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1096 (IRR)
CE LAWS
CE52FB1
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES (RE-ISED I PLE ENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS) Also known as the Presidential Decree 1096 as issued on Fe!ruar" 19#19$$ %as achie&ed the 'ur'ose o( en(orcin) uni(or* standards and re+uire*ents on !uildin) desi)n# construction# use# occu'anc"# and *aintenance ,he re&ised I-- includes additional 'ro&isions so that each o( the Cha'ters o( PD 1096 now has its corres'ondin) rules and re)ulations. For the 'ur'ose o( clarit"# continuit" and ho*o)eneit"# the rules and re)ulations were rearran)ed (ollowin) the sa*e se+uence and nu*!erin) as those o( the Cha'ters and /ections o( the Code.
RULE I. GENERAL PRO-ISIONS /ection 101. ,itle -e&ised I*'le*entin) -ules and -e)ulations o( the 0ational Buildin) Code o( the Phili''ines P.D. 1096 -e(erred as I-/ection 102. Declaration o( Polic" ,o 'ro&ide (or all !uildin)s and structures# a (ra*ework o( *ini*u* standards and re+uire*ents to re)ulate and control their location# site# desi)n# +ualit" o( *aterials# construction# use# occu'anc" and *aintenance. /ection 101. /co'e and A''lication /co'e Disci'lines Architectural# ci&il2structural# electrical# *echanical# sanitar"# 'lu*!in) and electronics. Desi)n# location# sitin)# construction# alteration# re'air# con&ersion# use# occu'anc"# *aintenance# *o&in)# de*olition o(# and addition to 'u!lic and 'ri&ate !uildin)s and strctures. /ection 103. 4eneral Buildin) -e+uire*ents All !uildin) structures as well as accessor" (acilities thereto shall con(or* in all res'ects to the 'rinci'les o( sa(e construction and *ust !e suited to the 'ur'ose (or which the" are desi)ned. Buildin)s or structures intended to !e used (or the *anu(acture and2or 'roduction o( an" kind o( article or 'roduct shall o!ser&e ade+uate en&iron*ental sa(e)uards. Buildin)s or structures and all 'arts thereo( as well as all (acilities (ound therein shall !e *aintained in sa(e# sanitar" and )ood workin) condition. /ection 105. /ite -e+uire*ents /anitar"# h")ienic and sa(e. /a(e distance (ro* strea*s or !odies o( water and2or sources o( air considered# to !e 'olluted5 (ro* &olcano or &olcanic site and2or an" other !uildin) considered to !e a 'otential source o( (ire or e6'losion.
RULE II . AD INISTRATION AND ENFORCE ENT Pro&ision re)ardin) the For*ulation o( 'olicies# 'lans# standards and )uidelines on !uildin) desi)n# construction# use# occu'anc" and *aintenance and also includes the i*'osition o( 'enalties (or ad*inistrati&e &iolations.
RULE III / PER ITS AND INSPECTION /ection 101. Buildin) Per*its 0o 'erson# (ir* or cor'oration# includin) an" a)enc" or instru*entalit" o( the )o&ern*ent shall erect# construct# alter# re'air# *o&e# con&ert or de*olish an" !uildin) or structure or cause the sa*e to !e done without (irst o!tainin) a !uildin) 'er*it there(or (ro* the Buildin) 7((icial assi)ned in the 'lace where the su!8ect !uildin) is located or the !uildin) work is done. /ection 102. A''lication (or Per*its E&er" a''lication shall 'ro&ide at least the (ollowin) in(or*ation: A descri'tion o( the work to !e co&ered !" the 'er*it a''lied (or. Descri'tion and ownershi' o( the lot on which the 'ro'osed work is to !e done as e&idenced !" ,C, and2or co'" o( the contract o( lease o&er the lot i( a''licant is not the re)istered owner. ,he use o( occu'anc" (or which the 'ro'osed work is intended. Esti*ated cost o( the 'ro'osed work. /ection 101. Processin) o( Buildin) Per*its ,he 'rocessin) o( !uildin) 'er*its shall !e under the o&erall ad*inistrati&e control and su'er&ision o( the Buildin) 7((icial and his technical sta(( o( +uali(ied 'ro(essionals. /ection 103. Issuance o( Buildin) Per*its ,he Buildin) 7((icial *a" issue a !uildin) 'er*it when the 'lans and s'eci(ications are con(or*ed to the re+uire*ents o( this Code within (i(teen da"s (ro* 'a"*ent o( the re+uired (ees. /ection 105. 9alidit" o( Buildin) Per*its ,he Buildin) 7((icial is not 'recluded (ro* re+uirin) 'er*ittee to e((ect the necessar" corrections in said 'lans whene&er the issuance o( a 'er*it is !ased on a''ro&ed 'lans and s'eci(ications which are su!se+uentl" (ound de(ecti&e. ,he !uildin) 'er*it can !e null and &oid i( the work authori:ed is not co**enced within a 'eriod o( one "ear (ro* the date o( such 'er*it or is sus'ended or a!andoned (or a 'eriod o( 120 da"s. /ection 106. 0on;Issuance# /us'ension or -e&ocation o( Buildin) Per*its ,his is ordered !" the Buildin) 7((icials (or the (ollowin) reasons: A. Errors (ound in the 'lans and s'eci(ications5 B. In correct or inaccurate data or in(or*ation su''lied5 C. 0on;co*'liance with the 'ro&isions o( this Code or o( an" rule or re)ulation. /ection 10$. A''eal A. ,he a''licant *a" (ile an a''eal with the /ecretar" within 15 da"s (ro* the date o( recei't. ,he decision o( the /ecretar" shall !e (inal su!8ect onl". /ection 10<. Ins'ection and /u'er&ision o( ork A. ,he a''licant )ranted a !uildin) 'er*it shall en)a)e with an architect or ci&il en)ineer to undertake ins'ections and su'er&isions. 7n the co*'letion o( the construction# the architect or ci&il en)ineer is to su!*it a lo)!ook dul" si)ned and sealed to the Buildin) 7((icial.
/ection 109. Certi(icate o( 7ccu'anc" A. =ntil the Buildin) 7((icial has issued a Certi(icate o( 7ccu'anc" within 10 da"s a(ter the (inal ins'ection# no !uildin) or structure shall !e occu'ied. ,he Certi(icate o( 7ccu'anc" 'osted is not to !e re*o&ed unless it is ordered !" the Buildin) 7((icial.
RULE I-. T0PES OF CONSTRUCTION /ection 301. ,"'es o( Construction 1. ,"'e I > shall !e o( wood construction. ,he structural ele*ents *a" !e an" o( the *aterials 'er*itted !" this code. 2. ,"'e II > shall !e o( wood construction with 'rotecti&e (ire resistant *aterials and one;hour (ire;resisti&e throu)hout# e6ce't# that 'er*anent non;!earin) 'artitions *a" use (ire retardant treated wood within the (ra*in) asse*!l" with one;hour (ire resisti&it". 1. ,"'e III ; shall !e o( *asonr" and wood construction. ,he !uildin) shall !e one;hour (ire resisti&e throu)hout. E6terior walls shall !e o( inco*!usti!le (ire;resti&e construction. 3. ,"'e I9 > shall !e steel# iron# concrete or *asonr" construction and walls# ceilin)s and 'er*anent 'artitions shall !e o( inco*!usti!le (ire;resisti&e construction5 'er*anent non;!earin) 'artitions o( one;hour (ire resisti&e construction *a" use (ire retardant treated wood within the (ra*in) asse*!l". 5. ,"'e 9 > shall !e (our;hour (ire;resisti&e throu)hout and the structural ele*ents shall !e o( steel# iron# concrete# or *asonr" construction. /ection 302. Chan)es in ,"'es /ection 301. -e+uire*ents on ,"'e o( Construction 1. Fire resisti&e -e+uire*ents E6terior !earin) and non;!earin) walls o( t"'e II and III Constructions; 1 hour resisti&e ratin)5 ,"'e I9 and 9 > 3 hour (ire resisti&e ratin) Interior !earin) walls# 'er*anent 'artitions# (loors# and roo(s o( t"'es II# III# and I9 construction > 1 hour (ire resisti&e ratin)5 ,"'e 9; 1 hour (ire resisti&e ratin). /tructural (ra*es o( t"'e II and III construction; 1 hour (ire resisti&e rate5 ,"'e I9; 2 hour (ire resisti&e5 t"'e 9; 1 hour (ire resisti&e. E6terior doors and windows (or all t"'es > 1 hour (ire resisti&e ratin). /ection 303. Interior all and Ceilin) Finishes /hall not a''l": Fra*es# tri* o( doors and windows with ? 1.00 *illi*eter in thickness ce*ented to the sur(ace o( walls or ceilin)s.
RULE - . RE1UIRE ENTS OF FIRE 2ONES Fire :ones are areas within which onl" certain t"'es o( !uildin)s2structures are 'er*itted to !e constructed !ased on their use or occu'anc"# t"'e o( construction# and resistance to (ire.
RULE -I / FIRE.RESISTI-E RE1UIRE ENTS IN CONSTRUCTION /ection 601. Fire;-esisti&e -atin) De(ined ,he de)ree to which a *aterial can withstand (ire is what we called Fire;resisti&e ratin). /ection 602. Fire;-esisti&e ,i*e Period -atin) ,he len)th o( ti*e a *aterial can withstand !ein) !urned which *a" !e one;hour# two;hours# three hours# (our;hours# etc. is what we called Fire;resisti&e ti*e 'eriod ratin). /ection 601. Fire;-esisti&e /tandards All *aterials o( construction are classi(ied accordin) to their (ire;retardant and are tested !" the /ecretar". /ection 603. Fire;-esisti&e /tandards ,he /ecretar" can set standards and rules on all *aterials o( construction (or their (la*e;s'read characteristics.
RULE -II / CLASSIFICATION AND GENERAL RE1UIRE ENTS OF ALL BUILDINGS B0 USE OR OCCUPANC0 /ection $01. 7ccu'anc" Classi(ied 4rou' A; -esidential Dwellin)s Di&ision 1 Di&ision 2 4rou' B; -esidential# %otels and A'art*ents @ulti'le dwellin) units includin) !oardin) or lod)in) houses# hotel# a'art*ent !uildin)s# row houses# con&ents# *onasteries and other si*ilar !uildin) each o( which acco**odates *ore than 10 'ersons. 4rou' C > Education and -ecreation Buildin)s used (or school or da";care 'ur'oses# asse*!la)e (or instruction# education# or recreation5 and not classi(ied in 4rou' I or in Di&ision 1 and 2 or 4rou' % 7ccu'ancies. 4rou' D > Institutional Di&ision 1 Di&ision 2 Di&ision 1 4rou' E > Business and @ercantile Di&ision 1 Di&ision 2 Di&ision 1 4rou' F > Industrial Ice 'lants# 'ower 'lants# 'u*'in) 'lants# cold stora)e# crea*eries# (actories and worksho's usin) inco*!usti!le and non;e6'losi&e *aterials# and stora)e and sales roo*s (or inco*!usti!le and non; e6'losi&e *aterials. 4rou' 4 > /tora)e and %a:ardous 4rou's Di&ision 1 Di&ision 2 Di&ision 1 Di&ision 3 Di&ision 5
4rou' % > Asse*!l" other than 4rou' I Di&ision 1 Di&ision 2 Di&ision 1 Di&ision 3 4rou' I > Asse*!l" 7ccu'ant Aoad 1000 or *ore Asse*!l" !uildin) with a sta)e and an occu'ant load o( 1000 or *ore in the !uildin) 4rou' B > Accessor" Di&ision 1 Di&ision 2 Di&ision 1
RULE -III . LIGHT AND -ENTILATION E&er" !uildin) shall !e desi)ned# constructed# and e+ui''ed to 'ro&ide ade+uate li)ht and &entilation.
RULE I3 / SANITATION /ection 901. 4eneral All !uildin)s shall !e 'ro&ided with ade+uate and 'ota!le water su''l"# 'lu*!in) installation# and suita!le wastewater treat*ent or dis'osal s"ste*# stor* water draina)e# 'est and &er*in control# noise a!ate*ent de&ice# and such other *easures re+uired (or the 'rotection and 'ro*otion o( health o( 'ersons occu'"in) the 're*ises and other li&in) near!".
RULE I3 / SANITATION /ection 902. ater /u''l" /"ste* For !uildin)s# 'ota!le water su''lied (ro* e6istin) *unici'al or cit" waterworks s"ste*. ,he +ualit" (or drinkin) water *ust !e a''ro&ed !" 0ational /tandards (or Drinkin) water. 4roundwater shall !e su!8ect to the 'ro&isions o( the ater Code o( the Phili''ines. For 'ri&ate housin) su!di&isions# water su''l" *ust !e )o&erned !" e6istin) laws relatin) to local waterworks s"ste*. ater 'i'in) installations *ust con(or* to the 0ational Plu*!in) Code o( the Phili''ines. /ection 901. astewater Dis'osal /"ste* /anitar" sewa)e shall !e dischar)ed directl" into the nearest street sanitar" sewer *ain o( e6istin) *unici'al or cit" sanitar" sewera)e s"ste*. Buildin)s in areas where there is no sewera)e *ust dis'ose their sewa)es on se'tic tank or su!sur(ace a!sor'tion (ield. /anitar" Plu*!in) *ust con(or* to the 0ational Plu*!in) Code. /ection 903. /tor* Draina)e -ain water draina)e shall not dischar)e to the sanitar" sewer s"ste*. Ade+uate 'ro&isions shall !e *ade to drain low areas in !uildin)s and their 're*ises.
/ection 905. Pest and 9er*in Control ood !uildin)s *ust 'ro&ide rat 'roo(in). 4ar!a)e !ins *ust alwa"s !e cleaned when (ull. Dinin) roo*s without arti(icial &entilations *ust 'ro&ide screens. /ection 906. 0oise Pollution Control /ettled down !" the De'art*ent o( Aa!or and the 0ational Pollution Control Co**ission# esta!lish*ents shall !e 'ro&ided with 'ositi&e noise a!ate*ent de&ices to tone down the noise le&el o( e+ui'*ent and *achineries to acce'ta!le li*its. /ection 90$. Pi'e @aterials All 'i'e *aterials to !e used in !uildin)s shall con(or* to the /tandard /'eci(ications o( the Phili''ine /tandard Council.
RULE 3 / BUILDING PRO#ECTION O-ER PUBLIC STREETS /ection 1001. 4eneral -e+uire*ents 0o 'art o( an" !uildin) or structure or an" o( its a''enda)es# shall 'ro8ect !e"ond the !uildin) line e6ce't as 'ro&ided herein. ,he 'ro8ection o( an" structure or a''enda)e o&er a 'u!lic 'ro'ert" shall !e the distance *easured hori:ontall" (ro* the 'ro'ert" line to the outer*ost 'oint o( the 'ro8ection. /ection 1002. Pro8ection into Alle"s or /treets 0o 'art o( an" structure or its a''enda)e shall 'ro8ect into alle" or street# national road or 'u!lic hi)hwa". /ection 1001. Pro8ection o( !alconies and A''enda)es 7&er streets ,he e6tent o( an" 'ro8ection o&er an alle" or street shall !e uni(or*. ,ABAE C.1 Pro8ection o( Balconies and A''enda)es Clearance shall not !e less than 1.00 *eters. /ection 1003. Arcades /hall !e constructed on sidewalks or streets. 0ot less than 1 *eters a!o&e sidewalk )rade5 1* o( clear hei)ht. /ection 1005. Cana'ies D@ar+ueesE %ori:ontal clearance !etween the outer*ost ed)e o( the *ar+uee and the cur! line shall not !e less than 100**. 9ertical clearance !etween the 'a&e*ent or )round line and the undersur(ace o( an" 'art o( the *ar+uee shall not !e less than 1*. /ection 1006. @o&a!le Awnin)s or %oods %ori:ontal clearance !etween the awnin) and the cur! line shall not !e less than 100**. 9ertical clearance shall not !e less than 2.30*.
RULE 3I . PROTECTION OF PEDESTRIANS DURING CONSTRUCTION OR DE OLITION Pro&ision re)ardin) the installation# o'eration# and *aintenance o( necessar" li)hts# warnin) de&ices and sa(et" !arriers in the areas to !e used !" the )eneral 'u!lic durin) construction.
RULE 3II / GENERAL DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION RE1UIRE ENTS /ection 1201. 4eneral -e+uire*ents Buildin)s 'ro'osed (or construction shall co*'l" with all the re)ulations and s'eci(ications herein set (orth )o&ernin) +ualit"# characteristics and 'ro'erties o( *aterials# *ethods o( desi)n and construction# t"'e o( occu'anc" and classi(ication.
RULE 3II / GENERAL DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION RE1UIRE ENTS /ection 1202. E6ca&ation# Foundation# and -etainin) alls
A. The design and quality of materials used structurally in excavation, footings, and in foundations shall conform to accepted engineering practice. B. Excavation and Fills 1. Excavation or fills for uildings or structures shall e so constructed or protected. !. The person underta"ing or causing the excavation to e underta"en shall e responsi le for the expense of underpinning or extending the foundation or footings of the aforementioned property or structure. #. After excavation, the place must e restored immediately $ithin %& hours. '. Footings, Foundation, and (etaining )alls 1. *n order to sustain the superimposed loads under seismic conditions, footings and foundation shall e of the appropriate type, si+e, and capacity. !. ,rescri ed y the -ecretary, retaining $alls shall e provided and such shall e of adequate design and type of construction.
/ection 1203. Enclose o( 9ertical 7'enin)s A. .eneral / 0ertical openings shall e enclosed depending upon the fire/resistive requirements of a particular type of construction. B. Elevator Enclosure / )alls and partitions enclosing elevators and escalators shall e of not less than the fire/resistive construction required under the Types of 'onstruction. '. 1ther 0ertical 1penings / All shafts must have enclosing $alls conforming to the requirements specified under the type of construction of the uilding in $hich they are located. 2. Air 2ucts / Air ducts passing through a floor shall e enclosed in a shaft. The shaft shall e as required in this 'ode for vertical openings.
/ection 1205. Floor Construction A. Floors shall !e o( such *aterials and construction as s'eci(ied under Cha'ter 5. B. All (loors shall !e so (ra*ed and secure into the (ra*ework and su''ortin) walls. C. ,he t"'es o( (loor construction used shall 'ro&ide *eans to kee' the !ea* and )irders (ro* lateral !ucklin). /ection 1206 > 1215. D. @ini*u* and *a6i*u* re+uire*ents (or a s'eci(ic are discussed in these /ections. E. /ection 1206. -oo( and Construction Co&erin) F. /ection 120$. /tairs# E6its# and 7ccu'ant Aoads 4. /ection 120<. /k"li)hts %. /ection 1209. Ba"s# Porches# and Balconies I. /ection 1210. Penthouses and -oo( /tructures B. /ection 1211. Chi*ne"s# Fire'laces# and Bar!ecues F. /ection 1212. Fire;E6tin)uishin) /"ste*s A. /ection 1211. /ta)es and Plat(or* @. /ection 1213. @otion Picture Pro8ection -oo*s 0. /ection 1215. Aathin)# Plasterin)# and Installation o( all Boards /ection 1201. 9eneer
A. 2efinition / 0eneer is a non structural facing of ric", concrete, tile, metal, plastic, glass, or other similar approved materials attached to a ac"ing or structural components of the uilding. B. 2esign requirements3 1. 0eneer shall support no load other than its o$n $eight. !. -urfaces to $hich veneer is attached shall e designed to support the additional vertical and lateral loads. #. 'onsideration shall e given to differential movements of the supports. %. Adhered veneer and its ac"ing shall e designed to have a ond to the supporting elements sufficient seismic effects on the total assem lage. 4. Anchored veneer and its attachment shall e designed to resist hori+ontal forces equal to t$ice the $eight of the veneer. 5. Anchors supports and ties shall e non/com usti le and corrosion/resistant.
RULE 3III / ELECTRICAL AND ECHANICAL REGULATIONS /ection 1101. Electrical -e)ulations Phili''ine Electrical Code Part 1 DPEC;1E and Part 2 DPEC;2E -e'u!lic Act $920 DPhili''ine Electrical En)ineerin) AawE ,a!le CIII.1 Clearance o( ires# Conductors# Ca!les and =n)uarded -i)id Ener)i:ed Parts Ad8acent !ut not Attached to Buildin)s and 7ther Installations E6ce't Brid)es. /ection 1102. @echanical -e)ulations Phili''ine @echanical En)ineerin) Code -e'u!lic Act <395 D Phili''ine @echanical En)ineerin) AawE
RULE 3I- . PHOTOGRAPHIC AND 3.RA0 FIL S Pro&ision to !e (ollowed in the desi)n and construction o( stora)e roo*s o( une6'osed 'hoto)ra'hic and 6;ra" (il*s.
RULE 3- / PRE.FABRICATED CONSTRUCTION /ection 1501. Pre(a!ricated Asse*!l" A. A structural unit# the inte)ral 'arts o( which ha&e !uilt u' or asse*!led 'rior to incor'oration in the !uildin). B. ,he /ecretar" will 'ro&ide s'ecial tests to *aterials. C. All de&ices shall !e ca'a!le o( de&elo'in) the stren)th o( the di((erent *e*!ers as an inte)ral structure. D. Place*ent o( 're(a!ricated asse*!lies shall !e ins'ected to deter*ine co*'liance with this Code.
RULE 3-I / PLASTICS /ection 1601. A''ro&ed Plastics Fla*e s'read ratin) o( 225 or less and a s*oke densit" not )reater than that o!tained (ro* the !urnin) o( untreated wood. /ection 1602. Installation /tructural -e+uire*ent; shall !e o( ade+uate stren)th and dura!ilit" to withstand 'rescri!ed desi)n loads. Fastenin)s ; shall !e ade+uate to withstand desi)n loads and internal and e6ternal stresses re+uired o( the asse*!l".
RULE 3-II . SHEET ETAL PAINT SPRA0 BOOTHS Pro&ision to !e (ollowed in the desi)n and construction o( Paint s'ra" !ooths which includes the (ire 'rotection# li)hts and &entilation.
RULE 3-III / GLASS AND GLA2ING /ection 1<01. 4eneral -e+uire*ents A. /hall a''l" to e6terior )lass and )la:in) in all 7ccu'ancies e6ce't 4rou's A# B# and B 7ccu'ancies not o&er three store" in hei)ht. B. /tandards (or *aterials shall con(or* to the 'ro&isions set !" the /ecretar" on )lass di*ensional tolerances. C. Each li)ht shall !ear the *anu(acturerGs la!el desi)natin) the t"'e and thickness o( )lass. /ection 1<02. Area Ai*itation A. Area shall !e ca'a!le o( sa(el" withstandin) the load due to wind 'ressures (or &arious hei)ht :ones. /ection 1<01. 4la:in) A. 4lass shall !e )la:ed with *ini*u* la's and ed)e clearances. /ection 1<03. Aou&ered indows A. indows shall not !e thinner than 5.6** *ini*al and not lon)er than 1.20*. /ection 1<05. I*'acts
/hall con(or* to the /ecretar"# e6ce't: A. Bathtu! and shower enclosures shall !e constructed (ro* a''ro&ed shatter;resistant @aterials. B. 4lass li)hts located not less than 350** a!o&e the ad8acent (inished (loor. C. Di*ensions are not )reater than 350**. D. 4lass li)hts 1.5*2 or less in area.
RULE 3I3 / THE USE OF CO PUTERS /ection 1901. 4eneral -ule ,he use o( co*'uters (or all or an" 'art o( the desi)n o( !uildin)s under the code is 'er*itted 'ro&ided that all 'ro)ra*s to !e used are docu*ented. /o(tware na*e 9ersion nu*!er Co*'an" that de&elo'ed the 'ro)ra* Address 7=,P=, /i)ned and sealed !" the desi)ner Date o( Processin) Pro)ra* Identi(ication All out'ut data =nits and (inal results
RULE 33 / SIGNS Pro&ision to !e (ollowed in the desi)n and construction o( si)n structures.
RULE 33I / TRANSITOR0 AND FINAL PRO-ISIONS /ection 2101. E6istin) Buildin)s and /tructures All e6istin) !uildin)s and structures under -.A. 6531 shall !e res'ected su!8ect to such li*itations esta!lished in this Code. /ection 2102. Interi* -ules and -e)ulations Interi* -ules and -e)ulations shall continue to ha&e !indin) (orce and e((ect. /ection 2101. /e'ara!ilit" Clause An" 'ro&ision in this Decree shall not a((ect the &alidit" o( the other 'ro&isions. /ection 2103. -e'ealin) Clause All laws o( this Decree are here!" re'ealed. /ection 2105. E((ecti&it" ,his Decree shall take e((ect u'on its 'ro*ul)ation. Done in @anila on Fe!ruar" 19# 19$$.