Iso M 5

Insulation Co-ordination: Numerical Example 1
Case 1: Without Capacitor Switching in Sub.2 Case 2: With Capacitor Switching in Sub.2
Existing Substation
New Substation with Un=230kV
Us=Um=245kV Pollution level: Heavy Altitude from sea level: 1000m
Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik
Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 6 Numerical Example 1 -1-

Range I: Um<245kV Requierd standard withstand voltages: - Power Frequency Withstand Voltage (PFWV) - Lightning Impulse Withstand Voltage (LIWV) Step 1: determination of the representative overvoltages (Urp) Step 2: determination of the co-ordination withstand voltages (Ucw)
Step 3: determination of the required withstand voltages (Urw)

Step 4: determination of the standard withstand voltages (Uw)
Step 1:determination of the representative overvoltages (Urp)

-Power Frequency Voltage Us=Um=245kV minimum Creepage Distance for insulators =25mm/kV (Pollution: Heavy)
-Temporary Overvoltages
earth fault factor load rejection factor earth fault and load rejection factor -Slow-front Overvoltages surge arrester effect line entrance equipments other equipment -Fast-front Overvoltages

-Temporary Overvoltages earth fault factor
k 3 ... 2
HV side of power transformer in Sub.1 is solidly earthed.

System study: k=1.5 ! (global network simulation) P-E Overvoltage:
k 1.4
1.4 k 1.8
k 3 ...1.85

-Temporary Overvoltages load rejection factor
moderately extended systems: < 1.2 p.u. for up to several minutes widely extended systems: 1.5 p.u. for some seconds close to turbo generator: 1.3 p.u. close to salient pole (German: "Schenkelpol") generator: 1.5 p.u.
System study: k=1.4 (overspeed genarator in Sub. 1) P-E Overvoltage: P-P Overvoltage:

-Temporary Overvoltages earth fault and load rejection factor Will be opened after load rejection k load rejection* k earth fault << k earth fault
Earth Fault factor extremely decreases. (D/Y grounded of Tr.)

-Power Frequency Voltage Us=Um=245kV minimum Creepage Distance for insulators =25mm/kV (Pollution: Heavy) -Temporary Overvoltages earth fault factor k=1.5; Urp=212kV Urp=212kV(P-E) Urp=343kV(P-P)
load rejection factor k=1.4; Urp=198kV(P-E); Urp=343kV(P-P) earth fault and load rejection factor not applicable

-Slow-front Overvoltages
energization and re-energization

Range of 2% slow-front phase-to-earth overvoltages at the receiving end due to line energization (Approximately Value)

energization and re-energization

Range of 2% slow-front phase-to-earth overvoltages at the receiving end due to line energization (Exact Value) System study : Overvoltages originating from Sub.1 Ue2=1.9 p.u Up2=2.9 p.u Overvoltages originating from Sub.2
Ue2=3.0 p.u Up2=4.5 p.u

energization and re-energization Probability distribution of the representative amplitude of the prospective overvoltage phase-to-earth
Using phase-peak method: Overvoltages originating from Sub.1 Ue2=1.9 p.u Uet=1.25*1.9-0.25=2.125 p.u
Overvoltages originating from Sub.2 Ue2=3.0 p.u Uet=1.25*3.0-0.25=3.5 p.u
Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 6 Numerical Example 1 - 10 -

energization and re-energization Probability distribution of the representative amplitude of the prospective overvoltage phase-to-phase
Using phase-peak method: Overvoltages originating from Sub.1 Up2=2.9 p.u Upt=1.25*2.9-0.43=3.195 p.u
Overvoltages originating from Sub.2 Up2=4.5 p.u Upt=1.25*4.5-0.43=5.195 p.u

Surge Arrester effect

energization and re-energization without S.A:
O.V from Sub. 1 O.V from Sub. 2 phase-earth phase-phase Uet=425kV Upt=639kV Uet=700kV Upt=1039kV
Surge Arrester Characteristics:
Using Surge Arrester:

Phase-to-earth: Ure = Ups = 410kV < 425 & 700 Phase-to-phase: the lower value of Urp = 2 Ups = 820kV < 1039 but >639 Urp = Upt = 639kV < 820

-Power Frequency Voltage Us=Um=245kV minimum Creepage Distance for insulators =25kV/mm (Pollution: Heavy)
-Temporary Overvoltages
earth fault factor load rejection factor earth fault and load rejection factor -Slow-front Overvoltages surge arrester effect line entrance equipments other equipment -Fast-front Overvoltages: Simplified Statistical Approach (see step2)
Urp=212kV(P-E) Urp=343kV(P-P)
Step 2:determination of the co-ordination withstand voltages (Ucw)

-Temporary Overvoltages Ucw=Urp (Kc=1) Urp=212kV(P-E) Urp=343kV(P-P) Ucw=212kV(P-E) Ucw=343kV(P-P)
-Slow Front Overvoltages S.A Characteristics:
System study : Overvoltages originating from Sub.1 Ue2=1.9 p.u Up2=2.9 p.u Overvoltages originating from Sub.2 Ue2=3.0 p.u Up2=4.5 p.u

-Slow Front Overvoltages
Line entrance equipments: Ups / Ue2 = 410/600 = 0.68 Ucw = 1.10 * Urp 2Ups / Up2 = 820/900 = 0.91 Ucw = 1.00 * Urp All other equipments: Ups / Ue2 = 410/380 = 1.08 Ucw = 1.03 * Urp 2Ups / Up2 = 820/580 = 1.41 Ucw = 1.00 * Urp
(b) (a) (b) (a)
Kcd = 1.10
Kcd = 1.00
Kcd = 1.03
S.A Characteristics: Ups= 410kV
Kcd = 1.00
Line entrance equipments: Ue2=3.0 p.u=600kV Up2=4.5 p.u=900kV All other equipments: Ue2=1.9 p.u=380kV Up2=2.9 p.u=580kV

-Slow Front Overvoltages
Step. 1:

-Fast Front Overvoltages Simplified Statistical Approach
S.A Characteristics:
n: minimum Nos. of lines connected to the Sub.
n=2
Upl = 500 A = 4500 n = 2

Lsp = 300m Span Length
Ra = acceptable failure rate = 1 in 400 years Rkm = outage per 100km per year = 1
La = Ra / Rkm = 1/400 = 0.25 km = 250 m
L = 30m for internal insulation L = 60m for external insulation



-Ks : Safety Factor for any type of Overvoltages (P-E & P-P) internal insulation : Ks=1.15
external insulation : Ks=1.05
-Ka : Altitude Factor Only for external insulation !
H=Altitude above sea level = 1000 m
For Switching withstand voltages:

Step. 2:
Ucw=451 , curve (a): m=0.94 Ucw=820 , curve (c): m=1.00
For Lightning withstand voltages:
m = 1.00 m = 0.50
For Power Frequency withstand voltages:

Ka= e Ka= e
0.94 . (1000/8150) 1.00 . (1000/8150)
= 1.122 (P-E) = 1.130 (P-P)
For Lightning withstand voltages:
Ka= e
1.00 . (1000/8150)
= 1.130 (P-E & P-P)
For Power Frequency withstand voltages:
Ka= e
0.50 . (1000/8150)
= 1.063 (P-E & P-P)

Urw= Ucw . Ks . Ka
Step 4: Conversion to withstand voltages normalized for range I
Step 5: Selecting of standard withstand voltage values
Summary:
Urw(s): minimum required withstand voltage obtained directly Urw(c): minimum required withstand voltage obtained by conversion

Short duration power frequency withstand voltages are selected according to direct values Urw(s) Lightning withstand voltages are selected as a highest value of Lightning Urw(s) or converted value of switching withstand voltage into lightning withstand voltage Urw(c)
Results: minimum required withstand voltage PFWV(kVrms) / LIWV (kVpeak) : 395/950 only P-P minimum required withstand voltage for line enterance equipement is 1127kV which is more than 950 kV standardized value and next standard value of 1175kV shall be selected. Since there is no three phase equipment in line entrance, minimum P-P clearance can be specified instead of testing. (IEC 71-2: page:101; )
2.35m P-P clearane for line equipments and 1.9m P-P and P-E clerance for other equipments.
LIWV (kVpeak) P-P & P-E for other equipments: 950 LIWV (kVpeak) P-P for line equipments: 1175

Results (cont.): Refeinment in system study leads to lower value of PFWV for external insulations. So 360kV for PFWV and 850kV for LIWV may be possible to select as an insulation levels. for internal insulation, it is economic to select 750 and 850kV lightning withstand voltage for Phase to Earth and Phase to Phase, respectively. But PFWV shall be at least 395kV.

Case 2: With Capacitor Switching in Sub.2
With Capacitor Switching
Case 2: Capacitor Switching in Sub. 2 (Step.1: Urp)

Having a capacitor switching in Sub.2 affects only in Slow-front Overvoltages. System study shows the following maximum amplitude of O.V in new Sub. Due to capacitor switching in Sub. 2:
Surge Arrester Characteristics:
Ups < Uet
and
2 Ups < Upt
Urp = 410 kV (P-E) Urp = 820 kV (P-P)
Case 2: Capacitor Switching in Sub. 2 (Step.2: Ucw)

Ups = 410 kV (P-E) 2 . Ups = 820 kV (P-P)
IEC 60071-2 page: 215,
Mistake !!!
Kcd = 1.075 , Ucw = 441 kV;
Case 2: Capacitor Switching in Sub. 2 (Step.3: Urw)

Ucw = 441 kV (P-E) Ucw = 820 kV (P-P)
Ucw=441 , curve (a): m=0.94 Ucw=820 , curve (c): m=1.00 Ka= e Ka= e
0.94 (1000/8150)
1.0 (1000/8150)
= 1.122 (P-E) = 1.130 (P-P)
Safety Factor : internal insulation : Ks=1.15 external insulation : Ks=1.05

-External insulation: (P-E): Urw = 441 * 1.05 * 1.122 = 519 kV (P-P): Urw = 820 * 1.05 * 1.13 = 973 kV
-Internal insulation: (P-E): Urw = 441 * 1.15 = 507kV (P-P): Urw = 820 * 1.15 = 943 kV
Case 2: Capacitor Switching in Sub. 2 (Step.4: Conversion)

-Conversion to short-duration power-frequency withstand voltage (SDW): -External Insulation: (P-E): SDW = 519 * (0.6 + 519 / 8500) = 343 kV; (P-P): SDW = 973 * (0.6 + 973 / 12700) = 658 kV; -Internal Insulation: (P-E): SDW = 507 * 0.5 = 254 kV; (P-P): SDW = 943 * 0.5 = 472 kV.
-Conversion to lightning impulse withstand voltage (LIW): -External Insulation: (P-E): SDW = 519 * 1.3 = 675 kV; (P-P): SDW = 973 * (1.05 + 973 / 9000) = 1127 kV; -Internal Insulation: (P-E): SDW = 507 * 1.1 = 558 kV; (P-P): SDW = 943 * 1.1 = 1037 kV.
Case 2: Capacitor Switching in Sub. 2 (Step.5)

Summary:
Urw - kV rms for PFWV -kV peak for SIWV or LIWV P-E P-P P-E P-P P-E P-P
External Insulation
Internal Insulation Urw(s) 243 395 507 943 715 715 Urw(c) 254 472 558 1037
PFWV
SIWV
LIWV
Urw(s) 237 383 519 973 884 884
Urw(c) 343 658 675 1127
Urw(s): minimum required withstand voltage obtained directly Urw(c): minimum required withstand voltage obtained by conversion
Case 2: Capacitor Switching in Sub. 2 (Step.5)
Results: minimum required withstand voltage PFWV(kVrms) / LIWV (kVpeak) : 395/950 only P-P minimum required withstand voltage for all equipments (not only line enterance equipement) is 1127kV which is more than 950 kV standardized value and next standard value of 1175kV shall be selected. 2.35m P-P clearane for all external equipments needed if no P-P test would like to be provided. for internal insulation, 460/1050 kV (due to capacitor switching in Sub.2)
Case 2: Capacitor Switching in Sub. 2 (Comparision)

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Insulation Co-ordination: Numerical Example 1

New Substation with Un=230kV

Us=Um=245kV Pollution level: Heavy Altitude from sea level: 1000m

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 6 Numerical Example 1 -1-

Insulation Co-ordination: Numerical Example 1

Step 3: determination of the required withstand voltages (Urw)

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 6 Numerical Example 1 -2-

Step 1:determination of the representative overvoltages (Urp)

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 6 Numerical Example 1 -3-

Step 1:determination of the representative overvoltages (Urp)

HV side of power transformer in Sub.1 is solidly earthed.

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 6 Numerical Example 1 -4-

Step 1:determination of the representative overvoltages (Urp)

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 6 Numerical Example 1 -5-

Step 1:determination of the representative overvoltages (Urp)

Earth Fault factor extremely decreases. (D/Y grounded of Tr.)

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 6 Numerical Example 1 -6-

Step 1:determination of the representative overvoltages (Urp)

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 6 Numerical Example 1 -7-

Step 1:determination of the representative overvoltages (Urp)

energization and re-energization

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 6 Numerical Example 1 -8-

Step 1:determination of the representative overvoltages (Urp)

energization and re-energization

Ue2=3.0 p.u Up2=4.5 p.u

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 6 Numerical Example 1 -9-

Step 1:determination of the representative overvoltages (Urp)

Overvoltages originating from Sub.2 Ue2=3.0 p.u Uet=1.25*3.0-0.25=3.5 p.u

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 6 Numerical Example 1 - 10 -

Step 1:determination of the representative overvoltages (Urp)

Overvoltages originating from Sub.2 Up2=4.5 p.u Upt=1.25*4.5-0.43=5.195 p.u

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 6 Numerical Example 1 - 11 -

Step 1:determination of the representative overvoltages (Urp)

Surge Arrester effect

Surge Arrester Characteristics:

Using Surge Arrester:

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 6 Numerical Example 1 - 12 -

Step 1:determination of the representative overvoltages (Urp)

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 6 Numerical Example 1 - 13 -

Step 2:determination of the co-ordination withstand voltages (Ucw)

-Slow Front Overvoltages S.A Characteristics:

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 6 Numerical Example 1 - 14 -

Step 2:determination of the co-ordination withstand voltages (Ucw)

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 6 Numerical Example 1 - 15 -

Step 2:determination of the co-ordination withstand voltages (Ucw)

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 6 Numerical Example 1 - 16 -

Step 2:determination of the co-ordination withstand voltages (Ucw)

n: minimum Nos. of lines connected to the Sub.

Upl = 500 A = 4500 n = 2

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 6 Numerical Example 1 - 17 -

Step 2:determination of the co-ordination withstand voltages (Ucw)

Lsp = 300m Span Length

La = Ra / Rkm = 1/400 = 0.25 km = 250 m

L = 30m for internal insulation L = 60m for external insulation

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 6 Numerical Example 1 - 18 -

Step 2:determination of the co-ordination withstand voltages (Ucw)

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 6 Numerical Example 1 - 19 -

Step 3: determination of the required withstand voltages (Urw)

external insulation : Ks=1.05

-Ka : Altitude Factor Only for external insulation !

H=Altitude above sea level = 1000 m

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 6 Numerical Example 1 - 20 -

Step 3: determination of the required withstand voltages (Urw)