FACULTY : CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT : GEOTECHNICAL &

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
LABORATORY : ENGINEERING GEOLOGY &
GEOPHYSIC LABORATORY
TOPIC : HORIZONTAL BEDDING ( LAB 2a )

NO. OF PAGES:
EDITION:
NO. OF CHECKING:

1/3
LAB 2a

EFECTIVE DATE :

8/1/2007

AMENDMENT DATE:

8/1/2007

1.0 OBJECTIVE
To plot ground profile and rock formations from geological map - horizontal beddings.

2.0 LEARNING OUTCOMES

a)
b)
c)

Students should able to plot subsurface profile.

Students should able to understand the geological structure in subsurface profile.
Students should able to understand a history of the geological area.

3.0 THEORY
A geological map is one which shows in the first place, the occurrence and distribution of the rocks at the surface
of the ground. Conventional sign may show certain facts of observation about them. The geological map allows
the geological structure of the country to be inferred.
Beds of rocks are bounded by bedding surfaces, which may be horizontal, tilted or bent in any form or direction.
A series of beds which have been laid down regularly one on the other, and which may be treated as a whole,
form a conformable series. It follows that the lower beds are the older. In such a series of bedding surfaces are
parallel. Each bedding surface is usually common to two beds of rock, being the top of one and the bottom of the
one next above. In the simplest case, these surfaces are planes: bedding planes.

Prepared by

Lecturer

Name

Prof. Madya Nawawi Bin Jusoh / Aziman Bin Madun / Mohd Hazreek Bin Zainal Abidin

Signature

Date

8 January 2007

FACULTY : CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

NO. OF PAGES:

2/3

DEPARTMENT : GEOTECHNICAL &

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
LABORATORY : ENGINEERING GEOLOGY &
GEOPHYSIC LABORATORY

EDITION:
NO. OF CHECKING:

LAB 2a

EFECTIVE DATE :

8/1/2007

TOPIC : HORIZONTAL BEDDING ( LAB 2a )

AMENDMENT DATE:

8/1/2007

4.0 EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Geological Map ( Map 3 Appendix A )

Graph paper/drawing paper - A4 size
Ruler
Pencils
Colour pencils (optional)

5.0 PROCEDURE
5.1

Plot the cross-section with the horizontal and vertical scales accordingly to the scale of the geological
map on a piece of graph paper or blank sheet. Refer Figure 1.1. The vertical scale is normally
exaggerated to improve visibility of the profile.

5.2

Draw a line to join the line of cross-section on the map, says A - B.

5.3

Using a blank piece of paper, mark the points of intersection accordingly between the lines
with the contours respective to its heights.

5.4

Transfer the points to the cross-section profile respective to the heights of the contours.

5.5

Join the points to form the profile of the ground elevation.

6.0 RESULT AND ANALYSIS

By referring to Map 3,

Complete the outcrop of each rock-type on the given map.

Plot the outcrop of each rock - type on the cross-section profile.

Height (m)
500
400
300
200
100
0
X

Figure 1.1 Plotting format for X-section

FACULTY : CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

NO. OF PAGES:

3/3

DEPARTMENT : GEOTECHNICAL &

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
LABORATORY : ENGINEERING GEOLOGY &
GEOPHYSIC LABORATORY
TOPIC : HORIZONTAL BEDDING ( LAB 2a )

EDITION:
NO. OF CHECKING:

LAB 2a

EFECTIVE DATE :

8/1/2007

AMENDMENT DATE:

8/1/2007

7.0 QUESTION AND DISCUSSSION

Based on the theory of geological contact, write a summary (not more than 150 words) about the geological
history of the area.

8.0 CONCLUSION

FACULTY : CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT : GEOTECHNICAL &

NO. OF PAGES:
EDITION:

1/2
LAB 2b

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
LABORATORY : ENGINEERING GEOLOGY &
GEOPHYSIC LABORATORY

NO. OF CHECKING:
EFECTIVE DATE :

8/1/2007

TOPIC : INCLINED BEDDING - FOLD ( LAB 2b )

AMENDMENT DATE:

8/1/2007

1.0 OBJECTIVE
To plot ground profile and rock formations from geological map inclined beddings.

2.0 LEARNING OUTCOMES

a)
b)
c)

Students should able to plot subsurface profile.

Students should able to understand the geological structure in subsurface profile.
Students should able to understand a history of the geological area.

3.0 THEORY
A geological map is one, which shows in the first place, the occurrence and distribution of the rocks at the
surface of the ground. Conventional sign may show certain facts of observation about them. The geological
map allows the geological structure of the country to be inferred.
Beds of rocks are bounded by bedding surfaces, which may be horizontal, tilted or bent in any form or direction.
A series of beds which have been laid down regularly one on the other, and which may be treated as a whole,
form a conformable series. It follows that the lower beds are the older. In such a series of bedding surfaces are
parallel. Each bedding surface is usually common to two beds of rock, being the top of one and the bottom of
the one next above. In the simplest case, these surfaces are planes: bedding planes.

Prepared by

Lecturer

Name

Prof. Madya Nawawi Bin Jusoh / Aziman Bin Madun / Mohd Hazreek Bin Zainal Abidin

Signature

Date

8 January 2007

FACULTY : CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT : GEOTECHNICAL &
TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
LABORATORY : ENGINEERING GEOLOGY &
GEOPHYSIC LABORATORY
TOPIC : INCLINED BEDDING - FOLD ( LAB 2b )

NO. OF PAGES:
EDITION:
NO. OF CHECKING:

2/2
LAB 2b

EFECTIVE DATE :

8/1/2007

AMENDMENT DATE:

8/1/2007

4.0 EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Geological Map ( Map 7 Appendix B )

Graph paper/drawing paper - A4 size
Ruler
Pencils
Colour pencils (optional)

5.0 PROCEDURE
5.1 Plot the cross-section with the horizontal and vertical scales accordingly to the scale of the geological
map on a piece of graph paper or blank sheet. Refer Figure 1.1. The vertical scale is normally
exaggerated to improve visibility of the profile.
5.2 Draw a line to join the line of cross-section on the map, says A - B.
5.3 Using a blank piece of paper, mark the points of intersection accordingly between the lines with the
contours respective to its heights.
5.4 Transfer the points to the cross-section profile respective to the heights of the contours.
5.5 Join the points to form the profile of the ground elevation.

6.0 RESULT AND ANALYSIS

By referring to Map 7,

Highlights the rock boundary to focus for determination of strike line.

Select two pints within the marked boundary of similar heights.
Draw the line between the two points to indicate the first strike line. Its value corresponding to
two value of the contour.
Select another point (of ascending @ descending contour value).
Draw a line that touches the parallel the select point to the first strike line.
Measure the distance (say, d1) cut at right angles to the parallel lines.
Determine the angle of dip of the fold.
Similarly, repeat similar procedure to the other wings of the fold.
Identify the thickness of the outcrop.

7.0 QUESTIONS
Explain types of fold (with the aid of diagram) and discuss how this structure occurred.

8.0 CONCLUSION
Conclude your results especially by rate its effect on outcrop layer in relation to the civil engineering or construction

industry etc.

FACULTY : CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT : GEOTECHNICAL &
TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
LABORATORY : ENGINEERING GEOLOGY &
GEOPHYSIC LABORATORY
TOPIC : FAULT BEDDING ( LAB 2c )

NO. OF PAGES:
EDITION:
NO. OF CHECKING:

1/2
LAB 2c

EFECTIVE DATE :

8/1/2007

AMENDMENT DATE:

8/1/2007

1.0 OBJECTIVE
To plot ground profile and rock formations from geological map faulted bedding.

2.0 LEARNING OUTCOMES

a) Students should able to plot subsurface profile.
b) Students should able to understand the geological structure in subsurface profile.
c) Students should able to understand a history of the geological area.

3.0 THEORY
A geological map is one, which shows in the first place, the occurrence and distribution of the rocks at the surface of the
ground. Conventional sign may show certain facts of observation about them. The geological map allows the geological
structure of the country to be inferred.

Beds of rocks are bounded by bedding surfaces, which may be horizontal, tilted or bent in any form or direction.
A series of beds which have been laid down regularly one on the other, and which may be treated as a whole,
form a conformable series. It follows that the lower beds are the older. In such a series of bedding surfaces are
parallel. Each bedding surface is usually common to two beds of rock, being the top of one and the bottom of
the one next above. In the simplest case, these surfaces are planes: bedding planes.
Prepared by

Lecturer

Name

Prof. Madya Nawawi Bin Jusoh / Aziman Bin Madun / Mohd Hazreek Bin Zainal Abidin

Signature

Date

8 January 2007

FACULTY : CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT : GEOTECHNICAL &
TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
LABORATORY : ENGINEERING GEOLOGY &
GEOPHYSIC LABORATORY

NO. OF PAGES:
EDITION:
NO. OF CHECKING:

2/2
LAB 2c

EFECTIVE DATE :

8/1/2007

TOPIC : FAULT BEDDING ( LAB 2c )

AMENDMENT DATE:

8/1/2007

4.0 EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Geological Map ( Map 14 Appendix C )

Graph paper/drawing paper - A4 size
Ruler
Pencils
Colour pencils (optional)

5.0 PROCEDURE
5.1 Plot the cross-section with the horizontal and vertical scales accordingly to the scale of the
geological map on a piece of graph paper or blank sheet. Refer Figure 1.1. The vertical scale is
normally exaggerated to improve visibility of the profile.
5.2 Draw a line to join the line of cross-section on the map, says A - B.
5.3 Using a blank piece of paper, mark the points of intersection accordingly between the lines with the
contours respective to its heights.
5.4 Transfer the points to the cross-section profile respective to the heights of the contours.
5.5 Join the points to form the profile of the ground elevation.

6.0 RESULT AND ANALYSIS

By referring to Map 14,

Determine the dip and strike of the coal seams.

Determine the thickness of sandstone outcrop.
Determine the dip and strike of the fault.
Plot the rock outcrop and fault on the cross-section profile.

7.0 QUESTIONS AND DISCUSSION

Explain types of fault (with the aid of diagram) and discuss how this structure occurred.

8.0 CONCLUSION
Conclude your results especially by rate its effect on outcrop layer in relation to the civil engineering or construction

industry etc.

APPENDIX A
SEMESTER/SESSION :
SUBJECT
:

COURSE
GEOLOGI KEJURUTERAAN
CODE
APPENDIX
C

SEMESTER/SESSION :
SUBJECT
:
SEMESTER/SESSION :
SUBJECT
:

:
:

COURSE
APPENDIX B
GEOLOGI KEJURUTERAAN CODE
COURSE
:
GEOLOGI KEJURUTERAAN CODE
:

3BFC
BFC 3013
:
:

3BFC
BFC 3013
3BFC
BFC 3013

DO NOT CHANGE THE SIZE

DO NOT CHANGE THE SIZE

Horizontal Mapping
(DO NOT CHANGE THE SIZE)

DO NOT CHANGE THE SIZE