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Outcomes
After completing this experiment, the student should be able to: 1. 2. 3. 4. Demonstrate the concept of qualitative analysis. Qualitatively determine anions in an ionic compound. Write balanced chemical equations for the reactions of anions. Confirm their results with confirmatory qualitative tests.
Introduction
In qualitative analysis we determine which chemical substance is present whereas in quantitative analysis we determine how much of a given chemical substance is present.. The qualitative analysis, or identification, of the common anions is markedly simpler than the analysis of the cations. One reason is that there are many fewer possibilities for the anions. Another is that analysis of anions usually relies on spot tests of the anions rather than separations followed by Confirmatory tests. For these reasons, the study of qualitative analysis often begins with the anions. The common anions you will test for are carbonate, phosphate, sulfate, bromide, chloride, iodide, acetate, thiocyanate, and nitrate. Before beginning this experiment, you should review the formulas and structures of these ions from your textbook.
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Safety Precautions
Handle all the chemicals in this experiment with care. Avoid getting AgNO3 on skin or clothing; it will stain dark-brown or black. Be especially careful when handling concentrated sulfuric acid, H2SO4. It is one of the strongest and most corrosive concentrated acids. If any skin contact occurs, wash with large amounts of water. If instructed to sample odors, do not inhale deeply, gently waft the fumes toward your nose. Wear your safety glasses at all times which is required for all experiments in which you use chemicals.
Apparatus
Test tubes, test tube rack, test tube holder, stirring rods, pH paper, Bunsen burner, lead acetate paper, centrifuge, 10-mL graduated cylinder, ring stand and clamp, boiling water bath, ice water bath.
Experimental Procedure
Tests on Known Anions
Carefully follow the procedures given below that follow to identify each of the known anions provided.
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9. Test for acetate, CH3COO Place 12 drops of 1 M NaC2H3O2 (sodium acetate) solution in a small test tube and add 4 drops of concentrated sulfuric acid, H2SO4. Heat in a hot water bath for 1 to 2 minutes. Smell the vapors from the test tube by gently wafting them to your nose. Does it smell like vinegar? If not, add 2 more drops of sulfuric acid and heat a little longer. If the test for acetate is inconclusive, add 10 drops of ethanol to the mixture and heat for 2 minutes in a boiling water bath (heat water to boiling in a beaker). Remove and sample the odor of this preparation, ethyl acetate, which has a sweet, fruity smell. Your instructor may provide a sample of pure ethyl acetate for your comparison. Note: Check the colors of all precipitates that you set aside and note their colors in data sheet. Compare their colors.
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Name: ______________________________________________
Main Test Observation Comfirming Test Observation
Soluble Group
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