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C
)
Velocity of Water (m/sec)
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient vs Velocity of Water for 5 psig
steam pressure
12
b. For 10 psig steam pressure
Figure 3: Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient vs Velocity of Water for 10 psig steam pressure
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
O
v
e
r
a
l
l
H
e
a
t
T
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
C
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
U
(
W
/
m
2
.
C
)
Velocity of Water (m/sec)
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient vs Velocity of Water for 10 psig
steam pressure
13
c. For 15 psig steam pressure
Figure 4: Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient vs Velocity of Water for 15 psig steam pressure
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
O
v
e
r
a
l
l
H
e
a
t
T
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
C
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
U
(
W
/
m
2
.
C
)
Velocity of water (m/sec)
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient vs Velocity of Water for 15 psig
steam pressure
14
2. Film Thickness as a function of distance from top at different pressures:
a. For 5 psig steam pressure
Figure 5: Film Thickness vs Distance from Top for 5 psig steam Pressure
b. For 10 psig steam pressure
Figure 6: Film Thickness vs Distance from Top for 10 psig steam Pressure
0.00015
0.00016
0.00017
0.00018
0.00019
0.0002
0.00021
0.00022
0.00023
0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
F
i
l
m
T
h
i
c
k
n
e
s
s
,
(
m
)
Distance from top (m)
Film Thickness vs Distance from Top for 5 psig steam Pressure
0.00015
0.00016
0.00017
0.00018
0.00019
0.0002
0.00021
0.00022
0.00023
0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
F
i
l
m
T
h
i
c
k
n
e
s
s
(
m
)
Distance from Top (m)
Film Thickness vs Distance from Top for 10 psig steam
Pressure
15
c. For 15 psig steam pressure
Figure 7: Film Thickness vs Distance from Top for 15 psig steam Pressure
3. Local heat transfer coefficient as a function of distance from top at different
pressures
a. For 5 psig steam pressure
Figure 8: Local heat transfer coefficient vs distance from top for 5 psig steam pressure
2500
2700
2900
3100
3300
3500
3700
3900
4100
0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
L
o
c
a
l
h
e
a
t
t
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
(
W
/
m
2
.
0
C
)
Distance from Top (m)
Local heat transfer coefficient vs distace from top for 5 psig
steam pressure
0.00015
0.00016
0.00017
0.00018
0.00019
0.0002
0.00021
0.00022
0.00023
0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
F
i
l
m
T
h
i
c
k
n
e
s
s
(
m
)
Distance from Top (m)
Film Thickness vs Distance from Top for 15 psig steam Pressure
16
b. For 10 psig steam pressure
Figure 9: Local heat transfer coefficient vs distance from top for 10 psig steam pressure
c. For 15 psig steam pressure
Figure 10: Local heat transfer coefficient vs distance from top for 15 psig steam pressure
2500
2700
2900
3100
3300
3500
3700
3900
4100
4300
0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
L
o
c
a
l
h
e
a
t
t
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
(
W
/
m
2
.
0
C
)
Distance from top (m)
Local heat transfer coefficient vs distace from top for 10 psig
steam pressure
2500
2700
2900
3100
3300
3500
3700
3900
4100
4300
0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
L
o
c
a
l
h
e
a
t
t
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
(
W
/
m
2
.
0
C
)
Distance from top (m)
Local heat transfer coefficient vs distace from top for 15 psig
steam pressure
17
4. Heat load of water as a function of wall temperature at different pressure:
a. For 5 psig steam pressure
Figure 11: Heat load of water vs wall temperature at 5 psig steam pressure
b. For 10 psig steam pressure
Figure 12: Heat load of water vs wall temperature at 10 psig steam pressure
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
70 70.5 71 71.5 72 72.5 73 73.5 74
H
e
a
t
l
o
a
d
o
f
w
a
t
e
r
,
Q
w
(
k
W
)
Wall Temperature (
o
C)
Heat load of water vs wall temperature at 5 psig steam
pressure
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
75.4 77.4 79.4 81.4 83.4 85.4
H
e
a
t
l
o
a
d
o
f
w
a
t
e
r
,
Q
w
(
k
W
)
Wall Temperature (
o
C)
Heat load of water vs wall temperature at 10 psig steam
pressure
18
c. For 15 psig steam pressure
Figure 13: Heat load of water vs wall temperature at 15 psig steam pressure
5. Mass flow rate of water as a function of wall temperature at different pressure
a. For 5 psig steam pressure
Figure 14: Mass Flow rate of water vs wall temperature at 5 psig steam pressure
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
78 80 82 84 86 88 90
H
e
a
t
l
o
a
d
o
f
w
a
t
e
r
,
Q
w
(
k
W
)
Wall Temperature (
o
C)
Heat load of water vs wall temperature at 15 psig steam
pressure
0.01
0.03
0.05
0.07
0.09
0.11
0.13
0.15
0.17
70 70.5 71 71.5 72 72.5 73 73.5 74 M
a
s
s
F
l
o
w
R
a
t
e
o
f
W
a
t
e
r
(
k
g
/
s
e
c
)
Wall Temperature (
o
C)
Mass Flow rate of water vs wall temperature at 5 psig steam
pressure
19
b. For 10 psig steam pressure
Figure 15: Mass Flow rate of water vs wall temperature at 10 psig steam pressure
c. For 15 psig steam pressure
Figure 16: Mass Flow rate of water vs wall temperature at 15 psig steam pressure
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
75.4 77.4 79.4 81.4 83.4 85.4
M
a
s
s
F
l
o
w
R
a
t
e
o
f
W
a
t
e
r
(
k
g
/
s
e
c
)
Wall Temperature (
o
C)
Mass Flow rate of water vs wall temperature at 10 psig
steam pressure
0.012
0.032
0.052
0.072
0.092
0.112
0.132
0.152
78.8 80.8 82.8 84.8 86.8 88.8 90.8
M
a
s
s
F
l
o
w
R
a
t
e
o
f
W
a
t
e
r
(
k
g
/
s
e
c
)
Wall Temperature (
o
C)
Mass Flow rate of water vs wall temperature at 15 psig steam
pressure
20
Sample calculation
For observation no. 5, at 10 psig steam pressure:
Volume of water collected, V= 1.0x10
-3
m
3
Time, tw= 44.06 sec
Inlet water temperature, T1 =29C
Outlet water temperature, T2 = 84C
Weight of condensate collected, Wc = 0.0724 kg
Condensate collection time tc= 30 sec
Mean Temperature, Tm=
2
T + T
2 1
=56.5C
Density at 56.5C, = 963.157 kg/m
3
[From J. P. Holman, Heat Transfer, McGraw - Hill,
10th Ed, 1997, Page-605, Table A-5]
Mass of water=0.9632 kg
Mass flow rate, Mw =
w
t
water of Mass
= (0.9632/44.06)kg/s
= 0.02186 kg/s
Mass flow rate of condensate, Mc =
c
t
Wc
= (0.0724/30) kg/s
= 0.002413 kg/s
*Saturation temperature of steam at 10 psig pressure, Ts = 115.199C
*Heat of vaporization at 10 psig pressure, s = 2215.48 kJ/Kg
21
*At mean temperature heat capacity of water, Cp = 4.0657 KJ/KgC
*[From J M Smith, H C Van Ness, M M Abbott, Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics,
McGraw - Hill, 7th Ed, 2001, Page-715, Table F1]
Tube wall temperature on steam side, Tw =
2
)/ T + (T
m s
= (115.199+56.5)/2 C
= 85.8495 C
Film temperature, Tf = Ts - 0.75(Ts-Tw)
= 115.199 0.75(115.199-85.8495) C
= 93.187 C
Rate of heat taken by water, Qw = MwCp(T2 T1)
= 0.02186 4.0647(84-29) KJ/s
= 4.888 KJ/s
Rate of heat given up by steam, Qc = Mc s
= 0.002413 2215.48 KJ/s
= 5.3466 KJ/s
Mean rate of heat flow, Qm =
2
Qc) + (Qw
= (4.888 +5.3466)/2 KJ/s
= 5.1175 KJ/s
Heat loss=(Qc-Qw)=( 5.3466-4.888 ) KJ/s=0.4585 KJ/s
Percent heat loss = 100
Qw) - (Qc
Qc
%
= [(5.3466-4.888)/5.34664]x100%
= 8.575%
22
Properties of condensate at Tf = 93.187 C
Density, f = 984.965 kg/m
3
Viscosity, f = 0.0002961 kg/m-s
Thermal conductivity, kf = 0.6777 W/mC
[From J. P. Holman, Heat Transfer, McGraw - Hill, 10th Ed, 1997, Page-605, Table A-5]
Now, Outside diameter of the inner pipe, Do = 0.625 inch=0.0159 m
Inner diameter of the inner pipe, Di =0.5 inch=0.0127m
[From THE COPPER TUBE HANDBOOK, Copper Development Association Inc., Copper
Alliance, Page-21]
Length of the inner pipe, L = 1.6256 m.
Area of condenser, Ac = DoL
= 0.081073 m
2
Reynolds number, Re =
f
Do
Mc 4
t
= (40.002413)/ (3.14160.01590.0002961)
= 653.6937
From Nusselt equation, steam side heat transfer co-efficient,
ho = 1.13| |
f w s
s
2
f
3
f
) T - (T L
g k
1/4
= 1.13 [(0.6777
3
984.965
2
9.812215.48)
/ (1.6256 (115.199-85.8495) 0.0002961)]
1/4
= 5246.11963 W/mC
[From J. P. Holman, Heat Transfer, McGraw - Hill, 10th Ed, 1997, Page-486, Eqn (9.18)]
23
LMTD =
)}] T - (T - ) T - [ln{(T
)] T - (T - ) T - [(T
2 s 1 s
2 s 1 s
= [(115.199-29)-(115.199-84)]/[ln{(115.199-29)- (115.199-84)}]
= 54.1193 C
Mean Rate of heat flow, Qm =
2
) ( Qc Qw +
= 5.1175 KJ/s
= 5.1175 J/s
Overall heat transfer co-efficient, U=
LMTD Ac
Qm
= 5.1175/ (0.081073 54.1193) W/m
2
. C
= 1166.330 W/m
2
. C
For distance from top of copper tube, z1=0.5m
Thickness of the condensate film, yf = [
g
.h g.
Tw).z - (Ts k . 4.
2
f
1 f f
f
]
1/4
= [{4x 0.0002961 x 0.6777 x (115.199-85.8495) x0.5}/ (9.81x 963.157
2
x2215480)]
1/4
= 0.0001537 m
[From J. P. Holman, Heat Transfer, McGraw - Hill, 10th Ed, 1997, Page-484, eqn (9.6)]
Local heat transfer co-efficient, hlocal = [
1
3 2
) ( 4 z Tw Ts
k h g
f
f fg f
]
1/4
= [(9.81x963.157
2
x2215480x0.6777
3
)/ {4x0.0002961 x (115.199-85.8495) x0.5}]
1/4
= 4408.1407 W/m
2
. C
[From J. P. Holman, Heat Transfer, McGraw - Hill, 10th Ed, 1997, Page-484, eqn (9.7)]
24
For distance from top of copper tube, z2=1.0m
Thickness of the condensate film, yf = [
g
.h g.
Tw).z - (Ts k . 4.
2
f
2 f f
f
]
1/4
= [{4x 0.0002961 x 0.6777 x (115.199-85.8495) x1}/ (9.81x 963.157
2
x2215480)]
1/4
= 0.001828 m
[From J. P. Holman, Heat Transfer, McGraw - Hill, 10th Ed, 1997, Page-484, eqn (9.6)]
Local heat transfer co-efficient, h
local
= [
2
3 2
) ( 4 z Tw Ts
k h g
f
f fg f
]
1/4
= [(9.81x963.157
2
x2215480x0.6777
3
)/ {4x0.0002961 x (115.199-85.8495) x1}]
1/4
= 3706.7897 W/m
2
. C
[From J. P. Holman, Heat Transfer, McGraw - Hill, 10th Ed, 1997, Page-484, eqn (9.7)]
For distance from top of copper tube, z3=1.5m
Thickness of the condensate film, yf = [
g
.h g.
Tw).z - (Ts k . 4.
2
f
3 f f
f
]
1/4
= [{4x 0.0002961 x 0.6777 x (115.199-85.8495) x1.5}/ (9.81x 963.157
2
x2215480)]
1/4
= 0.0002023 m
[From J. P. Holman, Heat Transfer, McGraw - Hill, 10th Ed, 1997, Page-484, eqn (9.6)]
Local heat transfer co-efficient, hlocal = [
3
3 2
) ( 4 z Tw Ts
k h g
f
f fg f
]
1/4
= [(9.81x963.157
2
x2215480x0.6777
3
)/ {4x0.0002961 x (115.199-85.8495) x1.5}]
1/4
= 3349.4626 W/m
2
. C
[From J. P. Holman, Heat Transfer, McGraw - Hill, 10th Ed, 1997, Page-484, eqn (9.7)]
25
Results and discussions
From the calculated data, the experiment come to end with some findings and observations.
They are cited below:
(a) Overall heat transfer coefficients = 301.1789-1793.033 W/m
2
.C
(b) Steam side heat transfer coefficient = 4713.383-5266.893 W/m
2
.C.
Moreover, in this experiment we got that the Reynolds no varied from 213.527 to 1422.107.
The prandtl no range was between 1.677 and 2.108.
5 types of graphs for each 3 different steam pressures were plotted. From 1
st
type of plot, overall
heat transfer coefficient vs velocity of water it was seen that overall heat transfer coefficient
increased with increasing velocity.
From 2
nd
type of plot, film thickness vs distance from top it was seen that film thickness
increased with distance from the top of the vertical tube and from 3
rd
type of plot, local heat
transfer coefficient vs distance from top, local heat transfer coefficient decreased for increasing
distance from top. Because film thickness is higher from top to bottom, and as a result heat
transfer coefficient decreased.
From 4
th
type of plot, heat load of water vs wall temperature it was seen that heat load decreased
in increasing order of wall temperature for 5 and 15 psig steam pressure and in 15 psig steam
pressure one data showed deviation.
For 5
th
type of plot, mass flow rate of water vs wall temperature. Mass flow rate of water
decreased with increasing wall temperature.
The provable reasons behind these deviations are discussed below:
One of the elementary need in this experiment was to set the steam pressure at constant. But it
was very difficult to set the steam pressure at constant as the pressure gauge oscillated all over
the experiment.
In the experiment the water flow rate was so not high enough. So it was difficult to take 5
different flow rates. More over the water flow situation was not steady. So the outlet
temperature which was taken might not be the correct one.
Also, there were heat losses due to conduction & radiation to the atmosphere and it affected
heat transfer calculation.
26
So from the above discussion we can say that our experiment was good enough to study the
vertical tube condensation and we could achieve a good result if a wide range of variation for
the steam and for the water flow were used.