Chapter 1 Statistics, data and statistical thinking 1.

1 The science of Statistics

Statistics is the science of_______. It involves collecting, classifying, summarizing, organizing, analyzing, and interpreting numerical information. Example: Math Test scores for 50 students from a class with 200 students: Data: 90, 85, 88, 76, .., 63. (50 scores) *We can use the following table to summarize the data. score frequence >=90 80-89 70-79 60-69 <60 *We also can do some calculation, such as sum of 50 scores Average score = 50 Range = max. score min. score *We may use the average of 50 students to estimate the average of the 200 students.

Main procedures in statistics:

How to _________data---(process) sampling How to __________ data(methods) descriptive statistics How to _____________________for a large data set---(methods) inferential statistics

1.2 Types of statistical applications

_________________statistics utilizes numerical and graphical methods to look for patterns in a data set, to summarize the information revealed in a data set, and to present that information in a convenient form. Numerical: calculate ________, _________, __________ etc; Graphical: construct _________, _________, ___________ etc. __________________statistics utilizes sample data to make estimates, decisions, predictions, or other generalizations about a larger set of data. Two important methods: ________________________ and _____________________ How to classify descriptive or inferential statistical studies: Descriptive statistics: explores information for the own intrinsic interest of the data. Inferential statistics: draws conclusions about a population based on sample information. (some key words: ___________, ___________)
1

Examples: classify each of the studies as either descriptive or inferential statistics. 1. Professional athlete salaries: In the Statistical Abstract of the United States, average professional athletes salaries in baseball, basketball, and football were compiled and compared for the years 1990 and 2000. Average Salary ($1000): Sport 1990 Baseball(MLB) 598 Basketball (NBA) 750 Football 395 (______________________________)

2000 1720 3522 1071

2. Thirty of the 198 students enrolled in Statistics were asked if they wanted Exam II to be a take-home or in-class assessment. Twenty, or about 67% of the students polled indicates a preference for an in-class exam. The professor concluded that the majority of the students would prefer an in-class exam for the second assessment. Did the professor perform a descriptive statistical study or an inferential statistical study? (__________________________ statistics) 3. U.S. Market Share for Credit and Debit Cards CardWeb.com, Inc. tracked all the credit or debit card purchases in the United States during 2005. The pie chart describes the results. (The graphic is an example of descriptive statistics.)
ca rd
1 2 3 4

(________________________ statistics) 4. There is a survey result. 48 out of 100 university students like football best. Based on this result, we conclude that almost half of university students like football best. (________________________ statistics)

1.3 Fundamental Elements of Statistics

A _______________: all units of interest. (all people, objects, transactions or events) A _______________: a subset of the units of a population. An _____________________: an object upon which we collect data. (e.g., one person, thing, transaction or event) A ______________: a characteristic or property of an individual experimental unit. (e.g., income, age, height, test scores, profit, cost, time; name, gender, race) _________________: the value of a variable. _________________: measurements for all E.U.s of a population. A ___________________ is an estimate or prediction or some other generalization about a population based on information contained in a sample. A ____________________: a statement about the degree of uncertainty associated with a statistical inference.
2

Example1. According to the state of the news media, 2006, the average age of viewers of ABC World News Tonight is 59 years. Suppose a rival network executive hypothesizes that the average age of ABC news viewers is less than 59. To test her hypothesis, she samples 500 ABC nightly news viewers and determines the age of each. a. Describe the population. The population is the set of units of interest, which is the set of ______________________ b. Describe the variable of interest. The ___________________________ of each viewer is the variable of interest. c. Describe the sample. The sample must be a subset of population, so the sample in this case is ______________________________________________ . d. Describe the inference. The inference of interest involves the generalization of the information contained in the sample of 500 viewers to the population of all ABC nightly news viewers. In particular, the executive wants to ___________________________________________________________ She might accomplish this by calculating the average age of the sample and using the sample average to estimate the population average. Example2. In order to get an estimate of average math test score of a class with 200 students. We randomly choose 50 students and calculate the average math test score for them. a. Describe the population. _____________________________. b. Describe the variable of interest. ______________________________. c. Describe the sample. ______________________________ . d. Describe the inference. ______________________________________________________________________.

Four Elements of Descriptive Statistical Problems:

1. 2. 3. 4. The _____________________of interest One or more _____________ that are to be investigated ____________________________ summary tools Identification of ____________ in the data

Five Elements of Inferential Statistical Problems:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The _______________ of interest One or more ___________ that are to be investigated The ___________of population units The inference about the __________ based on information contained in the _______ A measure of ___________ for the inference
3

1.4 Types of Data

______________ data are measurements that are recorded on a naturally occurring numerical scale. (numerical observations) For example: the number of students; the income; the height of a mountain, the stock index; the temperature (how many or how much) ______________ data are measurements that cannot be measured on a natural numerical scale; they can only be classified into one of a group of categories. (non-numerical or categorical observations) For example: the brand of a car (Honda, Toyota, Ford); the hair color (black, brown, white); the name of the stocks, the types of blood, etc. Example1. DDT: Chemical and manufacturing plants sometimes discharge toxic-waste materials such as DDT into nearby rivers and streams. These toxins can adversely affect the plants and animals inhabiting the river and the riverbank. The U.S. Army Corps of engineers conducted a study of fish in Tennessee River and its three creeks: Flint Creek, Limestone Creek, and Spring Creek. A total of 144 fish were captured, and the following variables were measured for each: 1. River/Creek where each fish was captured 2. Species(catfish, bass, or buffalo fish) 3. Length (centimeters) 4. weight (grams) 5. DDT concentration (parts per million) Classify each of the five variables measured as quantitative or qualitative. Quantitative variables: ___________, _____________, and _______ Qualitative variables: _____________ and ____________ Example2. The following table shows some information of employee in a company. Name McKinley Logan St. Elias Angie Age 52 33 46 21 Gender F F M F Salary $101,000 $82,000 $58,700 $43,900

What kinds of data are given in each column? Quantitative data:_______________________ Qualitative data : _________________

1.5 Collecting Data

Three ways to obtain data: from a ________________________(publications) from a ____________________________ (control) from an _________________________ (e.g., a survey) A ___________________ sample exhibits characteristics typical of those possessed by the target population. (Think: How to draw a representative sample for a political poll?) How to get a representative sample: (randomly choose, no restriction) A __________ sample of n experimental units: a sample selected from the population in such a way that every different sample of size n has an equal chance of selection. Example: Math test score: In order to get an estimate of average math test score of a class with 200 students, we want to use 50 students as a sample. Which of the following sampling leads to a representative sample? 1. only choose 50 top students. 2. only choose 50 bottom students. 3. randomly choose 50 students. (200 paper slips with the # assigned to each student, randomly choose 50 from it) Avoid using nonrandom samples: ________________ (some E.U.s is excluded) ________________ (unable to obtain data on all E.U.s in a sample) ________________ (inaccurate data recorded)

1.6 The role of Statistics in critical thinking

Statistics has been widely used in many fields: Business, finance, industry, agriculture, social study, clinical study, government activities _____________________ involves applying rational thought and the science of statistics to critically assess data and inferences. Fundamental to the thought process is that variation exists in populations and process data.

Successful managers rely heavily on statistical thinking to help them make decisions.

Learning Objective of Chapter 1: 1. Classify descriptive and inferential statistics 2. Identify experimental unit, population, sample, variable 3. Identify quantitative (numerical) and qualitative (non-numerical, categorical)data