Dynamika slovnej zsoby Dynamics of vocabulary Vocabulary (1. Prednka, 19. !.

. 9" = slovn zsoba = storage, vocabulary system, lexicon = is stock of words in particular language #$%& '$() *+ ,$&-.$-/0 The main task of language is communication (exchanging of info) 1ules of /n2.0 S t y l i s t i c s !exicology "rammar #honetics The language is system of levels$subsystem which are interlinked The lavels are phonetical, grammatical and lexical !evels of %ngl & =' P3one4ic level =' -ramma4ical levels subsystem (independent) =' ,e5ical levels vocabulary, items (semantics independent) (ow are differences between phonetic, grammatical and lexical levels) 6 7 i4 is closed sys4em 67 seman4ic level o8en sys4em The language is system of lexical, semantic interdependent items& collcations, phrases, fixed expressions, idioms and multiword verbs. %4ems =' stock of words (zsoba slov) * phrase verbs, collocations (slovn+ spo,enia) ( f e look forward to, idioms, multi-word verbs, and others ) Vocabulary =' is open system (it means adapt to condition) (m./me pritvori0, zmeni0, popr1pade vytvori0 2al3ie) %very language is constantly changing with compounding, derivations etc 4ll items are organized in special ways formally or semantically according to some rules into mirosystems +ormally * word may be related to all other words which have the some root 5 e & act * actor * active * action * acting * activity * actin create * creative * creation * creativity * creator (eman4ically * word may be related to all other words which words its meaning is a part 5 e & woman * female * girl * miss * lady * daughter * mother * husband * wife * girlfriend * mistress - in this way each item may be the centre the special group 5 e & 6f 6 say mother * its react husband * father or mother child * son or daughter grandparents * grandmother or grandfather siblings * brother or sister grandchild * grandson or granddaughter, uncles or aunts These words may be different from language to language 9ord and i4s meanin2 /54ra lin2uis4ic reali4y - is processed in its essential features by human consciousness as a concept(po,em) ( tzm prebieha vo va3om 7udskom vedom1) '3e essen4ial fea4ures =' are those that 6 needed for an effective communication between users of a particular language This mental capturing (zachytenie) of the reality * the abstraction called concept forms nuclear (,adro) of the lexical meaning ( ,adro v8znamov+ho slovesa), in cognitive meaning also no as denotation (kognit1vny * pomenovan8 po,em) :once84 changes development of means knowledge of the world The range of the concept is different in the child and in the adult ( 5 e & illeterative (negramotn8)and educative) %n i4s /ssen4ials =' the concept remains the same f e & water * is water for child and also for adult 9hild understands by the water basically the same things as the scientist :hile the concept of the unit of thinking is the term of psychology meaning (concept) is linguistic

Differences be4;een 43e ;ord and 43e i4em of e54ra lin2uis4ic reali4y and be4;een 43e form and i4s con4en4& - is no direct relationship - :ords are not named (nepomenovva) - ;ther words do not signify the ob,ect, they only refer to them - The word does not reflect reality, the acoustic form of the word is not the sound of image of ob,ect(zvukov stopa) to which refers, that is why the same thing can be called <uite differently in the different languages f e & obloha * sky * himmel, dom * house * (aus '3e namin2 of 43e objec4 is based on the convention (dohoda), the naming is arbitrary =ome elements of the extra linguistic reality have no parallel in the other lang community f e & bryndzov+ halu3ky * shipcheese, parenica, o3tipok, korb>iky * cheese, vala3ka, lango3, ? '3ere are cases 4aken 43e iden4ical e54ra lin2uis4ic reali4y is analyzed and named various lang communities differently !anguages rarely give up the world exactly same way f e & noha * leg, foot cousin * bratranec, sesternica ruka * arm, hand prsty * fingers, toes '3e ran2e of 43e meanin2 of each word make cover concept in different way f e & eat - :e have @ same word people eat meet = eat grass =' (;A;#(;B%=$ (;A;BCA= Defini4ion of ;ord (,/</#/" =' as one of the fundamental unit of language, has many different aspect& - 6t is the se<uence phonemes - 6t is the arrangements (higher unit-morpheme) of morpheme (morphological structure) #or83olo2ical s4ruc4ure of 43e le5eme - occurs several forms& - !exeme = synonym of word - 6t may have one or more meaning - :ord is an combination of sounds ( rarely single sounds) or its representation in writing that symbolize communicate meaning (graphical form in writing) - 6t is not the divisible (nedeliteln8) unit of independent use, also linguistics would usually is it further morpheme !exeme also called lexical item, lexical unit 6t can mean @ differing& 1. The word realizes several morphological words are taken version of the one dictionary verb as forms verb do bare infinitive conventional situation (uvedenie) f e & do * did * done, go * goes * going * gone !. The words composed in structure f e & te3i0 sa * look forward to $no43er classifica4ion of ;ords is0 D +ull meanin2 ;ords (all content words) @ -ramma4ical ;ords (function word, structure, form words) =$(%: +/$'.1/( *+ ,/</#/ (9ord" ( !. Prednka, !>. !. 9" $, %4s conven4ional c3arac4er (be?ne zau?@vanA" =, $ 4endency 4o ;ords universali4y $, %4s conven4ional c3arac4er The conventionality of the naming unit - by this term which mean that the phonic structure of a warning unit is not conditioned by the items (prvok) of extra linguistic reality to which it refers (ku kt sa via/e) E it is matter of agreement and conven4ion excepted by the members of given community and then obligatory for all members of they want to understand another Fifferent language communities may have different conventions and stressing different features of an ob,ect The conventional character of lexeme is not completly arbitrary, the structural composition of any new lexeme is also determined by the structural make up of the lexeme semantically related to it and already existing in the language E

everybody note write-writer-writing-writing paper play-player-playing-play card er * pod name er * gerundium, ? 2 word = new word play card, writing paper, swimming pool, ? 4s rule only those new words are admitted in to the language 6n such forms which do not contradict the regularities of the language =ometimes conventional character may be limited, it especially in the expression which imitated natural sounds of noises and influenced by the extra linguistic reality f e & * imitate of the noise burr,buzz Gut it is not uniform in all languages& HohIt * kikirik1 * in %nglisch chachadododo$cock-doodle-do, #es * hI hI * bou bou, Jvon * bim bam * ding dong MOTIVATION 6n there exist relationship between phonic and structural Aake up of a word (lexeme) and its meaning we speak about mo4iva4ion 6t there is no relation and can say speak about non-motivated. 6f there are the same similarities between the sound of the fact of reality and the word we speak phonetical motivation 6f the morphematic structure suggests the idea or meaning of the word we speak about of morphological motivation f e & reorganization, rethink, rewrite, retell = same prefix prefix re - = suggest the idea of doing something again 6n 9s the meaning is based on individual meaning of the compound f e & room-class = classroom, country-side = countryside 4ir-port = airport, play-ground = playground =epriword greenhouse * hothouse, glasshouse = same 6f there are relationship between newer or transform meanings and older or direct meaning we speak about semantic motivation. f e & Kstie rieky * mouth of the river, (odinov ru>i>ka * head of the clock$watch, (lvkov kapusta * head of cabbage =, $ 4endency 4o ;ords universali4y 4s a rule lexeme cannot name individual facts or the ob,ects :e must do certain abstraction based on principals so as to correspond approximately universal concepts f e & chair * ob,ect * L legs * kind of shop * furniture shop, function * for sitting, irrespective * bez oh7adu na ve7kos0, material, shape, color, size, ? Mniversal name is allways result of abstraction of the sound level, which can be different in various languages f e & leg of term for some abstraction need of necessarily is <ualified for the fact 6n some languages (some fiels) but they leg in some others meal, food, sport, ? To lexeme include * may be regards as the sign which conventionally determined in arbitrarily, by the hole process of its development and build up according to (lexeme may be) existing patterns of elements already existing in language ! 'BP/( *+ 9*1D #/$&%&1. Grammatical meaning (non-morphological meaning) 2. Lexical meaning -ramma4ical meanin2 #art of speech ( slovn+ druhy in %nglish ) * is component express by inflectional endings (ob8bacie pr1pony)grammatical devices f e & word order * slovesn8 druh, the words * houses, pens through denoting different ob,ect have something in common This common element of the word (expressed by the endings *s is plural) *

grammatical meaning of plurality 6t is part of meaning which varies from one inflectional form to another, the meaning by the word forms the meaning of the relationship manifested not in the word itself but in its formal grammatical part
:e have named plural es& D #lural @ =imple press

N"enitive (possesive case) * f e & Aonikas mother, students room Bumber, tense, possessive case ,e5ical meanin2 ( C. Prednka, D. C. 9" "rammatical meaning of practical point of view& 9omparing word forms of one or the same word we find out that there is another component of meaning- identical in all forms of the word i e the meaning of the base or root 6n a set of inflectional forms e g go- goes- going- gone- went- in this case component denoting the process of movement (do- process of activity) this is the le5ical meanin2= the component of meaning proper to the word as a linguistic unit, i e recurrent in all forms of this word The lexical and grammatical meanings make up the word meaning as neither can exist without the other !exical meaning may be traditionally analyzed further or including denotational and conotational components Fenotation sometimes called cognitive meaning, semantic nuclear, sense ;ne of the function of words is to denote things, concepts, etc To denote means to serve as a name for an ob,ect This reference to identical ob,ects making communication possible and based under relation of the word to extra- lingual reality (not depending on the context) is known as deno4a4ive meanin2 or deno4a4ion. 6t is the basic dictionary meaning of a word 6t is relatively stable and usually consists of a finite set of described features of meanings The @ component of lexical meaning is connotative meaning- connotation- supplementary meaning, i e optional, attitudinally and emotional factors that a word suggests or implies 6t includes the associations and emotions that surround a word- emotive charge and element of emotive evaluation, expressing emotional expressive evaluative overtone which may be neutral, positive and negative D/&*'$'%*& $&D :*&*'$'%*& Fenotational and conotational meaning (zkladn8 a ved7a,31 v8znam slova) Deno4a4ion * sl Fenote, sometimes called ? of the function of the words meant to denote meanings, to serve as a name for a ob,ect This reference to identical ob,ect making communicate possible, and based on the relation of the word to extralinguliar reality (not depending on the context) Fenotation as denotive meaning or denotation - it is based dictionary meaning of the word 6t is relatable stable Msually consist of finite set (kone>n8) of the concrete features of meanings f e & do * dose * did :onno4a4ion - The second component of the lexical meaning * also supplementary meaning (dodatkov+, doplkov+) ;ptional attitudinal and emotional features a word suggest or implies 9onotational meaning * include dissociation (we are human, dog * doggy * prifarben+ slov) and its emotion that surround %motive charge (nbo,) and element of emotive evolution (expressing emotional expressive evaluative overtone) which may be neutral, positive and negative :ords differ not only in their emotive charge but their stylistic characteristic =ome words are used in certain situation distinct identical denotational meaning Aay be, words are neutral bookish but some are stylistically maged Their stylistic value may be formal, informal, poetic, slang, taboo and special stylistic branches technologies, areas special word * technical words

Ouestion of word meaning is connected also re --- to combine whit other words :ord can be all usually collocating only with certain words 6f we want master a language property we should know what words language are mostly likely occur together, ai what are the typical collocation #hrasal verbs& prepositions, adverbs, articles, pronouns, f e afraid of, graduate from, keen on, found of, good at, interested in, ? :*,,*:$'%*&( (ome lin2uis4ic s8eak abou4 seman4ically, le5ical, 2ramma4ical colloca4ions. 1. -ramma4ical : consists of dominant (lexical words) grammatical words 9ontent words full meaning words f e & graduate from * promu,em na graduated from * promovala som interested in, good, bound at * dobr8 v nie>om ferned of, keen on * horliv8 na nie>o :e can express why !. ,e5ical : consist of at least (prina,men3om, aspoP) @ e<ual lexical components f e & do shopping make a call getting tired do homework make a mistake getting married do washing up make a noise getting dark do me a fave The tendency to co-occurans (opatovn8, vz,omn8) ai The way in some words are e<ually collocate so we have f e & blond hair, blond girl "reat Gritain, great story, great amount of something Tall boy, tall building (igh mountain, (igh Tatra, high salary =ome 9s are predictable, other are so widely usded that have predictable collocate at all 9s 5 e & have, get, be !anguage differ 9s * f e & in % we can say have a spoke have a rain, have a traffic, but not strong =iln8 prudk8 d/d heavy rain, heavy traffic =arcastic * u3tipa>n8 =hallow skin deep povrchn8 susficial 9atch a straw chytat sa slamky 4 drop in the bucket kvapka v mori #oint where with goes to height * foot of hik 9ronyQs buddy kamo3 Fiminicatice tiny, drobn8 1/,$'%*&, #/$&%&- $&D 9*1D E*#*&B#( (Es" *1 P*,B(/#$&'%: 9( Es or 8olyseman4ic ;ords *' words have more than one meaning *' multiple meaning 6n these term we use describe symbol word with several different but closely relative meaning or the relation among different meanings of one lexeme The ma,ority of words are polysemantic words f e & a polysemi is ad, big & big town * na pamati space, spacious- roz7ahl+, Tall tree * high tree (a, do v83ky a, do 31rky), 4dult boy * big boy, #opulative * numerous , Gig boss * chief 9onsiderable difference * ,edn sa o velk8 rozdiel (D.8rednka 19. C. 9" #olysemantic words may be viewed sync3ronically and diac3ronically $, (ync3ronically -' we study and understand polysemi as the coexistence of various meaning of the same words as the certain period #olysemi in general * various meaning of the same words 4ll of the enterrelated possible meaning shades of meaning, emotional coloring and stylistic peculiarities

(vlastnosti) of the polysemantic words of the language form is semantic structure which is rarely identical in different languages =, Diac3ronically *' polysemi is connected with changes in the semantci structure of the individual words 4s the words may written its (podr/a0, udr/at si) its previous meaning at the same time ac<uire new one, we are considered here with the relation between the old and new meaning 4i between primary and derived meaning (odveden8) 5 e & head * leader of group, part of the body * primary meaning (ead expression as the head of the procession * pro,ect * derived meaning :ords are polysemantic only in the language 6n actual utterance (in speech) they occur only in one meaning, and it is the context, that makes the concrete meaning of the word clear, f e & head & D 6t consist him his head #art of body @ The horse won by a head measure N 4t the head of the page introductory Fean hic is head of faculty 4s R the head of nail top pact leader * different language similaries 4t the head of the page :ho is the head of our faculty) (eadline or bold introductory The head of the nail Fekan * deen, rektor * rector, kone>n1k * rectom (ome meanin2s are clear ;i43ou4 any con4e54 swan as when words are used in isolation, o43ers are determined by 43e con4e54 9ontext may be lin2uis4ic, le5ical or 2ramma4ical or : of s8eec3 si4ua4ion ,e5ical : or the meaning by colocation (zdru/enie slov) The identification comes from groups elements with which word is used 1 5 e & (eavy with things of great weight (eavy thing study * heavy, hard studies difficulties !.with natural phenomena storm cold , frost, rain strong weather, heavy weather C with a doer (>initela) f e & chain, heavy = synonymum #retty * woman, teacher, mess 4nother word for face * profile (andsome price * pri,ate7n suma (andsome sum of money * pri,ateln ceni>ka Tick * sickline sick layer thick ice * thick forest (ust8 * dents Thick * hair x neexistu,e heavy hair (air * ako vlasy, vlas, chlp, chlpy Take * take a pen, take a peace of paper, take a bus, take a car (6n slovak * podozrenie z krde/e) Different language communities may stress different features and used different context word such as: 4s like as two peases #odoba0 sa ako va,ce va,cu 6n healthy as fit as a fidl 4s bold as an egg #le3at8 ako koleno Frink like the fish #i,e ako dIha -ramma4ical and syn4ac4ical : is when the meaning determined by the syntactical structure, that is the grammatical structure of the 9 serves determine various meaning of a polysemantic word f e & make * synonym * do, only in =lovak, in %nglish create, produce (as process, to force someone) make their student behave correctly

make use study 6 hope you will make good english teacher (as became) =hill make a good wife :on4e54 of s8eec3 si4ua4ion * there are cases when the meaning is determined by the actual speech situations * physical 9 5 e & @ different definition give somebody a ring 4, To call somebody * 9all me please G, :edding ring * metal, gold, platinum ring 6mportant is =6TM4T6;B Concreate poly emnantic !or" # $OMON%M The problem of polysemi versus homonymi rises the <uestion& f e & :here is the bold the line between the different meanings of the word and the meanings of two homonyms words (rovnov8znamov+) #edagog * u>ite7, psycholSg, rodi>, >len s dobr8mi vz0ahmi M>ite7 * len u>ite7 :hen @ or more words are identical in sound but different in meaning and distinction they are called words iden4ical 3omonyms - Tovnako zne,I, s in8m v8znamom The criteria neccesary to different sheet between different meanings of one word and the meaning of the two words may be 0 (>. 8rednka !>. C. 9" D -ra83ical Es * if we have graphical (s we can write, we have different spelling f e & piece, peace bee * to be die * dye mail * male night * knight @ (eman4ic Es * there is no connection between nouns meanings f e & race * as competion, as kind of people light * opposite of heavy, as bright seal * animal, official mark on develops, tax spring * prameP, pru/inka N Dis4ribu4ional Es * re<uires personal pronoun to prede them f e & saw * a saw - p1lka, p1li0, to see * vidie0 nose * part of face, knows book * resource, study can * kind of, modal Traditionally we have @ recognized types of (s& D Es 8ro8er * identical in sound and spelling and different meaning f e & fair * blonde, trh mean * meaning of : bank * institution, part of the river @ Eomo83ones * only sound, different meaning and different spelling f e & girl are fair, low fair * n1zke nklady male - v3eobecne v3etky graphical They are similar to prepositional (s =ome :s are (s in all their forms * +ull Es f e & race, races, spring, springs or in some :s of the form * Parcial Es f e & to know, knows, sea, seas, sees - plural podoba, aby to bolo s N osobou ,ednotn+ho >1slo

- parcial * len ur>it8 typ $cordin2 4o 43e 4y8es of meanin2 Es can be classified0 D ,e5ical Es * different in lexical meaning f e & march * as month, march * walked sun * in the sky, son * for parents die, dye @ 2ramma4ical Es * difference is can fined in grammatical meaning f e & 6 asked 6 was asked @ !ecixo-grammatical (s (word-class (s) f e & to play, a play - can be @ types& aF ;i43ou4 any seman4ic rela4ion be4;een 43em. f e & to rose, a rose bF difference in 43eir 2ramma4ical meanin2 and 8ar4ly differen4 in 43eir le5ical meanin2. f e & to love, a love * meaning (odli3n8 v8znam, ale len tro3ka) to answer, an answer 6n discussion of (s we come across :s They are some related to (s but called homographs, ai :s different in sound, phones and meaning but accidently identical in spelling f e & lead, to lead * same spelling l1d, lead * spelling led tears * t1rrs (slza) * to tear te&r bow * bou, bow * bau * Iklon row, row * rau polish * polish * pouli3 Paronymy and Eomonym (s should not be confused with #s #s words related (rozli>n zmena zvuku, not identical) to some phoune and meanings but infect different in meaning and usage and only mistakenly interchangeable 6ngenius * domyseln8 7udia 6ngenous * Iprimn8 >l effeck * ovplyvni0 I>inok, affect - zaI>inkovat !ose * h8bat, lose (B&*&B#( =emantically =s are :s that can be classified according to their meanings (mono, polysemantic :s) :ords may be also be related - 'according to their similarities and differences between their meaning& synonyms, antonyms (opposites) :s 6n addition of context& we are usually stylistic, emotional or their differences to consider Thus in broader sense we can speak about similarity or identity of denotational meaning (ved7a,31 v8znam slova) =s are :s with the same or nearly the same denotational meaning and may be interchangeable at least in some context they often differ in their conotational meaning and collocations (ability to combine) 6t means that they are groups that share a general meaning, but on close of exception reveal stylistic, emotional or some conceptual differences and may be interchangeable only in limited number of contexts -

=ome linguists say that =s occur partial never complete there are few absolute identical =s Aost =s are partial as we have said in the different meaning of synonymic :s concern stylistic or emotional coloring they are termed as stylistic =s * groups of :s having identical denotation but different connotation f e & spinster * single woman seek * look for 6n their difference in shate of meaning, we speak about idiographics =s f e & stuck * zdatn8 fat * plound * bacu7at8 strange * od kveer smile =ometimes :s * similar meaning are used in different grammatical patterns& f e & ro rob a bank * vylIpit banku, steel money from a bank * ukradol peniaze answer the letter reply to me * odpovedat recommend that odporu>i0 advised to me 4 common denotational meaning asociates :s into synonymic pair or series (set of groups) Boun * substatick 5it * skinig, slim, under weight * podvy/iven8, slander zo3t1hlen8 4sk * re<uire, <uestion, interrogave, guing The number of :s have a dominat : which is generraly the most important one (G. 8rednka !. H." 6n polysemi :s each meaning has the different antonym and one : can have several synonys and antonyms f e & wealth * poverty (=), wond (nIdza)(only proper nouns), distitution (bieda) $&'*&B#( N types of antonyms& (6n T%=T) D 2radable * sometimes we called contrarily 4s, they can be graded and can be modified with at :s very adverb - very much, slightly #;J;T& mo/me poveda0 very cold * very hot, Uery proud- very shamed, (amble * proud to 9old * hot , "ood * bad, (igh * low, Tall * short @ com8lemen4ary * also called contradictory, which express either, or relationship f e & father -mother natural * artificial absent * present absence * presence truth * lie born * N '3e denial is not only negative in sence, it can have as certain positive sence too =moker * nonsmoker The derivatives with prefixes in an-, non-, dis-, inusually not ratid as 4s but as negatives :s Geginners * advanced 6n some cases they are avalable both a negative :s and real 4s =ingle * married =ingle * unmarried %asy * difficult * uneasy &e2a4ion in / can also be e58ress by means of D 43e noun lack (lack of something) f e & lack of you interest

!. suffi5 less homeless, hopeless, painless C. adjec4ive free shop * duty free, tax free, sugar free, cholesterol free, nuclear free, caffee free, ked/ free issing positive !s * the positive item may be sometimes missing (Bemme to v proch ) Freamless sleep = bezsenn noc, Bame less = bezmenn Tieto slov nema,I 4s pr D/1%V$'%*& ($+%<$'%*&" ( V predn3ka DW XL XY)

:ord = it is the small meaningful unit of part of speech, which consist of morfeme 6f we want derivate word * we must know about morfeme - Deriva4ion are 8rocesses of formin2 (buildin2" ne; ;ords 5 e & 6 walk to school 6 go for walk ? #*1PE/#%: $&$,B(%( *+ 9*1D :s can be derivate into inline :s Aorpheme = occur only with other word :ord = part of speech Cla i&ication o& M * 5ree As and Goudn As As can be divided and can be occur only with other word independently, only sometimes are (s with word and then f e & girl = is morpheme and also word ((s-free morpheme) * we call free As Gound As * use only with another A, ma,ority of %ngligh against free As Another cla i&ication o& M * Toot and 4fixational As Toot As - The basic common elements of :s * their lexical centres within a word family are called Toot As 4nother lin<uistic element attached to the root at the beginning or at the end 4fixational As & 4fixes can also be divided according to their function :e have discuss about& D Ferivation @ 4ffflectional function * afixes, suffixes, diferent ws 5unction of building :s * new forms of the :s 5 e & 4ct * active act * acting act * actor "ccording to the number of s can differ use (!atin prefix)& 1. #onomor83emic 9s (root :s, root A) !. Polimor83emic 9s (derivated :s) including a root 5 e ;ne or more derivational As * prefix, sufix * together it is possible, f e & unhappy, happily = unhappily C.:om8ound 9s * including at least @ roots 9an be written as one : f e & without, aircraftman :e can discuss about f e & Aother-in-law * it is compund :, cant be isolated !. Polimor83emic 9s '3e 9ord +orma4ion of 8rocess of buildin2 9 * Gy means of existing elements of %nglish according to certain patterns and rules : formatin * is forming new :s, grammatical patters (rules), special rules which help us forming new :s :e distinguish& D Princi8al 8rocesses of 9 forma4ion * a) afixation, b)compunding, c) conversion (f e & orange as furit, orange as color) @ #iner 8rocesses * process forming new :s as babysitting * new : is babysiter, televison * Tv 5orming of abrivation = shorten :s 0 a" s3or4enin2 b" =lendin2 (spl8vanie) * ob,ect * spelling obd/ekt, obd/ikt, for for a walk-prechdza0 sa, go walk 3pac1rova0, record * as platna record, as album ricord

c" =ackforma4ion * tvorenie nov8ch, modern8ch slov * sitcom (sit, comedy), tvz shit Zof stress * nov+ slov in8m sp.sobom tvoren+, in+ metody vytvorenia slova s in8m v8znamom Deriva4ion (afi5a4ion" * process of building new :s by adding establish prefixes and fuxes (afixation) f e & common, usual, general 6n the study (theory) of 4f is important to take consideration the following problem we have to realise that& - A& ha'e their o!n meaning& (#r1pona m vlastn8 v8znam ) $, $( Polyseman4ic suffi5es0 f e& -er *doer, teacher, singer, runner, painter, swimmer, also boiler, mixer, opener Bew yorker, !ondoner, shoemaker, handmaker, hater (klobI>nik), hairdresser D (omeone ;3o does some43in2 (niekto nie>o rob1, bez oh7adu na pohlavie) * dancer, smoker, worker, killer #ozor * nemo/me cook prida0 *er * preto/e slovo cooker * znamen in =l 3pork - not agent, 5, A @ (ome43in2 43a4 does some43in2 (nie>o >o nie>o rob1) * boiler, mixer, cooker, opener N (omeone ;3o make some43in2 (niekto >o nie>o tvor1, vyrba) * hater, hairdresser, shoemaker, wachtmaker L (omeone ;3o lives or comes from * !ondoner, villager, prisoner =, $( (ynomyms& =uffixes may be also as synomyms * f e *er doctor * actor * violenist * vy,adru,e >inite7a - hood * partnerhood, neighbourhood - ship * friendship, relationship, intership, kindship (.+%<$'%*& (synonym I deriva4ion" - #osition belong to noun and ad,ective (adverb) * is characterized by noun and ad,ective - Msually changes not only lexical meaning of : but also grammatical meaning and part of speech (: classes) f e & bake * baker, class * clasify, loud * loudly - #omocou sufixation vytvrame nov8 slovn8 druh - : can be modify in the meaning and changed from one part of speech to another f e & hope * hopeless, arrive * arrived, arrival the proces of sufixation produces of changes of stress and sound in the : (are pronunced different) f e & origin * original (other pronunciation), democrat (demo-crat) * democraty (di-mo-craty) &umerous ;ays of clasifica4on of 43e sufi5es and linJuis4ic li4era4ure (all lan2ua2es"0 -or = actor, doctor -ess = waitress, hostess -er,-eer = pioneer, teacher -ist= pionist, scientist -ty = society, liberty "d#ective suffixes: -al = educational - less, - full = hopeless, paintfull, homeless -able = comfortable -like = weatherlike, childlike, biznisslike -fy = classify -ize = characterize -ation= organization, classification -en = prolengthen, shapen "dverbs $ not only $ly: -wice = crosswice (naprie>), clockwice (smer hodinov8ch ru>i>iek)

P1/+%<$'%*& Msually changes of concretizes lexical meaning of the : and only rarely its :s class f e & smoker * nonsmoker are used to form new :s 5 e & large - ? , carriage * rich may be derivate into its group of negative or opositional :s D B%"4T6U%& f e & -un = happy-unhappy, fair-unfair, pack-unpack - ill = legal-illegal, literal-illiteral - dis = disagree, disability - im = possible-impossible, moral-immoral, patien-impatient - a = (from !atin) moral * amoral, typical-atypical, political-apolitical @ #;==6T6U% * light or lowerdegree, measure and size& f e & super- = supernatural, superman, superwoman (yper- = hyperactive, hypercritical, over- = overcoat, overtime N Tepetion or making its possible& re- = recycle, rewrite, renew L :e express time and place or relation& post- = postpone (the meeting) 6nter- = interplanetary, intercontinental %x- = (,,ex[- is opposite of ,,post-\)exhusband, exboyfriend, exrelation R 4 numeral relation& mono- = monotransitive, monophones, monotone Gi- = bilateral, bilabial, bisexual, bi-monthly (dvo,mesa>n1k), bilingual 4uto- = autobiography, autosugestion, automatical, autonomical Aulti- = multicultural, multiple, multivitamin, multilevel, multimedia C.:om8ound 9s - may be approved study different points of view, diachronically compunding (or composition) process of building new :s !. =$(%: 1**'(0 1. sync3ronically (8oin4 of vie;" * 9: is a : consisting of @ or more bases roots 5 e & mother-inlaw - some :s taken from history are not 9: - they have same structure f e & breakdown, babysit, passer-by (okoloidIci), ? - synchronically we take consideration these facts& $, :orela4ion be4;een ! elemen4s& the criteria distingues 9: from the : group are phonetical, graphical and semantic 9 may be characterize by =' inseparability (m./me roz>leni0) * it cannot be interapted by another : =emantic unity * its unity of morphologic and syntactic functioning =emantical and graphical frames, however, sue boardline between 9: and :group is B;Talways clearcut 5 e & clearup 5rom the artonographical point of view them are no hard and fast rules of spelling in %ng 4 9w may be written as& ;B% :;TF (C#(%B4T%F =%#4T4T%F @ :;TF= 9lassmate, handsome mother-in law, fast food, flower pot (kvetin>) "oodlooking, gentleman tax - free -

#ickpocket (vreckov8 zlode,) :e distinguish compounds with these structures& D 4d, ] B = blackboard, gentleman, hothouse @ B ] 4d, = dutyfree, snowwhite, worldwide N B ] B = newspaper, toothache L 4d, ] 4d, = anglo-saxon, bittersweet, widespread, easy-going R U ] B = playboy, pickpocket W B ] U = it is formed by G49H5;TA4T6;B = babysit, housekeep, daydream ^ 4dv ] 4d, $ participle = never-ending, everlasting, well-known, underdeveloped 4nother consideration from the point of view synchrony are G, Autual relations of the components of a 9:& 9omponents of a 9s may be ,oined together and classified& ( accor"ing to the type o& compo ition) %. !ithout connecting elements @ !ith linking elements (except for the hyphen)& we distinguish 6 Uowel and consonant& sportsman, nowadays, handicraft, speedometer, statesman 66 #repositions and con,unctions (called phrasal 9)& mother-in law, matter of fact, good for nothing, bread and butter, ham and eggs ( accor"ing to the tr*ct*re or "i&&erent !ay o& compo*n"ing !e "i ting*i h) D Simple &s (consisting of non-derived bases)& shop window, team work, workshop @ Derivational &s (one base is derived)& goal keeper, happy ending, black eyed, big eyed, airsickness N &s with a & base& aircraft, soft sexfilm L &s with at least one clipped 'shortened( base& sci-fi, U-day (victory day), B-bomb (nuclear), Tshirt, (i-5i, :i-5i ( accor"ing to the type o& relation hip +et!een component ) D &oordinative &s& bases are e<ual& skyscraper @ )eduplicative &s& far far away
3. Subordinate Cs: blackboard, software

:onversion The process of coining new words in a different word class without adding any derivative elements is called conversion (zero-derivation, root formation, functional change, and shift". 4s a result the new words are homonymous and grammatically different 9onversion is one of the principal ways of forming words in modern %nglish 4s a type of word- formation it exists in various languages Aonosyllabic words- words of a simple morphological structure 9onversion from derived words is rare =ometimes it is only the context that shows whether a word is to be taken as a noun, verb, or ad,ective The ma,or types of conversion are& D The formation of verbs from nouns & saw- to saw, hand-to hand They are rarely formed from other parts of speech& dry- to dry, clean- to clean @ N The formation of nouns from verbs& to break-a break, to walk- a walk They are rarely formed from other parts of speech& 4merican- an 4merican, black- a black The formation of ad,ectives (mostly used attributively) from nouns& an orange- an orange(car), a secret- (a) secret (agent)

9onversion may be&

+ull (com8le4e"0 hand-to hand, call- to call, break- to break (v3etko >o sme doteraz mali) Par4ial0 4o smokeI 4o smoke Fto have a smoke (4k sa via/e pod meno na sloveso, u/ ,e to parcial) 6 have a relax 4ccording to some linguists partial conversion is a kind of double process when first a noun is formed by conversion from a verbal stem, and then this noun is combined with such verbs as& have, give, make, take (hot verbs), e g have a chat$look$swim$walkE give a laugh$a cry$a whistle #iner 8rocesses 6n general is shortening 6t is process which is part the original : is further away (modern) The express the tram the : monosylabism =horten forms of :s and the :s form initial letters, between shortening by oral speech and in written speech (3or4enin2 of s8oken 9 in 2eneral ;ne : is clipping (lexical abbreviation, attributive lexical) 6s a reduction of a : to a shorter form 6t is cutting of removed of one or more syllables of a : : clipping is typical for nouns of modern %nglish 5 e & van = caravan, 5an * fanatic, "ym * gymnasium , Gass * omnibus, Foc * doctor, Hate * Hatherine, 4lf * 4lfred , Tom * Thomas =horten various of : * independent lexical units 5 e doctor * doc, gym * gymnasium =hortening are used both in oral and written speech ;thers only in oral speech f e & mathematics * maths, fyz * fyzics, bra * brother, granfa * grandfather 6n most cases a shortening : is vocabulary together with a longer :s from which is it "eri'ate" They are usually use as cesuech ))) * emotive charge or stylistic reference =ome linguistics consider * : variants others as distinct synonymic :s 5ollowing types of lexical abbreviations& (L types of abbreviation) +inal cli88in2 * is process when the :s are shortening at the end 5 e lab * laboratory, famlife * family life %ni4ial : * is process when the :s are shortening at the beginning 5 e cello * violoncello, phone * Aobil phone, omnibus * bus, plane * airplane, ham * hamburger #edial : * syllables and sound can be omitted in the middle * pets * penthouses, mam_ * madam, fancy * fantasy, vegan * vegetarian #i5 : * :s may be clipped both in the end and middle 5 e flue * influenza, fridge * refrigerator, !is * %lisabeth The &ollo!ing type o& , phone" in initial letter ) D acronyms (akronym) * :s forms initials of expression consist of modern one : and read as ordinary :s f e & G% * as one : bachelor of education, B4T;& Borth 4tlantic Treaty ;rganization, 69O& `6 seek you`, #6B * person identify number @ %ni4ialism * initial abbreviation with alphabetic reading (spelling pronunciation) U6#, A# * member of parliament, #A * prime minister, =A= * short message service, ::: * world wide web, M=4 * united states of 4merica, %M, MH, ? N -ra83ical (written abbreviation of different types are restricted in use two written speech which are mistake f e & mises * miss, Bovember * ber, oct * month, st * street =omething of them are penetral into oral speech and are read alphabetically 5 e & =;=, may day, #"F, #"Fr, ? !atin abriviation which are sometimes substituted %nglish :s& f e 4A, #A * post midnight, after midnight, %ts * and so on, ?

%D 6n some cases only the fist component is shorted 5 e & 6F casd, G-day (birthday), : day (deP v1tazstva), B * bomb * nuclear bomb 9liping :s are characteristic by colo<ual speech of ? =ome of them are used without any stylistic coloring =landin2 6s similar process of shortening combined with fusing @ different :s 6t is compounding by clipped :s f e & smog * smoke ] fog, telecast * television ] broadcast, motel, hoster, motorist, hotel * hostes ] hotel, 6nterpol * international police Glandings are :s consisting of part of originally different :s and are popular in generalism and advertising They being to colo<ual layer of :s (mean speech layer vocabulary) 9ollo<uial speech = zau/1van be/n angli>tina f e zvukov zmena slova pri p m a slovesch - blood * bleed, tooth * teeth, sing * song, believe * belive, live * life, bathroom * bath, describe - description