122.22 The Pentateuch Department of Biblical and Theological Studies Providence University College Professor Cameron S.

McKenzie Office 2A36 ph. (204) 433 7488 ext. 243 email: cameron.mckenzie@prov.ca Fall 2011 Monday 12:40 3:15 p.m. Classroom 1

Syllabus

COURSE DESCRIPTION: This course is a literary, historical, and theological analysis of Genesis through Deuteronomy. In addition to exploring theories of authorship, historical settings, literary genre, comparative Ancient Near Eastern literature, and the meaning of the text, this course will address the pivotal role which this part of the Bible has played in the development of Jewish and Christian thinking, the importance of the Pentateuch for western European art and culture, and the way in which the Pentateuch continues to shape political, social, and religious ideologies in the Church and the modern world at large.

COURSE OBJECTIVES: Through lectures, participation in class discussions and the completion of course requirements: 1. The student will increase his/her familiarity with the contents of the books of Genesis through Deuteronomy. 2. The student will develop a working knowledge of the themes, exegetical issues and interpretive problems associated with this part of the Old Testament. 3. The student will gain insight into the historical background and historical questions relating to the biblical narrative contained in the Pentateuch. 4. The student will advance in her/his appreciation of, as well as be able to evaluate and appropriately employ, the various critical methodologies used in the study of the Pentateuch. 5. The student will be able to articulate the interpretive and theological significance of the Pentateuch for the rest of the Old Testament and the New Testament.

6. The student will be exposed to various ways in which the Pentateuch has shaped western cultural thought and values. 7. The Student will investigate the role of the Pentateuch in the modern world. 8. The student will evaluate the impact of the cultural reception of the Pentateuch on her/his view of the bible.

COURSE TEXTS: Ska, Jean-Louis. Introduction to the Pentateuch. Translated by Sr. Pascale Dominique. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, 2006. One of: Carlson, Richard F. and Tremper Longman III. Science, Creation and the Bible: Reconciling Rival Theories of Origins. Downers Grove, IL: Inter-varsity Press, 2010. or Walton, John H. The Lost World of Genesis One: Ancient Cosmology and the Origins Debate. Downers Grove, IL: Inter-varsity Press, 2009. COURSE ASSESSMENT: The following criteria and assignments will be used to assess the students grade: 1. Reading and Outlining of Genesis Through Deuteronomy: Each Student will read the books of Genesis through Deuteronomy and prepare a chapter by chapter outline of the contents. This outline will consist of a single summary statement for each chapter. Assessment will take clarity and succinctness into consideration. DUE: SEE COURSE OUTLINE 2. Content Quizzes: There will be three content quizzes on the reading of the biblical text that will measure students familiarity with the principle elements of the Pentateuch. DUE: SEE COURSE OUTLINE 3. Book Review: Each student will write a 1500 word critical review of either Science, Creation and the Bible: Reconciling Rival Theories of Origins by Richard F. Carlson and Tremper Longman III or The Lost World of Genesis One: Ancient Cosmology and the Origins Debate by John Walton. The critical book review is one of the foundation of modern scholarship. The critical book review places others scholarship in an appropriate context, emphasises its major contributions, exposes inadequate evidence and flawed reasoning, and often illuminates the common ground between one w riters work and other works from the same field of study. It may also suggest new questions for future research. The following guidelines are adapted from Queens University http://library.queensu.ca/research/guide/book-

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122.22 The Pentateuch Syllabus: Fall 2011

reviews/how-write These guidelines are intended to help you think through what is required in a good critical review. Scan the Book's Preliminaries Before beginning to read, consider the following: 1. Title - What does it suggest? 2. Preface - Provides important information on the author's purpose in writing the book and will help you to determine the success of the work. 3. Table of Contents - Tells you how the book is organized and will aid in determining the author's main ideas and how they are developed - chronologically, topically, etc. Read the Text Record impressions as you read and note effective passages for quoting. Keep these questions in mind: 1. What is the general field or genre, and how does the book fit into it? (Use outside sources to familiarize yourself with the field, if necessary.) 2. From what point of view is the work written? 3. What is the author's style? Is it formal or informal? Does it suit the intended audience? If a work of fiction, what literary devices does the author use? 4. Are concepts clearly defined? How well are the author's ideas developed? What areas are covered/not covered? Why? This helps to establish the book's authority. 5. If a work of fiction, make notes on such elements as character, plot, and setting, and how they relate to the theme of the book. How does the author delineate his characters? How do they develop? What is the plot structure? 6. How accurate is the information in the book? Check outside sources if necessary. 7. If relevant, make note of the book's format - layout, binding, typography, etc. Are there maps, illustrations? Do they aid understanding? 8. Check the back matter. Is the index accurate? What sources did the author use - primary or secondary? How does he make use of them? Make note of important omissions. 9. Finally, what has the book accomplished? Is further work needed? Compare the book to others by this author or by others. (Use the listing in the bibliography.) Consult Additional Sources Try to find further information about the author - his/her reputation, qualifications, influences, etc. - any information that is relevant to the book being reviewed and that would help to establish the author's authority. Knowledge of the literary period and of critical theories can also be helpful to your review. Your professor and/or reference librarian will be able to suggest sources to use. Prepare an Outline Carefully review your notes and attempt to unify your impressions into a statement that will describe the purpose or thesis of your review. Then, outline the arguments that support your thesis. Your arguments should develop the thesis in a logical manner. Write the Draft Skim your notes again; then, using the outline as a guide and referring to notes when necessary, begin writing. Your book review should include the following:

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122.22 The Pentateuch Syllabus: Fall 2011

1. Introduction - Try to capture the reader's attention with your opening sentence. The introduction should state your central thesis, and set the tone of the review. 2. Development - Develop your thesis using supporting arguments as set out in your outline. Use description, evaluation, and if possible explanation of why the author wrote as he/she did. Use quotations to illustrate important points or peculiarities. 3. Use the following checklist to help you penetrate beneath the surface of a historical work. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. What questions guide the author's research and thinking? Does the author exclude relevant and significant questions? Do the authors questions fulfil the logical requirements of question framing? How do the authors questions shape the course of inquiry? Does the author examine all relevant and available evidence? Does the author systematically consider alternative hypotheses? What explanatory models does the author employ, e.g., Bakhtinian Dialogical or Fruedian psychology; and how do these models influence the authors conclusions? h. Does the author have any specific biases or interests that affect the authors work? i. Does the author attempt moral judgments? j. What standards does he use? k. Are the authors standards set forth explicitly? l. Does he separate moral and empirical analysis? m. How does the author organize the authors work? 4. Conclusion - If your thesis has been well argued, the conclusion should follow naturally. It can include a final assessment or simply restate your thesis. Do not introduce new material at this point. Revise the Draft 1. Allow some time to elapse before going over your review, to gain perspective. 2. Carefully read through the text, looking for clarity and coherence. 3. Correct grammar and spelling. 4. Verify quotes for proper foot-noting. DUE: October 3, 2011 4. In-class Assignments: At three points in the semester students will be asked to engage in a short written exercise based upon an assigned reading. DUE: SEE COURSE OUTLINE 5. Cultural Reception Assignment: Each student will find 10 examples of the use of a theme (character, story line, image, idea, concept) from the Pentateuch in contemporary culture. For each example, the student will write approximate 200 Words of interaction and commentary. The interaction should include, but is not limited to, a discussion of the cultural context of the example, reference to the Pentateuchal Narrative represented in the example, and personal reflection upon the implication or significance of the examples use of the biblical text. The assignment may be type written, designed as a web page, or set up as a PowerPoint presentation with your commentary in the Notes panel, and it should include appropriate citation of sources and research. DUE: November 14, 2011

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6. Final Exam Paper: Using class lecture notes, journal assignments, reflections from your cultural reception assignment and any additional research materials, students will write a 6 page paper on some aspect of the theology of the Pentateuch in Christian perspective. The question will be assigned on the last day of class, December 5, 2011, and will be due for submission by 4:30 p.m. Monday, December 12, 2011. DUE: December 12, 2011 7. Assignment Totals: Reading and Outlining Content Quizzes Book Review In-class Assignments Cultural Reception Assignment Final Exam Paper 10% 15% 20% 15% 20% 20%

8. Assessment Scale: All assignments will be assigned a letter grade indicating quality of work. The following scale applies: A B C D F 90% 100% Exceptional - (assignment reflects initiative and effort well beyond the stated syllabus requirements) 80% 89% Excellent (assignment reflects superior attention to the stated syllabus requirements) 60% 79% Good (assignment reflects fulfilment of stated syllabus requirements) 50% 59% Poor (assignment reflects lack of attention to the stated syllabus requirements) 49% and lower Unsatisfactory (assignment fails to meet the stated syllabus requirements)

COURSE POLICIES Full text to the academic policies, procedures and regulations of Providence College can be found online in the Student Handbook http://www.providencecollege.ca/college/student_life/ ) and the College Academic Calendar (http://www.providencecollege.ca/college/programs/registrars_office/calendar/). 1. Late Assignment Policy Late assignments lose 20% immediately, beginning 4:30 p.m. of the due date. Furthermore, late assignments will be assessed for the purpose of a grade but without feedback. Under no circumstances will extensions be granted. If, however, your paper is late due to events beyond your control, you are invited to attach written documentation of your reasons, including any helpful evidence (e.g. a doctors note in the event of prolonged illness) supporting your reasons. Where circumstances warrant it, the late penalty will be waived. In all cases the application of the late penalty will be at the discretion of the instructor. 2. Plagiarism

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Students are expected to demonstrate academic integrity in all its various forms, and will be held accountable for doing so by the policy on Academic Conduct in the Student Handbook (http://prov.ca/studentLife/handbook.aspx). One particularly problematic breach of academic integrity is plagiarism, which is stealing from the ideas and writings of another person and passing them off as ones own. For an elaboration of the nature, types, and prevention of plagiarism, see the Providence College document entitled Academic Dishonesty: The Problem of Plagiarism in Academic Writing, in the Providence College Academic Formation Guide available in the bookstore, or in the Providence College Policies, Procedures, and Regulations (http://prov.ca/college/ac_pol-proc-reg.aspx). 3. Information and Communication Technologies in the Classroom Student use of information and communication technologies for purposes other than class note-taking is not allowed in the classroom, as students are expected to give their total attention to class activities. Use of cellphones or iPods is never appropriate in the classroom, and use of laptop computers to play games, chat with others, browse the internet, or engage material not related to the class is always distracting to classmates and disrespectful to the instructor. Unlike some other post-secondary institutions, Providence has not yet found it necessary to ban laptops from the classroom, or prevent wireless internet access in classrooms. Only judicious use of them will keep it that way.

COURSE OUTLINE: DATE September 12 TOPICS and READING Syllabus and Course Introduction What is the Pentateuch? Ways of Reading the Pentateuch Genesis 1-11 Creation pt. 1: Cosmology and Covenant Jean Louis Ska, Introduction to reading the Pentateuch, Ch. 1, Basic Questions about the Pentateuch, pp. 1 - 15 Genesis 12-22 A Family Promise Jean Louis Ska, Introduction to reading the Pentateuch, Ch. 2. The Five Books of the Pentateuch: Content and Structure pp. 16 Genesis 23-50 Election, Conflict, and Rescue Jean Louis Ska, Introduction to reading the Pentateuch, Ch. 3. Literary Problems of the Pentateuch I: The Legislative Texts pp. 40 THANKSGIVING NO CLASS Exodus 1-15 Moses pt. 1 The Exodus Tradition Jean Louis Ska, Introduction to reading the Pentateuch, Ch. 4. Literary Problems of the Pentateuch II: The Narrative Texts pp. 53 Quiz #2 Outline of Leviticus and Numbers Due ASSIGNMENT

September 19

Outline of Genesis Due

September 26

Quiz #1

October 3

In-class #1 Outline of Exodus Due Book Review Due

October 10 October 17

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October 24

October 31

November 7

November 14

November 21

November 28

December 5

Exodus 16-24 The Sinai Covenant Jean Louis Ska, Introduction to reading the Pentateuch, Ch. 5. Literary Problems of the Pentateuch III: pp. 76 Exodus 25-40 Creation pt. 2: Covenant, Cult, and Cosmology Jean Louis Ska, Introduction to reading the Pentateuch, Ch. 6. Exegesis of the Pentateuch: A History of Research from Ancient Times to 1970 pp. 96 Leviticus Sacrifice, Symbols and Social Construction in Ancient Israel Jean Louis Ska, Introduction to reading the Pentateuch, Ch. 7. Recent Developments in the Study of the Pentateuch pp. 127 Numbers Moses pt. 2 The Wilderness Tradition Jean Louis Ska, Introduction to reading the Pentateuch, Ch. 8. Basic Characteristics of Ancient Literature pp. 165 NO CLASS Jean Louis Ska, Introduction to reading the Pentateuch, Ch. 9. Reference Points for Reading the Pentateuch 184 Who Wrote the Pentateuch and Does it Matter? Deuteronomy and Former Prophets Jean Louis Ska, Introduction to reading the Pentateuch, Ch. 10. The Pentateuch and Postexilic Israel pp. 217 The Pentateuch and Myths of Our Time Jean Louis Ska, Introduction to reading the Pentateuch, Conclusion pp. 230 FINAL EXAM PAPER DUE 4:30 p.m.

Quiz #3 Outline of Deuteronomy Due

In-class #2

Cultural Reception Assignment Due

In-class #3 Theology of the Pentateuch Paper Due

December 12

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BIBLIOGRAPHY: General Pentateuch Alexander, T. Desmond, and David W. Baker, eds. Dictionary of the Old Testament : Pentateuch. Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity Press, 2003. Alexander, T. Desmond. From Paradise to the Promised Land : An Introduction to the Pentateuch. 2nd ed. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2002. Alter, Judah Aryeh Leib, Arthur Green, and Shai Gluskin, eds. The Language of Truth : The Torah Commentary of the Sefat Emet, Rabbi Yehudah Leib Alter of Ger. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1998. Alter, Robert. The Five Books of Moses : A Translation with Commentary. New York: W.W. Norton & Co, 2004. Antonelli, Judith S. In the Image of God : A Feminist Commentary on the Torah. Northvale, N.J: Jason Aronson, 1995. Avishur, Yitshak. Studies in Biblical Narrative : Style, Structure, and the Ancient Near Eastern Literary Background. Tel Aviv-Jaffa: Archaeological Center Publication, 1999. Balentine, Samuel E. The Torah's Vision of Worship. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1999. Ball, Milner S. Called by Stories : Biblical Sagas and their Challenge for Law. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2000. Ben Zvi, Ehud, Maxine Hancock, and Richard Beinert. Readings in Biblical Hebrew : An Intermediate Textbook. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993. Ben-Hayyim, Zeev, and Abraham Tal. A Grammar of Samaritan Hebrew : Based on the Recitation of the Law in Comparison with the Tiberian and Other Jewish Traditions. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2000. Berg, Philip S. The Essential Zohar : The Source of Kabbalistic Wisdom. New York: Bell Tower, 2002. Blenkinsopp, Joseph. Treasures Old and New : Essays in the Theology of the Pentateuch. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2004. Blenkinsopp, Joseph. The Pentateuch : An Introduction to the First Five Books of the Bible. New York: Doubleday, 1992. Brekelmans, C., and J. Lust, eds. Pentateuchal and Deuteronomistic Studies : Papers Read at the XIIIth IOSOT Congress, Leuven 1989. Leuven, Belgium: Leuven University Press, 1990. Brenner, Athalya, ed. Exodus to Deuteronomy : A Feminist Companion to the Bible (Second Series). Sheffield, England: Sheffield Academic Press, 2000. Brenner, Athalya, ed. A Feminist Companion to Exodus to Deuteronomy. Sheffield, England: Sheffield Academic Press, 1994. Campbell, Antony F., and Mark A. O'Brien. Rethinking the Pentateuch : Prolegomena to the Theology of Ancient Israel. Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 2005. Campbell, Antony F., and Mark A. O'Brien. Sources of the Pentateuch : Texts, Introductions, Annotations. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1993. Carasik, Michael, ed. The Commentators' Bible : The JPS Miqra'Ot Gedolot. Philadelphia, PA: The Jewish Publication Society, 2005.

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Cassuto, Umberto. The Documentary Hypothesis and the Composition of the Pentateuch : Eight Lectures. New York: Shalem Press, 2006. Chaikin, Miriam, and Alexander Koshkin. Angels Sweep the Desert Floor : Bible Legends about Moses in the Wilderness. New York: Clarion Books, 2002. Clarke, Ernest G. Targum Pseudo-Jonathan : Deuteronomy. Collegeville, Minn: Liturgical Press, 1998. Clines, David J. A. The Theme of the Pentateuch. 2nd ed. Sheffield, England: JSOT Press, 1997. Coats, George W. The Moses Tradition. Sheffield, England: JSOT Press, 1993. Crsemann, Frank. The Torah : Theology and Social History of Old Testament Law. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1996. Dickson, Athol. The Gospel According to Moses : What My Jewish Friends Taught Me about Jesus. Grand Rapids: Brazos Press, 2003. Drazin, Israel, and Stanley M. Wagner. Onkelos on the Torah : Understanding the Bible Text. New York: Gefen, 2006. Drazin, Israel. A Rational Approach to Judaism and Torah Commentary. Jerusalem: Urim, 2006. Evans, T. V. Verbal Syntax in the Greek Pentateuch : Natural Greek Usage and Hebrew Interference. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. Fassberg, Steven E. A Grammar of the Palestinian Targum Fragments from the Cairo Genizah. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1990. Feiler, Bruce S. Walking the Bible : A Photographic Journey. New York: William Morrow, 2005. Finkel, Avraham Yaakov. The Torah Revealed : Talmudic Masters Unveil the Secrets of the Bible. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2004. Fitzpatrick-McKinley, Anne. The Transformation of Torah from Scribal Advice to Law. Sheffield, England: Sheffield Academic Press, 1999. Fox, Everett. The Five Books of Moses : Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy : A New Translation with Introductions, Commentary, and Notes. New York: Schocken Books, 1995. Frankel, Ellen. The Five Books of Miriam : A Woman's Commentary on the Torah. San Francisco: Harper SAnFrancisco, 1998. Freedman, David Noel. Psalm 119 : The Exaltation of Torah. Winona Lake, Ind: Eisenbrauns, 1999. Fretheim, Terence E., Gene M. Tucker, and Charles B. Cousar, eds. The Pentateuch. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1996. Friedman, Richard Elliott. The Bible with Sources Revealed : A New View into the Five Books of Moses. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 2003. Friedman, Richard Elliott. Commentary on the Torah : With a New English Translation. San Francisco, Calif.: HarperSanFrancisco, 2001. Friedman, Richard Elliott. Who Wrote the Bible? San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1997. Gillman, Neil. Traces of God : Seeing God in Torah, History and Everyday Life. Woodstock, Vt: Jewish Lights Pub, 2006.

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Gold, Shefa. Torah Journeys : An Inner Path to the Promised Land. Teaneck, NJ: Ben Yehuda Press, 2006. Gooder, Paula. The Pentateuch : A Story of Beginnings. New York: Continuum, 2000. Gorman, Frank H. The Ideology of Ritual : Space, Time, and Status in the Priestly Theology. Sheffield, England: JSOT Press, 1990. Goulder, M. D. The Psalms of Asaph and the Pentateuch. Sheffield, England: Sheffield Academic Press, 1996. Green, Arthur. A Guide to the Zohar. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press, 2004. Greifenhagen, F. V. Egypt on the Pentateuch's Ideological Map : Constructing Biblical Israel's Identity. New York: Sheffield Academic Press, 2002. Guinan, Michael D. The Pentateuch. Collegeville, Minn: Liturgical Press, 1990. Halivni, David. Revelation Restored : Divine Writ and Critical Responses. Boulder, Colo: Westview Press, 1997. Hallo, William W. The Book of the People. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1991. Hamilton, Victor P. Handbook on the Pentateuch : Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy. 2nd ed. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2005. Hammer, Reuven. The Classic Midrash : Tannaitic Commentaries on the Bible. New York: Paulist Press, 1995. Hillman, Jordan Jay. The Torah and its God : A Humanist Inquiry. Amherst, N.Y: Prometheus Books, 2001. Holdrege, Barbara A. Veda and Torah : Transcending the Textuality of Scripture. Albany, N.Y: State University of New York Press, 1996. Holmgren, Fredrick Carlson, and Herman E. Schaalman, eds. Preaching Biblical Texts : Expositions by Jewish and Christian Scholars. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1995. Idel, Moshe. Absorbing Perfections : Kabbalah and Interpretation. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002. Jenson, Philip Peter. Graded Holiness : A Key to the Priestly Conception of the World. Sheffield, England: JSOT Press, 1992. Katz, Michael,Rabbi, and Gershon Schwartz. Searching for Meaning in Midrash : Lessons for Everyday Living. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 2002. Klein, Michael L., ed. Targumic Manuscripts in the Cambridge Genizah Collections. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992. Knohl, Israel. The Sanctuary of Silence : The Priestly Torah and the Holiness School. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1995. Kolatch, Yonatan. Masters of the Word : Traditional Jewish Bible Commentary from the First through Tenth Centuries. Jersey City, N.J: KTAV, 2006. Kugel, James L. Traditions of the Bible : A Guide to the Bible as it was at the Start of the Common Era. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1998. Kugel, James L. The Bible as it was. Cambridge, Mass: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1997. Kushner, Lawrence, and Kerry M. Olitzky. Sparks Beneath the Surface : A Spiritual Commentary on the Torah. Northvale, N.J: J. Aronson, 1993. Kushner, Lawrence, and David Mamet. Five Cities of Refuge : Weekly Reflections on Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. New York: Schocken Books, 2003.

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Langermann, Y. Tzvi, ed. Yemenite Midrash : Philosophical Commentaries on the Torah. San Francisco, CA: HarperSanFrancisco, 1996. Leiner, Mordecai Joseph, and Betsalel Philips Edwards, eds. Living Waters : The Mei HaShiloach : A Commentary on the Torah. Northvale, N.J: Jason Aronson, 2001. Lieber, David L., and Jules Harlow, eds. Etz Hayim : Torah and Commentary. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 2001. Lienhard, Joseph T., and Ronnie J. Rombs, eds. Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy. Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity Press, 2001. Mandell, Sara, and David Noel Freedman. The Relationship between Herodotus' History and Primary History. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1993. Matt, Daniel Chanan. The Zohar. Pritzker ed. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press, 2004. Matt, Daniel Chanan. Zohar : Annotated & Explained. Woodstock, Vt: SkyLight Paths Pub, 2002. McConville, J. G. God and Earthly Power : An Old Testament Political Theology, Genesis-Kings. New York: T&T Clark, 2006. McKay, Heather A., and David J. A. Clines, eds. Of Prophets' Visions and the Wisdom of Sages : Essays in Honour of R. Norman Whybray on His Seventieth Birthday. Sheffield, England: JSOT Press, 1993. Mortensen, Beverly P. The Priesthood in Targum Pseudo-Jonathan : Renewing the Profession. Boston: Brill, 2006. Mullen, E. Theodore. Ethnic Myths and Pentateuchal Foundations : A New Approach to the Formation of the Pentateuch. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1997. Muraoka, T. A Greek-English Lexicon of the Septuagint : Chiefly of the Pentateuch and Twelve Prophets. Dudley, MA: Peeters, 2002. Murphy, Roland Edmund. Responses to 101 Questions on the Biblical Torah : Reflections on the Pentateuch. New York: Paulist Press, 1996. Najman, Hindy. Seconding Sinai : The Development of Mosaic Discourse in Second Temple Judaism. Boston: Brill, 2003. Neusner, Jacob. Reading Scripture with the Rabbis : The Five Books of Moses. Lanham, Md: University Press of America, 2007. Neusner, Jacob. Judaism and the Interpretation of Scripture : Introduction to the Rabbinic Midrash. Peabody, Mass: Hendrickson Publishers, 2004. Neusner, Jacob. The Four Stages of Rabbinic Judaism. New York: Routledge, 1999. Neusner, Jacob. From Scripture to 70 : The Pre-Rabbinic Beginnings of the Halakah. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1998. Neusner, Jacob. The Judaism Behind the Texts--the Generative Premises of Rabbinic Literature. II, Tosefta, Tractate Abot, and Earlier Midrash Compilations: Sifra, Sifr to Numbers, and Sifr to Deuteronomy. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1994. Neusner, Jacob. Christian Faith and the Bible of Judaism : The Judaic Encounter with Scripture. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1990.

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Nicholson, Ernest W. The Pentateuch in the Twentieth Century : The Legacy of Julius Wellhausen. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. Pardes, Ilana. The Biography of Ancient Israel : National Narratives in the Bible. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000. Paul, Robert A. Moses and Civilization : The Meaning Behind Freud's Myth. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996. Pavlov, Holly. Water from the Well : Reflections on being a Jew at the End of History. Southfield, MI: Targum Press, 2006. Rendtorff, Rolf. The Problem of the Process of Transmission in the Pentateuch. Sheffield, England: JSOT Press, 1990. Robinson, George. Essential Torah : A Complete Guide to the Five Books of Moses. New York: Schocken Books, 2006. Rof, Alexander. Introduction to the Composition of the Pentateuch. Sheffield, England: Sheffield Academic Press, 1999. Rogerson, J. W., ed. The Pentateuch. Sheffield, England: Sheffield Academic Press, 1996. Rosenak, Michael. Tree of Life, Tree of Knowledge : Conversations with the Torah. Boulder, Colo: Westview Press, 2001. Rosenberg, David, and Harold Bloom, eds. The Book of J. New York: Vintage Books, 1991. Sailhamer, John. The Pentateuch as Narrative : A Biblical-Theological Commentary. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1992. Samely, Alexander. The Interpretation of Speech in the Pentateuch Targums : A Study of Method and Presentation in Targumic Exegesis. Tbingen: J.C.B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck), 1992. Satinover, Jeffrey. Cracking the Bible Code. New York: Quill, 1998. Scharfstein, Sol. The Five Books of Moses. Jersey City, NJ: Ktav Pub. House, 2005. Schnittjer, Gary Edward. The Torah Story : An Apprenticeship on the Pentateuch. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2006. Sparks, Kenton L. The Pentateuch : An Annotated Bibliography. Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 2002. Sperling, S. David. The Original Torah : The Political Intent of the Bible's Writers. New York: New York University Press, 1998. Swanson, Dwight D. The Temple Scroll and the Bible : The Methodology of 11QT. New York: E.J. Brill, 1995. Van Wijk-Bos, Johanna W. H. Making Wise the Simple : The Torah in Christian Faith and Practice. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2005. Verkerk, Dorothy. Early Medieval Bible Illumination and the Ashburnham Pentateuch. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Walton, John H., and Victor Harold Matthews. The IVP Bible Background Commentary : Genesis--Deuteronomy. Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity Press, 1997. Watts, James W. Persia and Torah : The Theory of Imperial Authorization of the Pentateuch. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2001.
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Watts, James W. Reading Law : The Rhetorical Shaping to the Pentateuch. Sheffield, England: Sheffield Academic, 1999. Wenham, Gordon J. Story as Torah : Reading the Old Testament Ethically. Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 2000. Wesselius, J. W. The Origin of the History of Israel : Herodotus's Histories as the Blueprint for the First Books of the Bible. London: Sheffield Academic Press, 2002. Whybray, R. N. Introduction to the Pentateuch. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1995. Wiskind-Elper, Ora, and Susan A. Handelman, eds. Torah of the Mothers : Contemporary Jewish Women Read Classical Jewish Texts. Jerusalem: Urim Publications, 2006. Worch, J. Hershy, and Deborah Miller, eds. Sacred Fire : Torah from the Years of Fury, 1939-1942. Northvale, N.J: J. Aronson, 2000. Wright, Richard M. Linguistic Evidence for the Pre-Exilic Date of the Yahwistic Source. New York: T&T Clark International, 2005. Wylen, Stephen M. The Seventy Faces of Torah : The Jewish Way of Reading the Sacred Scriptures. New York: Paulist Press, 2005. Zucker, David J. The Torah : An Introduction for Christians and Jews. New York: Paulist Press, 2005.

Commentaries Blenkinsopp, Joseph. The Pentateuch. An Introduction to the First Five Books of the Bible. AB. Doubleday, 1992. Genesis Brueggemann, W. Genesis. Int. Westminster John Knox, 1982. Theological reading with application. Cassuto, U. Commentary on Genesis. Trans. I. Abrahams. 2 vols. Magnes, 1964. Jewish scholar situates Genesis in Rabbinic and Hebrew interpretative traditions. A classic alternative to the Documentary approach. Only includes chapters 1-11. Hamilton, Victor. The Book of Genesis: Chapters 1-17. NICOT. Eerdmans, 1990. The Book of Genesis: Chapters 18-50. NICOT. Eerdmans, 1995. Emphasis on comparative Semitics. Evangelical. Kidner, D. Genesis: An Introduction and Commentary. TOTC. IVP, 1967. An elegant interpretation of the book. Evangelical. Mathews, Kenneth A. Genesis 1-11:26. NAC. Broadman, 1996. Most up to date. Rad, G. von. Genesis. OTL. Westminster, 1972. A classic theological interpretation from a higher critical perspective. Ross, Allen P. Creation and Blessing: A Guide to the Study and Exposition of Genesis. Baker, 1988. An Evangelical theological exposition with emphasis on preaching the text. Sarna, N.M. Genesis. The Jewish Publication Society Torah Commentary. Jewish Publication Society, 1989. A recent Jewish exegesis of the Hebrew text with appreciation for traditional Rabbinic exegesis. Waltke, Bruce K. Genesis: A Commentary. Zondervan, 2001. A competent Evangelical commentary emphasizing theological insights.

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*Wenham, G.J. Genesis 1-15. WBC 1. Word, 1987. Genesis 16-50. WBC 2. Word, 1994. The best all-around Evangelical commentary that introduces the reader to the major interpretative issues and provides clearly writing on the exegesis and theological significance. Westermann, C. Genesis. 3 vols. Augsburg, 1984-86. The largest of the resources; with an emphasis on collecting exegetical data. Exodus Cassuto, U. Commentary on Exodus. Trans. I. Abrahams. Magnes, 1967. Important for study of the Hebrew text. *Childs, B.S. The Book of Exodus. OTL. Westminster, 1974. The application of the canonical approach to a higher critical commentary. Includes a history of interpretation for each passage. Durham, J.I. Exodus. WBC. Word, 1987. Follows the method of Childs. Houtman, Cornelis. Exodus. Vol. 1 (1:1-7:13). and Exodus. Vol. 2 (7:14-19:25). HCOT. Kok Pharos, 1993 and 1996. Updating of classic historical critical approach to the book. *Propp, William H. Exodus 1-18. AB. Doubleday, 1998. Strong on background to social institutions and customs. Important for new textual readings from the Dead Sea Scrolls. Sarna, Nahum. Exodus. JPS Torah Commentary. Jewish Publication Society, 1991. See above for Genesis. Leviticus Gerstenberger, Erhard S. Leviticus. OTL. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1996. Translation of a 1993 German work, this author provides theological and anthropological insights on Leviticus as a postexilic work. Harrrison, R.K. Leviticus: An Introduction and Commentary. TOTC. IVP, 1980. Evangelical. Hartley, J. Leviticus. WBC. Word, 1992. Levine, B.A. Leviticus. JPS Torah Commentary. Jewish Publication Society, 1989. A specialist in Ugaritic studies looks at Leviticus. *Milgrom, Jacob. Leviticus 1-16. AB 3. Doubleday, 1991. Leviticus 17-22. AB 3A. Doubleday, 2000. Leviticus 2327. AB 3B. Doubleday, 2001. The fruit of a life time of study by a major biblical scholar, this work provides the most detailed and thorough exegesis available, with full reference to comparative ancient Near Eastern, Qumran, Dead Sea Scroll, and Rabbinic sources. Rooker, Mark F. Leviticus. NAC 3A. Broadman, 2000. Evangelical survey with helpful summaries of exegetical insights and applications. Ross, Allen P. Holiness to the LORD. A Guide to the Exposition of the Book of Leviticus. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2002. A careful Evangelical exegesis of this difficult book with much theological application. *Wenham, G.J. The Book of Leviticus. NICOT. Eerdmans, 1979. Evangelical application of anthropology to categories of holiness. Oriented toward New Testament applications. Numbers Ashley, T. R. The Book of Numbers. NICOT. Eerdmans, 1993. Evangelical focus on the text's final form with attentional to translational issues.

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Budd, Philip J. Numbers. WBC 5. Waco, 1984. Important exegetical commentary with awareness of the critical issues. Cole, R. Dennis. Numbers. NAC 3B. Broadman, 2000. Evangelical commentary that interacts with realia, historical issues, literary, and theological matters. Davies, Eryl W. Numbers. NCB. Eerdmans, 1995. Focus on sources and their development to form the book. Levine, Baruch A. Numbers 1-20. AB. Doubleday, 1993. Large commentary with ancient Near Eastern detail and philological discussion. *Levine, Baruch A. Numbers 21-36. Anchor Bible. Doubleday, 2000. Strong on textual backgrounds to the diverse types of material. Milgrom, J. Numbers. JPS Torah Commentary. Jewish Publication Society, 1990. Commentary on the Hebrew text which accepts a substantial historicity to the accounts. *Wenham, G. Numbers: An Introduction and Commentary. TOTC. IVP, 1981. Evangelical perspectives on the literary structure of the book. Wenham, Gordon J. Numbers. Old Testament Guides. Sheffield: JSOT, 1997. This is the best available introduction to the book of Numbers. Deuteronomy Christensen, Duane L. Deuteronomy 1-11. WBC. Word, 1991. Evangelical who studies the structure of the book as a poem with five concentric units. *Craigie, P.C. The Book of Deuteronomy. NICOT. Eerdmans, 1976. Evangelical, clearly written study using Ugaritic and other ancient Near Eastern evidence. McConville, J. Gordon. Deuteronomy. AOTC 5. Leicester: Apollos; Downers Grove: IVP, 2002. An Evangelical commentary emphasizing the theology of the book. Miller, P.D., Jr. Deuteronomy. Inter. John Knox, 1990. Important theological application of the book. Nelson, Richard D. Deuteronomy. A Commentary. OTL. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 2002. A critical commentary with important exegesis of the text. Rad, G. von. Deuteronomy. OTL. Westminster, 1966. Theological. Thompson, J.A. Deuteronomy: An Introduction and Commentary. TOTC. IVP, 1974. Helpful on Ancient Near Eastern backgrounds. Evangelical. Tigay, J. H. Deuteronomy. JPS Torah Commentary. Jewish Publication Society, 1996. A committed source critic studies the book within a Jewish context. Weinfeld, M. Deuteronomy 1-11. Doubleday, 1991. An authority on Deuteronomic studies comments on the text. *Wright, Christopher J. H. Deuteronomy. New International Biblical Commentary. Hendrickson, 1996. A leading Old Testament ethicist presents an Evangelical interpretation of the text.

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