PANDUAN PELAJARAN

DISEDIAKAN DAN DISUSUN SEMULA OLEH

ABDUL SAMAD MD. DIN , IPGKTAR

TAJUK : KONIK

1.0 LOKUS
TAKRIFAN LOKUS UNTUK SESUATU BENTUK KONIKS DINYATAKAN SEPERTI
YANG BERIKUT:
BULATAN : SATU SET SEMUA TITIK S DI SATAH MEMPUNYAI JARAK YANG
SERAGAM DARI SATU TITIK TETAP.
ELIPS : SATU SET TITIK S, DI SATAH YANG JUMLAH JARAK KE TITIK-TITIK
TETAP(FOCI) ADALAH PEMALAR
PARABOLA: SATU SET SEMUA TITIK S DI SATAH DENGAN SAMA JARAK DARI
SATU TITIK TETAP(FOKUS) DAN SATU GARISAN TETAP(DIREKTRIKS).
HIPERBOLA : SATU SET SEMUA TITIK S DI SATAH MEMPUNYAI NILAI MUTLAK
BEZA BAGI JARAK DARI S KE DUA TITIK-TITIK TETAP(FOCI) ADALAH
PEMALAR.

SETIAP SATU BENTUK KONIKS DIWAKILI OLEH SATU PERSAMAAN DALAM

BENTUK PIAWAI/STANDARD.
ANDA PERLU TAHU MENGENAL PASTI PERSAMAAN-PERSAMAAN TERSEBUT.
PERSAMAAN BENTUK PIAWAI KONIKS HENDAKLAH DINYATAKAN MENGIKUT
TITIK FOKUSNYA.
SATU BENTUK LAIN PERSAMAAN KONIKS BOLEH DINYATAKAN DALAM
BENTUK UMUM

2.0 SITUASI YANG MELIBATKAN KONIKS

TELITI DAN FAHAMI SITUASI YANG DIBERIKAN DI BAWAH.
SELESAIKAN SETIAP SITUASI SEBELUM RUJUK NOTA.

2.1 PARABOLA

2.1.1 State the vertex and focus of the parabola having the equation
(y 3)2 = 8(x 5).

NOTA : Comparing this equation with the conics form, and remembering that
the h always goes with the x and the k always goes with the y, I can see that
the center is at (h, k) = (5, 3). The coefficient of the unsquared part is 4p; in
this case, that gives me 4p = 8, so p = 2. Since the y part is squared and p is
positive, then this is a sideways parabola that opens to the right. The focus is
inside the parabola, so it has to be two units to the right of the vertex:
vertex: (5, 3); focus: (7, 3)

2.1.2 State the vertex and directrix of the parabola having the equation
(x + 3)2 = 20(y 1).

NOTA :The temptation is to say that the vertex is at (3, 1), but that would be
wrong. The conics form of the equation has subtraction inside the
parentheses, so the (x + 3)2 is really (x (3))2, and the vertex is at (3, 1).
The coefficient of the unsquared part is 20, and this is also the value of 4p,
so p = 5. Since the x part is squared and p is negative, then this is a regular
parabola that opens downward. This means that the directrix, being on the
outside of the parabola, is five units above the vertex.
vertex: (3, 1); directrix: y = 6

2.1.3 Graph x2 = 4y and state the vertex, focus, axis of symmetry, and
directrix.

NOTA: This is the same graphing that I've done in the past: y = (1/4)x2. So I'll
do the graph as usual:

The vertex is obviously at the origin, but I need to "show" this "algebraically"
by rearranging the given equation into the conics form:
x2 = 4y
(x 0)2 = 4(y 0)
This rearrangement "shows" that the vertex is at (h, k) = (0, 0). The axis of
symmetry is the vertical line right through the vertex: x = 0.
(I can always check my graph, if I'm not sure about this.) The focus is "p"
units from the vertex. Since the focus is "inside" the parabola and since this is
a "right side up" graph, the focus has to be above the vertex.
From the conics form of the equation, shown above, I look at what's multiplied
on the unsquared part and see that 4p = 4, so p = 1. Then the focus is one
unit above the vertex, at (0, 1), and the directrix is the horizontal line y = 1,
one unit below the vertex.
vertex: (0, 0); focus: (0, 1); axis of symmetry: x = 0;
directrix: y = 1

2.1.4 Graph y2 + 10y + x + 25 = 0, and state the vertex, focus, axis of

symmetry, and directrix.
NOTA :Since the y is squared in this equation, rather than the x, then this is a
"sideways" parabola. To graph, I'll do my T-chart backwards, picking y-values
first and then finding the corresponding x-values for x = y2 10y 25:

To convert the equation into conics form and find the exact vertex, etc, I'll
need to convert the equation to perfect-square form. In this case, the squared
side is already a perfect square, so:
y2 + 10y + 25 = x
(y + 5)2 = 1(x 0)
This tells me that 4p = 1, so p = 1/4. Since the parabola opens to the left,
then the focus is 1/4 units to the left of the vertex. I can see from the equation
above that the vertex is at (h, k) = (0, 5), so then the focus must be at (1/4,
5). The parabola is sideways, so the axis of symmetry is, too. The directrix,
being perpendicular to the axis of symmetry, is then vertical, and is 1/4 units
to the right of the vertex. Putting this all together, I get:
vertex: (0, 5); focus: (1/4, 5); axis of symmetry: y = 5;
directrix: x =

2.1.5 Find the vertex and focus of y2 + 6y + 12x 15 = 0

NOTA :The y part is squared, so this is a sideways parabola. I'll get the y stuff
by itself on one side of the equation, and then complete the square to convert
this to conics form.
y2 + 6y 15 = 12x
y2 + 6y + 9 15 = 12x + 9
(y + 3)2 15 = 12x + 9
(y + 3)2 = 12x + 9 + 15 = 12x + 24
(y + 3)2 = 12(x 2)
(y (3))2 = 4(3)(x 2)
Then the vertex is at (h, k) = (2, 3) and the value of p is 3. Since y is
squared and p is negative, then this is a sideways parabola that opens to the
left. This puts the focus 3 units to the left of the vertex.
vertex: (2, 3); focus: (1, 3)

2.1.6 Write an equation for the parabola with focus at (0, 2) and directrix
x = 2.
NOTA :The vertex is always halfway between the focus and the directrix, and
the parabola always curves away from the directrix, so I'll do a quick graph
showing the focus, the directrix, and a rough idea of where the parabola will
go:

So the vertex, exactly between the focus and directrix, must be at (h, k) = (1,
2). The absolute value of p is the distance between the vertex and the focus

and the distance between the vertex and the directrix. (The sign on p tells me
which way the parabola faces.) Since the focus and directrix are two units
apart, then this distance has to be one unit, so | p | = 1.
Since the focus is to the left of the vertex and directrix, then the parabola
faces left (as I'd shown in my picture) and I get a negative value for p: p = 1.
Since this is a "sideway" parabola, then the y part gets squared, rather than
the x part. So the conics form of the equation must be:
(y (2))2 = 4(1)(x 1), or (y + 2)2 = 4(x 1)

2.1.7 Write an equation of the parabola with vertex (3, 1) and focus (3, 5).
NOTA :Since the x-coordinates of the vertex and focus are the same, they are
one of top of the other, so this is a regular vertical parabola, where the x part
is squared. Since the vertex is below the focus, this is a right-side up parabola
and p is positive. Since the vertex and focus are 5 1 = 4 units apart, then p =
4.
And that's all I need for my equation, since they already gave me the vertex.
(x h)2 = 4p(y k)
(x 3)2 = 4(4)(y 1)
(x 3)2 = 16(y 1)
2.1.8 Write an equation for the parabola with vertex (5, 2) and directrix y
= 5.
NOTA :The directrix is an horizontal line; since this line is perpendicular to the
axis of symmetry, then this must be a regular parabola, where the x part is
squared.
The distance between the vertex and the directrix is |5 (2)| = |5 + 2| = 3.
Since the directrix is below the vertex, then this is a right-side up parabola, so
p is positive: p = 3. And that's all I need to find my equation:
(x h)2 = 4p(y k)
(x 5)2 = 4(3)(y (2))
(x 5)2 = 12(y + 2)

2.2

HIPERBOLA
2.2.1 Find the center, vertices, foci, eccentricity, and asymptotes of the

hyperbola with the given equation, and sketch:

NOTA :Since the y part of the equation is added, then the center, foci, and will
be above and below the center (on a line paralleling the y-axis), rather than
side by side.
Looking at the denominators, I see that a2 = 25 and b2 = 144, so a = 5 and b =
12. The equation c2 a2 = b2 tells me that c2 = 144 + 25 = 169, so c = 13, and
the eccentricity is e = 13/5. Since x2 = (x 0)2 and y2 = (y 0)2, then the
center is at (h, k) = (0, 0). The vertices and foci are above and below the
center, so the foci are at (0, 13) and (0, 13), and the vertices are at (0, 5) and
(0, 5).
Because the y part of the
equation is dominant (being
added, not subtracted), then
the slope of the asymptotes
has the a on top, so the
slopes will be m = 5/12. To
graph, I start with the center,
and draw the asymptotes
through it, using dashed lines:

Then I draw in the vertices,

and rough in the graph,
rotating the paper as
necessary and "eye-balling"
for smoothness:

Then I draw in the final graph

as a neat, smooth, heavier
line:

And the rest of my answer is:

center (0, 0), vertices (0, 5) and (0, 5), foci (0, 13) and (0, 13),

eccentricity

, and asymptotes

2.2.2 Give the center, vertices, foci, and asymptotes for the hyperbola

with equation:

NOTA :Since the x part is added, then a2 = 16 and b2 = 9, so a = 4 and b = 3.

Also, this hyperbola's foci and vertices are to the left and right of the center,
on a horizontal line paralleling the x-axis.
From the equation, clearly the center is at (h, k) = (3, 2). Since the vertices
are a = 4 units to either side, then they are at (7, 2) and at (1, 2). The
equation c2 a2 = b2 gives me c2 = 9 + 16 = 25, so c = 5, and the foci, being 5
units to either side of the center, must be at (8, 2) and (2, 2). Copyright
Elizabeth Stapel 2010 All Rights Reserved
Since the a2 went with the x part of the equation, then a is in the denominator
of the slopes of the asymptotes, giving me m = 3/4. Keeping in mind that the

asymptotes go through the center of the hyperbola, the asymptes are then
given by the straight-line equations y 2 = (3/4)(x + 3).
center (3, 2), vertices (7, 2) and (1, 2), foci (8, 2) and (2, 2),

and asymptotes

2.2.3 Find the center, vertices, and asymptotes of the hyperbola with
equation 4x2 5y2 + 40x 30y 45 = 0.

NOTA :To find the information I need, I'll first have to convert this equation to
"conics" form by completing the square.
4x2 + 40x 5y2 30y = 45
4(x2 + 10x
) 5(y2 + 6y
) = 45 + 4( ) 5( )
2
2
4(x + 10x + 25) 5(y + 6y + 9) = 45 + 4(25) 5(9)
4(x + 5)2 5(y + 3)2 = 45 + 100 45

Then the center is at (h, k) = (5, 3). Since the x part of the equation is
added, then the center, foci, and vertices lie on a horizontal line paralleling the
x-axis; a2 = 25 and b2 = 20, so a = 5 and b = 2sqrt[5]. The equation a2 + b2 = c2
gives me c2 = 25 + 20 = 45, so c = sqrt[45] = 3sqrt[5]. The slopes of the two
asymptotes will be m = (2/5)sqrt[5]. Then my complete answer is:
center (5, 3), vertices (10, 3) and (0, 3),
foci

and

and asymptotes
If I had needed to graph this hyperbola, I'd have used a decimal
approximation of 0.89442719... for the slope, but would have rounded the

value to something reasonable like m = 0.9

2.2.4 Find an equation for the hyperbola with center (2, 3),
vertex (0, 3), and focus (5, 3).

NOTA :The center, focus, and vertex all lie on the horizontal line y = 3 (that is,
they're side by side on a line paralleling the x-axis), so the branches must be
side by side, and the x part of the equation must be added. The a2 will go with
the x part of the equation, and the y part will be subtracted. The vertex is
2 units from the center, so a = 2; the focus is 3 units from the center, so c = 3.
Then a2 + b2 = c2 gives me b2 = 9 4 = 5. I don't need to bother with the value
of b itself, since they only asked me for the equation, which is:

2.2.5 Find an equation for the hyperbola with center (0, 0), vertex (0, 5),
and asymptotes y = (5/3)x.

NOTA :The vertex and the center are both on the vertical line x = 0 (that is, on
the y-axis), so the hyperbola's branches are above and below each other, not
side by side. Then the y part of the equation will be added, and will get the a2
as its denominator. Also, the slopes of the two asymptotes will be of the form
m = a/b.
The vertex they gave me is 5 units above the center, so a = 5 and a2 = 25.
The slope of the asymptotes (ignoring the "plus-minus" part) is a/b = 5/3 = 5/b,
so b = 3 and b2 = 9. And this is all I need in order to find my equation:

2.2.6 Find an equation of the hyperbola with x-intercepts at x = 5 and

x = 3, and foci at (6, 0) and (4, 0).

NOTA :The foci are side by side, so this hyperbola's branches are side by
side, and the center, foci, and vertices lie on a line paralleling the x-axis. So
the y part of the equation will be subtracted and the a2 will go with the x part of
the equation. The center is midway between the foci, so the center must be at
(h, k) = (1, 0). The foci are 5 units to either side of the center, so c = 5 and c2
= 25.
The center lies on the x-axis, so the two x-intercepts must then also be the
hyperbola's vertices. Since the intercepts are 4 units to either side of the
center, then a = 4 and a2 = 16. Then a2 + b2 = c2 tells me that b2 = 25 16 = 9,
and my equation is:

2.2.7 Find an equation for the hyperbola with vertices at (2, 15) and
(2, 1), and having eccentricity e = 17/8.

NOTA :The vertices are above and below each other, so the center, foci, and
vertices lie on a vertical line paralleling the y-axis. Then the a2 will go with the
y part of the hyperbola equation, and the x part will be subtracted.
The center is midway between the two vertices, so (h, k) = (2, 7). The
vertices are 8 units above and below the center, so a = 8 and a2 = 64. The
eccentricity is e = c/a = 17/8 = c/8, so c = 17 and c2 = 289. The equation a2 +
b2 = c2 tells me that b2 = 289 64 = 225. Then my equation is:

2.3 ELIPS
2.3.1 State the center, vertices, foci and eccentricity of the ellipse with
general equation 16x2 + 25y2 = 400, and sketch the ellipse.

NOTA :To be able to read any information from this equation, I'll need to
rearrange it to get "=1", so I'll divide through by 400. This gives me:

Since x2 = (x 0)2 and y2 = (y 0)2, the equation above is really:

Then the center is at (h, k) = (0, 0). I know that the a2 is always the larger
denominator (and b2 is the smaller denominator), and this larger denominator
is under the variable that parallels the longer direction of the ellipse. Since 25
is larger than 16, then a2 = 25, a = 5, and this ellipse is wider (paralleling the
x-axis) than it is tall. The value of a also tells me that the vertices are five units
to either side of the center, at (5, 0) and (5, 0).
To find the foci, I need to find the value of c. From the equation, I already
have a2 and b2, so:
a2 c2 = b2
25 c2 = 16
9 = c2 Copyright Elizabeth Stapel 2010 All Rights Reserved
Then the value of c is 3, and the foci are three units to either side of the
center, at (3, 0) and (3, 0). Also, the value of the eccentricity e is c/a = 3/5.

To sketch the ellipse,

I first draw the dots
for the center and the
endpoints of each
axis:

Then I rough in a
curvy line, rotating
my paper as I go and
eye-balling my curve
for smoothness...

...and then I draw my

"answer" as a
heavier solid line.

center (0, 0), vertices (5, 0) and (5, 0), foci (3, 0) and (3, 0), and
eccentricity 3/5

You may find it helpful to do the roughing in with pencil, rotating the paper as you go
around, and then draw your final graph in pen, carefully erasing your "rough draft"
before you hand in your work. And always make sure your graph is neat and is large
enough to be clear.

2.3.2 State the center, foci, vertices, and co-vertices of the ellipse with
equation 25x2 + 4y2 + 100x 40y + 100 = 0.
Also
state the lengths of the two axes.

NOTA :I first have to rearrange this equation into conics form by completing
the square and dividing through to get "=1". Once I've done that, I can read off
the information I need from the equation.
25x2 + 4y2 + 100x 40y = 100
25x2 + 100x + 4y2 40y = 100
25(x2 + 4x
) + 4(y2 10y
) = 100 + 25( ) + 4( )
2
2
25(x + 4x + 4) + 4(y 10y + 25) = 100 + 25( 4 ) + 4( 25 )
25(x + 2)2 + 4(y 5)2 = 100 + 100 + 100 = 100

The larger demoninator is a2, and the y part of the equation has the larger
denominator, so this ellipse will be taller than wide (to parallel the y-axis).
Also, a2 = 25 and b2 = 4, so the equation b2 + c2 = a2 gives me 4 + c2 = 25, and
c2 must equal 21. The center is clearly at the point (h, k) = (2, 5). The
vertices are a = 5 units above and below the center, at (2, 0) and (2, 10).
The co-vertices are b = 2 units to either side of the center, at (4, 5) and (0,
5). The major axis has length 2a = 10, and the minor axis has length 2b = 4.
The foci are messy: they're sqrt[21] units above and below the center.
center (2, 5), vertices (2, 0) and (2, 10),
co-vertices (4, 5) and (0, 5), foci
major axis length 10, minor axis length 4

and

You'll also need to work the other way, finding the equation for an ellipse from a list
of its properties.

2.3.3 Write an equation for the ellipse having one focus at (0, 3), a vertex
at (0, 4), and its center at (0, 0).

NOTA :Since the focus and vertex are above and below each other, rather
than side by side, I know that this ellipse must be taller than it is wide. Then
a2 will go with the y part of the equation. Also, since the focus is 3 units above
the center, then c = 3; since the vertex is 4 units above, then a = 4. The
equation b2 = a2 c2 gives me 16 9 = 7 = b2. (Since I wasn't asked for the
length of the minor axis or the location of the co-vertices, I don't need the
value of b itself.) Then my equation is:

2.3.4 Write an equation for the ellipse with vertices (4, 0) and (2, 0)
and foci (3, 0) and (1, 0).

NOTA :The center is midway between the two foci, so (h, k) = (1, 0), by the
Midpoint Formula. Each focus is 2 units from the center, so c = 2. The vertices
are 3 units from the center, so a = 3. Also, the foci and vertices are to the left
and right of each other, so this ellipse is wider than it is tall, and a2 will go with
the x part of the ellipse equation.
The equation b2 = a2 c2 gives me 9 4 = 5 = b2, and this is all I need to
create my equation:

2.3.5 Write an equation for the ellipse centered at the origin, having a
vertex at (0, 5) and containing the point (2, 4).

NOTA :Since the vertex is 5 units below the center, then this vertex is taller
than it is wide, and the a2 will go with the y part of the equation. Also, a = 5, so
a2 = 25. I know that b2 = a2 c2, but I don't know the values of b or c.
However, I do have the values of h, k, and a, and also a set of values for x
and y, those values being the point they gave me on the ellipse. So I'll set up
the equation with everything I've got so far, and solve for b.

16b2 + 100 = 25b2

100 = 9b2
100/9 = b2

Then my equation is:

2.3.6 Write an equation for the ellipse having foci at (2, 0) and (2, 0)
and eccentricity e = 3/4.

NOTA :The center is between the two foci, so (h, k) = (0, 0). Since the foci are
2 units to either side of the center, then c = 2, this ellipse is wider than it is tall,
and a2 will go with the x part of the equation. I know that e = c/a, so 3/4 = 2/a.
Solving the proportion, I get a = 8/3, so a2 = 64/9. The equation b2 = a2
c2 gives me 64/9 4 = 64/9 36/9 = 28/9 = b2.
Now that I have values for a2 and b2, I can create my equation:

BULATAN

Latihan ;

1. Cari persamaan satu lokus yang mempunyai jejari 6 unit dari asalan.
2. Cari persamaan satu lokus yang mempunyai jejari 8 unit dari titik
( -4 , -3).
3. Kirakan kedudukan pusat dan jarak jejar untuk persamaan :
i.

3 ( x + 2 ) ^ 2 + 3 ( y + 3) ^ 2 = 15

ii.

X^2 + y^2 2y 4x 10 = 0

4. Cari persamaan bulatan yang mempunyai titik-titik hujung berikut:

i.

( 4 , 7 ) , ( -6 , 1 )

ii.

( 2 , -5 ) , ( --4, -1 )

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