SOLUTION OF BOUNDARY LAYER EQUATIONS

Prabal Talukdar
Associate Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering IIT Delhi E-mail: prabal@mech.iitd.ac.in p

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Boundary layer Approximation

X momentum:
u u 2 u P u x + v y = 2 x y

Applying Newtons 2nd law in the y-direction, we get y-momentum equation v v 2 v P u x + v y = 2 y x

P =0 y

Thus, P = P( x )

P dP Hence, = x dx
P =0 x

For a flate plate, since u = U = constant and v = 0 outside the boundary layer, Xmomentum t equation ti gives i

Therefore,forflowoveraflatplate,the pressureremainsconstantovertheentire p plate(bothinsideandoutsidetheboundary layer).

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Boundary layer over a flat plate

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Paul Richard Heinrich Blasius (1883 1970) was a German Fluid Dynamic Engineer. He was one of the first students of Prandtl. 9August1883 B li Germany Berlin, G 24April1970(aged86) Hamburg,WestGermany Fluidmechanicsand mechanicalengineering

Thecontinuityandmomentumequations werefirstsolvedin1908bytheGerman engineer i H. H Blasius, Bl i astudent t d tof fL. L Prandtl. Thiswasdoneby ytransforming gthetwo partialdifferentialequationsintoasingle ordinarydifferentialequationby introducinganewindependentvariable, calledthesimilarityvariable. variable Thefindingofsuchavariable,assumingit exists,ismoreofanartthanscience,and itrequirestohaveagoodinsightofthe problem.

Born Died Fields

Almamater UniversityofGttingen Doctoral advisor LudwigPrandtl

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The shape of the velocity profile remains the same along the plate. Blasius reasoned that the nondimensional velocity profile u/u should remain unchanged when plotted against the nondimensional distance y/, where is the thickness of the local velocity boundary layer at a given x. That is, , although g both and u at a g given y vary y with x, , the velocity y u at a fixed y/ remains constant Blasius was also aware from the work of Stokes that is proportional to

x u

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Scale Analysis

Dividing by x to express the result in dimensionless form gives

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Similarity Variable
The significant variable is y/, and we assume that the velocity may be expressed as a function u ct o of o this t s variable. va ab e. We then t e have ave

x We define = y / u This makes , y /

Here, is called the similarity variable, and g() is the function we seek as a solution

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Variable Transformation
A stream function was defined such that:
u = y

v =

to get rid of continuity equation

= y d = dy u x u x

d = udy

x u f ( ) where f () = g ()d f ( ) = = f ( )u x u u x u = u

u =

= = u y y = u x

x df u d

u df = u x d ux f = 1 2 u x df f d

v =

u x df u d x 2

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Differentiating the previous equation with respect to x and y

u d 2f u , = 2 2x x d u = u y u d 2f , x d 2 2u u 2 d 3f = 2 x d3 y

Substituting these relations into the momentum equation and simplifying, we obtain
2 d 3f d
3

+ f

d 2f d
2

= 0

This is a third-order nonlinear differential equation. This way the system of two PDEs is converted to one ODE ODE.

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Blasius Solution
2 d 3f d
3

+ f

d 2f d
2

= 0

The value of corresponding to u/u = 0.992 is 5.0

= y

u u 5= x x

=
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5 .0 u x

5 .0 x Re x

Significance of u, , x

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The shear stress at the wall can be d determined i d from: f

u = u w = y y=0 u d 2f x d 2 =0

w = 0 . 332 u

u 0 . 332 u 2 = x Re x

Local skin friction coefficient becomes

Cf ,x = w V 2
2

w u 2
2

= 0.664Rex 1 2

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Note that unlike the boundary layer thickness, wall shear stress and the skin friction coefficient decrease along the plate as x-1/2.

Energy gy Equation q
Introduce a non-dimensional temperature Substitution gives an energy equation of the form:
( x , y) = T ( x , y) Ts T Ts
2 u = +v x y y 2

Temperature profiles for flow over an isothermal flat plate are similar like the velocity profiles. Thus, we expect a similarity solution for temperature to exist. Further, the thickness of the thermal boundary layer is proportional to

x / u

Using the chain rule and substituting the u and v expressions into the energy equation gives
df d 1 u + d d x 2
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d u df d 2 f d y = 2 y d x d

Using the chain rule and substituting the u and v expressions into the energy equation gives
df d 1 u + d d x 2
d 2 d 2

d u df d 2 f = 2 x d d y d y

df/d is replaced by
2 d 3f d
3

+ Pr f

d = 0 d

Compare For Pr = 1

+ f

d 2f d
2

= 0

(0

)=

0 and (

)=

df = 0 d =0

and

df =1 d =

Thusweconcludethatthevelocityandthermalboundarylayerscoincide,and thenondimensional velocityandtemperatureprofiles(u/u and)areidentical forsteady,incompressible,laminarflowofafluidwithconstantpropertiesand Pr=1overanisothermalflatplate The value of the temperature gradient at the surface (Pr =1) ??
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d d 2f = = 0 . 332 2 d d

d d 2

+ Pr f

d = 0 d

This eq. is solved for numerous values of Prandtl numbers. For Pr > 0.6, the nondimensional temperature gradient at the surface is found to be proportional to Pr1/3

Pr>0.6

d = 0 . 332 Pr 1 3 d =0

( x , y) =

T ( x , y) Ts T Ts

y = y

u x

The temperature gradient at the surface is

T y

y=0

= (T T s )
3

y=0

= (T T s )

d d

=0

y=0

= 0 . 332 Pr 1
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(T

Ts )

u x

This solution is given by Pohlhausen

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The local convection coefficient can be expressed as:

T y y =0 = = 0 . 332 Pr 1 3 k (T s T ) k

T y
u x

=
y=0 3

hx =

qs (T s T

0 . 332 P Pr 1

(T

Ts )

u x

And the local Nusselt number becomes

Nu x = hxx = 0 . 332 Pr 1 3 Re x 1 2 k

Pr > 0.6

Solving the thermal boundary layer equation numerically for the temperature profile for different Prandtl numbers, and using the definition of the thermal boundary y layer, y , it is determined that
Pr 1 t
3

t =
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Pr 1
3

5 .0 x Pr 1
3

Re

Non dimensionalization Non-dimensionalization

u v + =0 x y

u u 2 u p u x + v y = 2 x y

2T 2T T T c p u x + v y = k 2 + 2 y x

x* =

T Ts x * y * u * v * p ,y = ,u = ,v = ,p = and T * = L V V T Ts L V 2

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Continuity:

u * x
*
*

v* y
*

=0

Momentum:

1 2 u * dp* u +v = * * 2 Re L y* x y dx *
*

u *

u *

Energy:

T * x
*

+v

T * y
*

2T*

Re L Pr y*2

With the boundary conditions:

u * 0 , y * = 1, u * x * , 0 = 0 , u * x * , = 1, v * x * , 0 = 0 T*
* * * * *

( ) ( ) ( ) ( (0 , y ) = 1, T (x ,0 ) = 0 , T (x , ) = 1

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Geometrically Similar

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Functional forms of Friction and C Convection i C Coefficients ffi i

Momentum:
1 2 u * dp* u +v = * * 2 Re * x y dx * L y
* *

u *

u *

For a given geometry geometry, the solution for u* can be expressed as Th the Then h shear h stress at the h surface f becomes b

u * = f1 x * , y* , Re L

u V u * V s = = = f 2 x * , Re L * y y=0 L y L y* =0

C f ,x =

s V
2

V L V
2

f 2 x * , Re L =

2 f 2 x * , Re L = f 3 x * , Re L Re L

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Energy:

T * x
*

+v

T * y
*

2 T*

Re L Pr y*2

The solution for T* can be expressed as

T * = g1 x * , y* , Re L , Pr

Using the definition of T*, the convection heat transfer coefficient becomes
k T y y =0 k (T T ) k s h= = T * y* * = T * y* * y =0 y =0 L(Ts T ) L Ts T

N Nusselt lt number: b

Nu x =

hL = T * y* k

y =0

= g 2 ( x * , Re L , Pr)

Note that the Nusselt number is equivalent to the dimensionless temperature gradient at the surface and thus it is properly referred to as the surface, dimensionless heat transfer coefficient
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Average friction coefficient

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Reynold Analogy
WhenPr=1(approximately the case for gases) andP P*/ / x x* = 0 (e.g. (e g For flat plate)
Nu
u = y
x

1 2u* u +v = x * y* Re L y*2
* *

u *

u *

hL T * = = k y*
V u * = L y*

1 2T* u +v = * * Re L y*2 x y
* *

T *

T *

y* =0

=
y* =0

y=0

V Nu L

u *

Cf ,x =

s
V2

V Nux 2 L = Nux = 2 2 V 2 ReL

=
y* =0

T *

y* y* =0

Cf ,x
Cf ,x ReL = Nux 2

(Pr=1)

= St x

(Pr=1)

St =

h Nu = cp V ReL Pr

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Clinton-Colburn Analogy
Also called modified Reynolds analogy
Cf ,x = 0.664 Re R x 1 2 N x = 0 . 332 P Nu Pr 1 3 R Re x 1 2

Taking the ratio between Cf,x and Nux

Re Cf ,x x = Nux Pr1 3 2
Cf ,x 2 =

Colburn j-factor
hx Pr2 3 jH cp V

Valid for 0.6<Pr<60 Although this relation is developed using relations for laminar flow over a flat plate (for which P*/ x* = 0), experimental studies show that it is also l applicable li bl approximately i t l f for t turbulent b l t fl flow over a surface, even in the presence of pressure gradients. , however, , the analogy gy is not For laminar flow, applicable unless P*/ x* = 0. Therefore, it does not apply to laminar flow in a pipe

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