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'pl.)
min I
ema we
to &ou 'sin(.)
ewa &ou
the& The independent personal pronouns are used as '6) subjects of equational sentences9
There are no third+person pronouns other than the demonstratives. The ew set is the third+person pronoun of default, the ev set is used to direct attention to a nearb& third person. Note that both ew and ev distin(uish (ender onl& in the oblique sin(ular. Subject pronouns are necessaril& e-pressed. as in /n(lish. e-cept in impersonal constructions where /n(lish uses 0it1 'as in 2it1s rainin(3) and occasionall& in connected prose where the referent of a third+person pronoun has alread& been introduced and is obvious from conte-t. The nominative pronouns are used as subjects of equational sentences. present+tense verbs. and past+tense intransitive verbs
Ez kurd im. I1m a Kurd. Ew w mirov dibne. He sees that man. Em rnitin. We sat down.
( .
. . S Aw ht; ewa nhtin. $e came, %ou didn1t. . i Min awim balwa giring
niya. :or me. that1s not important.
boo<
ktwak i min my
S d= !i
nshtimnak i ema our homeland
:or pronominal objects of verbs. see 54;. 1!.1. Possessive Pronouns. The normal possessive pronouns are unstressed enclitics added to the noun. The& ta<e the followin( forms9
:T/! =#NS#N NTS :T/! >#?/LS
kitba min, kitbn min my boo<. my boo<s kitbeke min a boo< of mine kitbeke n %a min a new boo< of mine &ani% me our house
"
'4) direct objects of all present+tense verbs 'and all verbs formed from the present stem of the verb)
'u min dibn( @o &ou see meA )z te dibnim. I see you. )w me dibne. 8e sees us. )m nikarin wan bibnin. ?e cannot see them.
01 a 01%"n " 01% a 01%"n /-amples of possessive pronouns with ku 0son1 and ra 0mone&19
n 4"r5m %$ n n $ $
k23m"n 4"r5m"n
k23t"n 4"r5t"n
k23%"n 4"r5%"n
4"r5% a
The enclitic possessive pronouns ma& be added to the absolute ' k!im" #$ rm#. the definite '
7.1 'he +e,le&ive Pronoun Xwe. The refle-ive pronoun &we has. in and of itself. no person or number but ta<es its person and number from the subject of the verb in the clause in which it occurs. It can thus mean. as a possessive. 0m& own. 0&our own.1 0his*her own.1 0our own.1 or 0their own1 as well as the objective 0m&self.1 0&ourself.1 0him*herself.1 0ourselves.1 0&ourselves.1 or 0themselves.1 -we must be used as both possessive pronoun and object pronoun to refer to the subject of the verb. i.e. the personal pronouns cannot be so used. =onstructions li<e kitba min 0m& boo<1 and hevaln min 0m& friends1 are viable in an& clause in which 0I1 is not the subject of the verb. but not in sentences li<e 2I see m& boo<3 and 2I went with m& friends.3 where kitba &we and hevaln &we must be used.
.likek teva du /ewrn xwe li ser ri%a min &u%a dibn. bitch used to appear on m& route with her two pups.
# (n #($
indefinite
ryekim# forms of the noun. ?hen added to the absolute. the noun has a fi(urative meanin(, for actual. concrete meanin(s the definite form is used. :or instance. mone& ' $ ra) &ou can hold in &our hand &ou would call
# ) C n #$
ram is fi(urative. more li<e 0m& wealth.1 Someone who writes for a livin( can be said to earn his livelihood b& means of
% k )
SU%ST NTI>/S
6i dora xwe dinrim. I loo< around myself. 7erzende di ran xwe da birn b. :erCende was wounded in his thi(h.
k )
?ith past transitive verbs 'see 567.4). &we ta<es its person and number from the lo(ical subject 'D a(ent).
)z ve8eri%ama 9am: min hevaln xwe n li wir bidtana. I would have returned to @amascus, I would have seen my friends there. 'e xwe *i br dikir te ;em ba*ar xwe tan bra &we. Eou for(ot yourself" and &ou remembered the river of &our town.
$a%amakay 0his pen.1 =ompare and contrast the followin(9 SU%ST NTI>/S
:IGU! TI>/ =TU L
&$
wealth &our cash
&$ ) | *
#) +| k k
nnmn our livelihood nnakmn our bread m%tn &our home e m%aktn &our house
/-ceptions to the (eneral rule. "rominent e-ceptions to the (eneral formation are the famil& members ' ,
bwk
o 0
khwayshk
0sister1) and |nw 0name.1 ?hen modified b& pronominal possessives. these nouns are the reverse of the formation described above.
# .
'irkm and #/ o 0 khwayshkakm are used to address or refer to an&one other than one1s real brothers and sisters. who are
called
birm and #/
(w
name.1 as opposed to | nwaky. which means 0his name1 in the sense of a label or sobriquet (iven to someone. not his actual name. ?hen possessives are added to the indefinite form of the noun. the& mean 0aF of mine.1 Gc.. e.(.
# C n C '2X )
ktwekit 0a