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STEP 3: SUBNET MASKING

If you finished step 1 and 2, you now know that every IP address consists of 4 octets, 8 bits each and that every IP address, depending on the Class, is separated into a network part and a hosts part. When working with big network environments like the internet or major WAN's (Wide Area Networks), the standard type of addressing can deplete the number of available IP addresses quickly. This is caused by i.e. the limitation of topologies, which is the number of host per segment. The standard addressing of a Class A network, would allow for 126 networks of 16,777,214 hosts. This makes a total of 2,113,928,964 (2 billion) hosts. For a network like the internet, neither the number of hosts or the number of networks is enough. For this problem, subnetting can be a solution. Subnetting uses the available host bits and divides this part into a subnet part and a hosts part. So, the IP address is split up in a network, subnet and host part. This is used for administrative ease, i.e. by giving every department or geographical location it's own subnet. It also allows for mixing of different technologies such as Token Ring and EtherNet. Another advantage is the reduction of network traffic by segmenting the network. The bits / octet for determining the subnet are located at the following positions (Bold marks the spot): Class A B C Location of subnets octet W.X.Y.Z W.X.Y.Z W.X.Y.Z

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Subnetting, or splitting the hosts part, is possible by defining a subnet mask. To start your way in determining the subnet mask that is most suitable for you, determine the number of required subnets. Possible number of subnets are none, 2, 6, 14, 30, 62, 126 or 254. Convert the number of required subnets to binary. For example: 30 subnets = 00011110 Now, count from right to left the numbers until you reach the last bit set to one. In this case that is five bits. To form a subnet from this number, apply the number of bits on the subnet mask, from left to right. So, that would look like this: 5 bits from left to right = 11111000 binary = 248 in decimal. By coverting the outcome to decimal value, you have determined the subnet mask bits. for a Class B IP address, to obtain 30 subnets, the subnet mask would be 255.255.248.0 A much faster way is to consult a list that shows you the right mask for the possible subnets, shown per Class, like the following list: Class A Table Subnets 0 2 6 14 30 62 126 254 Binary 10000000 11000000 11100000 11110000 11111000 11111100 11111110 11111111 Mask 255.128.0.0 255.192.0.0 255.224.0.0 255.240.0.0 255.248.0.0 255.252.0.0 255.254.0.0 255.255.0.0 Hosts Invalid subnet 4,194,302 2,097,150 1,048,574 524,286 262,142 131,070 65,534 Step 1: Binary IP Calculation Step 2: Old-school IP Classes Step 3: Subnet Masking Step 4: Subnetting backwards Step 5: CIDR Addressing Scheme

Class B Table Subnets 0 2 6 14 30 62 126 254 Binary 10000000 11000000 11100000 11110000 11111000 11111100 11111110 11111111 Mask 255..255.128.0 255.255.192.0 255.255.224.0 255.255.240.0 255.255.248.0 255.255.252.0 255.255.254.0 255.255.255.0 Hosts Invalid subnet 16,382 8,190 4,094 2,046 1,022 510 254

Class C Table

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Step 3: Subnet Masking - SubnetOnline.com

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Subnets 0 2 6 14 30 62 126 254

Binary 10000000 11000000 11100000 11110000 11111000 11111100 11111110 11111111

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Mask

Hosts

255.255.255.128 255.255.255.192 255.255.255.224 255.255.255.240 255.255.255.248 255.255.255.252 255.255.255.254 255.255.255.255

Invalid subnet 62 30 14 6 2 Invalid subnet Invalid subnet

The different Classes all contain one or more invalid subnet remarks. These options are invalid because when used they would give all one's or all zero's. All one's or all zero's is not possible, because when ANDed, they would leave no subnet, or no hosts. Try to AND one of the Invalid subnet options and see what happens. It is a general rule that the network and the hosts ID can not be all zero, which would indicate the 'Local network', or cannot all be one, which would indicate the broadcast address.

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