CHAPTER 24.

ADVERBS: POSITION IN A SENTENCE

Words which are used to modify verbs or adjectives are usually referred to as adverbs. For instance, the adverbs in the following sentences are printed in bold type, and the words they modify are underlined. e.g. I often visit the library. It is sur r!s!n"#$ hot today. In the first example, the adverb often modifies the verb v!s!t. In the second example, the adverb sur r!s!n"#$ modifies the adjective %ot. Words which are used to modify adverbs can also be referred to as adverbs. e.g. The train travels ver$ quic ly. In this example, the adverb ver$ modifies the adverb &u!'(#$. ). Adverbs *%!'% +od!f$ ad,e't!ves and ot%er adverbs !dverbs which modify adjectives or other adverbs usually immediately precede the words they modify. e.g. The pac age is e-tre+e#$ large. We experienced re#at!ve#$ few difficulties. "uses depart &u!te regularly. In these examples, the underlined adverbs immediately precede the words they modify. E-tre+e#$ modifies the adjective #ar"e, relatively modifies the adjective fe*, and &u!te modifies the adverb re"u#ar#$. The adverbs a"o and enou"% are exceptional, since they usually follow the adjectives or adverbs they modify. e.g. That happened long a"o. #e is old enou"% to ma e his own decisions. We ran fast enou"% to catch the bus. In these examples, the adverbs a"o and enou"% follow the words they modify. A"o modifies the adverb #on", and enou"% modifies the adjective o#d and the adverb fast. It should be noted that in modern $nglish, when enou"% is used as an adjective modifying a noun, it precedes the noun. For instance, in the following example, the adjective enou"% precedes the noun a #es. e.g. %o we have enou"% apples to ma e a pie& #owever, when a"o is used with a noun, it follows the noun. For instance, in the following example, a"o follows the noun +ont%s. e.g. That happened six months a"o. The reason for this may be found in the history of the word. A"o, formerly spelled a"one, was originally a past participle. a. Intens!f!ers !n adverb which is used to modify adjectives and adverbs, but which is not usually used to modify verbs, can be referred to as an !ntens!f!er. In the following examples, the intensifiers are printed in bold type.

e.g. I am ver$ happy. The film was &u!te good. 'ou did that rat%er well. (ust you leave so soon& In these examples, ver$ modifies the adjective %a $, &u!te modifies the adjective "ood, rat%er modifies the adverb *e##, and so modifies the adverb soon. The following words are commonly used as intensifiers) fairly quite rather so too very In addition, the word rea##$ is often used as an intensifier in informal $nglish. e.g. The film was rea##$ good. 'ou did that rea##$ well. 2. Adverbs *%!'% +od!f$ verbs The following table gives examples of six different types of adverb which can be used to modify verbs. Adverbs of .re&uen'$ always ever frequently generally never often rarely seldom sometimes usually Adverbs of /anner carefully correctly eagerly easily fast loudly patiently quic ly quietly well Adverbs of 0o'at!on ahead bac forward here high low near outside somewhere there Adverbs of T!+e again early late now sometime then today tomorrow tonight yesterday Conne't!n" Adverbs also consequently furthermore hence however moreover nevertheless otherwise therefore thus Ne"at!ve Adverbs barely hardly little never not nowhere rarely scarcely seldom

a. Adverbs of fre&uen'$ !dverbs of frequency answer the question Ho* often1 !n adverb which modifies a verb may occupy one of three main positions in a clause. These positions may be referred to as the beginning position, the middle position, and the end position. !dverbs of frequency may occupy any of these positions. In the following examples, the adverbs of frequency are printed in bold type. !n adverb in the beginning position is located at the beginning of a clause. For example) Often the wind blows less strongly at night. In this example, the adverb of frequency often is located at the beginning of the clause.

(ost adverbs can occupy the beginning position in a clause. The use of this position tends to emphasi*e the adverb. !n adverb in the end position occurs after an intransitive verb, or after the direct object of a transitive verb. e.g. #e spea s se#do+. I visit her fre&uent#$. In the first example, se#do+ follows the intransitive verb s ea(s. In the second example, fre&uent#$ follows the direct object %er of the transitive verb v!s!t. +sually only one adverb at a time can occupy the beginning position or the middle position in a clause. #owever, more than one adverb at a time can occupy the end position in a clause. When more than one adverb occurs in the end position, the different types of adverb are usually placed in a certain order. For instance, in the end position, adverbs of frequency usually follow adverbs of manner and adverbs of location, and precede adverbs of time and adverbs of purpose. !dverbs of frequency which consist of single words most often occupy the middle position of a clause. The location of adverbs in the middle position varies depending on the type of verb used. !dverbs in the middle position occupy the locations indicated below) )2 They follow the ,imple -resent and ,imple -ast of the verb to be. 22 They precede the ,imple -resent and ,imple -ast of verbs other than the verb to be. 32 They follow the first auxiliary, in tenses which have auxiliaries. 42 They precede the first auxiliary, or the ,imple -resent or ,imple -ast of the verb to be, in short answers. The following examples illustrate the use of adverbs of frequency in the middle position of a clause. The relevant verbs are underlined. )2 We are a#*a$s on time. 22 #e rare#$ ma es a mista e. 32 I have often wondered about that. 42 #ave you seen this movie before& .o, I never have. In the preceding examples, a#*a$s follows are, the ,imple -resent of the verb to be/ rare#$ precedes +a(es, the ,imple -resent of a verb other than the verb to be/ often follows the first auxiliary %ave of the verb %ave *ondered/ and never precedes the auxiliary %ave in the short answer I never %ave. ,ee $xercise 0. In negative statements, and negative questions with not, adverbs in the middle position of a clause usually follow the word not. e.g. .egative ,tatement) They do not often miss the bus. 1uestion with Not) %oes he not usua##$ now the answers& In these examples, the adverbs often and usua##$ follow the word not. In affirmative questions, and negative questions with n4t, adverbs in the middle position of a clause usually follow the subject of the clause. In the following examples, the subjects are underlined. e.g. !ffirmative 1uestion) Is it a#*a$s this cold in February&

1uestion with n4t) %oesn2t he usua##$ now the answers& In the first example, the adverb a#*a$s follows the subject !t. In the second example, the adverb usua##$ follows the subject %e. It should be noted that the adverbs da!#$, *ee(#$, +ont%#$, $ear#$ and annua##$ usually do not occupy the middle position of a clause. ,ee $xercise 3. 4erbs may be modified not only by single5word adverbs, but also by adverb phrases and clauses. 6i e adverbs of frequency, adverb phrases and clauses of frequency answer the question Ho* often1 !dverb phrases and clauses of frequency usually occupy either the beginning or end position of a clause. e.g. 7nce in a while, I li e to try something new. We visited the museum as often as we could. In the first example, the adverb phrase of frequency on'e !n a *%!#e occupies the beginning position of the clause I #!(e to tr$ so+et%!n" ne*. In the second example, the adverb clause of frequency as often as *e 'ou#d occupies the end position of the clause 5e v!s!ted t%e +useu+. It should be noted that except in the case of commonly used adverbs such as no*, t%en , toda$, to+orro*, so+et!+es, usua##$, +a$be and er%a s, adverbs and adverb phrases at the beginning of a clause must usually be followed by commas. In the following examples, the commas are underlined. e.g. +nfortunately, it began to rain. !s often as possible, we went outside for a wal . b. Adverbs of t!+e !dverbs of time answer the question 5%en1 !dverbs of time usually occupy either the beginning position or the end position of a clause. In the following examples, the adverbs of time are printed in bold type. e.g. Toda$ I will go to the library. I will go to the post office to+orro*. In the first example, toda$ occupies the beginning position of a clause. In the second example, to+orro* occupies the end position of a clause. In the end position, adverbs of time usually follow adverbs of manner and adverbs of location. With a few exceptions, such as no*, t%en and on'e, most adverbs of time may not occupy the middle position of a clause. The adverbs no*, t%en and on'e may occupy any of the three positions in a clause. For instance, in the following examples, no* occupies the first position, the middle position, and the end position of a clause. e.g. No* it is time to leave. It is no* time to leave. It is time to leave no*. It should be noted that so+et!+es is an adverb of frequency, whereas so+et!+e is an adverb of time.

e.g. I so+et!+es see him in the par . I would li e to read that boo so+et!+e. In the first example, the adverb of frequency so+et!+es occupies the middle position of a clause. In the second example, the adverb of time so+et!+e occupies the end position of a clause. !dverb phrases and clauses of time usually occupy either the beginning or end position of a clause. e.g. !t nine o2cloc , the train will leave. I will call you when I am ready. In the first example, the adverb phrase at n!ne o4'#o'( occupies the beginning position of the clause t%e tra!n *!## #eave. In the second example, the adverb clause *%en I a+ read$ occupies the end position of the clause I *!## 'a## $ou. '. Adverbs of +anner !dverbs of manner answer the question Ho*1 (any adverbs of manner have the ending #$. The formation and use of adverbs of manner will be discussed in more detail in the next chapter. !dverbs of manner most often occupy the end position of a clause, where they follow an intransitive verb, or the direct object of a transitive verb. e.g. We waited at!ent#$ for the play to begin. I sold the strawberries &u!'(#$. In the first example, the adverb of manner at!ent#$ follows the intransitive verb *a!ted. In the second example, the adverb of manner &u!'(#$ follows the direct object stra*berr!es of the transitive verb so#d. !n adverb of manner may be placed at the beginning of a clause, in order to emphasi*e the idea expressed by the adverb. e.g. Pat!ent#$, we waited for the show to begin. 6u!'(#$, I sold the strawberries. In these examples, the ideas expressed by at!ent#$ and &u!'(#$ are emphasi*ed. !dverbs of manner are often placed in the middle position of a clause, particularly when the clause contains no adverb of frequency. e.g. I s#o*#$ opened the door. I have 'arefu##$ considered all of the possibilities. In the first example, the adverb of manner s#o*#$ precedes o ened, a verb in the ,imple -ast. In the second example, the adverb of manner 'arefu##$ follows the auxiliary %ave of the verb %ave 'ons!dered. In informal $nglish, adverbs of manner are often placed immediately after the word to of an infinitive. When this is done, the infinitive is referred to as a s #!t !nf!n!t!ve. e.g. I wanted to 'arefu##$ consider the situation. In this example, the infinitive to 'ons!der is split by the adverb 'arefu##$. #owever, in formal $nglish, it is considered preferable not to use split infinitives. In formal $nglish, the above example could be written) I wanted to consider the situation 'arefu##$. !dverb phrases and clauses of manner usually occupy the end position of a clause. e.g. We arrived on foot.

We finished the wor as quic ly as we could. In the first example, the adverb phrase of manner on foot follows the intransitive verb arr!ved. In the second example, the adverb clause of manner as &u!'(#$ as *e 'ou#d follows the direct object *or( of the transitive verb f!n!s%ed. !dverb phrases and clauses of manner are sometimes placed at the beginning of a clause, for emphasis. For example) !s quic ly as we could, we finished the wor . In this example, the adverb clause as &u!'(#$ as *e 'ou#d is emphasi*ed. d. Conne't!n" adverbs !dverbs such as %o*ever, nevert%e#ess and t%erefore are often used to connect the ideas expressed by the clauses in which they occur to ideas expressed in previous clauses. In the following examples, the connecting adverbs are printed in bold type. 8onnecting adverbs are often placed at the beginning of a clause. e.g. I would li e to go s iing. Ho*ever, I have too much wor to do. ,he was very busy/ nevert%e#ess, she found time to go swimming. In the first example, the adverb %o*ever, which occurs at the beginning of the clause I %ave too +u'% *or( to do, connects the idea expressed in this clause with the idea expressed in the previous clause, I *ou#d #!(e to "o s(!!n". In the second example, the adverb nevert%e#ess, which occurs at the beginning of the clause s%e found t!+e to "o s*!++!n", connects the idea expressed in this clause with the idea expressed in the previous clause, s%e *as ver$ bus$. (any connecting adverbs may be placed in the middle position of a clause. This is often done when the clause contains no adverb of frequency. e.g. I am, nevert%e#ess, anxious to continue. We t%us had no difficulty finding the motel. We have, t%erefore, decided to do it. In the first example, nevert%e#ess follows a+, the ,imple -resent of the verb to be. In the second example, t%us precedes %ad, the ,imple -ast of a verb other than the verb to be. In the third example, t%erefore follows the auxiliary %ave of the verb %ave de'!ded. The adverb %o*ever may occupy any of the three positions in a clause. !s illustrated in the following examples, a connecting adverb is usually separated by commas from the rest of the sentence. e.g. Ho*ever, it has stopped snowing. It has, %o*ever, stopped snowing. It has stopped snowing, %o*ever. It should be noted that the adverb !nstead is often placed at the end of a clause. e.g. "ecause there was no meat, I bought fish !nstead. 8onnecting adverb phrases are most often placed at the beginning of a clause. For example) !s a result, I decided to study hard. In this example, the phrase as a resu#t is placed at the beginning of the clause I de'!ded to stud$ %ard. The following table summari*es the most commonly used positions for the four different types of

adverb discussed above. T$ e of Adverb !dverb of frequency !dverb of time !dverb of manner 8onnecting adverb ,ee $xercise 9. e. Adverb %rases and '#auses of ur ose !dverb phrases and clauses of purpose answer the question 5%$1 This question is usually answered by a phrase or clause, rather than by a single5word adverb. In the following examples, the adverb phrases and clauses of purpose are underlined. !dverb phrases and clauses of purpose usually occupy the end position of a clause, and follow any other adverbs, or adverb phrases or clauses. e.g. I went to the store yesterday to buy a coat. I need to buy a new coat soon because my old one is worn out. In the first example, the adverb phrase of purpose to bu$ a 'oat occupies the end position of a clause, following the adverb of time $esterda$. In the second example, the adverb clause of purpose be'ause +$ o#d one !s *orn out occupies the end position of a clause, following the adverb of time soon. !dverb phrases or clauses of purpose are sometimes placed at the beginning of a clause, for emphasis. e.g. To reach the airport on time, we had to complete the trip in two hours. "ecause it was such a beautiful day, I decided to go for a wal . In the first example, the adverb phrase of purpose to rea'% t%e a!r ort on t!+e is placed at the beginning of the clause *e %ad to 'o+ #ete t%e tr! !n t*o %ours. In the second example, the adverb clause be'ause !t *as su'% a beaut!fu# da$ is placed at the beginning of the clause I de'!ded to "o for a *a#(. f. Adverbs of #o'at!on !dverbs of location answer the question 5%ere1 !dverbs of location, and adverb phrases and clauses of location, most often occupy the end position of a clause, where they precede adverbs of time and adverbs of purpose. In the following examples, the adverbs and adverb phrases and clauses of location are underlined. e.g. I am going there tomorrow. #e left his bicycle in the driveway last night. I now the office where she wor s. In the first example, the adverb of location t%ere follows the verb a+ "o!n", and precedes the adverb of time to+orro*. In the second example, the adverb phrase of location !n t%e dr!ve*a$ follows the object b!'$'#e of the verb #eft, and precedes the adverb phrase of time #ast n!"%t. In the third example, the adverb clause of location *%ere s%e *or(s follows the object off!'e of the verb (no*. It should be noted that the position of adverbs and adverb phrases and clauses of location relative to /ost 'o++on#$ used Pos!t!on !n C#ause (iddle position $nd position, following adverbs of manner and location $nd position, preceding other adverbs "eginning position

other types of adverb is affected by whether or not the verb being modified is a verb of +ot!on. ! verb of motion is a verb which describes some type of movement. The verbs 'o+e, "o, arr!ve, #eave, *a#(, run and f#$ are examples of verbs of motion. If the verb of a clause is not a verb of motion, the most usual order of the different types of adverb in the end position of a clause is as follows) !dverb of (anner !dverb of 6ocation !dverb of Time !dverb of -urpose The following example illustrates this order) We waited Type of -hrase) ,ee $xercise :. The order may be varied if it is desired to emphasi*e one of the adverb phrases. For instance, the adverb phrase of time a## afternoon could be given more emphasis by placing it immediately after the adverb at!ent#$, as follows) We waited patiently all afternoon outside the theater to buy tic ets. When the verb of a clause is a verb of motion, any adverb of location, or adverb phrase or clause of location, is usually placed immediately after the verb. The following table compares the position of adverbs following verbs of motion with the position of adverbs following other verbs. T%e +ost usua# Pos!t!on of Adverbs fo##o*!n" a Verb Order of Adverbs fo##o*!n" a Verb of /ot!on !dverb of 6ocation !dverb of (anner !dverb of Time !dverb of -urpose Order of Adverbs fo##o*!n" a Verb *%!'% !s not a Verb of /ot!on !dverb of (anner !dverb of 6ocation !dverb of Time !dverb of -urpose patiently (anner outside the theater 6ocation all afternoon Time to buy tic ets. -urpose

It can be seen that the order of the adverbs following the two types of verb is the same except for the relative order of the adverb of location and the adverb of manner. The following example illustrates the most usual order of the four different types of adverb phrase following a verb of motion) I will go Type of -hrase) ,ee $xercise ;. to the library 6ocation by bus (anner tomorrow Time to return the boo . -urpose

!dverbs and adverb phrases and clauses of location are sometimes placed at the beginning of a clause, for emphasis. e.g. #ere, the glacier deposited soil and roc s. 7n the way to school, she saw a robin building its nest. Wherever I loo , I see signs of spring. In these examples, the adverb %ere, the adverb phrase on t%e *a$ to s'%oo# and the adverb clause *%erever I #oo( are each placed at the beginning of a clause. !dverbs of location usually cannot be placed in the middle position of a clause. !. Here and T%ere The words %ere and t%ere, indicating location, are often used at the beginning of a clause, followed by the verb to be. In this construction, if the subject of the verb is a noun, the subject follows the verb. e.g. Here are the tic ets. T%ere was our bus. In these examples, the noun subjects t!'(ets and bus follow the verbs are and *as. #owever, if the subject of the verb is a personal pronoun, the subject precedes the verb. e.g. Here they are. T%ere it was. In these examples, the personal pronoun subjects t%e$ and !t precede the verbs are and *as. When the subject follows the verb, care must be ta en to ma e sure that the verb agrees with its subject. e.g. Here is one of the examples. T%ere are his aunt and uncle. In the first example, the verb !s is singular to agree with the singular subject one. In the second example, the verb are is plural to agree with the plural subject %!s aunt and un'#e. ,ee $xercise <. !!. T%ere used as an !ntrodu'tor$ *ord In addition to being used to indicate location, t%ere can also be used as an introductory word, in clauses indicating the existence of something. T%ere as an introductory word is often used with verbs such as to be, to a ear and to see+. In the following examples, the verbs are underlined. e.g. T%ere is a public holiday on (onday. T%ere are three universities in the city. T%ere seem to be two possible answers to this question. In affirmative statements using this construction, the subject follows the verb. In the following examples, the subjects are underlined. e.g. T%ere are only twenty5four hours in a day. T%ere seems to be a message for you. In the first example, the verb are is plural, to agree with the plural subject %ours. In the second example, the verb see+s is singular, to agree with the singular subject +essa"e. In questions using this construction, t%ere follows the verb in the case of the ,imple -resent or ,imple

-ast of the verb to be/ otherwise, t%ere follows the first auxiliary. In the case of the ,imple -resent and ,imple -ast of verbs other than the verb to be, the auxiliary to do must be used. In the following examples, the verbs are underlined. e.g. Is t%ere a post office near here& Were t%ere many people on the train& 8an t%ere be any doubt about it& %o t%ere seem to be any maple trees in this forest& In the first two examples, t%ere follows !s and *ere, the ,imple -resent and ,imple -ast of the verb to be. In the last two examples, t%ere follows the first auxiliaries 'an and do. !!!. Inverted *ord order When used with a verb of motion, an adverb or adverb phrase of location may be placed at the beginning of a clause, followed immediately by the verb, followed by the noun subject of the verb. This construction is summari*ed below, followed by examples. adverb phrase of location = +p the hill #ere verb of motion trundled come = noun subject the train. our friends.

If the subject of the verb is a personal pronoun, the subject must precede the verb, as illustrated below) adverb phrase of location = +p the hill #ere ,ee $xercise >. ". Ne"at!ve adverbs .egative adverbs include adverbs with an explicit negative meaning, such as never, not and no*%ere, as well as adverbs with an implied negative meaning, such as %ard#$, s'ar'e#$ and se#do+. !. Doub#e ne"at!ves In modern $nglish, there is a rule that a clause containing one negative word expresses a negative meaning, but a clause containing two negative words expressed an affirmative meaning. In the case of a clause with two negative words, it is considered that one of these words negates the other, so that an affirmative meaning results. The presence of two negative words in a clause is referred to as a doub#e ne"at!ve. In some dialects of $nglish, clauses containing two negative words may be used to express a negative meaning. e.g. I2m not saying nothing about it. #e never told nobody the secret. #owever, this use of the double negative is considered to be grammatically incorrect in standard $nglish. pronoun subject = it they verb of motion trundled. come.

For each of the above examples, the double negative can be eliminated by omitting or altering one of the negative words. Thus, the meaning of the first example could be correctly expressed by either of the following sentences) I2m saying not%!n" about it. or I2m not saying an$t%!n" about it. ,imilarly, the meaning of the second example could be correctly expressed by either of the following sentences) #e told nobod$ the secret. or #e never told an$bod$ the secret. ,ee $xercise ?. !!. Inverted *ord order If a clause begins with a negative adverb, inverted word order must usually be used, with the subject following the ,imple -resent or ,imple -ast of the verb to be, or the first auxiliary. In the case of the ,imple -resent or ,imple -ast of any verb other than the verb to be, the auxiliary to do must be used. This construction is summari*ed below, followed by examples. negative adverb = or adverb phrase .ever before 6ittle ,eldom ,imple form of verb to be or = first auxiliary was did had subject I we they so eager to reach home. thin we would meet again. tasted such a delicacy.

Following are other examples of this type of construction. The negative adverbs and adverb phrases are printed in bold type, and the subjects of the verbs are underlined. e.g. Se#do+ was he at a loss for words. S'ar'e#$ had we left the house, when it began to rain. Not for +an$ $ears was the true story nown. No sooner did the bell ring than the children ran out of the school. In the first example, the subject %e follows *as, the ,imple -ast of the verb to be. In the succeeding examples, the subjects *e, stor$ and be## follow the auxiliaries %ad, *as and d!d, respectively. ,ee $xercise @. In this type of inverted construction, if t%ere is used as an introductory word, t%ere follows the ,imple -ast or ,imple -resent of the verb to be, or the first auxiliary. e.g. Se#do+ were there more than five duc s on the pond. Rare#$ had there been more swans on the la e than there were that day. In the first example, t%ere follows *ere, the ,imple -ast of the verb to be. In the second example, t%ere follows the auxiliary %ad, of the verb %ad been. It should be noted that the expression so ... t%at can also be used with inverted word order. e.g. So exhausted were we t%at we fell asleep at the table. In this example, the subject *e follows the verb *ere.

3. Interro"at!ve adverbs The adverbs %o*, *%en, *%ere and *%$ can be used as interrogative adverbs at the beginning of direct questions. The interrogative adverbs in the following direct questions are printed in bold type. e.g. Ho* are you& 5%en is he coming& 5%ere were you& 5%$ did you say that& !s shown in these examples, inverted word order must be used, with the subject following the ,imple -ast or ,imple -resent of the verb to be, or the first auxiliary. In the case of the ,imple -resent and ,imple -ast of verbs other than the verb to be, the auxiliary to do must be used. In the following examples, the subjects are underlined. e.g. Ho* is your sister& 5%en did you see him& 5%ere is she going& 5%$ has he changed his mind& In these examples, the subject s!ster follows the verb !s, and the subjects $ou, s%e and %e follow the auxiliaries d!d, !s and %as, respectively. ,ee $xercise 0A. !s well as being used as interrogative adjectives at the beginning of direct questions, %o*, *%en, *%ere and *%$ can also be used at the beginning of subordinate clauses. In the following examples, the subordinate clauses are underlined. e.g. "e ready to start when you hear the signal. #e camped close to where the broo flows into the la e. In the first example, *%en $ou %ear t%e s!"na# is an adverb clause of time. In the second example, *%ere t%e broo( f#o*s !nto t%e #a(e is an adverb clause of location. In addition to being used at the beginning of adverb clauses, %o*, *%en, *%ere and *%$ can also be used at the beginning of indirect questions. In the following examples, the indirect questions are underlined. e.g. I want to now how he did that. I wonder when they will arrive. -lease tell me where the school is. I will as why she left early. !s pointed out previously, inverted word order is not used in indirect questions. Thus, the subject of an indirect question precedes the verb. In the following examples, the subjects are underlined. e.g. We should find out %o* the information was transmitted. !s her *%en she will be here. I wonder *%ere they are. -lease find out *%$ he could not come with us. In these examples, the subjects !nfor+at!on, s%e, t%e$ and %e precede the verbs *as trans+!tted, *!## be, are and 'ou#d 'o+e. ,ee $xercise 00.