samples are collected, the eCuilibrium moisture is considered to be eCual to bed moisture with the exception of some low rank coals that yield eCuilibrium moisture values below bed moisture.
iswarup 'khuli, !.(c. Petroleum )eosciences .*
1or samples preparation, coal samples are weighted and at 2=KC and deionized or distil water is added to increase the moisture content greater than the eCuilibrium moisture content. ' known weight of the sample is placed in an evacuated desiccator containing water vapour in eCuilibrium with saturated solution of B*(?. and desiccator is placed in an air incubator that maintains reservoir temperature.
This saturated solution of B*(?. is used to maintain the relative humidity up to <4;. (amples are periodically reweighed and placed in the evacuated desiccator until a change in weight does not exceed =.==, gm. Thus, the coal sample obtained in eCuilibrium moisture condition is ready for methane adsorption isotherm studies. Adsorption Isoth#r. 3#t#r.ination0 The adsorption isotherm determination experiment involves * stages> ,. !easurement of void space "dead volume# in the samples. *. 3etermination of adsorption capacity. $n this experiment adsorbate "pure methane# is supplied to adsorbent "coal sample# to adsorb methane molecule at reservoir temperature and pressure and the adsorbed gas volume is calculated by drop in pressure transducer. ,. !#asur#.#nt o% d#ad )olu.#0 The volume which is not occupied by the sample is known as dead volume. $t is determined by non&adsorbing gas usually helium, which is an inert gas and has the smallest molecule that can enter easily into the micro&pores of the samples. 1or determination of dead volume, eCuilibrated moisture coal sample is put into the sample cell. 3ead volume is determined by evacuating and then filling the reference cell with helium and allowing it to eCuilibrate at reservoir temperature. Eelium is then admitted to sample cell from reference cell and a drop in pressure is recorded. 3ead volume is calculated by measured drop in pressure. Procedure of determination of dead volume>
iswarup 'khuli, !.(c. Petroleum )eosciences .-
The eCuilibrated moisture coal sample is put into the sample cell. +ow vaccum pump is switched on, to evacuate the air present in the sample cell as 's reference cell and sample cells are kept in water bath, the water bath should be at Ialves to the vacuum pump and sample cell are then closed and valves to reference
well as reference cell. the desired temperature for the isotherm determination. cells are opened.
P Iacuum )as Ient P P P P
9C,
9C*
9C-
9C.
(C,
(C*
(C-
(C.
iswarup 'khuli, !.(c. Petroleum )eosciences ..
(C& (ample cell 9C& 9eference cell Ialve 1ilter ?ne way valve P& Pressure sensor ECuipment for determination of dead volume and adsorption $sotherm. Then helium gas is in:ected into the reference cell at known pressure. +ow valves to reference cell are closed and the temperature is allowed to eCuilibrate with the water bath for one hour. +ow valves to reference cells are opened and now helium is slowly admitted to the sample cells. Aeave the setup for one hour to allow for temperature eCuilibrium in the sample cells. ' drop in pressure is recorded which determines the dead volume.
-. !#asur#.#nt o% adsorption apa it$> 'fter determination of dead volume, the apparatus is again evacuated for determination of the adsorption isotherm. !ethane is added to reference cell, allowed to eCuilibrate at reservoir temperature and then admitted into the sample cell. The amount of gas adsorbed is calculated by drop in pressure. The drop in pressure is recorded to determine the adsorption isotherm. The procedure is repeated at increasing pressure steps until the highest pressure is reached. Computation of Aangmuir pressure and volume and adsorption isotherm is performed on Excel spreadsheet. Procedure for measurement of adsorption isotherm> 'fter determination of dead volume, valves to reference cells, sample cells and The whole system is now evacuated. Ialves to vacuum pump and sample cells are then closed and valves to reference cells The methane gas introduced into the sample cells at a known lowest at 2== kPa. Ialves to reference cells are closed and temperature is allowed to eCuilibrate with
vacuum lines are opened.
are opened.
water bath for one hour. iswarup 'khuli, !.(c. Petroleum )eosciences .2
cells. cell.
+ow valves to sample cells are opened and methane gas is slowly admitted to sample Aeave the whole setup for at least one hour for temperature eCuilibrium in the sample ' drop in pressure is recorded. $ncrease the pressure in the reference cell to the next pressure step by ad:usting the 9epeat the steps at increasing pressures up to 8=== kPa. The above procedure is repeated by decreasing pressures up to 2== kPa.
regulator on the gas cylinder.
1ig. 'dsorption $sotherm Appli ation o% Adsorption Isoth#r.0 'dsorption isotherm is used& ,# To know the saturation level of coal. *# To know the critical desorption pressure. -# To know the abundant reservoir pressure. .# To calculate the recovery factor. 2# To forecast recovery of gas by reducing hydrostatic pressure of the reservoir. 4# To calculate total recoverable gas from the well. 5# To calculate the age of the well. 8# To know the economic viability of the well.
iswarup 'khuli, !.(c. Petroleum )eosciences .4
*. Usin/ Fi. .#thod0 Bim proposed another indirect method in ,<55 for estimating the gas content of bituminous coal bed. Bim combined relationship from various isotherm experiments to formulate one eCuation to describe the gas storage capacity as a function of temperature, pressure, coal rank and moisture content. The Bim relationship is shown below> )daf O ",== % a % m # =.52 V ko " =.=<4 d # % =.,. " ,.8 d H ,, # W ko O =.5< 1C6I! H 2.4* no O =.=-< % =.=,- ko /here, )daf Odry ash free gas storage capacity cc6g a O ash ; m O moisture ; d O sample depth 1CO fixed carbon weight fraction I! O volatile matter weight fraction 3etermination of ko and no> !ost of the gas is adsorbed on the internal surface of the micropores. The adsorbed gas volume is directly proportional to the pressure and indirectly proportional to the temperature. The relationship between adsorbed gas volume "I#, pressure "P# and temperature "T#& I O ko P & bT /here, I O adsorbed gas volume "cc6g# P O pressure "atm# T Otemperature "KC# ko Oconstant "cc6g6atm# no O constant b O temperature constant "cc6g6KC# The adsorption capacity of a solid is determined by measuring the amount of gas adsorbed at various pressure and constant temperature. This procedure is repeated at several temperatures to obtain a series of adsorption isotherms. 't = KC adsorption isotherm can be described by the eCuation@
iswarup 'khuli, !.(c. Petroleum )eosciences .5
IOko P
YYYYY.",#
ko and no vary with T.The effect of T can be estimated by using the following eCuation> I O ko P & bTYYYY.."*# /here b is the temp.constant "cc6g6degree Centigrade# Eere ko and no are determined at reference temp. T Taking log on both side of eCuation Y.",# logI O log ko Hno logPYY."-#
Plotting a graph between log I v6s logP we get a straight line.ko $s determined by measuring the intercept on y&axis. no is determined by the slope of the straight line
Aog I ko
no is the slope
log P The graph between Aog P J Aog I for determining Bo and no The temperature Constant b is measured by plotting a graph between I v6s T"'t constant T# .$t is a straight line having negative slope. The slope of the straight line determines the temp. Constant b.
Iolume 'dsorbed "cc6gm#
b is the slope iswarup 'khuli, !.(c. Petroleum )eosciences .8
Temperature "degree centigrade# )raph between 'dsorbed volume J temperature for determining temperature constant b. 9emark> BimDs method is not suitable for C ! as we estimate high gas content in mines but we do not encounter the same amount so it is a loss. ut, this method is used in estimating the safety of mines. -. Usin/ Bulk 3#nsit$ Lo/s0 'nother indirect method involves estimating gas content from calibrated bulk density well logs. 9elationship between core&determined gas content and ash content allow such calculations . ecause gas sorbed only on the coal fraction, an inverse correlation exists between core gas and ash content data. Core ash content can be mathematically related to high resolution bulk density well log data because ash content usually has the greatest influence on coal bed reservoir density .Thus, when you have representative in&situ gas content data available, you can estimate gas content from bulk density well log data. :.& Adsorption Isoth#r.0 The relation between the adsorbed gas volume and pressure due to overburden is fixed by Aangmuir eCuation and adsorption isotherm "Aangmuir curve#.The adsorption isotherm assumes that the gas molecules attach on the surface of the coal and cover the coal surface as a single layer "mono layer#.+early all the gas stored by adsorption exist in a condensed and near liCuid state. The typical formulation of Aangmuir $sotherm is %
/here, P O pressure "psia# I "P# O amount of gas at P, also known as gas content "scf6ton# IA O Aangmuir volume parameter "scf6ton#
iswarup 'khuli, !.(c. Petroleum )eosciences .<
PA O Aangmuir pressure parameter "psia# The Aangmuir isotherm eCuation has * parameters> ,. Aangmuir Iolume "IA#> This is the maximum amount of gas that can be adsorbed on a piece of coal at infinite pressure. The following image is of a typical isotherm and shows its relationship with IA>
Typically, the units for the Aangmuir volume parameter "IA# are scf6ton "volume gas per mass of unit coal#. The volume parameter can be converted to a scf6ft- "volume gas per volume unit coal# by multiplying it by the coal bulk density. ,. Aangmuir Pressure "PA#> This parameter affects the shape of the isotherm. The Aangmuir pressure is the pressure at which Z the gas is desorbed from the coal.
Si/ni%i an # o% adsorption isoth#r.0
iswarup 'khuli, !.(c. Petroleum )eosciences 2=
,#
3etermination of degree of saturation of coal seam % gas content of coal "I'# by direct method. $f I' O IA, coal is said to be saturated. $f I' M IA, coal is said to be undersaturated Eigher the degree of saturation higher is the gas production.
y preparing an isotherm we can
calculate the maximum volume of gas "IA# and Aangmuir pressure. /e can also calculate total
*#
'ssessment of rate of gas production % $n order for the gas to be produced it has to defuse methane from the coal matrix to the cleat system.. /e have to reduce the overlying pressure by hydrofracturing J dewatering. $f the pressure is known, we can calculate the corresponding volume of gas desorbed by reducing pressure.
-#
3etermination of percentage recovery of gas during production % To start the diffusion we have to reduce the pressure of coal seam. 'fter a certain limit we cannot the reservoir pressure. This limit is called abandoned pressure and the corresponding volume of gas is called the abandoned gas volume which is unrecoverable i.e., we cannot exploit the ,==; of the contained in the seam. $n actual practice we can exploit only -=&.2 ; of adsorbed gas volume due to technical problem. Example>
8== Gas Cont#nt 4== 4s %8ton5 Coal .== *== "undersaturated#
coal ' "saturated#
*==
.==
4==
8==
,===
,*==
,.==
,4==
,8==
iswarup 'khuli, !.(c. Petroleum )eosciences 2,
'bandonment Pressure "r#ssur# 4psi5 Example $sotherm Curve $n above figure, reservoir pressure has been determined at ,*== psi for two coal samples "' and # at very similar depth. The point where the ,*== psi line intersects the isotherm curve represents the gas volume capacity of both coals "approximately 252scf6t#. The in&situ gas contents for both coals were determined by desorption testing of core samples. Coal ' had gas content of 252 scf6t and coal fully saturated and coal at this pressure. The gas content and gas capacity of coal ' coincide and so the critical desorption pressure for coal ' is ,*== psi and gas should begin to be released from the reservoir almost immediately it is penetrated. 1or coal the critical desorption pressure is much lower and can be determined at the $ntersection of the isotherm curve and a horizontal line at .2= scf6t gas content@ i.e. approximately 22= psi. 9eservoir pressure must be reduced from ,*== psi to 22= psi before gas will begin to be released form the reservoir at this location. $f expected abandonment pressure is *== psi then the available recoverable gas is much less for coal than coal '. 1or ' the unit gas volume potentially recoverable is the however maximum potential recoverable unit gas content is the difference difference between 252 sc6t "at ,*== psi# and ,2= scf6t "at *== psi#, or .*2 scf6t of coal in&place. 1or coal between .2= scf6t "at 22= psi# and ,2= scf6t at abandonment pressure@ i.e. only -== scf6t. $sotherm samples reCuire careful preparation to retain in&situ moisture and to avoid oxidation of the coal. $sotherm results are usually reported on a range of moisture bases "E.g. at eCuilibrium moisture, dry ash&free etc#. :.* Gas Chro.ato/raph$ Chromatography is a phenomenon of separation of mixture of compounds into different components. $n chromatograph a sample is dissolved in a mobile phase "which may be gas or liCuid #.The mobile phase is then forced through an immobile stationary phase. The sample is , .2= scf6t. Coal ' is considered to be to be Cuite undersaturated "58;# relative to the maximum gas capacity
iswarup 'khuli, !.(c. Petroleum )eosciences 2*
transported through the column "' narrow tube packed with stationary phase# by continuous addition of mobile phase ,this process is known as elution. )as chromatography is a type of chromatography in which the mobile phase is a carrier gas@ usually an inert gas such as helium or an unreactive gas such as nitrogen and stationary phase is a layer of liCuid or polymer on an inert solid support inside the column. The instrument used to perform gas chromatographic separation is called gas chromatograph. )as chromatography involves a sample being vapourised and in:ected into the column. The sample is transported through the column by the flow of inert gaseous mobile phase. The column itself contains liCuid stationary phase "gel fluid#. Instru.#ntal o.pon#nts 1. Carri#r /as0 The carrier gas must be chemically inert eg> nitrogen, helium, argan etc. The choice of carrier gas often depends upon the type of detectors which is used, for example> for TC3 "Thermal Conductivity 3etector, used for non&hydrocarbons# the carrier gas is nitrogen while for 1$3 "1lame $onization 3etector, used for hydrocarbons# hydrogen J air are used as carrier gas. The carrier gas is generated by generators.
-. Sa.pl# In(# tion "ort0 The sample is in:ected by in:ection syringe through a rubber septum into a vaporized port at the head of the column. The in:ector can be used in one of the two modes@ split or split less. The in:ector contains a heated chamber containing a glass liner into which the sample is in:ected through the septum. The carrier gas enters the chamber and can leave by three routes. The sample vaporizes to form a mixture of carrier gas. ' portion of this mixture passes into the column but most exit through the split outlet.
iswarup 'khuli, !.(c. Petroleum )eosciences 2-
1ig > The split 6 splitless in:ector &. Colu.ns0 There are two types of column@ packed and capillary "open#.Packed column contains a finely divided inert solid support material coated with liCuid stationary phase. Capillary columns have internal diameter few tens of millimeters. Capillary columns are of two types@ /all coated open tubular "/C?T#&$t consists of a capillary tube whose walls are coated with liCuid stationary phase. (upport Coated ?pen Tubular "(C?T#&$n it the inner wall of the capillaries lined with a thin layer of support material such as diatomaceous earth, onto which the stationary phase adsorbed. (C?T is generally less efficient than /C?T. The column temperature must be controlled within .=&2= degree centigrade. Column temp. depends upon the boiling point of the sample. *. 3#t# tors0 There are many detectors which can be used in gas chromatography. 3ifferent detectors give different type of selectivity. ' non&selective detector responds to all compounds except carrier gas, a selective detector responds to a range of compounds with common physical J chemical property and a specific detector responds to a single chemical compound. 3etectors can also be grouped into concentration dependent detector and mass flow dependent detector. The signal from concentration dependent detector is related to the concentration of solute in detectors. The sample is not destroyed in the process. !ass flow dependent detectors usually destroy the sample and signal is related to the rate at which solute molecules enter the detector.
iswarup 'khuli, !.(c. Petroleum )eosciences 2.
:.7
"orosit$ o% Coal Porosity is more difficult to define in the case of coal, where it constitutes a more or less
integral part of the coal structure. This is not exactly measurable. Porosity is the volume fraction of coal that may be occupied by a particular fluid. This includes everything from large fractures, visible to the unaided eye, down to intramolecular interstices beyond the resolution of the most powerful electron microscopes. Porosity is not a fixed property of coal, but varies for different molecular probes, all of which sorb to some degree on F$nternal surfacesG in the coal structure. Classi%i ation o% oal por#s0 )enerally coal has dual porosity i.e. micro pores "capillaries and cavities of molecular dimensions# and macroporosity "cracks, cleat, fissures, vacant cell limens in fusinite, etc.# (ome classifications of porosity of coal are given below. Classification based on size of pores> ?n the basis of size pores can be classified into three types. !icropores "M* nm# !esopores "*&2= nm#
!acropores "L2= nm#
Genetic classification: Coal pores may be grouped into a number of genetic categories. a# $ntramolecular porosity " occurring on an angstrom to nanometer scale #, b# Phyteral porosity "derived from plant precursors and occurring on the scale of microns to hundreds of microns#, b# Thermally generated pores "ranging up to tens of microns in dimensions#, c# 1ractured porosity "on the order of microns in width and ranging anywhere from microns up to meters in length and height#. Coal pores can be further classified into primary and secondary porosity. The primary pores are incorporated into the coal structure during deposition while secondary pores are formed during late stage of coalification Coal pore Classification (ystems
)enetic Classification
Primary pores (econdary Pores
iswarup 'khuli, !.(c. Petroleum )eosciences 22
!icropores "M* nm# !orphological Classification GGGGGG.. !esopores "*&2= nm# GGGGGG.. !acropores "L2=nm#
$ntermolecular $nterstices GGGGGG.
Thermally FdepluggedG pores GGGGGG.
GGGGGG. Phyteral Porosity
GGGGGG. 1ractural porosity J Thermal Pores
Classification of pores in coal. !orphological size divisions are based on )an et al.",<5*#, Qones et al.",<88# , 3ubinin ",<44# 1undamental $mportance of Porosity in Coal ed 9eservoirs. Porosity is the most critical fundamental characteristic of coal bed reservoirs. The bulk of the natural gas recoverable from coal bed reservoirs is stored in the micropore system@ and the macroporous network of fracture porosity provides the pathways through which reservoir fluids flow to the production well. ' good coalbed reservoir must provide both a well&developed, accessible micropore structure J well developed, unobstructed fracture porosity. Aimitations of the former will reduce the gas storage capacity of the reservoir, whereas limitations of the latter will adversely influence gas flow and production :.: "#r.#a'ilit$ o% oal Permeability of coal is very important for commercial flow rate of methane. Aike porosity, permeability also is not exactly measurable. $t is affected by many parameters, e.g. the freCuency of natural fractures, their interconnections, degree of fissure aperture opening, direction of butt cleat J face cleat, water saturation, burial depths J in&situ stresses. ' good reservoir has good permeability J the permeability of natural cleat system vary from impermeable to L,== md.Cleats are the fractures J :oints in coal seam which are formed as a result of coalification process. There are two mechanisms for the origin of cleat formation in coal. Endo/#n#ti l#at0 This is formed during the process of physical changes in the properties of
coal during the metamorphic process. Coal matter undergoes density changes and a decrease in its volume. These processes are associated with the changes in the internal stress system, compaction EBo/#n#ti and desiccation, and the formation of cleat planes. l#at0 This is formed as a result of the external stresses acting on the coal seam.
These include tectonic stresses, fluid pressure changesD folding and development of tensile stresses to which the coal seam is sub:ected during various time periods. ndogenetic cleats are normal to the bedding plane of coal and generally occur in pairs. There are at least two sets of near perpendicular fractures that intersect the coal to form an interconnected network throughout a coal&bed. These two fracture systems are known as face and butt cleats. The shorter butt cleat normally terminates at a face cleat, which is the prominent type of cleat as can be seen in the ad:oining figure.
Coals with bright lithotype layers, with a high percentage of vitrinite macerals, have greater amount of cleats than dull coals. Common understanding is that cleats are formed due to the effects of the intrinsic tensile force! fluid pressure! and tectonic stress. "he intrinsic tensile force arises from matri# shrin$age of coal! and the fluid pressure arises from h%drocarbons and other fluids &ithin the coal. These two factors are considered to be the reasons for endogenetic cleat formation.
3ehydration J devolatilization wood (hrinkage utt cleat
1ace cleat 1ormation of cleat system ?n the other hand, the tectonic stress is regarded as extrinsic to cleat formation and is the ma:or factor that controls the geometric pattern of cleats. 1ace cleats extend in the direction of maximum in situ stress, and butt cleats extend in the direction of minimum in situ stress which existed at the time of their formation. This is why regular cleats are formed in face and butt pairs. $n general three sets of cleats are present in coal> face, butt and sometimes curviplanar cleat direction, which intersect both face and butt cleat as shown in the 1igure.
1ig. Curviplanar cleat
Cleat spacing generally influences coal bed methane permeability. Cleat spacing is related to rank, petrographic composition, mineral matter content, bed thickness, and tectonic history. $n general at any given rank, closer cleat spacing is associated with brighter coal, less mineral matter and thinner beds. This correlation means that most medium and low volatile coals will have good permeability if cleats are open. Permeability can be low to nonexistent in semi anthracite and anthracite coals because of the destruction of the cleat. !ineral fillings in cleat may also lead to low permeability. $f a large proportion of the cleats are filled, absolute permeability may be extremely low. !#asur#.#nt o% "orosit$ H "#r.#a'ilit$ in Coal0 Porosity is the proportion of the total volume which can be occupied by water, helium or some similar probe molecule. Porosity is Picnometer. /e take a core sample of 8G "length#. /e exert the two type of pressure on coal@ one is confining pressure "to hold the core# and another is in:ection pressure "should not exceed the confining pressure#. /e pass the helium gas or water through the core sample. ' drop in pressure is recorded by which we can determine the pore volume with the help of computer Permeability is determined by whole coal permeameter. $t is also used in porosity determination also. /e exert confining pressure as well as in:ection fluid "by distilled water#./e allow the gas or water to flow through the coal sample. The rate of flow of gas or water is determined and after that permeability is determined with the help of computer system. y this method exact porosity and permeability is not determined <. Su..ar$ o% sp# i%i options %or utili9ation o% Coal1'#d .#than# %ro. .in#s
a. "ow#r G#n#ration & C ! can be ideal fuel for co&generation Power plants to bring in higher efficiency and is preferred fuel for new thermal power plant on count of lower capital investment and higher operational efficiency. '. Auto Fu#l in %or. o% Co.pr#ss#d Natural Gas 4CNG5 & C+) is already an established clean and environment friendly fuel. 3epending upon the availability of C !, this could be a good end use. 7tilization of recovered C ! as fuel in form of C+) for mine dump truck is a good option.
iswarup 'khuli, !.(c. Petroleum )eosciences 2<
. F##d sto k %or F#rtili9#r % !any of the fertilizer plants in the vicinity of coal mines where coal&bed methane is drained have started utilizing fuel oil as feedstock for its cracker complex. d. Us# o% CB! at St##l "lants 1 last furnace operations use metallurgical coke to produce
most of the energy reCuired to melt the iron ore to iron. (ince coke is becoming increasingly expensive, in the countries where C ! is available, the steel industry is seeking low&capital options that reduce coke consumption, increase productivity and reduce operating costs. #. Fu#l %or Industrial Us# & $t may provide an economical fuel for a number of industries like cement plant, refractory, steel rolling mills etc. %. CB! us# in !#thanol produ tion & !ethanol is a key component of many products. !ethanol and gasoline blends are common in many countries for use in road vehicles. 1ormaldehyde resins and acetic acid are the ma:or raw material in the chemical industry, manufactured from methanol. /. Oth#r us#s & esides above, option for linkages of coal&bed methane produced by coal mines, through cross country pipe lines may be considered.
iswarup 'khuli, !.(c. Petroleum )eosciences 4=
<. REFERENCE Th# %ollowin/ t#Bt'ooks and (ournals w#r# o% i..#ns# h#lp durin/ th# pr#paration o% this r#port0 1. T#Bt 'ook o% oal G#olo/$I 3. Chandra -. T#Bt 'ook o% oal G#olo/$I C.R. +ard &. T#Bt 'ook o% oal G#olo/$I 3a)is *. Coal "#trolo/$I Stat h #tal. 7. Coal d#positsI 3i#s#l :. Coal .inin/ in IndiaI S.". !athur <. Coal Out'urstI R.3. La.a E. Coal T#Bt'ookI Orhan Fural <. +#'sit#s0 www./oo/l#. o.in www.s i#n #dir# t. o. www.s i#n #li'rar$. o. www.answ#r. o.
iswarup 'khuli, !.(c. Petroleum )eosciences 4,

Coal Bed Methane

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Coal Bed Methane

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TOTAL CBM SOLUTION INDIA PVT LTD

COAL BED METHAN

!n", N#$ D#%&'-110070

iswarup 'khuli, !.(c. Petroleum )eosciences

4.4 Permeability 7tilization of C ! 9eference

LIST OF FIGURES (l.+o. 3etails of figure

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2) Coal Reserves in India

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1ig. -> C ! blocks in $ndia

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Coal sur%a # !#than# in Fr## /as stat#

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"#r)asi)#l$ Fra tur#d R#s#r)oir R#lationship wat#r

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Coalbed methane drainage

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1igure showing different types of casing.

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Su k#r rod pu.p 4SR"5

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!#thods o% CB! "ot#ntialit$

Non 2 =olatil# r#sidu#

'(T! Proximate 'nalysis

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Cumm. desorbed gas (cc)

50111 50211 52111

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P Iacuum )as Ient P P P P

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vacuum lines are opened.

regulator on the gas cylinder.

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Iolume 'dsorbed "cc6gm#

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Si/ni%i an # o% adsorption isoth#r.0

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