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82 pages
Advanced Level
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Description
1.2 Sketches
1.3 References
1.4 S.I. units
2 MATERIALS
2.1 Aluminium
2.2 Other materials
3 LOADS
3.1 Permanent loads
3.2 Imposed loads
3.3 Environmental loads
3.3.1 Snow loads
3.3.2 Wind loads
TALAT 2710 2
4 LOAD COMBINATIONS
4.1 Ultimate limit state
4.2 Serviceability limit state
5 LOAD EFFECTS
5.1 Loads per unit length and concentrated loads
5.1.1 Permanent loads
5.1.2 Imposed loads, uniform distributed
5.1.3 Imposed loads, concentrated
5.1.4 Snow loads
5.1.5 Wind loads
TALAT 2710 3
6 CODE CHECKING
6.1 Column A
6.1.1 Dimensions and material properties
6.1.2 Internal moments and forces
6.1.3 Classification of the cross section in y-y-axis bending
6.1.4 Classification of the cross section in z-z-axis bending
6.1,5 Classification of the cross section in axial compression
6.1.6 Welds
6.1.7 Design resistance, y-y-axis bending
6.1.8 Design resistance, z-z-axis bending
6.1.9 Axial force resistance, y-y buckling
6.1.10 Axial force resistance, z-z axis buckling
6.1.11 Flexural buckling of beam-column
6.1.12 Lateral-torsional buckling between purlins
6.1.13 Design moment at column base
6.1.14 Deflections
6.1.15 Summary
6.2 Column B
6.2.1 Dimensions and material properties
6.2.2 Internal moments and forces
6.2.3 Classification of the cross section in y-y-axis bending
6.2.4 Classification of the cross section in z-z-axis bending
6.2,5 Classification of the cross section in axial compression
6.2.6 Welds
6.2.7 Design resistance, y-y-axis bending
6.2.8 Design resistance, z-z-axis bending
6.2.9 Axial force resistance, y-y buckling
6.2.10 Axial force resistance, z-z axis buckling
6.2.11 Flexural buckling of beam-column
6.2.12 Lateral-torsional buckling between purlins
6.2.13 Design moment at column base
6.2.14 Deflections
6.2.14 Summary
6.3 Column C
TALAT 2710 4
6.5 Roof Beam E
Software
The example is worked out using the MathCad software in which some symbols have special meanin
according to the following
Structure
The structure was proposed by Steinar Lundberg, who also contributed with valuable suggestions.
Part 1 to 6.6 was worked out by Torsten Höglund and 6.7 by Myriam Bouet-Griffon.
TALAT 2710 5
1. Introduction
1.1 Description
The industrial building contains an administration part with offices, wardrobe, meeting rooms etc.
and a fabrication hall. The load bearing system consist of frames standing at a distance of 5000 m
1.2 Sketches
1.3 References
[1] ENV 1999-1-1. Eurocode 9 - Design of aluminium structures - Part 1-1: General rules. 1997
[2] ENV 1991-2-1. Eurocode 1 - Basis of design and actions on structures - Part 2-1:
Action on structures - Densities, self-weight and imposed loads. 1995
TALAT 2710 6
2. Materials
2.1 Aluminium
[1], 3.2.2 The extrusions are alloy EN AW-6082, temper T6
The plates are EN AW-5083 temper H24
[1], 5.1.1 The partial safety factor for the members γ M1 1.10 γ M2 1.25
[1], 6.1.1 The partial safety factor for welded connections γ Mw 1.25
Design values of material coefficients
3. Loads
0.5 . kN . m
2
Permanent load on roof q´ p.roof
0.7 . kN . m
Permanent load on floor 2
q´ p.floor
3 . kN . m
2
q´ k.floor
Uniform distributed load
Q k.floor 2 . kN
Concentrated load
[2], 6.3.4 Roofs not accessible except for normal maintenance etc. => Category H =>
0.75 . kN . m
2
Uniform distributed load q´ k.roof
TALAT 2710 7
[?], ?? Load from crane, the crane located in the middle of the roof beam in the production hall
2 kN . m
2
Snow load q´ snow
0.70 kN . m
2
Maximum wind load on the external walls q´ w.wall
0.27 kN . m
Wind suction on leeward side of walls 2
q´ w.lee
0.70 kN . m
Wind suction on the roof 2
q´ w.roof
Max. wind suction at the lower edge of the
1.0 kN . m
2
roof and 1.6 m upwards q´ w.edge
TALAT 2710 8
4. Load Combinations
[5], 9.4 Partial load factors for different load combinations in theultimate limit state
[5] Table 9.2 Partial factor for permanent action, unfavourable γ Gsup 1.35
Partial factor for permanent action, favourable γ Ginf 1.0
Partial factor for variable action, unfavourable γ Q 1.5
Load combinations
ξ . γ Gsup ξ . γ Gsup ξ . γ Gsup γ Ginf ξ . γ Gsup ξ . γ Gsup
Load case
1 permanent loads
γ Q ψ 0i . γ Q ψ 0i . γ Q 0 γ Q ψ 0i . γ Q
2 distributed loads
ψ u ψ 0i . γ Q γ Q ψ 0i . γ Q 0 ψ 0i . γ Q ψ 0i . γ Q
3 crane load
ψ 0s . γ Q ψ 0s . γ Q γ Q 0 ψ 0s . γ Q ψ 0s . γ Q4 snow loads
0 0 0 γ Q ψ 0w . γ Q γ Q 5 wind loads
TALAT 2710 9
4.2 Serviceability limit state
[5], 9.5.2 Partial load factors forfrequent load combinations in the serviceability limit state
and 9.5.5
LC 1: imposed load dominant
LC 2: crane load dominant
LC 3: snow load dominant
LC 4: wind load dominant
LC 5: wind load only (for comparison)
LC 6: simplified, [5] (9.20) (for comparison)
[5] Table 9.3 ψ factor for imposed loads ψ 1i 0.5 ψ 2i 0.3 ( = 0 for roof)
ψ factor for crane loads ψ 1c 0.5 ψ 2c 0.3
ψ factor for snow loads ψ 1s 0.2 ψ 2s 0
ψ factor for wind loads ψ 1w 0.5 ψ 2w 0
Load combination
1 2 3 4 5 6
Load case
1 1 1 1 0 1
permanent loads
ψ 1i 0 0 0 0 0.9
imposed distributed loads
ψ s ψ 2c ψ 1c ψ 2c 0 0 0.9 imposed crane load
ψ 2s ψ 2s ψ 1s ψ 2s 0 0.9 snow loads
ψ 2w ψ 2w ψ 2w ψ 1w 1 0 wind loads
TALAT 2710 10
5. Loads Effects
Because of continuous purlins and secondary floor beams the load on a beam in a frame is mo
than the distance between the beam times the load per area. Therefore, for the second frame, t
load is increased with a factor ofkf where
k f 1.1
TALAT 2710 11
5.1.5 Wind loads
TALAT 2710 12
Moment diagrams
5.2.1 Permanent loads
TALAT 2710 13
5.3. Section forces for characteristic loads
5.3.1 Column A
5.3.2 Column B
(FE-cal- Bending moments, section 1, 2, 3, 4,5 and 6 0.07 2.73 4.51 4.35 7.46 9.07
culation) 4.26 15.4 18.2 4.69 8.29 15.5
Sections in columns, load cases in rows
MB 3.27 0.96 2.15 19.27 15.7 11.2 . kNm
row 1, permanent loads
row 2, distributed loads 6.57 5.24 1.59 20.0 34.6 33.5
row 3, crane load
row 4, snow loads 17.0 13.5 0.49 10.95 11.4 12.7
row 5, wind loads
35.1 23.5 9.18
Sections in columns, load cases in rows 84.4 33.9 12.8
Axial force, parts 1-2, 3-4 and 5-6 NB 31.7 31.1 4.34 kN
TALAT 2710 14
5.3.3 Column C
Comment: To reduce the extent of this example, this column is left out. It can be given,
conservatively the same section as column B
TALAT 2710 15
Shear force, section 1 and 3 14.3 13.2
5.4.1 Column A
Bending moments
For the load cases 1 - 5 the bending moment in section 1 of column B is:
2.9
9.43
<1>
(5.3.1) MA = 3.65 kNm
4.28
12.8
TALAT 2710 16
The values in the moment vector shall be multiplied with the corresponding load factor for every lo
combination
T
M sum = ( 25.353 22.752 23.677 16.3 13.833 1.909 ) kNm
TALAT 2710 17
Resulting maximum moments and minimum moments in section 1 to 4 are
T
M Amax = ( 25.353 5.275 11.471 1.045 ) kNm
T
M Amin = ( 16.3 37.743 1.64 7.86 ) kNm
Axial force
18.8
60.5
<s>
(5.3.1) NA = 1.42 kN <i > <s> . <i > <i >
N NA ψ u N sum N
28.5 i
Deflection
Deflection in section 6 s 1
0.56
0.5
<s> <i > <s> . <i > <i >
(5.3.1) δ A = 2.48 mm δ δ A ψ s δ sum δ
i
4.19
δ Amax max δ sum δ Amin min δ sum
8.36 s s
T
δ sum = ( 1.054 1.8 2.142 4.74 8.36 6.113 ) mm
δ Amin= ( 1.054 ) mm
TALAT 2710 18
5.4.2 Column B
Bending moments
For the load cases 1 - 5 the bending moment in section 1 of column B is:
0.07
4.26
<1>
(5.3.2) MB = 3.27 kNm
6.57
17
The values in the moment vector shall be multiplied with the corresponding load factor for every l
combination
T
M sum = ( 3.042 6.43 8.901 25.43 12.258 20.541 ) kNm
TALAT 2710 19
<i > <s> . <i > <i >
(5.3.2) Moments in section 2 s 2 M MB ψ u M sum M
i
T
M sum = ( 20.693 13.331 10.619 22.98 32.843 34.013 ) kNm M Bmax max M sum
s
T
M Bmax = ( 25.43 10.619 32.394 50.594 9.64 9.98 ) kNm
T
M Bmin = ( 8.901 34.013 5.245 12.075 86.153 89.305 ) kNm
Axial force
35.1
84.4
<s>
(5.3.2) NB = 31.7 kN <i > <s> . <i > <i >
N NB ψ u N sum N
95 i
TALAT 2710 20
<i > <s> . <i > <i >
(5.3.2) Axial force in part 3-4 s 2 N NB ψ u N sum N
i
T
N sum = ( 198.187 196.927 240.352 28.7 166.868 130.732 ) kN N Bmax max N sum
s
Deflection
Deflection in section 6 s 1
0.57
0.53
<s> <i > <s> . <i > <i >
(5.3.2) δ B = 2.57 mm δ δ B ψ s δ sum δ
i
4.3
δ Bmax max δ sum δ Bmin min δ sum
8.32 s s
T
δ sum = ( 1.076 1.855 2.201 4.73 8.32 6.276 ) mm
δ Bmin= ( 1.076 ) mm
5.4.3 Column C
Comment: To reduce the extent of this example,
calculation of this column is left out. It can,
conservatively, be given the same dimensions
as column B
TALAT 2710 21
5.4.4 Floor beam D
Bending moments
For the load cases 1 - 5 the bending moment in section 1 of beam D is:
6.56
27.8
<1>
(5.3.4) MD = 0.62 kNm
0.4
8.97
The values in the moment vector shall be multiplied with the corresponding load factor for every l
combination
T
M sum = ( 49.379 36.59 37.109 6.895 41.306 23.414 ) kNm
TALAT 2710 22
<i > <s> . <i > <i >
(5.3.4) Moments in section 2 s 2 M MD ψ u M sum M
i
T
M sum = ( 84.597 67.164 65.949 13.4 86.397 67.977 ) m kN M Dmin min M sum
s
6.895 49.379
M Dmax = 86.397 kNm M Dmin = 13.4 kNm
26.75 64.358
Shear force
11.7
48.5
<s>
(5.3.4) VD = 1.4 kN <i > <s> . <i > <i >
V VD ψ u V sum V
0.67 i
11.4
50.5
<s>
(5.3.4) VD = 0.6 kN <i > <s> . <i > <i >
V VD ψ u V sum V
0.67 i
89.038 6.21
V Dmax = kN V Dmin = kN
91.662 16.89
Deflection
TALAT 2710 23
89.038 6.21
V Dmax = kN V Dmin = kN
91.662 16.89
Deflection
Deflection in section 2 s 1
3.21
13.1
<s>
(5.3.4) δ D = 1.63 mm <i > <s> . <i > <i >
δ δ D ψ s δ sum δ
0.92 i
T
δ sum = ( 10.249 4.025 3.883 2.755 0.91 17.295 ) mm
TALAT 2710 24
Resulting maximum moments and minimum moments in section 1 to 3 are
21.8 145.887
M Fmax = 336.246 kNm M Fmin = 30.6 kNm
3.69 48.238
Shear force
Shear force in section 1 s 1
14.3
21.1
<s>
(5.3.4) VF = 43.4 kN <i > <s> . <i > <i >
V VF ψ u V sum V
57.6 i
171.5 17.35
V Fmax = kN V Fmin = kN
140.358 12.9
Deflection
Deflection in section 2 s 1
<s>T <i > <s> . <i > <i >
(5.3.4) δ F = ( 7.71 12.6 22.2 29.3 11.1 ) mm δ δ F ψ s δ sum δ
i
TALAT 2710 25
5.4.7 Joint A-D
(5.4.1) and Moment M Amax = 11.5 kNm
(5.5.4) 3
M Dmin = 49.4 kNm
1
M Amin = 37.7 kNm
2
Shear V Dmax = 89 kN
1
(The reason why the sum of the moments is not = 0 is the fact that all the moments does not belong to
the same load combination)
TALAT 2710 26
5.4.12 Joint F-C
(5.4.6) Moment M Fmin = 48.238 kNm
3
M Fmax = 3.7 kNm
3
Shear V Fmin = 12.9 kN
2
V Fmax = 140.4 kN
2
TALAT 2710 27
6. Code Checking
6.1 Column A
Web thickness: tw 5 . mm
Flange thickness: tf 14 . mm
Overall length: L1 3 .m
Distance between purlins: cp 1 .m
Inner radius: r 5 . mm
TALAT 2710 28
6.1.2 Internal moments and forces
(5.4.2) Bending moments and axial forces for load case LC1, LC3 and LC6 in section 1, 2, 3 and 4
0 25.4 23.8 1.91
3.0 37.7 33.5 21.1
x M LC1 . kNm M LC3 . kNm M LC6 . kNm
3.1 11.5 3.49 2.24
5.5 7.86 7.00 2.25
138 127 87
138 127 87
N LC1 . kN N LC3 . kN N LC6 . kN
49 60 26
49 60 26
4 4
2 2
0 0
40 20 0 20 40 0 50 100 150
Load case 1 Load case 1
Load case 3 Load case 3
Load case 6 Load case 6
Preliminary calculations show that load case 1 is governing. Study part 1-2 from column base
to floor beam. Moment in top of part 1-2 (section 2) is larger than at column base (section 1) why
M 1.Ed (below) correspond to section 2 andM 2.Ed to section 1 of the column.
TALAT 2710 29
Load case 1
Bending moment in section 2 M 1.Ed M LC1 M 1.Ed = 37.7 kNm
2
Bending moment at column base (1) M 2.Ed M LC1 M 2.Ed = 25.4 kNm
1
Axial force in part 1-2 (compression) N Ed N LC1 N Ed = 138 kN
1
class w if β w
> β 1w , if β w > β 2w , if β w > β 3w , 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 class w = 1
β w 32 220
ρ cw if 22 , 1.0 , ρ cw= 1
ε β w β w
2
ε ε
b) Flanges
[1] 5.4.3 ψ 1
0.8
[1] (5.7.),(5.8.) g if ψ > 1 , 0.7 0.3 . ψ , g=1
1 ψ
b tw 2 .r b2
b2 t2 tf β f g. β =f 4.821
2 t2
TALAT 2710 30
[1] 5.4.5 Local buckling:
β f 10 24
ρ cf if 6 , 1.0 , ρ cf= 1
ε β f β f
2
ε ε
class wc if β wc
> β 1w , if β wc > β 2w , if β wc > β 3w , 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 class wc = 4
β wc 32 220
ρ cw if 22 , 1.0 , ρ cw= 0.931
ε β wc β wc
2
ε ε
b) Flanges
Same as in bending t f.ef = 14.0 mm class f = 3
b haz = 35 mm
2 .b .t f 2 .t f .t w A g = 4.86 . 10 mm
3 2
Ag h
1. . 3
tw . h 2 .t f
3
Ig bh b
12
I g = 2.341 . 10 mm
7 4
I g .2
W el = 2.926 . 10 mm
5 3
W el
h
1.
b .h tw . h 2 .t f W pl = 3.284 . 10 mm
2 2 5 3
W pl b
4
TALAT 2710 32
Elastic modulus of the effective cross sectionWeffe:
t f = 14 mm t f.ef = 14 mm
bw
As tf.ef = tf then bc b c = 61 mm
2
t w = 5 mm
t w.ef.b = 5 mm
bf 0.5 . b tw 2 .r b f = 67.5 mm
2 .b f . t f b c. t w A eff = 4.86 . 10 mm
3 2
A eff Ag t f.ef t w.ef.b
I eff
W eff = 2.926 . 10 mm
5 3
W eff
h
e ef
2
W pl
α 1.2.w α 1.2.w = 1.122
W el
TALAT 2710 33
[1] Tab. 5.3 Shape factor α
- for class 1 or 2 cross-sections:
W pl
α 1.2.w α 1.2.w = 1.122
W el
β 3w β w W pl W el
[1] (5.16) α 3.ww 1 . α 3.ww= 1.245
β 3w β 2w W el
β 3f β f W pl W el
[1] (5.16) α 3.wf 1 . α 3.wf= 1.088
β 3f β 2f W el
β, β2, β3 are the slenderness parameter and the limiting values for the most critical
α3.ww and α3.wf
element in the cross-section, so it is the smaller value of
W eff
- for class 4 cross-sections: α 4.w α 4.w = 1
W el
class y = 3
f o . α .yW el
[1] (5.14) M y.Rd M y.Rd = 75.3 kNm
γ M1
TALAT 2710 34
6.1.9 Axial force resistance, y-y buckling
[1] 5.8.4 Cross section area of gross cross sectionAgr
b .h tw . h 2 .t f A gr = 4.86 . 10 mm
3 2
A gr b
2 .b 2 . t f b w. t w A ef = 4.818 . 10 mm
3 2
A ef A gr t f.ef t w.ef
A ef
Effective cross section factor η η = 0.991
A gr
π .E .I y
2
Buckling load N cr
2
l yc
N cr = 798.639 kN
A gr . η . f o
[1] 5.8.4.1 Slenderness parameter λ y λ y= 1.252
N cr
0.5 . 1 α . λ y
2
φ λ o λ y φ = 1.399
1
χ y χ y = 0.494
2 2
φ φ λ y
TALAT 2710 35
6.1.10 Axial force resistance, z-z axis buckling
cp
Buckling length = distance between purlins Kz K z.L 1 = 1 m
L1
π .E .I z
2
N cr = 5.4 . 10 kN
3
Buckling load N cr
K z.L 1
2
A gr . η . f o
[1] 5.8.4.1 Slenderness factor λ z λ z= 0.48
N cr
0.5 . 1 α . λ z
2
[1] 5.8.4.1 φ λ o λ z φ = 0.653
1
χ z χ z = 0.912
2 2
φ φ λ z
k1 1
[1] Table 5.5 Symmetric profile
fo
χ .zη . k 1 . k 2 . .A N z.Rd = 1.039 . 10 kN
3
[1] 5.8.4.1 Axial load resistance N z.Rd gr
γ M1
fo
η. .A N Rd = 1.139 . 10 kN
3
and without column buckling N Rd gr
γ M1
L1 xs
[1] 5.8.4.1 The ends of column part 1-2 is designing xs = 0.333 x s = 1.5 m
2 l yc
TALAT 2710 36
fu γ M1
[1] (5.51) ω 0 ρ haz . . ω 0 if ω 0 > 1 , 1 , ω 0 ω 0= 0.682
γ M2 f o
ω 0
[1] (5.49) ω x ω x= 0.732
π .x s
χ y 1 χ y . sin
l yc
M 1.Ed M 2.Ed
Mp M 1.Ed .c M p = 16.667 kNm
L1 p
t f .I z
2
h
I w = 4.197 . 10
10 6
[1] Figure J.2 Varping constant: Iw mm
4
2 .b .t f h .t w
3 3
I t = 2.811 . 10 mm
5 4
Torsional constant: It
3
W y = 2.926 . 10 mm
5 3
Lateral buckling length L cp Wy W el
Mp
[1] H.1.2 Moment relation ψ ψ = 0.442
M 1.Ed
TALAT 2710 37
1.4 . ψ 0.52 . ψ
2
[1] H.1.2(6) C1 - constant C1 1.88 C 1 = 1.363
E
G = 2.692 . 10 MPa
4
Shear modulus G
2.6
C 1 .π .E .I z I w L .G .I t
2 2
[1] H.1.3(3) M cr . L = 1000 mm M cr = 607.759 kNm
2.
E .I z
2 Iz
L π
α y .W y .f o
[1] 5.6.6.3(3) λ LT λ LT= 0.369
M cr
φ LT 0.5 . 1 α LT . λ LT
2
[1] 5.6.6.3(1) λ 0LT λ LT φ LT= 0.565
1
χ LT χ LT = 1.007
2 2
φ LT φ LT λ LT
Check sections
l zc cp
i 2.
i 1 .. 8 xs l zc
i 5
xs 0 .m xs b haz
1 2 T
xs
xs l zc b haz xs l zc = ( 0 0.035 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.965 1 )
7 8 l zc
fu γ M1
[1] (5.51) ω 0 ρ haz . . ω 0 if ω 0 > 1 , 1 , ω 0
i γ M2 fo i i i
T
ω 0 = ( 0.682 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.682 )
ω 0 T
[1] (5.49) ω x ω x = ( 0.75 1.08 1.04 1 1 1.04 1.08 0.75 )
or (5.52) π .x s
χ z 1 χ z . sin
l zc
TALAT 2710 38
ω 0 T
[1] (5.50) ω xLT ω xLT = ( 0.68 0.99 1 1 1 1 0.99 0.68 )
or (5.53) π .x s
χ LT 1 χ LT . sin
l zc
η 0 α z .α y
2 2
[1] (5.42a) η 0 if η 0 < 1 , 1 , if η 0 > 2 , 2 , η 0 η 0= 1.184
2
[1] (5.42b) γ 0 α z γ 0 if γ 0 < 1 , 1 , if γ 0> 2 , 2 , γ 0 γ 0= 1
2
[1] (5.42c) ξ 0 α y ξ 0 if ξ 0 < 1 , 1 , ξ 0 ξ 0= 1.184
γ c γ 0 χ z = 0.912 γ c= 1
ηc γc ξ zc
N Ed M y.Ed M z.Ed
[1] (5.43) U LT
χ .zω x . N Rd χ LT . ω xLT . M y.Rd ω 0 . M z.Rd
T
U LT = ( 0.889 0.594 0.552 0.499 0.443 0.385 0.334 0.479 )
TALAT 2710 39
Max utilisation, lateral-torsional buckling U z.max max U LT U z.max = 0.889
ηc γc
N Ed M y.Ed
K Bz Oi 0.005
χ .zω x . N Rd χ LT . ω xLT . M y.Rd
0 Section 2, HAZ
Section 2, no HAZ
0.5
at purlin, no HAZ
1
0 0.5 1 at purlin, with HAZ
K (axial force)
Bz (bending moment)
K + Bz (sum)
(beam-column)
TALAT 2710 40
6.1.14 Deflections
1. . 3
tw . h 2 .t f I gr = 2.341 . 10 mm
3 7 4
[1] 4.2.4 I gr bh b
12
To calculate the fictive second moment of areaI fic , the bending moment in the serviceability limit
state is supposed to be half the maximum bending moment at the ultimate limit state.
0.5 . M 1.Ed h
σ gr . σ gr= 64 MPa
I gr 2
Allowing for a reduced stress level,Ific may be used constant along the beam.
σ gr
[1] (4.2) I fic I gr . I I fic = 2.341 . 10 mm
7 4
fo gr I eff
I = 2.341 . 10 mm
7 4
I if class y 4 , I fic , I gr class y = 3
[1] 4.2.3 Limit horizontal deformation for building frame withh top x 4. m h top = 5.5 m
h top
δ limit δ limit = 18 mm
300
6.1.15 Summary
M 1.Ed
M 1.Ed = 38 kNm M y.Rd = 75 kNm ω 0 = 0.682 ω x = 0.748 = 0.734
1 1 ω 0. M y.Rd
1
N Ed
N Ed = 138 kN N y.Rd = 562.6 kN χ y= 0.494 = 0.664
χ .yω x . N y.Rd
1
δ max
δ limit= 18.3 mm δ max= 5 mm = 0.256
δ limit
I fic = 2.341 . 10 mm
7 4
Effective second moment of area
A gr = 4.86 . 10 mm
3 2
Cross section h = 160 mm b = 150 mm t w = 5 mm t f = 14 mm
TALAT 2710 41
6.2 Column B
Overall length: L1 3 .m
Distance between purlins: cp 3 .m
Inner radius: r 5 . mm
TALAT 2710 42
6.2.2 Internal moments and forces
(5.4.2) Bending moments and axial forces for LC1, LC3 and LC4 in section 1 to 6 i 1 .. 6
(axial compression force = +)
6 6
4 4
2 2
0 0
100 50 0 50 100 0 100 200 300 400
Load case 1 Load case 1
Load case 3 Load case 3
Load case 6 Load case 6
Preliminary calculations show that load case 1 is governing (except for welds in column base). Study
part 1-2 from column base to floor beam. Moment in top of part 1-2 (section 2) is larger than at column
base (section 1) whyM 1.Ed below correspond to section 2 andM 2.Ed to section 1 of the column.
Load case 1
Bending moment in section 2 M 1.Ed M LC1 M 1.Ed = 20.7 kNm
2
Bending moment at column base (1) M 2.Ed M LC1 M 2.Ed = 3.04 kNm
1
Axial force in part 1-2 (compression) N Ed N LC1 N Ed = 288 kN
1
TALAT 2710 43
6.2.3 Classification of the cross section in y-y-axis bending
β w bending
a) Web
b1
[1] 5.4.3 b1 bw t1 tw β w 0.40 . β w= 9.029
t1
250 . newton
[1] Tab. 5.1 ε β 1w 11 . ε β 1w= 10.786
fo 2
mm
Heat treated, β 2w 16 . ε β 2w= 15.689
unwelded = no
longitudinal β 3w 22 . ε β 3w= 21.573
weld
class w if β w
> β 1w , if β w > β 2w , if β w > β 3w , 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 class w = 1
β w 32 220
ρ cw if 22 , 1.0 , ρ cw= 1
ε β w β w
2
ε ε
b) Flanges
[1] 5.4.3 ψ 1
0.8
[1] (5.7.),(5.8.) g if ψ > 1 , 0.7 0.3 . ψ , g=1
1 ψ
b tw 2 .r b2
b2 t2 tf β f g. β =f 4.469
2 t2
β f 10 24
ρ cf if 6 , 1.0 , ρ cf= 1
ε β f β f
2
ε ε
TALAT 2710 44
6.2.4 Classification of the cross section in z-z-axis bending
class wc if β wc
> β 1w , if β wc > β 2w , if β wc > β 3w , 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 class wc = 4
β wc 32 220
ρ cw if 22 , 1.0 , ρ cw= 0.975
ε β wc β wc
2
ε ε
b) Flanges
Same as in bending t f.ef = 16.0 mm class f = 3
6.2.6. Welds
[1] 5.5
[1] Tab. 5.2 HAZ softening factor at column ends
ρ haz 0.65
TALAT 2710 45
[1] Fig. 5.6 Extent of HAZ (MIG-weld)
b haz = 30 mm
2 .b .t f 2 .t f .t w A g = 6.296 . 10 mm
3 2
Ag h
1. . 3
tw . h 2 .t f
3
I gr bh b
12
I gr = 4.621 . 10 mm
7 4
I gr . 2
W el = 4.621 . 10 mm
5 3
W el
h
Plastic modulus
1.
b .h tw . h 2 .t f W pl = 5.204 . 10 mm
2 2 5 3
W pl b
4
t f = 16 mm t f.ef = 16 mm
bw
As tf.ef = tf then bc b c = 79 mm
2
t w = 7 mm t w.ef.b = 7 mm
bf 0.5 . b tw 2 .r b f = 71.5 mm
2 .b f . t f b c. t w A eff = 6.296 . 10 mm
3 2
A eff Ag t f.ef t w.ef.b
TALAT 2710 46
Centre of effective gross section:
I eff
W eff = 4.621 . 10 mm
5 3
W eff
h
e ef
2
[1] Tab. 5.3 Shape factor α
- for welded, class 1 or 2 cross-sections:
W pl
α 1.2.w α 1.2.w = 1.126
W el
β 3w β w W pl W el
[1] (5.16) α 3.ww 1 . α 3.ww= 1.269
β 3w β 2w W el
β 3f β f W pl W el
[1] (5.16) α 3.wf 1 . α 3.wf= 1.121
β 3f β 2f W el
β, β2, β3 are the slenderness parameter and the limiting values for the most critical
α3.ww and α3.wf
element in the cross-section, so it is the smaller value of
W eff
- for welded, class 4 cross-sections: α 4.w α 4.w = 1
W el
class y = 3
f o . α .yW el
[1] (5.14) M y.Rd M y.Rd = 122.5 kNm
γ M1
TALAT 2710 47
Wz
Shape factor: α z α z=1
W z.ef
f o . α .zW z
Bending resistance: M z.Rd M z.Rd = 32.272 kNm
γ M1
b .h tw . h 2 .t f A gr = 6.296 . 10 mm
3 2
A gr b
2 .b f . t f b w. t w A ef = 6.268 . 10 mm
3 2
A ef A gr t f.ef t w.ef
A ef
Effective cross section factor η η = 0.996
A gr
A gr . η . f o
[1] 5.8.4.1 Slenderness parameter λ y λ y= 1.017
N cr
0.5 . 1 α . λ y
2
φ λ o λ y φ = 1.109
1
χ y χ y = 0.645
2 2
φ φ λ y
fo
Axial force resistance N y.Rd χ .yη . k 1 . k 2 . .A
gr N y.Rd = 955.708 kN
γ M1
TALAT 2710 48
6.2.10 Axial force resistance, z-z axis buckling
[1] Table 5.5 Buckling length factor K 1 L1=3 m K .L 1 = 3 m
π .E .I z
Case 3 2
A gr . η . f o
[1] 5.8.4.1 Slenderness factor λ z λ z= 1.394
N cr
0.5 . 1 α . λ z
2
[1] 5.8.4.1 φ λ o λ z φ = 1.601
1
χ z χ z = 0.419
2 2
φ φ λ z
k1 1
[1] Table 5.5 Symmetric profile
k2 1
[1] Table 5.5 No longitudinal welds
fo
[1] 5.8.4.1 Axial load resistance N z.Rd χ .zη . k 1 . k 2 . .A
gr N z.Rd = 620.192 kN
γ M1
fo
η. .A N Rd = 1.482 . 10 kN
3
and without column buckling N Rd gr
γ M1
L1 xs
[1] 5.8.4.1 The ends of column part 1-2 is designing xs = 0.333 x s = 1.5 m
2 l yc
TALAT 2710 49
[1] 5.9.4.5 HAZ reduction factors ρ haz= 0.65
fu γ M1
[1] (5.51) ω 0 ρ haz . . ω 0 if ω 0 > 1 , 1 , ω 0 ω 0= 0.682
γ M2 f o
ω 0
[1] (5.49) ω x ω x= 0.716
π .x s
χ y 1 χ y . sin
l yc
ξ yc
N Ed M y.Ed
[1] 5.4.4 Uy U y = 0.952
χ .zω x . N Rd ω 0 . M y.Rd
0.8 1.0
N Ed M y.Ed
U ys U ys = 0.955
χ .zω x . N Rd ω 0 . M y.Rd
W y = 4.621 . 10 mm
5 3
L L1 Wy W el
M 2.Ed
[1] H.1.2 Moment relation ψ
M 1.Ed ψ = 0.147
1.4 . ψ 0.52 . ψ
2
[1] H.1.2(6) C1 - constant C1 1.88 C 1 = 1.686
TALAT 2710 50
G = 2.7 . 10 MPa
4
Shear modulus
C 1 .π .E .I z I w L .G .I t
2 2
[1] H.1.3(3) M cr . M cr = 215.593 kN . m
2.
E .I
2 Iz
L π z
α y .W y .f o
[1] 5.6.6.3(3) λ LT λ LT= 0.791
M cr
φ LT 0.5 . 1 α LT . λ LT
2
[1] 5.6.6.3(1) λ 0LT λ LT φ LT= 0.852
1
χ LT χ LT = 0.856
2 2
φ LT φ LT λ LT
Check sections
l zc L1
i 1 .. 7
T
i 2. xs
xs l zc xs 0 .m xs b haz = ( 0 0.01 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 )
i 10 1 2 l zc
HAZ reduction factors (ω0 = 1 except at column ends with cross welds)
fu γ M1
[1] (5.51) ω 0 ρ haz . . ω 0 if ω 0 > 1 , 1 , ω 0
i γ M2 fo i i i
T
ω 0 = ( 0.682 1 1 1 1 1 1 )
[1] (5.49) ω 0 T
ω x ω x = ( 1.63 2.29 1.67 1.32 1.12 1.03 1 )
or (5.52) π .x s
χ z 1 χ z . sin
l zc
[1] (5.50) ω 0 T
ω xLT ω xLT = ( 0.8 1.16 1.11 1.06 1.03 1.01 1 )
or (5.53) π .x s
χ LT 1 χ LT . sin
l zc
TALAT 2710 51
α z .α y
2 2
[1] (5.42a) η 0 η 0 if η 0 < 1 , 1 , if η 0 > 2 , 2 , η 0 η 0= 1.258
2
[1] (5.42b) γ 0 α z γ 0 if γ 0 < 1 , 1 , if γ 0> 2 , 2 , γ 0 γ 0= 1
2
[1] (5.42c) ξ 0 α y ξ 0 if ξ 0 < 1 , 1 , ξ 0 ξ 0= 1.258
ηc γc ξ zc
N Ed M y.Ed M z.Ed
[1] (5.43) U LT
χ .zω x . N Rd χ LT . ω xLT . M y.Rd ω 0 . M z.Rd
T
U LT = ( 0.614 0.448 0.522 0.589 0.636 0.658 0.655 )
or with simplified exponents
0.8 1 0.8
N Ed M y.Ed M z.Ed
U LTs
χ .zω x . N Rd χ LT . ω xLT . M y.Rd ω 0 . M z.Rd
T
U LTs = ( 0.614 0.448 0.522 0.589 0.636 0.658 0.655 )
ηc γc
N Ed M y.Ed
K Bz
χ .zω x . N Rd χ LT . ω xLT . M y.Rd
TALAT 2710 52
0 Section 2, HAZ
Section 2, no HAZ
0.5
N Ed . W y 1 π .x s
Second order bending moment ∆ M . 1 . sin ∆ M= 10.12 kNm
A ef χ y l yc
V
The shear force is small why the first order moments are used to calculate
1
Load case 1 V M LC1 M LC1 . V = 5.89 kN
2 1 L
1
Load case 4 V M LC4 M LC4 . V = 16.1 kN
2 1 L
TALAT 2710 53
6.2.14 Deflections
To calculate the fictive second moment of areaI fic , the bending moment in the serviceability limit
state is supposed to be half the maximum bending moment at the ultimate limit state.
0.5 . M 1.Ed h
[1] 4.2.4 σ gr . I gr = 4.621 . 10 mm
7 4
σ gr= 22 MPa
I gr 2
Allowing for a reduced stress level,Ific may be used constant along the beam.
σ gr
[1] (4.2) I fic I gr . I I eff I fic = 4.621 . 10 mm
7 4
fo gr
I = 4.621 . 10 mm
7 4
I if class y 4 , I fic , I gr class y = 3
δ 1 0 . mm δ 1= 0 mm
δ 2 4.7 . mm δ 2= 4.7 mm
Pre-camber δ 0 0 . mm
6.2.15 Summary
M 1.Ed
M 1.Ed = 21 kNm M y.Rd = 122 kNm ω 0 = 0.682 = 0.248
1 ω 0. M y.Rd
1
ω x = 1.629 N Ed
N Ed = 288 kN N y.Rd = 955.7 kN 1 = 0.287
χ y= 0.645 χ .yω x . N y.Rd
1
δ max
δ limit= 21.7 mm δ max= 4.7 mm = 0.217
δ limit
I fic = 4.621 . 10 mm
7 4
Effective second moment of area
A gr = 6.296 . 10 mm
3 2
Cross section h = 200 mm b = 160 mm t w = 7 mm t f = 16 mm
TALAT 2710 54
6.3 Column C
Comment: To reduce the extent of this example the check of column C is left out. It is
given the same cross section as column A.
TALAT 2710 55
6.4 Floor Beam D
fo
[1] (5.6) fv newton newton newton
f v = 150 E 70000 . G 27000 .
3 mm
2
mm
2
mm
2
Radius: r 3 . mm
TALAT 2710 56
6.4.2 Internal moments and forces
class w if β w
> β 1w , if β w > β 2w , if β w > β 3w , 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 class w = 4
β w 29 198
ρ cw if 18 , 1.0 ,
ε β w 2 ρ cw= 0.792
β w
ε ε
if class w 4 , t w .ρ
t w.ef.b cw, t w t w.ef.b = 3.2 mm
TALAT 2710 57
[1] 5.4.3 b) Flanges
b tw 2 .r
[1] (5.7.),(5.8.) ψ 1 g 1 β f g. β =f 4.583
2 .t f
Heat treated, unwelded flange
ε ε
t f.ef if class f 4 , t f . ρ cf, t f t f.ef = 12.0 mm
h w k .E h w .t w
[1] (5.115) check if < . , "OK!" , "Not OK!" check = "OK!"
t w f of b .t f
6.4.4 Welds
[1] 5.5
TALAT 2710 58
6.4.5 Bending resistance
[1] 5.6.1 Elastic modulus of the gross cross sectionWgr:
2 .b .t f 2 .t f .t w A gr = 3.984 . 10 mm
3 2
A gr h
1. . 3
tw . h 2 .t f
3
I gr bh b
12
I gr = 6.676 . 10 mm
7 4
I gr . 2
W el = 4.451 . 10 mm
5 3
W el
h
As the weld is close to the centroidal axis
there is no reduction due to HAZ
W ele = 4.451 . 10 mm
5 3
W ele W el
t f = 12 mm t f.ef = 12 mm
bw
As tf.ef = tf then bc b c = 135 mm
2
t w = 4 mm
t w.ef.b = 3.2 mm
bf 0.5 . b tw 2 .r b f = 55 mm
2 .b f . t f b c. t w A effe = 3.872 . 10 mm
3 2
A effe A gr t f.ef t w.ef.b
TALAT 2710 59
Second moment of area with respect to centre of effective gross section:
I effe
W effe = 4.348 . 10 mm
5 3
W effe
h
e ef
2
W ple
α 1.2.w α 1.2.w = 1.103
W el
β, β2, β3 are the slenderness parameter and the limiting values for the most critical
α3.ww and α3.wf
element in the cross-section, so it is the smaller value of
f o . α . W el
[1] (5.14) M c.Rd M c.Rd = 102.8 kNm
γ M1
TALAT 2710 60
6.4.6 Bending resistance in a section with holes
[1] (5.13) The resistance is based on the effective
elastic modulus of the net sectionWnet
times the ultimate strength.
db 12 . mm
2 . I net fo
W net = 3.654 . 10 mm
5 3
W net = 236 MPa
h γ M1
f u . W net fu
[1] (5.13) M a.Rd = 248 MPa M a.Rd = 90.6 kNm
γ M2 γ M2
TALAT 2710 61
6.4.7 Shear force resistance
[1] 5.12.4 Design shear resistance Vw.Rd for web. A rigid end post is assumed.
hw fo
[1] (5.93) λ w 0.35 . . h w = 276 mm λ w= 1.472
tw E
fu
η 0.4 0.2 . η = 0.638
fo
1.32
ρ v if λ w > 0.949 , ,ρ v ρ v= 0.421
1.66 λ w
fo
[1] (5.95) V w.Rd ρ .vt w . h w . V w.Rd = 110 kN
γ M1
V Rd V w.Rd V Rd = 110 kN
6.4.8 Deflections
To calculate the fictive second moment of areaI fic , the bending moment in theserviceability limit
state is supposed to be half the maximum bending moment at the ultimate limit state.
0.5 . M Ed h
[1] 4.2.4 σ gr . I gr = 6.676 . 10 mm
7 4
σ gr= 97 MPa
I gr 2
Allowing for a reduced stress level,Ific may be used constant along the beam.
σ gr
[1] (4.2) I fic I gr . I I fic = 6.65 . 10 mm
7 4
gr I effe
fo
I = 6.65 . 10 mm
7 4
I if class 4 , I fic , I gr class = 4
5 . q p.floor . L
4
0.45 . q p.floor = 3.85 kN . m
1
(Coefficient δ 1 δ 1= 6.3 mm
0.45 from 384 . E . I
FE-calcula- 5 . q k.floor . L
4
tion) 0.45 . q k.floor = 16.5 kN . m
1
δ 2 δ 2= 26.9 mm
384 . E . I
Pre-camber δ 0 0 . mm
TALAT 2710 62
Load combination 2, imposed load dominant
L
δ limit for beams carrying floors δ limit = 24 mm
250
Summary
M Ed
M Ed = 86 kNm M Rd = 90.6 kNm M 1Ed = 64 kNm = 0.953
M Rd
V Ed = 91.6 kN V Rd = 110 kN V Ed
= 0.833
V Rd
I fic = 6.65 . 10 mm
7 4
δ limit= 24 mm δ max= 20 mm
A gr = 3.984 . 10 mm
3 2
Cross section h = 300 mm b = 120 mm t w = 4 mm t f = 12 mm
TALAT 2710 63
6.5 Roof Beam E
Comment: To reduce the extent of this example the check of roof beam E is left out. It is
given the same cross section as roof beam D.
TALAT 2710 64
6.6 Roof Beam F
6.6.1 Dimensions and material properties
fo
[1] (5.6) fv newton
f v = 150 E 70000 . MPa G 27000 . MPa
3 mm
2
11 . kN . m
1
Snow load q snow
3.85 . kN . m
1
Wind load q w.roof
TALAT 2710 65
6.6.3 Classification of the cross section
a) Web
bw 250 . newton
[1] 5.4.3 β w 0.40 . β w= 42.336 ε
tw fo 2
mm
Comment: As the flanges belong to a class < 4 (se below) and the cross section is symmetric, no iteration is
needed to find the final neutral axis to calculate ψ and g. See [1] Figure 5.17
class w if β w
> β 1w , if β w > β 2w , if β w > β 3w , 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 class w = 4
β w 29 198
ρ cw if 18 , 1.0 , ρ cw= 0.565
ε β w β w
2
ε ε
if class w 4 , t w .ρ
t w.ef.b cw, t w t w.ef.b = 2.8 mm
( b = bending)
b) Flange
b tw 2 .r
[1] 5.4.3 ψ 1 g 1 β f g. β =f 4.708
2 .t f
β f 10 24
ρ cf if 6 , 1.0 , ρ cf= 1
ε β f β f
2
ε ε
t f.ef if class f 4 , t f . ρ cf, t f t f.ef = 15.4 mm
TALAT 2710 66
c) Flange induced buckling
h w k .E h w .t w
[1] (5.115) Check if < . , "OK!" , "Not OK!" Check = "OK!"
t w f of b .t f
6.6.4 Welds
[1] 5.5
t w.ef.b t w.ef.b
ρ ´ haz if ρ haz < , ρ haz , ρ ´ haz= 0.565
tw tw
2 .b .t f 2 .t f .t w A gr = 7.624 . 10 mm
3 2
A gr h
1. . 3
tw . h 2 .t f
3
I gr bh b
12
I gr = 4.444 . 10 mm
8 4
I gr . 2
W el = 1.559 . 10 mm
6 3
W el
h
Plastic modulus
1. bw
b .h tw . h 2 .t f b' haz . t w . 1 ρ haz. W ple = 1.728 . 10 mm
2 2 6 3
W ple b
4 2
TALAT 2710 67
Elastic modulus of the effective cross sectionWeffe:
bw
As tf.ef = tf then bc b c = 264.6 mm
2
t w = 5 mm
t w.ef.b = 2.8 mm
A effe = 7.049 . 10 mm
3 2
A effe = 7.049 . 10 mm
3 2
I effe = 4.309 . 10 mm
8 4
I effe
W effe = 1.454 . 10 mm
6 3
W effe W ele W effe
h
e ef
W ele = 1.454 . 10 mm
6 3
2
2 .t f
2
h tf h b w1
2 .b .t f . .t b' haz . t w . 1 ρ haz. W ple = 1.728 . 10 mm
6 3
W ple w
2 4 2
TALAT 2710 68
[1] Tab. 5.3 Shape factor α
- for welded, class 1 or 2 cross-sections:
W ple
α 1.2.w α 1.2.w = 1.108
W el
β, β2, β3 are the slenderness parameter and the limiting values for the most critical
α3.ww and α3.wf
element in the cross-section, so it is the smaller value of
W effe
- for welded, class 4 cross-sections: α 4.w α 4.w = 0.933
W el
class = 4
α if class> 2 , if class> 3 , α 4.w , α 3.w , α 1.2.w α = 0.933
f o . α . W el
[1] (5.14) M c.Rd M c.Rd = 343.7 kNm
γ M1
c p = 1 . 10 mm
3
Length between purlins cp
TALAT 2710 69
[1] H.1.2 Moment relation ψ 1 ψ =1
1.4 . ψ 0.52 . ψ
2
[1] H.1.2(6) C1 - constant C1 1.88 C1=1
G = 2.7 . 10 MPa
4
Shear modulus
C 1 .π .E .I z I w c p .G .I t
2 2
[1] H.1.3(3) M cr . Wy W el M cr = 2.035 . 10 kN . m
3
2.
E .I z
2 Iz
cp π
W y = 1.559 . 10 mm
6 3
α .W y .f o
[1] 5.6.6.3(3) λ LT λ LT= 0.431
M cr
φ LT 0.5 . 1 α LT . λ LT
2
[1] 5.6.6.3(1) λ 0LT λ LT φ LT= 0.596
1
χ LT χ LT = 0.992
2 2
φ LT φ LT λ LT
db 12 . mm
I net = 3.875 . 10 mm
8 4
TALAT 2710 70
Allowance for HAZ ρ haz= 0.955
2
b w1
2 . t w . b' haz
3.
ρ haz 2 . t w . b' haz . 1 ρ haz . I net = 3.866 . 10 mm
8 4
I net I net 1
2
2 . I net fo
W net = 1.356 . 10 mm
6 3
W net = 236 MPa
h γ M1
f u . W net fu
[1] (5.13) M a.Rd = 248 MPa M a.Rd = 336.4 kNm
γ M2 γ M2
bw fo
[1] (5.93) λ w 0.35 . . b w = 529 mm λ w= 2.258
tw E
fu
η 0.4 0.2 . η = 0.638
fo
1.32
ρ v if λ w > 0.949 , ,ρ v ρ v= 0.337
1.66 λ w
hw h 2 .t w h w = 560 mm
fo
[1] (5.95) V w.Rd ρ .vt w . h w . V w.Rd = 222.99 kN
γ M1
fo M 1Ed
M f.Rd b .t f . h w tf . = 0.436 M f.Rd = 335 kNm
γ M1 M f.Rd
a = 1 . 10 mm
4
4.4 . b . t f . f o
2 a L
c 0.08 .a
c = 1.384 . 10 mm
4
twb fo. 2.
TALAT 2710 71
b .t f .f o
2 2
M 1Ed
[1] (5.101) V f.Rd if M 1Ed < M f.Rd , . 1 ,0 V f.Rd = 0.5 kN
c . γ M1 M f.Rd
f of . b f
[1] (5.109) Parameter m 1 bf b f of fo f ow fo m1 m 1 = 32
f ow . t w
2
hw
[1] Figure 5.24 Buckling coefficient kF 6 2. k F = 6.01
a
4 . t f . h w . f ow
2
ss hw
[1] (5.110) Parameter m 2 m2 if > 0.2 , 0.02 . ,0 m 2 = 26.4
k F .E .t w
2 tf
k F . l y . f ow . E 1
[1] (5.108) Design resistance FRd F Rd .
0.57 t w
2. . F Rd = 101.8 kN
hw γ M1
f ow f ow
F Rd if F Rd> t w . l y . , t w .l y . , F Rd F Rd = 101.8 kN
γ M1 γ M1
6.6.10 Deflections
To calculate the fictive second moment of areaI fic , the bending moment in the serviceability limi
state is supposed to be half the maximum bending moment at the ultimate limit state.
0.5 . M Ed h
[1] 4.2.4 σ gr . I gr = 4.444 . 10 mm
8 4
σ gr= 108 MPa
I gr 2
Allowing for a reduced stress level,Ific may be used constant along the beam.
σ gr
[1] (4.2) I fic I gr . I I fic = 4.385 . 10 mm
8 4
gr I effe
fo
I = 4.385 . 10 mm
8 4
I if class 4 , I fic , I gr class = 4
TALAT 2710 72
Approximate deflections (coefficients from FE calculations)
5 . q p.roof . L
4
0.7 . q p.roof = 2.75 kN . m
1
δ 1 δ 1= 8.2 mm
384 . E . I
5 . q k.roof . L
4
0.75 . q k.roof = 4.125 kN . m
1
δ k.roof δ k.roof= 13.1 mm
384 . E . I
P crane . L
3
δ crane 0.75 . P crane = 50 kN δ crane= 25.45 mm
48 . E . I
5 . q snow . L
4
0.65 . q snow = 11 kN . m
1
δ snow δ snow= 30.3 mm
384 . E . I
5 . q w.roof . L
4
0.75 . q w.roof = 3.85 kN . m
1
δ w.roof δ w.roof= 12.3 mm
384 . E . I
Pre-camber δ 0 0 . mm
The FEM calculation gives for the same load combination δ max 20.2 . mm
L
(1.1) δ limit for beams carrying roof δ limit = 40 mm
250
t f = 15.4 mm A gr = 7.624 . 10 mm
3 2
Cross section h = 570 mm b = 160 mm t w = 5 mm
TALAT 2710 73
6.7 Welded Connections
V Ed
Shear stress τ τ = 79.5 MPa
t w. h tf
τ .t w τ .t w
[1] (6.42) Check if a > 0.85 . , "OK!" , "Not OK!" 0.85 . = 1.6 mm Check = "OK!"
fw fw
γ Mw γ Mw
Tensile force perpendicular to the failure plane: As the weld is located close to the neutral axis, ther
no need to check this point.
[1] (6.50) Shear stress in the failure plane at the toe of the weld:
f v.haz
τ = 79.5 MPa is at the same level as = 77.6 MPa . Can be accepted!
γ Mw
[1] (6.51) Shear stress at the failure plane at the fusion boundary:
TALAT 2710 74
6.7.3 Base of column B
Note!
As the notations in [1] for perpendicular
and parallel cannot be used in Mathcad
expressions the notationsτ per and
τ ll are used.
6296 . mm
2
A
4.621 . 10 . mm
7 4
Iy
a) Design of welds
In order to use the expression for combined stress components ([1] (6.37)), we calculate the normal
stress σ per and the two shear stressesτ per and τ ll which are induced by the normal stressσ
and the shear stressτ in the connected member column B.
The base of column B is submitted to normal forceN Ed , bending moment M Ed and shear force V Ed .
Two cases are to be considered (see 6.2.13 of this example)
TALAT 2710 75
The compression stresses are transmitted 100
through the contact surface between the
column and the plate. No check of the weld is
needed. The HAZ is checked in 6.2.11 σc 50
i
(flexural buckling) and 6.2.12 (lateral-torsional
MPa
buckling) 0
0
σt
Check the tensile stressσ t = 57 MPa i
2 MPa
50
Weld throat a f 10 . mm around the flange.
100
Comment: For process reasons i
weld throat a f > tmin which is larger
than needed by the calculation.
σ t .t f
2
σ per σ per= 32.3 MPa
2 . 2 .a f
τ per σ per
The shear stress τ ll in the flange is neglected, but see comment below.
3 . τ ll
2 2 2
[1] (6.37) The resulting stressin the fillet weld is σ c σ per τ per σ c= 65 MPa
fw fw
[1] (6.38) Check if σ <c , "OK!" , "Not OK!" = 168 MPa Check = "OK!"
γ Mw γ Mw
h
At point 2 in the web there is a tensile stress for z tf a f. 2
2
N Ed M Ed 25.8
σ t .z σ t= MPa
A Iy 40.4
σ t .t w
6 . mm ,
2
In the welds, throata w σ per σ per= 16.7 MPa τ per σ per
2 . 2 .a w
The shear stress is: (S z is the first moment of area for the flange) Sz b . t f . 0.5 . h 0.5 . t f
V Ed . S z V Ed
2 2
τ τ = 11.7 MPa Compare: = 12.5 MPa
tw y.I t w. h tf
τ .t w
In the welds τ ll τ ll= 6.8 MPa
2 .a w
TALAT 2710 76
3 . τ ll
2 2 2
[1] (6.37) The resulting stressin the fillet weld is σ c σ per τ per σ c= 35 MPa
fw fw
[1] (6.38) Check if σ <c , "OK!" , "Not OK!" = 168 MPa Check = "OK!"
γ Mw γ Mw
Comment: The shear stress in the flange can be calculated with the expression:
V Ed
τ 0.925
t w. h tf τ= MPa
2 .t f . h tf . 1 2.523
6 .t f .b
b) Check of HAZ
[1] (6.46) The HAZ is checked in 6.2.11 (flexural buckling) and 6.2.12 (lateral-torsional
buckling).
[1] (6.47) As g 1 > a , no check at the fusion boundary is needed.
The diagonal stiffeners (on both sides) are welded first with unsymmetric fillet welds. Then the
horizontal stiffeners are welded with butt weld to the flanges close to the diagonals and with fillet we
to the web.
TALAT 2710 77
a) Beam D, design of welds
h 300 . mm b 120 . mm A 3984 . mm
2
Cross section, see 6.4.1 and 6.4.7
t w 4 . mm t f 12 . mm I y 6.676 . 10 . mm
7 4
As the notations in [1] for perpendicular and parallel cannot be used in Mathcad expressions the
notations τ per and τ ll are used.
In order to use the expression for combined stress components ([1] (6.37)), we calculate the normal
stress σ per and the two shear stressesτ per and τ ll which are induced by the normal stressσ
and the shear stressτ in the connected member beam D.
The end of beam D is submitted to a shear forceV Ed and a bending momentM Ed . The normal force
N Ed is small and is neglected.
The normal stressσ t in the extreme fibre of the member induces in the weld the normal stress
σ per and the shear stressτ per . Weld throat a f 8 . mm
σ t .t f
σ per σ per= 76.7 MPa τ per σ per
2 . 2 .a f
3 . τ per
2 2
[1] (6.37) σ c σ per σ c= 153 MPa
fw fw
[1] (6.38) Check if σ <c , "OK!" , "Not OK!" = 168 MPa Check = "OK!"
γ Mw γ Mw
h
At point 2 in the web there is a tensile stress for z tf a f. 2 z = 127 mm
2
M Ed
σ t .z σ t= 122 MPa Comment: For process reasons a weld throat larger
Iy than needed by the calculation is used.
σ t .t w
Welds, throat a w 5 . mm , σ per σ per= 34.6 MPa τ per σ per
2 . 2 .a w
TALAT 2710 78
The shear stress is: (S z is the first moment of area for the flange) Sz b . t f . 0.5 . h 0.5 . t f
V Ed . S z V Ed
τ τ = 71.2 MPa Compare: = 79.6 MPa
t w .I y t w. h tf
τ .t w
In the welds τ ll τ ll= 28.5 MPa
2 .a w
3 . τ ll
2 2 2
[1] (6.37) The resulting stressin the fillet weld is σ c σ per τ per σ c= 85 MPa
fw fw
[1] (6.38) Check if σ <c , "OK!" , "Not OK!" = 168 MPa Check = "OK!"
γ Mw γ Mw
V Ed τ .t w
σ t 0 . MPa τ τ ll τ ll= 31.8 MPa
t w. h tf 2 .a w
fw fw
[1] (6.38) Check if σ <c , "OK!" , "Not OK!" = 168 MPa Check = "OK!"
γ Mw γ Mw
g 1 . f a.haz
3 .τ
2 2
[1] (6.55) - at the fusion boundary: σ
Mw t .γ
As in practice g 1 > t , there is no need to check the formula at the fusion boundary.
f a.haz f a.haz
[1] (6.54) Check if σ <c , "OK!" , "Not OK!" = 176 MPa Check = "OK!"
γ Mw γ Mw
f a.haz f a.haz
[1] (6.54) Check if σ <c , "OK!" , "Not OK!" = 176 MPa Check = "OK!"
γ Mw γ Mw
TALAT 2710 79
c) Column B, design of weldsand stiffeners
(5.4.8) Moment M B3 32.4 . kNm M B2 34 . kNm
MD 64.4 . kNm
Shear force V B3 2.31 . kN V B2 18.2 . kN
VD 91.7
Axial force N B3 240 . kN N B2 307 . kN
ND 0 . kN
tf
F5 1 .σ .b .t F 5 = 200 kN
h 1 f
h fD h tf bD b
F 5 = 200 kN
The tensile force in the stiffener is the tensile force in the upper flange
This force is in equilibrium with the shear forceV B3 in column B above the stiffener, the shear force
V w in the web below the stiffener and the horizontal component
F 6 of the force in the diagonal
stiffener.
F5 V B3 Vw F6 0
The shear resistance in the web below the stiffener is the least of (fo 255 . MPa γ M1 1.1 )
fo f v.haz
V wo h 2 .t f .t w . and V w.haz h 2 .t f .t w .
3 .γ
γ Mw
M1
Vw if V wo < V w.haz , V wo , V w.haz V w = 91 kN
TALAT 2710 80
The welds 4 are designed for the shear force V B3 V w = 93.6 kN Choose a 4 4 . mm
V B3 Vw fw
τ τ = 34.8 MPa < = 97 MPa OK !
4 .a 4 . h 2 .t f
3 .γ Mw
F5 f a.haz
Stiffener, HAZ close to 5 σ σ = 139 MPa < = 176 MPa OK !
b D. t 4 γ Mw
F5 V B3 Vw fw
Weld 6, "butt weld" σ σ = 74 MPa < = 168 MPa OK !
b D. t 4 γ Mw
Compression force F 67
2 2
h tf h fD
F6 F5 V B3 Vw F 67 F 6. F 67 = 199 kN
h tf
F 67 f a.haz
σ σ = 138 MPa < = 176 MPa OK !
b D. t 67 γ Mw
fw
Weld 6 and 7, "Unsymmertic butt weld" σ = 138 MPa < = 168 MPa
γ Mw
bD 250 . MPa
β β =5 ε β 3 5 .ε β 3= 4.95
2 . t 67 fo
Force F7 F5 F6 F 7 = 94 kN
[1] 5.12.8 f of fo f ow fo bf b a 3 .m hw h tf
ss 12 . mm 2 . 2 . 8 . mm s s = 35 mm E 70000 . MPa
TALAT 2710 81
f of . b f
[1] (5.109) m1 m 1 = 22.9
f ow . t w
2
hw
[1] Fig 5.23 kF 6 2. k F = 6.01
a
4 . t f . h w . f ow
2
ss hw
[1] (5.110) m2 if > 0.2 , 0.02 . ,0 m 2 = 2.6
k F .E .t w
2 tf
k F . l y . f ow . E 1
0.57 . t w . .
2
[1] (5.108) F Rd F Rd = 293 kN
hw γ M1
f ow f ow
[1] (5.108) F Rd if F Rd> t w . l y . , t w .l y . , F Rd F Rd = 293 kN
γ M1 γ M1
TALAT 2710 82