USMS

019389 Absol:lte and Relative Permeability Studies of Gas/Water Flow L. Zawisza, Inst of Drilling Teuhnolqgy

*WW 1- =W Ot poWaum Engln4afa ~lsm@@q-WWW~@~mE@-tid~ andpoeaibhpubikation inanSPEjoumaL Thematerialhwbject tocwreotion Wstktadtoan abatractof notmorethan byh authof(s). Permission tooopyis W&&K&n ~, SPE Sook OrckrCIaP: ,Library Technician, P.O. Box 833936, W833836 U.S.A. Telex 730989SPEDAL. *

UNWJLM lWG11 1989

SPE
-1-

PUBLICATIONS
Absolute . Ludwik 7awisza Institute of Drilling University of Mining Techrlology and Petroleum and Metallurgy . Cracow, Al. Mickiewicza Poland 30 t Engineering and{ Relative Permeability Studies of Gas - %ater FIQW

summary.

Absolute

and relative iS still

permeability out of reach.

estimation

through

direct

log responses parameter Studies of lab

Yet permeability qualities.

is a key

among those controlling were conducted i.e. by the

reservoir Author

on the

interpretation saturation, per unit pore with absolute in the

data

distribution

porosity, irreducible . of pore size, internai surface pressure,

water area

volume, capillary and relative elaboration permeability for any

in their relationship These studies equations

of

per...= abilities. of the physical calculations

have resulted

for absolute the empirical be terms

and relative calibration out. The

which can

geological equations

formation include

readily

worked

computing integrated

log - derived processed

only and can be pregram.

in any computer

log analysis

1. Introduction .

The ,

estimation

of

the

properties

of

reservoir

rocks

1s

,S?E 19389
-ii?-

usually

connected

with the determination permeability, water

of such

parameters (total and

as: water

porosity, saturation>,

absolute

saturation saturation parameters fiows

irreducible The knowledge of

rel ati vs

permeabilities, for the

of these -

is necessary thrmgh the rock It iS

calculation medl um. are

multiple

phase

porous

Laboratory usually

measurements consuming the

, of and

reservoir arduous. of

parameters connected permeability this paper

labor With

especially and there these

estimation

absolute in of a~d rock by the

reletive have

permeabilities. considered i.e. the

For this reason the possibilities permeability

of

been

evaluating relative properties Autochtonous As a

parameters on

absolute basia

permeabillties using modelllng

physical

considerations,

exemplified Poland. there which

Miocene

of the Carpathian of the overdone models

Foredeep, researches thanks to

result some

were it was

constructed possible

prediction

to conduct and

a continuous

digital

prognosis from log

Of:absolute derived

permeability porosity

relative

permeabllities

and irreducible

water saturation.

2, Determination

of absolute

rock permeability

coefficient

2.

1.

review

of

the

existing

methods

of

quantitative

determination

of the absolute

rock permeability

Over

the

year,

variety

of

relationships

have
G

been

-3-

developed

for estimating proposed and by

absolute Tlxiera,

permeability. Pi rsonz,

These

include Rose=, and

relationships Ti mur 4, Coates others. One of

Wyl 1ie and

Dunanoi rs,

Raymer6,

Rai ~?.-Cl emenceau7,

such

met hods

is of the

the

estimation

of

absolute by so among the

permeability called Tixier

on the basis method~.

resistivity

gradient

This met hod bases on the relations pressure water The and difference between

permeability, resistivity <respectively Sradient

capi11 ar y

of the formation

and this of the hydrocarbon method of the resistivity

for oil or gas>.

may be SXC1 US1 vel 1y appl led in the water zone. cases Lhere exi 8+,9 a relation

- hydrocarbon

transition In

many

between

the rocks,

permeabi 1ity al]d other

i.

physical

properties

of reservoir

e.

relationships

derl ved porosity

between absolute permeabi 1ity and log . and irreducible water saturation values, but dependence tests valid for

this correl atlon comes from the empirical definite out . S. J, Plrson2 gave absol u>= permeability an equation coefficient geologi cal formations, for

which

were

carried

for the determl nati on of the k in the following form:

k s+=

(+-]2+,,

,,,,.., ....o ............ci. .

where
~ .

o.6a +

... .,,.,, ..........,, ...,,* # is the porosity, S

,0

..,,.,,

<2)

In this

equations,

vi

is thr Li-reducibl.!
G

4h water saturation ~ and F is the <2>. Roses presented the i.e. empirical formation factor d~f ined

accoraing M. R.

to the Humble equation J. Wyllle and W. D.

relation

referring k = (c

to the medium

of grain sands,

+=/s vi, )2, .................................<3)

c depends on the density; of the hydrocarbons an average and

where constant assumes values

from c = 250 for oil having

density,

to c = 79 for dry gas. Equation of A. Timur4 is another moditicatlon of Eq. 3

k=e5el.02+4*4/sw:. This relatiOn porosity is set ~?r

..... ......................<4) clean compact sa~]dstone with an

average

@ = 15 td 20% . relationships is

The Coates and Dumanoir Zv

O.k = 300 T w

b .........................<5>

vi tirr

Whei-e

[logRv#Rt WE ~ 3.75 -tp+ 2

+2.2]2 . ... ...,, ......<~~

In the above R~ is the

equations, <true> at

RV is the formation resistiv]ty, water

water the

resistlvity, rock and <true> w is a ,

rock when

Rtbrr is

resistivity textural

irreducible

saturation)

parameter. gave an equation for the determination form: af the

L. L. Raymsr absolute

permeability

in the general

1 .$ ,..

-5-

a k =C [=*SJ ................................ ..c?) ,

where

is

correction saturation

factor value

whj Ch

normal izes

the

irreducible

water

for any

capillary

pressure
of

to a reference the correction

capillary is

pressure

<of 10 psi]. the

The magnitude
of

obtained pressure water.

from

knuwledge fluid for

either and

reservoir elevation

capillary above

or saturating The necessity

densities the

free

correction of

lies in the assumption a reservoir ,. as a function

that the irreducible unique

water saturation value,

rock is not a constant, of capillary pressure,

buh it varies above

or of the elevation

free water and saturating Equati m

fluid densities. has the following form:

of J. Raiga-Clemencau7

==+

[+-$
VL

<8 by calik. . tl of

where c is a constant this model <8). Inthe coefficients whereas above @

which may be determined

formulae. and S VL are

i.e.

Eqs.

1, in

3, a

4,

5,

7, of

and

Q,

expressed

fraction

unit~

k in md,

2. 2. New methodics

of determination coefficient k

of absolute

permeability.

The

met hod

described

by

M.

P.

TixierA

enable (the order

the of

permeability

coefficient

to be only approximated

=
-6-

19389

the

value).

Besides

it

may

be

applied i. e.-

only parts

for of

the the

water

hydrocar bon

transition

zone,

profile

satu;at-ed with hydrocarbon and formation water, Eqs . 1,.3, 4 , ., and 5 are empirical equatlons~ based on the data concerning a definite geological without region.
of

for mation. previous

Hence

these

equations

should

not

be applied geological

critical

analysis

in an arbitrary

As a result Miocene above

the tests

conducted

for the sandstone may state of that the and lab

- clay all the

of the Carpathian desc~ibed nu?thods

Foredeep for give

one

determination varying obtained 7 do not

absolutm which, in

permeability turn, differ Eqs.

coefficient from 1,

resultq in the

the results 3, 4 and absolute

condition=. the the

Morever,

correctly

describe in

distri buti O]i of function

the S

permeabi 1ity if the

coefficient

of # and

water saturated, equal

vi . 1.e. S

For example, VL = 100%

rock is 100%

bound

the absolute

permaabi 1ity must from the vi #

to zeros i. e. k = O. 0 md, which equations,

does not follow assumed

discussed o.

It must be additionally

that S

Therefore more precisely in the on the

the

Author

built

a physical

models

which

shouLd

describe

the effect- of permeability and irreducible samples water the

distribution saturation, Carpathian

function example

of porosity of the

Miocene

from

Foredeep. The equation for the absolute permeability may be derived form

from Poiseuillem

law and Darcys

law. It has the general

-?-

k = c** + TS2 where

..:,.,..,, ..... ....................(9) P of the porous medium and S~ is the

r is the tortuosity surface

internal Howevera

arsa per unit pore volume.

r =F@,

........................................<10) in Eq. ~ leads to

which on substitution

knca

1 ,F Sp%

.,. ,., ,,.. ..... ..................<11>

G

The general porosity

form of the relation

between

formation

factor

F and

@ is F=c2 @-m, a .......... .,. ......... . ............ <12)

G G

where

is

censtan~
G

depending the

on

cementation of the

and

Ca

constant matrix

controlled

by

porosity

unconsolidated

prior to cementation,

Substituting

Eq. 12 in Eq. 11 it

may be obt~lned

k =C. + = sp% It was stated surface For by

,.

0,....

,..0

,.

0,....

C13)

the

Author

that

the

relation

between

the

internal evident. ,. towards

SP and the irreducible if Sp tends

water satu!sation SVL is infinity S

vi

example, That

towards

tends

1 C140%),

relation ,.

based

on the

lab observations .

has the form

,,

,.

c s

=-
general form calculation

................................
of, the can & equation for the stated

<14)

Thus ,

the

absolute

permeability

3 k = .pq 4;
;Or

c;

[1 - SJ

, ....... ... .............<15>

...

....... ..... .. ... *..c@) ....c@) ;.

1 :!

; i

flow of~the formation fluids in the 1 reservoir rock $akes ;place throu~h a free porous space (FPS~, ; I 1 !: i, e; total p+e Wlunis Lntercmmunicat:ing, lowered,by the ! !., , : valyejof the irreducible watec saturation, namely: !: ;
1

FPS = # [1 - Swi) . .. *.***. the absolute ;ock

.0

..,.,..

.,,.,

(17> of

Then,

permeability

should

be

a function

Eq, 1?, i. e.:

and the analysed following

model C18) will be described t equation: C@(i-Swi)

[

at the end by the

k= For the

a . ,, ..,,0., ,,, .,,.., .........CIQ) three product models defined by

sake

of

comparison,

equatloris have been taken for the statistical I: II: k=~#a

analysis:

SWLb, ,Qo. .00...00.,.0..,..,0. ,,, ,.. , <20> 1*.*0.0,. ... ,, s..,. ,.** Cal)

k=

C#[l-Swi]b,

-9-

III: In the

k=C
[

#[l- Swi) 20, 21,

1
and

. .... .0 .................(22> 22 values C, a, and b are

above

Eqs.

co!wtants

which should

be empirically

determined, analysis in lab of the data conditions for the

As a reeult on * #, Swi and were

of the applied k coefficients the

statistical determined

th-re

obtained

following

relations

valid

Miocene of Lhe Carpathian I: k 4

Fwedeep:,

00 .....*. .O*<W> f33e.3et$2.4~s vi 0,93 , .... of multiple correlation T? = 0.75

Coefficient 11: Coefficient III:

of multip~e

correlation 2.20 *
G

R = O.@O .*....., .*.<a5>

k = 15 023.49 Correlation

# [1 - Swi] ( )

coefficient comparison using and the

r = 0.?9 that the best ana II, approxlmatien third and III models were

It fdlowe can be

from

tke when 84

obt~ined by Eqs,

second I,

described presented

&?5. Modele <Figs.

in seperate

nomograms

1, ~ and 3>. In Eqs. ~a, in a fraction coefficlmt from by L.

24 ar,~ 25, ~ and Swt coefficients of uni L, wheras may be defined

are expressed

k in md. The absolute

permeability

by means of Eqs. 24 or ~5 ana the nomograms the correction factor c defined

Figs, ~ or 3. Including
.

L, Raymere

$nto the models

of

1, II and III <Eqs.

23, 24 and i35>

makes the parameters

those models worwe.

-1o-

3.

Ntermination

of rslative watsr k rv

permeabili~.y and gas k r~ti

3. 1. A review

of the existing permeability

models

d~scrlbj,ng the relative

distribut~.ms

In the

paper

there

was

anal ysed

the

relation absolute

between

the

relatiive permeability irreducible the saturation

and the

porosity,

permeabl 1lty, and

w~. th the wetting distributions, water

phase

(bour,d water)

capillary

pressure

These

conmiderationm the third of the wre

concerned phase,

the two - phase m~tem

- gas, because in the

i. e, oil 1s practically Foredeep. Ar of

G

absent

Miocene

Carpathlan built

result

of this

analy8is the flow

there of

two classes

models

describing the class

fluids models

through the porous medium,

.

namely

of capillary

and the class of geoktrical To the class models, of

mcrdels. models one to may the include degree the

capillary

following

classified

according

of the

complsxitye9: i) model of parallel pipes with idenblcal radius <capillary

model 1) 2) model
of

parallel function

pipes

with

radius

determined

by by

distribution the tollowing

6(r) (capillary

model 11> described

equationa:

rv(II)

,,,

,,,

,,,0

,,,

,,,

,,,

<m>

=i-k

rvux}

..co**, o*ca7)

Distrlbubion l/Pe*cs> 3> model of

function

t5cr)

has

the

density

equal

tQ

pipes and

with the

radius distance

defined

by

the

determining than the in

function ~<r) distance this way

of flow and the end account

greater

between there

the beginning {8 taken

of the pipe; tha porous

into

rook

tortuoslty

coefficient Ccaplllary

modsl IIIa Gnd IIIb):

m rw(XIXoJ

sv

dsp=-=~

dS\~e]s C28>

= s 2(1+8} j dS/P e o

j: dS\~e]g 0

for and

e =~,5

{v k
rw(IIIb)

dS/(PQ)2 ,O. ,......icso)so) dS/(Pe]2

m [TJS

~
j

$ k = (T,,] rg(IIXb) f o where : s

i

dS/[PG]
B
.s
.,,,.,0. ,,, ,

:V dS/[P=]2

cm)

T=J rw

- s, mtn
v

-s

v,mtn

(1-s)-s r rg whare = y and - S,m,ti] T~g play the role for of the the water porous and medium for the

Trv

tortuo=ity gas.

ratios

r-spectlvely

In the class empirical BoaLmm*a, mudstone

of geometrical $. e.

models

there

were by the

analyued Wyllieio

some and of

modelsj The rocks

modelm

proposed model to for

Wyllie which

G mpirical
corresponds Foredeep

sandstone type

the ,lithological

rocks in the Carpathian k . [S*]! rv(w}

has the following

G G

formio:

,*.. s,, ,*.,,** ,** ,. .,* ,,, *,,,,,Cw>

ql-s*]2(i-s rg(w)

*2] , ,.OO,,,,,,.O,,,,,,, for gas - water flow are~

G G

(s3)

and the Boatman. k

G quationwts

rwm}

= (S*]%:

) , 9..***n...*** ,, 9 ,,,.,,.* ,<34) -sao~sog]os. ,,.,,,.O <35)

k = [1 -S*][l rg(s) where

-13

a=

.*

V:vi

-s vi k rv is the water relative permeability, saturation, S w

1 -s In the Eqe. 26

- 36,

k~g is the gas relative . is the water saturation, from a capillary curve,

permea.bility, S is ~he

S V,mi~ is the mi n:, mum water S g,e

saturation

is the equill bruin gas saturation,

and P= is the capillary

pressure.

3.

a.

Standarization relative

of

capillary

models

describing

the

rock

permeability

distribution

,.

The already may

i.

discussed only when the

capillary

models

I. II, IIIa data

and IIIb

be applied e. when

the porosi metric curves

are available, in the when of

we have

of capillary phase,

pressures

function

of saturation

with the wetting

and morever

the irreducible the capillary

water saturation pressure

$s kn&n. even

The determination

is scarce;

if. so, the use of Eqs. because In the

26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31 is difficult the capillary the pressure occurs under

and time consuming the integral programmed

symbol. and

practice, calculation

above . is conducted

equations

are

with the use of a computer. a task of finding and as: standard porosity, and then a relation between of such

Hence there was assumed the capillary rock pressure parameters

measurements absolute using this

physical

permeability, relation for J

irreducible capillary function

water

saturation curves This

pressure was

prognosing. function

To do this the Leverett describes the

used.

physical

-14-

properties

of rocks and fluids and has the following P 0.5 +[)

G    G                  

form:

J(SW] = +

<36>

where d is the interf aci al tension. Function J enables the normal ization of the measurements into account of the

capi 1lar y pressure properties of this

to be conducted

by taking inside on

of rocks and the fluids

.

theme-lo. As a result#(

normalization

al 1 the data

tihe capi 11ar y pressure in the form of

distribution one curve,

for a given

rock type may be shown

i. e. in the form of J function.

to

Accordl ng rock type, B~Xmg

many

Authors@iOi2, for J function

given

1ithe: ogical

the Leverett

depends

only on saturation. the values of

on the data on #, k, P=, there defined

were listed

J f unctim the

by Eq. 36 in the function 106 Miocene core

of saturation samples <Fig.

with 4),

wetting

phase .for

Consequent of which curve

y. there covered

was obtal ned a bunch the having whole graph.

of curves, This means

the points either J

almost

covers

the rocks of ail

a vari fLed 1ithol ogy or <against J function , there was does not

the opinion

researchers io:z> that

take into account As a result obtained samples, a

al 1 the normalizing conducted

parameters. by the to Author all

of the tests equation the

general

referring J function

the

analysed depending in the

and describing

distribution phase

on the saturation following form

of rock with the wetting

<water)

J [Sv] =2.08 x10- S-U v

. .........................<37)

-15-

In the the so

above -

equation called

2.08x10-9 aver age

was

defined

by

the

Author

as

normal ized

initial

capillary depefids on

pressure*, u is the cc~efficient which, the rock ~haliness, In C44, Fig. 52,

among others~

and which varies between 1 and 35. . J curves for four 5 there were presented and 101>. One may observe described Eq . 36 almost an

samples ideal

67

agreeability empirical appropriate It is

of theoretical determined

curves from

by Eq. 37 and the Cafter assuming an

curves

value of a). not..able

of

that

cur-

occurs phase,

within

the

range 1. e. that

saturation between
.V

rocks with the wetting

v

i. e. water, the conclusion

= iandS

=S ~i <Fig. 5). Hence depends

the Leverett follows

J function

not only on ~, k, and P= as it wetting S ,.

Vt

from Eq. 36, but also on the irreducible

i. e.

phase This the

saturation, relation logarithm may

of

irreducible

water from

saturation Eq. 37.

be

dir-ectly defined

Finding

the Eq. 37 by sides we may get: J[SW] = 10g aoexio-g - OLlogs . ...........(3s)

log

... log s v

*....

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

C39)

ForS=S w

-a=m,.,...............a .
..c.o) log s vi

vi

Eq. 39 takes the following

form:

~
-16 -

19389

As a result been stated

of the tests that for

conducted

for all 106 samples value of the

it has J

S v = S vi the to:

Leverett

function

is constant J (s.] =a.oe.

and equals

. ..................................<41)

Substituting

value <41) to Eq. 40 we may get: -3 log Svi

u=

. ........ ............*.. ...*.*.* ..<42)

G

All

points

f(Svt]

obtained

from

the

comparisotk of

the

theoretical

curves

described

by Eq. 37 and the empirical by the wrves

curves CFig.

CEq. 36> are placed 6>:. -.3.38 Jog s vi

in the area surrounded

a=

forJ=5

u=

-2.6a

vi rock type:

log s For n arbitrary

u=

D log s vi

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..**~~**

C43>

where

is

the

constant

dependent

on

the

lithology

of

the

tested rocks. The general equation for J function 3 J ~SW] = 2.08xIO-= S Using Eq. 36 one may v 09 Vt the . . . . . . . . . . ., ........<44> value of the capillary will have the below form:

determine

pressure:

-17-

= k . [1 #

*,3 J(SV)

. ..........................<45)

Having substituted P=
c

Eq. 37 to Eq. 45 one gets: S -u

v *

2.08xi C)-a c o. s k
7 [1

<46)

where dynezcm. Hence:

a is the interracial

tension

for mercury

equals

to 480

P=
c

[1
+

0.5 S-a
G

.... .* ...........,. ........<47)

G

or
0.5

P=
c

[)
+

?) log Si
.

. ......................(48)

Most generally, form:

this

equation

may

be written

in the

following

c D

=AT

[1
48

dJ

0.5

D tog Svi
G

......... 0..........<4s)

where A,

are the constants

dependent

of the lithology

of the

tested rocks. Eqs . pressure . group of 47 and enable one number the to determine the capillary to the an

for an arbitrary the Miocene of

of samples

belonging

Carpathian and

Foredeep

having

appropriate saturation.

permeability, Having

porosity

irreducible

water

substituted

Eq. 47 or Eq. 48 to Eqs. 36 - 31

WE
-ie -

19589

and

having

analytically we get the

calculated

the

integrals

in

these

equations ~ Capillary Capillary

tormulae for relative permeability ; models II and III) in the following forms:

model II: ...............................t503 i+za w

. . . . .

k:v;xx,=S%+2? v k=l rg(II) Capillary

-s

.............. .........<513

model IIIa: = S *sa , .........................,..* c52) v = 1 -s %tam

v

k;_r&

r g(XIXa.)

. ........................O (53)
,

Capillary

m&lel IIIb:
[SW+*U)

(w{xxxb, = [Trw]z
= [T) k rg(IIIb) rg

* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C54>
. ................C55>

[1 -Sv+q

3.

3.

Construction permeability

of curves

relative on

permeability the basis of

and

phase

standard

measurements

on physical

rock properties

Futher theoretical to

experiments model

were

to

lead

to

the which on

construction w~~ld enable

of

@f

empi rically

precised,

one such

defil,n the

relative

permeabillt.y absolute

the

basis and

parameters

as: porosity,

permeability

irreducible of physical

water saturation,

so standard

and easy measurements

-.

-19.

rock properties. For this reason ~ distribution, the description of the models relative <Eqs.32
of

permeability

given

by individual The

35, and 50 - 55), results classes the same has been obtained

has been from the

verified. models

agreeability to two

the

belonging

different to It the two

i. e. capillary samples assumed is for an the

and geometrical

models,

in relation criterion; between one the or

was treated that the of

as the correctness lack the of of agreeability

results models samples. we may

evidence

incorrectness permeability

of in

determination

given

In the case when the agreeability assumed that both models are

has been confirmed, and suitable for

correct

the determination In the course

of the changes of researches models: i. e.

of tke relative it has IIIa and been and

permeability. that and the the show to the

stated IIIb

anal ysed geometrical

capillary models

II, Wyllie This

Boatman that,

models

considerable

discrepancies.

means models the

according

above precondition, and Boatman models

the capillary do not

as well as the Wyllie relative there which data permeability was assumed good

describe So,

changes the task match To do

sufficiently of building

well. such

accordingly, model

a capillary

would

to the relative this there II

permeability was anal ysed by

laboratory the Eqs.

from cores. between 51 and the the The b

relation 50 and

capillary laboratory capillary

model

described of

measurements

relative

permeabilities. form:

model II was presented

in the following

,W[SW) k* = T* rv

k,~{x,,, ..........................(5s)

-ao

k = T* ~9.[SW] k:_. r9 In the above formulae

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..(57)

k* ~W

and

k* denote rg determined

the

relative

permeability

curves

for water and gas,

on the basis

of the capillary

model II defined the lab data, for phase

by Eqs. 26 and 27 or Eqs. 50 T ~W(SW], r~gcSW] and gas, - ratios of in

and 51, best. fitting porous medium

of

tortuosity wetting

water <water)

respectively,

the function

saturation.

Water and gas tortuosity so determined curves match basic that

atios, 1. e. ~~w and T* have been rg permeability described possible. and 57; by lab data Eqs. 56 and and the 67

the relative the well model as

obtained each other

from as the

k~w{xx} and they were

k are rg{ll) determii,~d of the

elements

of

Eqs. 56

theoretically, porous

wheras

T~w and r* rg have and

a physical they were

sense

medi urn

tortuoslty

determined curves * were rg

experimentally

in the course of matching and laboratory data,

the capillary Ratios T*

rv

CEqs . 50 and 5i) defined

and T

by the following

equations:
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

T;w (Sw]
T:g(sw]=

=s

-1.47U+Z. z v

<58>

2.35

[1
-t. -s

l-SW 1 -s

. .......................<59> vi of the values of coefficients

T* rw

Atter the r ~g defined

substitution

and

by Eqs. 58 and 59 into Eqs. 56 and 57 one may get: 47U+Z. 2 s l+zot , ........................<60) w

k* =s Pw w

k*= rg

i [1
1 -s

z. 3s

v vi

(i-

S~+za].

..(...........,. C6I)

-21.

Finally,

Eqs. 60 and 61 assume kw = ;sswa*20

the following

form:

rv

, ........... ..................<62) 2*3s

k* = rg where

[1
1 -s -3

-s

w vi
,

[i-sw~+q

, . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..<M>

a=

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <42>

13g s As a result

vi the conducted tests defined there was obtained a

of

model belonging IIIc.

to the III class,

as a capillary

model

Model IIIc C Eqs. 61 and 62> i= a result of the capillary curves

of an emp~rlcal * k--- and

precision k* denote rg

model II. In Eqs. 61 and 62 permeabillties of capillary

of relative basis

for water and gas model II), best

Constructed fitting* relative with the

on the

relative

permeability obtained

permeability

curves data

laboratory data. The . from Eqsi 61 and 6~ along in Figs. 7 - 10. lab also 32, The
,

the laboratory error to 4% and of

were presented IIIc in

maximal equals Wyllie

the

model

relation were

to the

data the 33

. In Figs.

7 - 10 there models

presented by Eqs.

Boatman

empirical

described

and 34, 35. All the models show good agreeability: In order to calculate gas, should i. e. be kw and the phase permeabilities for water and krv and the k rg

ks , appropriate coefficients by the coefficient of

multiplied k: = k k,

absolute

permeability k v

rv

.* ....*.* *, *,,.*.. .. *..*.*, ,,.O, ,s,, ,<63> ,,

= k
r9

k,

......... .* ..*.*,. ............ .,...0 <64)

G

4. Conclusions

The

problematlcs

undertaken of

in the

the

paper

deals

with

quantitati vs exemplified Foredeep, Studie~ of lab by

estimation the

reservoir of the

properties, Carpathian

Autochtonous

Miocene

Poland, were conducted e. by the Author on the interpretation saturation,

data i.

porosity,

irreducible

water

distribution volume,

of pore size, pressure,

intern, 1 surface in their

area per unit pore with absolute in the

capillary

relationship

and relative elaboration calculations for any

permeabilities. of the physical of whi~h the

These studies equations empirical can

have resulted

for absolute estimation be

and relative <calibration) out. The

geological equations

formation include

readily

worked

computing integrated

log - derived processed

terms only and can be program. that the

of

in any computer

log analysis the Author the

In the course Leverett capillary account J

of the researches, does not

stated

function

give

possibility not

the into shown

pressure all the

normalizat.in because parameters.

it does The

take have

normalizing

tests

that the Leveretts function parameter introduced only

theoretical iLs

calculations and

are met when

by the J additional is

after form Thus

variabling irreducible

in the to it.

of the

water

saturation

corrected

Leverett

J function

becomes

;.a

=
-a3-

.19369

universal

for an arbitrary

type of rock and may be used for the model

of

construction very basis such precise of the

of a prediction determination standard and

giving

the possibility pressure of the on

of a the of

the

capillary

easy

measurements

values

properties

as porosity,

absolute

permeability,

saturation

and irreducible

water saturation.

Nomenclature
.

constants formation J= Levurett factor, function permeability, md md . fraction

krc absolute effective

<phase) gas permeability, . gas relative permeability, fraction water relative permeability,

k= rv k w P=

fraction md

= effective pressure,

<phase>

water permeability,

kPa tpsil

P= capillary pressure, kPa (psi] c r = correlation coefficient R= multiple correlation c~efficlent Qm when at irreducible water

rock <true> rock Ctrue)

resistivity, resistlvity

siaturationt Qm formation water resistivity, fraction ~lm

saturation,

. . -=-

SPE19389
-a4

equj Iibruin gas saturation,

sp =

fraction 1A [1/ftl

internal

sUrf ace area per unit pore volume, fraction fraction from a

Sw = Swi s v,min = =

water saturation, irreducible minimum fraction textural

water saturation, saturation

water

capillary

curve,

parameter,

fraction

coefficient contact .

fraction dmgrees Pa** (radl [Cpl

angle,

#fw

water viscoeityD density, kgm*

flbfital N~ [dynezcml

interfacia! tortuesity T= rg
T=

tension,

of the porous medium, ratio. fre.c ion ratio, fraction

fraction

gas tortuoslty

rw

water tortuosity porosity,

fraction

References

i. Tlxler,

M,P,:

Evaluation

of Permeability

from Electrlc

Log

Resistivity
lea,

Gradients,Oil and Gas ;, CJune 1S49) 48, li3 -

~. Plrson, S,J. :Handbook Formation cliffs, 3, Wyllie,l Evaluation,

of Well Log Analysis Prentice Hall

for Oil and Gas Inc., Engl ewood

New York <1=3). M,R,J, and Rose, to the W, Do : Some Theoretical Evaluation of ~

Considerations

Related

Quantitative

-a5-

the

Physical

Characteristics

of

Reservoir

Rock

i r om

Electrical 4. Timur, Residual

Log Data,

J. Pet, Tech. <April

1950) 105 - 116. Porosity and

A. : An Investigation Water Satur&tion

of Permeability, Relations - August

ior 1968)

Sandstone

Reservoirs*, Log Analyst -1?. 6* Coat.es, G.R. Log -

CJuly

9, NQ, 4, %

and t)umanoir~ J.L. : *A New Approach Permeability, Log Analyst

Improved -

Derived

<January

February) 6, Raymer,

15, No. 1, 17 -2S. Elevation

G nd

L.L,:

Hydrocarbon

lXnsity

Correction Log Analyst

for Log - Derived

Permeability

Relationships,

CMay - June 1331> 22, No. 3, 3 - 7,

7,

Raiga partir

- Clemenceau, des diagraphies

J. :

Estimation de=

perm6abil$t6m Twelfth

diff~rdes

, Prec.,

World

Pet. Cong,,
e.

Amyx,

Houston C196?) . Bass, D.M. J.W. MC Graw -

307 - 3i5. and Hill Whiting, Book Co, R.L.: Inc., Petroleum New York,

Engineering,

Toronto, London <1960).

9.

Jucha,

S.

et

al.:

Zwiqzki

przepuszezalnodci <Correlation Rock betwsen

fazwej

as

flzycznymi Permeability Gdrnictwa 10. Slider, Methods, 11. Ruhovets, Baaed on

wkasnoticlami mka~ and Physical

Relativa Archl wum

Prcpertie*)o

PAN <1985) H.C. :

30, No. 3, 425 - 436. Petroleum Reservoir Engineering

Practical

Petroleum

Publishing W.H,;

co., Tulsa C1976). DLgiLal and Shaly Log ~3, Sand Analyeiw Clay -

N. and Fertl~ Waxman -

Smita (May

Model - June

Dwived

Typing,

Log Analyst

i982)

No, 3, 1283

S%
-2e
.

19389

1300, 12, Anderson} Effects of W,G, : Wettabili ty Literature Wettabllity on Capillary Survey Pressure, - Part J. 4:

Pet.

Tech, <October

1987) i283 - 1300.

S1 Metric Conversion

Factors

Cp x I*O* dyne xf,O* N x 3*04ew

E-03

Pa s

E-oa -UOJ E-01 = m E-01 = kg E+OO = kPa

Jbm x 4.63S 324 P9L

x

6.334 7557

Conversion

factor 1s exact.

-a7-

19389

Figures

Fig. 1 .

- Nomogram on the

for determination basis of

of absolute ~,

permeability

porosity

irreducible

waLer

saturation Fig. 2 - Nomogram on the

SWL and Eq. 23. of absolute @, permeability k

for determination basis S VL of

porosity

irreducible

water

saturation Fig. 3 - Nomogram on the

and Eq. 24. of absolute $, permeability k

for det~rmination basis c:

porosity

irreducible

water

5atur?At10n SWb and Eq. 26. Fig. 4 Fig. 5 Fig. 6 - A **J function diagram. All samples. Samples No. 44, 52, 67, 101. coefficient a

- A J i%~-iction diagram. - Graph representing

relation

between SWi

and irreducible Fig. 7 Comparison

water saturation of observed of and

calculated

relativ& to

permeabilities. water IIIc krv and C61),

Curves gas k

relatiye

permeability

C62),

obtained from capilla;y model r9 Wyllie equation C322, C33) and No, 32. relative to

Boatman equation Fig.

e -

C34), C35). Sample observed Curves and

Comparison

of

calculated

permabilities. waber IIIc krw and CG1>,

of relative obtained from

permeability capillary C32J, No. 81. C33)

gas

rg

model and

C62>,

Wyllie

equation

Boatman equation Fig. S Comparison of

C,34), C36>. Sample observed and

calculated

relative to

permeabilities.

Curves

of relative

permeability

=
-28-

19389

water IIIc

Pv

and

gas

rg

obtained

from

capillary <32),

model

<61)*

C62) ,

Wyllie

equation

<33), and

Bcatman equation Fig. 10 Comparison of

(34), C35). Sample observed Curves k

rg

No. 52. relative to

and

calculated

permeablliti es. water

IIIc

of

relative from

permeability capillary C32>, No. 102. C33)

krv and
<61),

gas

obtained

model and

C62> ,

Wyllle

equation

Boatman equation

C34), C35). Sample

g, >, .

IRREDUCIBLE
c

WATER

SATURATION,

Swi

VXo)

N
o

!!
%

100

90

80

70

60
<

50

40

30
t

20

10

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

POROSITY,
#
e

(~0)

WE

19589

100

90

80

.....

70

zg
t<

60

C 1-

50

m
1-

a
40

CY
LLl

30

20

10

o--o

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

POROSITY,

@ (Vo)

a!% 19389

10.0

9.0

8.0

7,0

In
09 s ;b

6,0

4
a
II

5,0

40
0 I

3,0
G

2,0
G G G  G G 

1.0

:0
b

G  G

G G

G
,

e
B

G G
I*

ma , G

,*

O.O 0

G ,. G, Au

1** G G**, U

h
100

2040

WATER

SATURATION,

SW (?%)

%%

19389
10,0

1
. SAMPLE

I
Swi, /0 4.00 30.09 41.30 61.80

9,0

o
K

8.0

7.0

In
o s. =~

6.0
5?
u

50 . II 4.0

d
U1

R to s b m

3.0
I
v .

2.0

1. c
,

0.0 0

4.

7A

>4s

20

40

60

80

100

WATER

SATURATION,

SW (VQ)

Fiq.s

30,0

25,0 .

.-

2040

a=

1/ 15.0

10.0

/,v ~ A A!/ /
G

/ /1/

/
5.0

t 0.0: 0

20
IRREDUCIBLE

40
WATER

60

80

iio

SATURATION, Swi [Yol

z? p +

RELATIVE
o M 0 s

PERMEABILITY - [~0]
m o m 0 s o

.,.-.

, .. .. . ..

I 00
1 \ \
1 \

80

60

40 Swix 23.S0 %

20 / . / 20 40 60 80 100

0
.

WATER

SATURATION,

SW

[~0]

19s89

,. ,

100

w > i=

Swi = 41,30% a= 20 7,81

a
id

20

40

60

80

100

WATER

SATURATION,

Sw [?4el

\\ L

100

S~i 8 75.05%

20

40

60

00

100

WATER

SATURATION,

SW

[%]