SIXTH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM NIKOLA TESLA October 18 20, 2006, Belgrade, SASA, Serbia

Multiple Resonances in RF Coils and the Failure of Lumped Inductance Models

K.L. Corum1, P.V. Pesavento2 and J.F. Corum3
But, it must be remembered that the velocity of propagation of the disturbance in the circuit depends on these quantities, and the best result is obtained when the velocity is such that a stationary [standing] wave is formed Nikola Tesla (1897)[1] Abstract The electrical properties of RF coils are deduced from start, as might be supposed, from Maxwells equations and the boundary value solution of Maxwells equations. In the directly obtain the coils electric and magnetic fields. 1890s Tesla concluded, on the basis of experiment, that very From these, one may formally deduce the resonators large voltages were attainable on helical resonators through the propagation factor and characteristic impedance, as well its mechanism of wave interference and standing wave phenomena. terminal point impedance, resonances, spatial mode For such structures lumped element circuit analysis fails distribution (a property that cannot even be contemplated because its inherent presuppositions are inadequate. In the limit, within the domain of lumped element analysis), equivalent as the frequency is lowered, the mode distribution becomes self-capacitance, and voltage magnification due to standing uniform and the RF solution passes to conventional lumped waves. The latter is actually referred to by Tesla in a variety circuit elements. This passage is demonstrated analytically. Experimental measurements are employed to support Teslas of technical publications. assertions. The purpose of the present note is to examine the low frequency behavior of these helical resonators (both Keywords coil, helix, surface wave, resonator, inductor, Tesla. analytically and experimentally) and so to demonstrate that lumped element inductances are actually contained within the theory of distributed element resonators (something which all I. INTRODUCTION engineers would assume to be self-evident, but which still appears to be a point of contention among Tesla coil Lumped element circuit theory inherently presupposes that builders). there are no spatial wave interference phenomena existing either on circuit components or along their interconnections. II. HELICAL COILS In prior publications we have investigated the mode structure and resonant properties of helically wound coils, both By way of review, the fields of a helical coil may be experimentally and analytically. A note for coil constructors decomposed into transverse and longitudinal components, actually suggested a series of experimental measurements on there being both TE and TM surface wave modes present the resonances and mode structure of helices that along this anisotropic wave guide. (It is anisotropic because demonstrates the failure of lumped element circuit theory to the conductivity along the wire at r = a is different from the adequately describe the behavior of the RF coils used in conductivity along the z-direction at r = a.) [2] Teslas experiments. The helical structure supports propagation along the In a recent paper we formally demonstrated the solution of longitudinal (z) axis with forward and backward traveling Maxwells equations for the field structure and input waves of the form ej(t z), where is to be determined. impedance of helical coils.[3] By modeling the wire-wound From the wave equation, the expression for the all important structure as an anisotropically conducting cylindrical radial wave number, , is given by boundary one may 2 = 2 + k 2 = 2 k 2 (1) ----------1 Kenneth L. Corum is at CPG Technologies, LLC, 104 where, in the low loss case, = + j j and k = River Rd., Plymouth, NH, 03264. 2 Philip V. Pesavento is at National Electrodynamics, 86 () = 2/ = ko(rr). The longitudinal fields internal (i) Weirton Mine Rd. Morgantown, WV 26508. 3 and external (o) to the cylinder are readily determined to be a James F. Corum is Chief Technical Officer for CPG superposition of forward propagating modes in the form of a Technologies. E-mail: jcorum@ieee.org product of radial, azimuthal, and axial functions of the form

i ,o i ,o E (r , , z ) = An I n (n r ) + Bn K n (n r ) e j (t nn z ) i ,o z

(2)

i ,o i ,o H zi,o (r, , z ) = C n I n (n r ) + Dn K n (n r ) e j (t nn z ) (3)

These are the z-components of a set of propagating surface waves being guided by the anisotropic cylinder (the helical coil). The transverse components of the surface wave can be calculated directly from these. The eight constants A, B, C, D [both inside (superscript i) and outside (superscript o)] are to be determined for each mode from the boundary conditions and the driving source, and n is the propagation constant along the helix for the nth mode. (There will also be a set of linearly superposed backward propagating modes as well, and the total composite field expression will be a superposition of these fields.) Imposing the anisotropic boundary conditions (at r = a) on the field expressions leads directly to the eigenvalue equation for : K1 (a ) I 1 (a ) (4) (ka )2 = (a )2 tan2 . K 0 (a ) I 0 (a ) This transcendental equation is extremely important, and it must be solved for when the spectral frequency, , the helix radius, a, and turn-to-turn spacing, s, (and the wire angle = cot-1(2a/s)) are specified. The radial functions In(x) and Kn(x) are the modified Bessel functions of the first and second kind, respectively, of order n and argument x. For the case of interest, we have circular symmetry azimuthally around the solenoid, so we pursue only the n = 0 mode.[4],[5] (Kraus calls this the helix transmission line To mode.[6]) With the introduction of an arbitrary load impedance at the end of the helix, reflected waves will occur and a standing wave distribution will arise, as with any wave guiding system. The central issue for wave propagation on wire helices (RF coils in the present application) has been reduced to the determination of as the frequency and helix geometry (a, s, and ) are specified. This analysis is performed during the linear system (pre-discharge epoch) while the voltage rise phenomenon is occurring, of course. The passage to lumped circuit analysis (and the handbook formulas for coil inductance) occurs as the wavelength becomes infinite (or, equivalently, under the assumption that the speed of light c ) and the field distribution along the structure becomes uniform. At frequencies where the current distribution is not uniform, the conventional lumped element assumption fails. Experimentally, the wave velocity and velocity factor may be determined by measuring the axial length of standing wave patterns on the helical structure with a movable probe. It is this characteristic space pattern that accompanies the sharply

selective behavior of all of Teslas RF work from 1894 onward. The effective characteristic impedance for the helical transmission line is then found (just as for a TEM transmission line) by taking the ratio of a transverse voltage to the longitudinal conduction current. First, as with a coaxial line, one employs the expression for
Ero r ,z and defines a transverse voltage in some plane z = 0:

( )

(Pierce attributes this step to Schelkunoff.[7])

Vt (0) =
a

dr E (r, 0) r

= =

j I 0 (a ) i A K 0 (a )

K 1 ( r )dr

(5)

j I 0 (a ) Ai 2 Then, the longitudinal conduction current follows as:

Iz

H (a ) d
2 0

2 0

a 0

dACS E n Ezo (r ) r dr (6)

o H (a ) a d

j 2

a 0

i jka = A 60

I 0 (a ) + K a I a ( ) ( ) 1 1 K a ( ) 0

Finally, following Sichak,[8] an effective characteristic impedance may be found from the ratio of the above transverse voltage to the longitudinal conduction current as:
Zc = Vt I z = 60 I 0 (a ) K 0 (a ) Vf

(7)

where Vf is the velocity factor along the helix,

Vf = = c 1 1+ k
2

1 D 1 + 20 s
2.5

D
o

0.5

(8)

where D = 2a is the helix diameter. The details are explained in Ref. [3]. This is the critical issue referred to by Tesla in the New York Academy of Sciences quote at the head of this paper (and on many other occasions). It permits resonant stationary waves (i.e., standing waves) on relatively small structures, which result from the wave interference of traveling waves over the helical resonator. When the coil is a velocity-inhibited odd-multiple of an electrical quarterwavelength, the voltage maximum (Vmax) position is at the open end (load) position of the resonator. Lumped-element Tesla coils cannot support standing waves, obviously. The important impedance expression given in Eq. (7) is useful for Smith chart calculations, and there exists an approximate formula for use at the first harmonic. It is also worth noting that the helical line is dispersive, and the

effective characteristic impedance is not merely a function of the geometrical configuration of the conductors (as it would be for low loss TEM transmission lines). Since In(x) may be expressed in terms of an ordinary Bessel function of order n and complex argument jx, and Kn(x) may be expressed in terms of Hankle functions of the first kind of order n and complex argument jx, the complex characteristic impedance of the helical coil may also be written as
Zc = j 30 (1) J 0 ( j a ) H 0 ( j a ) Vf

which provides, as a relation for the natural logarithm term,

n ( 1.124 a ) = 1 2

( )( )
ka 2 a

2 a 2 s

(17)

In the low frequency (uniform current) approximation, the transmission line terminal point impedance passes to the inductance
L 60 c g h = I 0 (a ) K 0 (a ) p 60 c g h 1.124 n a p

(9)

which is the expression originally given by Sichak.

(18)

III. PASSAGE TO LUMPED ELEMENT SOLENOID INDUCTANCE

The formula for the lumped element inductance of a solenoid can now be obtained by treating the coil as a length (h) of short-circuited transmission line and using Eq. (7) for the characteristic impedance and Eq. (4) for the propagation constant. That is, Z in = jZc tan(g h ) (10) Since tan(x) x for small x, the short lines input terminal point impedance becomes
Z in g h 0 jc g h p 60 I 0 (a ) K 0 (a )

Upon substituting for the natural logarithmic expression, the inductance becomes
2 2 30 c g h k a 2 a L = a s p 2 120 c g h ka a2 = a 2 s p 2 Ah g a = a s2

(19)

(11)

which we set equal to an inductive reactance, jL. According to Sichak,[8] this passes to the classical low frequency lumped element formula for inductance. It is this passage that we now wish to demonstrate. Consider the eigenvalue equation for , Eq. (4). The small argument asymptotic expressions for the n = 0 modified Bessel functions of the first and second kind are
I 0 (x ) 1

where we have made note of the facts that c = /k (where k = 2/o) and vp = /g , and that Zo = /k , where the characteristic impedance of free space is taken as Zo = 120. For slow waves (g ko ) , Eq. (1) gives a g a , and the general expression, Eq. (11), then gives the inductance as
L = Ah s2 = n 2Ah = N 2 A h

(20)

(12)

where h = coil length s = turn-to-turn spacing N = total number of turns = h/s A = cylindrical coil cross-sectional area n = # turns per unit length = N/h = 1/s. = magnetic permeability Quod erat demonstrandum.

1.124 x . 0.577 + n K 0 (x ) = n x 2 And, for n 0, 1 I n (x ) K n (x ) . 2n

(13)

(14)

Further, the helix possesses the geometric description

tan = s . 2a

(15)

The eigenvalue equation for then reduces to the expression

(ka )2 =
2 2 n ( 1.124 a ) ( a )

( )
s 2 a

(16)

We recognize the expression given in Eq. (20) for the lumped element inductance, L, as the formula employed by Tesla at Colorado Springs.[9] Recall that Tesla measures the inductance of his coils at his power mains frequency, = 880 radians/sec (140 Hz), where the current would be uniformly distributed over his coils (which would not be the case at RF). Tesla was aware

that, even at this low frequency, there was a discrepancy between theory and measurements (which he attributed to the helix not being a true sheath helix). Tesla wrote, Note: When the turns are far apart, the ordinary formulas for calculating do not apply, and the measured value is the more inferior to the calculated value the greater the turns and the farther apart they are. [10] Physically, Eq. (20) for inductance results from the magnetic flux passing to a spatially uniform distribution. When this assumption is not descriptive of the physical situation, the lumped formula fails. We recognize Eq. (20) as the expression given in many undergraduate textbooks[11],[12],[13],[14],[15] for coil selfinductance, which follows from strictly geometrical formulae that assume the current I ( ') = I o is spatially uniform, so it can be factored out from under the integral operations. The undergraduate texts assume a uniform current distribution and define inductance, not from the terminal point impedance as would be the reasonable thing to do, but rather as a ratio of the total flux linkage, = N = NBA (which is constrained by an assumption to be uniform along the structure) over the terminal current. The uniformity assumption fails in two situations. First, it fails when the coil is wound loosely (flux leakage). In the flux leakage case, where the flux is not uniform along the coil, Wheeler introduced an empirical correction factor many years ago:[16]
LH = a 2N 2 9 a + 10 h

IV. EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE

The above theory and assertions may be confirmed experimentally. Over the years, many large (and small) helical coils have been constructed. Typical is the following coil with physical parameters and top loading given by: D = 24.25 inches H = 55.4 inches s = 0.175 inches dW = 0.1019 inches N = 316.5 turns CT = 11.5 pF L(measured at 1 kHz) = 22.1 mH The inductance, measured at 1 kHz is within 0.5% of that predicted by Wheelers formula, Eq. (21), which holds for lumped element inductances with almost uniform current distributions)* A. Impedance and Resonances The system self-resonances and mode distributions were measured for this coil. These can be compared against the theoretical calculations. The theoretical input impedance (measured at the base when the coil is operated vertically) is calculated from
Z in = Zc Z L cos(g h ) + jZc sin(g h ) Zc cos(g h ) + jZ L sin(g h )

(23)

(21)

when the coil dimensions are given in inches. Secondly, the uniformity assumption also fails when the structure becomes an appreciable portion of a velocity inhibited wavelength (resonance). Further, no self-resonances can occur with lumped-element inductances such as Eqs. (20) or (21); however, physically such resonances actually are observed and they are expressed by Eq. (10)!!! (We discussed, in considerable detail, Medhursts empirical attempt at a coil self-capacitance formula but it is usable only at the fundamental - in Ref. [3].) As a dual to the lumped inductance situation, consider the case of a parallel-plate transmission line, whose characteristic impedance can be expressed by Zc = (d/b)Zo, where d is the plate-to-plate spacing and b is the width of the plates.[17] When the line is open-circuited, Eq. (10) is replaced by
Yin = jYc cot(o h )

using Eq. (7) for the helix characteristic impedance, Eq. (1) for the propagation constant, and setting ZL equal to the load capacitive reactance. Fig. 1 shows the theoretical input terminal point impedance vs. frequency in kHz. Note that the predicted (and measured) zero-crossings (series resonances) are not integer multiples of the fundamental, fo = 178.9 kHz, because both Zc and g are functions of frequency and the helix is a dispersive resonator. To gain further physical insight as to what is going on with a Tesla coil, the system could easily be plotted on a Smith chart, as has been done from Teslas 1899 data for his Colorado Springs apparatus.[18] Obviously, the uniform current assumption has no basis in Maxwell for a coil operating anywhere near a self-resonance! B. Spatial Mode Distributions One of the most profound properties of the real universe is that its components exist in space and time. Lumped element models do not. The one-dimensional universe of sophomore lumped-element circuit theory presupposes a cosmology in which the speed of light is assumed infinite, and the entire universe is reduced to a spatial point: a one-dimensional
*

(22)

Setting this equal to jC, using = k/Zo, and taking the limit for short h gives the classic A/d parallel plate capacitance formula. This aspect is discussed in many undergraduate electromagnetic field texts. The present analysis leading to Eq. (20) serves as a dual compliment to the derivation of quasi-static capacitance as a special case.

Note that lumped element circuit theory predicts a series resonance at 1/[2(LCT)] = 315.7 kHz, which, of course, is not observed experimentally as a series resonance.

1 .10

5 .10

Zin ( f ) 0 0

5 .10

1 .10

100

200

300

400

500 f 10
3

600

700

800

900

1000

Figure 1. Theoretical base impedance (solid curve) vs. frequency (kHz) for the helical transmission-line resonator. The series resonances (zero crossings) are predicted at 178.9 kHz, 424 kHz, 642.1 kHz, and 865.3 kHz. Series resonances in the base impedance result in voltage standing wave peaks at the top of the coil. TABLE I RESONANCES THEORETICALLY PREDICTED (kHz) 178.9 424.0 642.1 865.3 EXPERIMENTALLY MEASURED (kHz) 175 435 645 860

ERROR 2.2% 2.5% 0.4% 0.6%

Minkowski diagram completely described by a single world-line. (There is no elsewhere!) A distinctive feature of generalized frequency-selective linear systems, which is overlooked in lumped networks, is the characteristic space pattern of its response functions (current and voltage, fields, etc.).[19] Helmholtz was aware of this, as was his student, Heinrich Hertz. While we have all read about Hertzs brilliant and successful radiation experiments, Hertzs failed experiment is hardly ever mentioned. (The term failure was used by Arnold Sommerfeld.) Hertz was originally attempting to use a single-wire resonator in these experiments. Sommerfeld writes, The experiments of Hertz dealt with surface waves progressing along wires as well as space waves propagated through the air. He expected the [surface wave] velocity to also be c but could not confirm this result experimentally or theoretically The experimental difficulties were overcome by E. Lecher by using a two-wire line.[20] The 1890 publication by Ernst Lecher, at the University of Vienna, describes how to measure the wavelength and

frequency of electrical standing wave modes on two-wire transmission line resonators (Lechersche Drhte).[21] Hertz commenced his experiments at Karlsruhe in 1886 and moved to Bonn in 1889. His publications reporting on these experiments span the years from 1887 to 1891. While it comes as a complete surprise to many that any of Hertzs experiments failed, Hertz described his efforts in an 1891 publication as follows: After trying several ways of disposing the waves, and after obtaining results which in the main were concordant,* I decided to adhere to Herr Lechers arrangement as being the neatest and most suitable for investigation This indicates the half-wavelength of a stationary (standing) wave, and, as Herr Lecher has shown, it is produced by resonance between this oscillation [induced on the line] itself and the [generator].[22] Incidentally, the complete theoretical solution for the Lecher two-wire line was not performed until Gustav Mies paper of 1900.[23] Actually, Hertz reported a discrepancy of 62.2% in 1887. (See Electric Waves, p. 108.)
*

In addition to the above, we know that at one time Tesla also employed Lecher line resonators (see, for example, Teslas second Columbia University lecture, May 20, 1891),[24] and this is probably at least partially responsible for his discovery of the open helical transmission line resonator as a voltage multiplier. In the sketch attached to the Electrical World article, one can see a vertical Lecher line on the left (with a spark gap near its base), two large Leyden jar capacitors, and a large induction coil in the center of the lecture room table. Since he was demonstrating standing waves and observed voltage nodes (indicating maxima and minima of potentials along the bar) his apparatus clearly produced strong harmonics in the VHF/UHF regime. Today, we recognize Lechers system as a shorted transmission line resonator. As a footnote on history, both Lord Kelvin[25] and Oliver Heaviside[26] have mention in their writings that Oliver Lodge, independent of both Lecher and Hertz, was using the two-wire transmission line resonator at the University of Liverpool to measure wavelength and examine spatial modes as early as 1888.[27] The slotted line used in microwave courses is a coaxial version of Lecher lines. In this same spirit, we employed a moving shielded loop and an E-field probe to sample the helical resonators external fields. The normalized standing wave voltage distribution is shown in Fig. 2 for several resonant frequencies.

was using prior to 1894) follows from conservation of energy[28] and gives a step up of merely[29]
Vs Vp = C p Cs = Ls Lp

(24)

which is never actually achieved in reality, and is nowhere near what can be accomplished with the high VSWR versions that Tesla was employing after 1894. This was shown in Eq. (55) of Ref. [3] and in the many references cited there: VL 1 = j (25) V (h ) h where is the propagation attenuation along the helix, in nepers/meter. This parameter is easily determined experimentally.

V. CLOSING REMARKS
As a final topic of consideration, we want to call attention to the fact that the wave equation (Eq. (1) of Ref. [3]), which, along with the boundary conditions stated there, has compelled us to grasp the inherent distributed nature of self-resonant coils. Actually, this wave equation is even richer than what we have just been contemplating. Specifically, we are referring to the fact that it contains the distinction between radiation and guided waves. In empty space, the wave equation is a differential operator whose eigenfunctions possess a continuous spectrum of eigenvalues on the complex wave-number plane. (This is called the radiation field, and those propagating fields are called Hertzian waves.) However, in the presence of a conducting boundary (the anisotropic cylinder in the case of the helical coil considered here and in Ref. [3]), the wave equation plus boundary conditions lead to a spectral representation composed of a continuous spectrum plus a sum of discrete spectra: (1) The continuous part of the eigenvalue spectrum (corresponding to branch-cut integrals) produces space waves (radiation). (2) The discrete spectra (and corresponding residue sum arising from the enclosed poles) result in traveling waves that are exponentially damped in the direction transverse to the propagation. (These surface waves are transmission line modes, i.e. - non-Hertzian waves.) And, it is these (and his unique and spectacular apparatus) that completely distinguishes Tesla, and the great depth of his profound scientific research, from all the other early pioneers of radio. The analytical particulars associated with these topics are treated in elegant detail in the classic text by Friedmann[30], and in advanced texts by many others.

Figure 2. Measured mode structure for the voltage distribution at f = 175, 435 and 645 kHz. In the present case the predicted electrical length of the coil is (175) = g(175)h = 72.4. Furthermore, at the other resonant frequencies we have: (435) = 253.2 and (645) = 425. The measured resonant mode structure of the coil, consistent with Teslas claims, is at clear and obvious variance with the Lumped-Element uniform current distribution hypothesis. Finally, it should be stated again that the largest voltage magnification that can occur with the lossless, tuned, lumped element version of the Tesla coil (the kind Tesla

VI. SUMMARY
Lumped element circuit theory assumes that there are no wave interference phenomena present, that is - the current distribution along the circuit elements is uniform. It is this nonphysical constraint (neglecting spatial variations in the current distribution on coils) that has been used in the handbook formulae for self and mutual inductance. Such assumptions are reasonably suitable at frequencies far below those for which RF phenomena and self-resonances occur. But, they are thoroughly improper for Tesla coils operating as Tesla used them after 1894.
[13] S. Ramo and J.R. Whinnery, Fields and Waves in Modern Radio, Wiley, 2nd edition, 1953, p. 261. [14] D.R. Corson and P. Lorrain, Introduction to Electromagnetic Fields and Waves, Freeman, 1st edition, 1962, p. 234. [15] D.T. Paris and F.K. Hurd, Basic Electromagnetic Theory, McGraw-Hill, 1969, p. 222. [16] H.A. Wheeler, Simple Inductance Formulas for Radio Coils, Proc. IRE, vol. 16, 1928, pp. 1398-1400; Discussion, Proc. IRE, Vol. 17, 1929, pp. 580-582. [17] S. Ramo, J.R. Whinnery, and T. Van Duzer, Fields and Waves in Communication Electronics, Wiley, 3rd ed., 1994, p. 250.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Authors gratefully acknowledge many helpful conversations with Basil Pinzone, James Hardesty, William Wysock, and Edwin Winet. We would also like to express our heartfelt gratitude to Mr. Vincent Micciche of Honeoye, New York for providing such refreshing and graceful surroundings in which to discuss these profound issues so dear to the heart of engineers, scientists, and electrical historians.

[18] K.L. Corum and J.F. Corum, The Application of Transmission Line Resonators to High Voltage RF Power Processing: History, Analysis and Experiment, Proceedings of the 19th Southeastern Symposium on System Theory, Clemson University, 1987, pp. 45-49. (There is a copy available on the internet at http://nedyn.com/Clemson_1987.pdf/ ) [19] R.B. Adler, L.J. Chu, and R.M. Fano, Electromagnetic Energy Transmission and Radiation, Wiley, 1960, p. 202. [20] A. Sommerfeld, Electrodynamics, Academic Press, 1974, p. 177-178. [21] E. Lecher, Eine Studie ber elektrische Resonanzerscheinungen, (A Study of Electrical Resonance Phenomena), Ann. der Physik, Vol. 41, 1890, p. 850. [22] H. Hertz, On the Mechanical Action of Electric Waves in Wires, Ann. der Physik, Vol. 42, 1891, p. 407. (Republished in Electric Waves, Dover, 1962, pp. 188-194. Also see pp. 12, 187-188, 273.) [23] A. Sommerfeld, Electrodynamics, Academic Press, 1974, p. 199. [24] N. Tesla, Experiments with Alternate Currents of Very High Frequency and Their Application to methods of Artificial Illumination, The Electrical World, Vol. 18, No. 2, July 11, 1891, pp. 19-27. (See sketch of Tesla before the AIEE, p. 19, and Fig. 33 on p. 27.) [25] W. Thomson, (Lord Kelvin), Preface to the English Edition, Electric Waves, by H. Hertz, Macmillan, 1893, pp. ix-xv. [26] O. Heaviside, Practice Versus Theory Electromagnetic Waves, The Electrician, Oct. 19, 1888, p. 772; reprinted in Electrical Papers, 1892, Vol. II, p. 490. [27] O.J. Lodge, Lightning Conductors, Whittaker and Co., 1892, pp. 108-115, 311-312. [28] A.P.M. Fleming, The Life and Work of Nikola Tesla, Journal of the IEE (London), Vol. 91, Feb. 1944, pp. 58-59. (Reprinted in Tribute to Nikola Tesla, V. Popovic, editor, Nikola Tesla Museum, Beograd, pp. A215-230. See pp. A224-A225.) [29] K.L. Corum and J.F. Corum, Tesla and the Magnifying Transmitter, Proceedings of the 1992 International Tesla Symposium, International Tesla Society, Colorado Springs, 1992, pp. 55-78. (See Table I, item 7, p. 70.) [30] B. Friedman, Principles and Techniques of Applied Mathematics, Wiley, 1956, pp. 283-286.

REFERENCES
[1] N. Tesla, Lecture Before the New York Academy of Sciences, Part 1 - Improved Apparatus for the Production of Powerful Electrical Vibrations, April 6, 1897. (See Nikola Tesla: Lecture Before the New York Academy of Sciences, edited by L.I. Anderson, Twenty-First Century Books, 1994, p. 56.) [2] K.L. Corum and J.F. Corum, Tesla Coils and the Failure of Lumped-Element Circuit Theory, TCBA News, Vol. 19, No. 2, April/May/June, 2000, pp. 14-18. (Copy available at http://www.ttr.com/corum/index.htm .) [3] Corum, J.F. and K.L. Corum, RF Coils, Helical Resonators and Voltage Magnification by Coherent Spatial Modes, Microwave Review, September 2001, pp. 36-45. (There is a copy available on the internet at: http://www.mwr.mediaris.net/pdf/Vol7No2-07-Jcorum.pdf) [4] R.E. Collin, Foundations for Microwave Engineering, McGraw-Hill, 1966, pp. 392-398, 476-482. [5] P. Vizmuller, Filters with Helical and Folded Helical Resonators, Artech House, 1987, pp. 77-85. [6] J.D.Kraus, Antennas, McGraw-Hill, 2nd ed., 1988, p. 274. [7] J.R. Pierce, Theory of the Beam-Type Traveling-Wave Tube, Proceedings of the IRE, 1947, pp. 111-123. (See Appendix B, Propagation of a Wave Along a Helix.) [8] W. Sichak, Coaxial Line with Helical Inner Conductor, Proceedings of the IRE, 1954, pp. 1315-1319. (Corrections, February, 1955, p. 148.) [9] N. Tesla, Colorado Springs Notes, A.A. Marincic, editor, Nolit, Beograd, Yugoslavia, 1978, pp. 82, 183, 200, 228, 253, 254, etc. [10] Ibid, p. 254 (November 2, 1899). [11] F.W. Sears and M.W. Zemansky, University Physics, Addison-Wesley, 4th edition, 1970, p. 476. [12] J.D. Kraus, Electromagnetics, McGraw-Hill, 1st edition, 1953, p. 165.