58 1 CHAPTER 2 Analog-to-Digital and Digital-to-Analog Conversion

between sampling instants using zero order hold. The last step in DIA conversion is to
smooth the signal using an anti-imaging filter. This filter removes the spectral images
caused by sampling that are responsible for the staircase shape of the zero order hold
signal.
5. Aliasing is one source of error for A/D conversion. Because a limited number of quan-
tization levels are available, quantization is another source of error. The larger the num-
ber of bits used, the smaller the errors are, which translates to a larger dynamic range
for the AID converter.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
2.1 Humans can hear sounds at frequencies between 0 and 22.05 kHz. What minimum
sampling rate should be chosen to permit perfect recovery from samples?
2.2 Determine the Nyquist sampling rate for each of the following analog signals:
a. x(t) = cos(20t + 12")
b. x(t) = 2sin(50001~t/3)
c. x(t) = sin(30001~tI7 + 1~110)
2.3 A voice signal is sampled at 8000 samples per second.
a. What is the time between samples?
b. What is the maximum frequency that will be recovered from the signal?
2.4 Five periods of an analog signal x(r) = cos(4000t) are oversampled at four times the
Nyquist sampling rate. How many samples are collected?
2.5 Five periods of an analog signal x(t) = 5sin(25001~t + 10") are undersampled at 718
of the Nyquist rate. How many samples are collected?
2.6 The spectrum for an analog signal is shown in Figure 2.27. The signal is sampled at
600 Hz. Draw the spectrum of the sampled signal between -200 and 1200 Hz.
Frequency (Hz)
FIGURE 2.27
Spectrum for Question 2.6.
REVIEW QUESTIONS 1 59
Frequency (kHz)
FIGURE 2.28
Magnitude spectrum for Question 2.7
2.7 An analog signal's one-sided spectrum is shown in Figure 2.28. The signal is sam-
pled. Draw the spectrum of the sampled signal from 0 to 150 kHz. If aliasing occurs,
draw the true aliased spectrum by summing overlapping spectral elements. The
sampling rate is:
a. 60 kHz
b. 40 kHz
2.8 A cell phone transmits voice signals on a carrier. The transmissions lie in the range
900 MHz to 900.03 MHz. What minimum sampling rate should be chosen to ensure
that the transmissions will be recoverable from the digital samples?
2.9 Determine the locations of the peaks in the sampled spectrum for the following sine
waves:
a. Signal frequency 300 Hz, sampling frequency 1 kHz
b. Signal frequency 600 Hz, sampling frequency 1 kHz
c. Signal frequency 1.3 kHz, sampling frequency 1 kHz
2.10 Find the aliased frequencies for the following band-limited signals sampled at 1 kHz.
For each, draw the spectrum for the sampled signal between -500 and 1500 Hz and
indicate whether spectral inversion occurs in the baseband:
a. Signal band-limited between I100 and 1400 Hz, shown in Figure 2.29.
b. Signal band-limited between 800 and 950 Hz, shown in Figure 2.30.
2.11 A 25 kHz signal is sampled at 8 kHz. Find the aliased frequency of the signal.
2.12 Show that x,(t) = cos ( l 20~r ) and x,(t) = cos(420nt) have the same samples when
sampled at 150 Hz.
2.13 A radar signal ranging in frequency from 900 to 900.5 MHz is undersampled at 2
MHz. If a 200 kHz target appears'in the baseband, what is the actual frequency of
the target?
60 1 CHAPTER 2 Analog-to-Digital and Digital-to-Analog Conversion
0
-500 0 500 1000 1500
fs
Frequency (Hz)
FIGURE 2.29
Spectrum for Question 2.10(a).
fs
Frequency (Hz)
FIGURE 2.30
Spectrum for Question 2.10(b).
2.14 A bicycle travels down the road at 15 kmh. The tire of the bicycle has an outside
diameter of 63.5 cm. How many snapshots of the bicycle must be taken every sec-
ond if the snapshots are to be used to record correctly the true motion of the wheels?
2.15 A signal x( t ) = sin(2nft) with a frequency less than 1 kHz is sampled at 600 Hz and
appears as a 150 Hz signal. The same signal is sampled at 550 Hz and appears as a
200 Hz signal. What is the frequency of the signal?
2.16 Voltages between - 3 V and +3 V must be digitized. Find the quantization step size
when samples are quantized using:
a. 4 bits
b. 8 bits
c. 16 bits