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Water Main
INFORMATION REQUIRED
Static Pressure Residual Pressure GPM 1. Pitot Reading 2. Hydrant Coefficient 3. Butt Opening
Flow Hydrant
HYDRANT COEFFICIENTS
0. 90
0. 80
0. 70
EXAMPLE PROBLEM
Static Pressure ..................... 80 psi Residual Pressure ................ 47 psi Pitot Reading ....................... 14 Hydrant Coefficient ...............90 Butt Opening ..................... 2.5 inches GPM = ?
Q = GPM
Q = 29.83 x (butt opening) x square root of pressure obtained (pitot press.) x hydrant coefficient
GPM FORMULA
Hydrant Outlet
2
Pitot Reading
P R E S S U R E
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
FLOW - GPM
P R E S S U R E
627.50
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
FLOW - GPM
P R E S S U R E
Water Supply
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
FLOW - GPM
John Doe
2 Blake St.
90 psi static
Spkr demand w/ hose stream 630 gpm at 70 psi (250 gpm hose:OH-1: 11 2 3 1 1) 11.2.3.1.1)
Pumps
Increase Pressure NOT Volume
Increases the velocity of the water
Spkr demand w/ hose stream 630 gpm at 70 psi (250 gpm hose:OH-1: 11 2 3 1 1) 11.2.3.1.1)
Reference Hydrant
Flow Hydrant
Keep it simple?
10
Objectives
Determine the adequacy of the sprinkler design using NFPA 13 2002 edition. Fundamentals of Hydraulics Understanding How and Why Hydraulic Calculations are done Common errors Sample problem Layout and Spacing will NOT be discussed, a different topic
History of Sprinklers
1852 Perforated Pipe in Textile Mills non automatic 1874 Henry Parmalee Automatic p Into Piano Factory y New Haven Sprinklers CT 1881 Fredrick Grinnell improved Parmalees design, patented sprinkler that bears his name. 1890 Glass Bulb AS Head developed.
11
Objective of Sprinklers
Deliver water to achieve goal Sufficient volume Most efficient size With energy for dispersal and plume penetration Throughout area covered
Sprinklers
System of pipes Heat activated devices With deflectors to create patterns of d l t droplets
Small enough to absorb lots of heat Large enough to overcome flame plumes Fast enough to penetrate
12
A Quick Review
Wet Pipe Dry Pipe Deluge Pre Action Tree system Loop system Grid system
13
Fundamentals of Hydraulics
Water
Volume Mass Pressure
Fundamentals of Hydraulics
Pressure
Static Residual Energy
Fundamentals of Hydraulics
Gravity
Elevation 0.433 0 433 lb/ft
14
Fundamentals of Hydraulics
Friction Loss
Pipe Size Pipe Material
15
Whats Burning?
Material or Commodity
Class I Class 2 Class 3 Class 4 Plastics, Group A, B, C Flammable Liquids
Whats Burning?
Arrangement
Packaging Encapsulation Raw material Form
Solid Dust Mist Liquid
16
Whats Burning?
Height
< 12 feet Piles Racks
Whats Burning?
Quantity
Light Ordinary y 1 or 2 Extra Hazard 1 or 2 Special
Design Area
Area of Operation Function of Hazard Class Density Function of Commodity & Arrangement Spacing Maximum System Area Number of Branch Lines Number of Sprinklers per Branch Line
17
What is K??
Discharge coefficient (theoretical) of the sprinkler that determines how much water can flow from it. Sprinklers p are identified by y it rather than an orifice size. i.e k=5.6 not a orifice sprinkler. Have ranges for various orifice table 6.3.2.1 K ranges 1.4 to 28 (and larger special)
Typical Ranges
Derivation of k
Simplification of Q = (29.83) X (Cd) X (d2) X (P)1/2 Q = k (P)1/2 P= k= Q k Q P1/2
2
Velocity pressure
k
d Pn
Pv
Pn >> Pv and the assumption is that at the point of discharge all of Pn is converted to Pv
18
Design Approaches
Occupancy Hazard Fire Control (Ch 11.2)
Most Common Used Design Densities (i.e. 0.15 gpm/ft2)
19
NFPA 13 figure 11.2.3.1.5 Design to a point, is not required to meet whole curve; i.e.- light 0.10/1500 ft2 or 0.07/3000 ft2
Area Increases;
Increase area 30% without revising density Multiple adjustments compounded based on the area of operation selected from graph 11.2.3.1.5
Sloped ceiling non-storage applications, when slope >1:6 (16.67%) when using spray, EC, or large drop sprinklers (11.2.3.2.4) sprinklers. (11 2 3 2 4) Dry & Double interlock pre-action systems (11.2.3.2.5)
Example: Light hazard, dry system, sloped ceiling 1:5, SSP sprinkler New area = graph 11.2.3.1.5 + 30% + 30%, Graph = 0.10 gpm/ft2 over 1500 ft2 New area = 1500 ft2 + 30% + 30% = 1500 ft2 + 450 ft2 + 585 ft2 = 2535 ft2 Modified design criteria = 0.10 gpm/ft2 over 2535 ft2
20
Question?
Ordinary 1 wet sprinkler system, QR sprinklers ceiling height sloped ceiling high point 12 feet (slope > 1:6). What is the design criteria?
Graph 11.2.1.3.5 0.15gpm/ft2 over 1500 ft2. 1500 ft2 + 30% (slope ceiling) 37% (QR reduction) 1500 ft2 + 450 = 1950 721.5 = 1228.5 ft2 New design criteria = 0.15 gpm/ft2 over 1228.5 ft2 Y= Y= -3X 2 -3(12) 2 + 55 + 55
Y = 37%
Use actual room or minimum area of table 11.2.3.1.5 Corridor rules for max number of sprinklers in the room is a corridor.
21
TFT in fire room through hose lines, down ladders, Across yard to hydrant
Laws of Conservation
Mass (Matter)
Water in = Water out = Conservation of Mass Q = Av (Q = flow rate, A = Area, v = velocity)
If pipe size remains constant, water velocity within the system will be constant Within the same system, an increase in the pipe diameter will decrease water velocity Within the same system, an decrease in the pipe diameter will increase water velocity If the pipe size is constant water flowing uphill will travel at the same velocity as water flowing downhill
Q1 = A1 v1
Q2 = A2 v2
Q1 = Q2 so A1 v1 = A2 v2
Laws of Conservation
Energy (Bernoullis equation)
Total energy in a system is the sum of the potential energy and kinetic energy at any point and is constant. p
TE = PEt + KE
A change in either the potential or kinetic energies results in a corresponding change in the other. Energy loss due to friction
22
Design Area
Confirm hazard class Determine remote area. Calculate total sprinklers. i kl Calculate most remote sprinkler demand. Start crunching.
13'
BL-4
10'
9 1" 1" 1" 10 1 1/4" 1-1/4" 1 1/4" 1-1/4" 1-1/4" 11 1-1/2" 1-1/2" 1-1/2" 12 2" 2" 2" 2" 103 5 1" 6 1 1/4" 1-1/4" 7 1-1/2" 8 2" 2" 102 1 1" 2 1 1/4" 1-1/4" 3 1-1/2" 4 2" 2" 101
6.5'
Riser
4"
2"
2" 104
105
Not the same as CSFSC See NFPA 13 Chap 5 Additional scenarios listed in the annex.
Show Sprinkler #1
BL-3
BL-2
BL-1
23
2) Starting Values
Q = 19.5 P = 12.1
Pressure in Pipe
Normal Pn - Perpendicular to the walls of the pipe. Velocity Pv Pressure required to move the water through the pipe. Total P = normal P+ velocity P Pt=Pn+Pv As a rule Pn >> Pv 0.001123 Q2
P v= d4
Q
Pn
Pn
Pv
24
Assumptions made experiments performed and equation refined to: Hazen Williams Equation
Based in empirical data Note: less accurate but easier to use
Pf = the pressure lost to friction in psi/ft of pipe Q = flow rate in gpm C = Hazen Williams constant (coefficient of roughness) D = internal diameter of the pipe in inches 4.52 is a constant (fudge factor)
Some Observations
Pf = (4.52)(Q)1.85 (C)1.85 (D)4.87
Double D bl th the pipe i di diameter t (D) reduce d f friction i ti l loss ( (psi/ft) i/ft) b by a factor of approximately 32 Double the flow (Q) increase friction loss (psi/ft) by a factor of approximately 4
25
Cast iron t lined li d Measure of how well cement the water will travel new through the pipe. Steel new (wet) Higher the number the easier water will Steel new (dry) Plastic or copper flow
Excerpts from NFPA 13 Table A.6.3.2, use these values unless provided by designer.
Pf =
26
Pf = 0.09396 psi/ft X 200 ft = 18.79 psi total for the 200 ft.
7 X 4 = 28 -----------7.2 / 32 = 0.225
27
Equivalent Length
Convert fittings into length of pipe to determine friction loss. Table in 13 (14.4.3.1.1) (for schedule 40) or manufacturers data.
Expressed in equivalent feet of pipe; Note C=120 C 120
1 2 2 5 --
1-1/2 4 2 8 --
2 5 3 10 1
4 10 6 20 2
T or cross
flow turned 90
Gate valve
2.157 2.067
1.23
28
150
1.51
2 steel sch 10, 90 degree std elbow, dry system; (5) (1.23) (0.713) = 4.38 feet equivalent
10'
W = Area / L
L=1.2 (A)1/2
Width = Area / L
W = 1500 / 46.5 = 32.25
6.5'
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2" 2"
4"
103
29
12) Pipe # 1
1) Material
1. Steel 2. Copper 3. Plastic 1. Fittings 2. Equivalent Length
2) Length
2) Pipe # 1
1. Q = 19.5 2. C = 120 3. D = 1.049 4. L = 2 5. Fitting = 0 6. Elevation = 0
14) Step #1
Step
Node
Pinitial
Qadded
QTotal
CFactor
Diameter
Length
Fittings
EQVL
LTotal
PFriction Loss
LVertical
1-2
12.13
2-3
3-4
4-5
5-6
30
LVertica PFriction St
ep l x 0.434 =
PFriction
Loss
Nod
e
Piniti
al
Qad
ded
QTot
al
CFact
or
Diame
ter
Len
gth
Fitti
ngs
EQV
L
LTo
tal
PFriction
Loss
Loss
EQVL
LVertical
PElevati
on
PElevation = PTotal
1-2
12.13
19.5
2-3
3-4
4-5
5-6
LVertica PFriction St
ep l x 0.434 =
PFriction
Loss
Nod
e
Piniti
al
Qad
ded
QTot
al
CFact
or
Diame
ter
Len
gth
Fitti
ngs
EQV
L
LTo
tal
PFriction
Loss
Loss
EQVL
LVertical
PElevati
on
PElevation = PTotal
1-2
12.13
19.5
19.5
2-3
3-4
4-5
5-6
LVertica PFriction St
ep l x 0.434 =
PFriction
Loss
Nod
e
Piniti
al
Qad
ded
QTot
al
CFact
or
Diame
ter
Len
gth
Fitti
ngs
EQV
L
LTo
tal
PFriction
Loss
Loss
EQVL
LVertical
PElevati
on
PElevation = PTotal
1-2
12.13
19.5
19.5
120
2-3
3-4
4-5
5-6
31
LVertica PFriction St
ep l x 0.434 =
PFriction
Loss
Nod
e
Piniti
al
Qad
ded
QTot
al
CFact
or
Diame
ter
Len
gth
Fitti
ngs
EQV
L
LTo
tal
PFriction
Loss
Loss
EQVL
LVertical
PElevati
on
PElevation = PTotal
1-2
12.13
19.5
19.5
120
1.049
2-3
3-4
4-5
5-6
LVertica PFriction St
ep l x 0.434 =
PFriction
Loss
Nod
e
Piniti
al
Qad
ded
QTot
al
CFact
or
Diame
ter
Len
gth
Fitti
ngs
EQV
L
LTo
tal
PFriction
Loss
Loss
EQVL
LVertical
PElevati
on
PElevation = PTotal
1-2
12.13
19.5
19.5
120
1.049
2-3
3-4
4-5
5-6
LVertica PFriction St
ep l x 0.434 =
PFriction
Loss
Nod
e
Piniti
al
Qad
ded
QTot
al
CFact
or
Diame
ter
Len
gth
Fitti
ngs
EQV
L
LTo
tal
PFriction
Loss
Loss
EQVL
LVertical
PElevati
on
PElevation = PTotal
1-2
12.13
19.5
19.5
120
1.049
2-3
3-4
4-5
5-6
32
LVertica PFriction St
ep l x 0.434 =
PFriction
Loss
Nod
e
Piniti
al
Qad
ded
QTot
al
CFact
or
Diame
ter
Len
gth
Fitti
ngs
EQV
L
LTo
tal
PFriction
Loss
Loss
EQVL
LVertical
PElevati
on
PElevation = PTotal
1-2
12.13
19.5
19.5
120
1.049
0.124
2-3
3-4
4-5
5-6
LVertica PFriction St
ep l x 0.434 =
PFriction
Loss
Nod
e
Piniti
al
Qad
ded
QTot
al
CFact
or
Diame
ter
Len
gth
Fitti
ngs
EQV
L
LTo
tal
PFriction
Loss
Loss
EQVL
0.248
LVertical
PElevati
on
PElevation = PTotal
1-2
12.13
19.5
19.5
120
1.049
0.124
2-3
3-4
4-5
5-6
LVertica PFriction St
ep l x 0.434 =
PFriction
Loss
Nod
e
Piniti
al
Qad
ded
QTot
al
CFact
or
Diame
ter
Len
gth
Fitti
ngs
EQV
L
LTo
tal
PFriction
Loss
Loss
EQVL
0.248
LVertical
PElevati
on
PElevation = PTotal
12.373
1-2
12.13
19.5
19.5
120
1.049
0.124
2-3
3-4
4-5
5-6
33
HINT
15) Step #2
34
1-2
12.13
19.5
19.5
120
1.049
0.124
0.248
12.373
2-3
12.37
3-4
4-5
5-6
LVertica PFriction St
ep l x 0.434 =
PFriction
Loss
Nod
e
Piniti
al
Qad
ded
QTot
al
CFact
or
Diame
ter
Len
gth
Fitti
ngs
EQV
L
LTo
tal
PFriction
Loss
Loss
EQVL
0.248
LVertical
PElevati
on
PElevation = PTotal
12.373
1-2
12.13
19.5
19.5
120
1.049
0.124
2-3
12.37
19.7
3-4
4-5
5-6
LVertica PFriction St
ep l x 0.434 =
PFriction
Loss
Nod
e
Piniti
al
Qad
ded
QTot
al
CFact
or
Diame
ter
Len
gth
Fitti
ngs
EQV
L
LTo
tal
PFriction
Loss
Loss
EQVL
0.248
LVertical
PElevati
on
PElevation = PTotal
12.373
1-2
12.13
19.5
19.5
120
1.049
0.124
2-3
12.37
19.7
39.2
3-4
4-5
5-6
35
LVertica PFriction St
ep l x 0.434 =
PFriction
Loss
Nod
e
Piniti
al
Qad
ded
QTot
al
CFact
or
Diame
ter
Len
gth
Fitti
ngs
EQV
L
LTo
tal
PFriction
Loss
Loss
EQVL
0.248
LVertical
PElevati
on
PElevation = PTotal
12.373
1-2
12.13
19.5
19.5
120
1.049
0.124
2-3
12.37
19.7
39.2
120
3-4
4-5
5-6
LVertica PFriction St
ep l x 0.434 =
PFriction
Loss
Nod
e
Piniti
al
Qad
ded
QTot
al
CFact
or
Diame
ter
Len
gth
Fitti
ngs
EQV
L
LTo
tal
PFriction
Loss
Loss
EQVL
0.248
LVertical
PElevati
on
PElevation = PTotal
12.373
1-2
12.13
19.5
19.5
120
1.049
0.124
2-3
12.37
19.7
39.2
120
1.38
3-4
4-5
5-6
LVertica PFriction St
ep l x 0.434 =
PFriction
Loss
Nod
e
Piniti
al
Qad
ded
QTot
al
CFact
or
Diame
ter
Len
gth
Fitti
ngs
EQV
L
LTo
tal
PFriction
Loss
Loss
EQVL
0.248
LVertical
PElevati
on
PElevation = PTotal
12.373
1-2
12.13
19.5
19.5
120
1.049
0.124
2-3
12.37
19.7
39.2
120
1.38
3-4
4-5
5-6
36
LVertica PFriction St
ep l x 0.434 =
PFriction
Loss
Nod
e
Piniti
al
Qad
ded
QTot
al
CFact
or
Diame
ter
Len
gth
Fitti
ngs
EQV
L
LTo
tal
PFriction
Loss
Loss
EQVL
0.248
LVertical
PElevati
on
PElevation = PTotal
12.373
1-2
12.13
19.5
19.5
120
1.049
0.124
2-3
12.37
19.7
39.2
120
1.38
3-4
4-5
5-6
LVertica PFriction St
ep l x 0.434 =
PFriction
Loss
Nod
e
Piniti
al
Qad
ded
QTot
al
CFact
or
Diame
ter
Len
gth
Fitti
ngs
EQV
L
LTo
tal
PFriction
Loss
Loss
EQVL
0.248
LVertical
PElevati
on
PElevation = PTotal
12.373
1-2
12.13
19.5
19.5
120
1.049
0.124
2-3
12.37
19.7
39.2
120
1.38
0.119
3-4
4-5
5-6
LVertica PFriction St
ep l x 0.434 =
PFriction
Loss
Nod
e
Piniti
al
Qad
ded
QTot
al
CFact
or
Diame
ter
Len
gth
Fitti
ngs
EQV
L
LTo
tal
PFriction
Loss
Loss
EQVL
0.248
LVertical
PElevati
on
PElevation = PTotal
12.373
1-2
12.13
19.5
19.5
120
1.049
0.124
2-3
12.37
19.7
39.2
120
1.38
0.119
0.234
3-4
4-5
5-6
37
LVertica PFriction St
ep l x 0.434 =
PFriction
Loss
Nod
e
Piniti
al
Qad
ded
QTot
al
CFact
or
Diame
ter
Len
gth
Fitti
ngs
EQV
L
LTo
tal
PFriction
Loss
Loss
EQVL
0.248
LVertical
PElevati
on
PElevation = PTotal
12.373
1-2
12.13
19.5
19.5
120
1.049
0.124
2-3
12.37
19.7
39.2
120
1.38
0.119
0.234
12.611
3-4
4-5
5-6
2) Pipe # 3
17) Step #3
38
LVertica PFriction St
ep l x 0.434 =
PFriction
Loss
Nod
e
Piniti
al
Qad
ded
QTot
al
CFact
or
Diame
ter
Len
gth
Fitti
ngs
EQV
L
LTo
tal
PFriction
Loss
Loss
EQVL
0.248
LVertical
PElevati
on
PElevation = PTotal
12.373
1-2
12.13
19.5
19.5
120
1.049
0.124
2-3
12.37
19.7
39.2
120
1.38
0.119
0.234
12.611
3-4
12.61
4-5
5-6
LVertica PFriction St
ep l x 0.434 =
PFriction
Loss
Nod
e
Piniti
al
Qad
ded
QTot
al
CFact
or
Diame
ter
Len
gth
Fitti
ngs
EQV
L
LTo
tal
PFriction
Loss
Loss
EQVL
0.248
LVertical
PElevati
on
PElevation = PTotal
12.373
1-2
12.13
19.5
19.5
120
1.049
0.124
2-3
12.37
19.7
39.2
120
1.38
0.119
0.234
12.611
3-4
12.61
19.9
4-5
5-6
LVertica PFriction St
ep l x 0.434 =
PFriction
Loss
Nod
e
Piniti
al
Qad
ded
QTot
al
CFact
or
Diame
ter
Len
gth
Fitti
ngs
EQV
L
LTo
tal
PFriction
Loss
Loss
EQVL
0.248
LVertical
PElevati
on
PElevation = PTotal
12.373
1-2
12.13
19.5
19.5
120
1.049
0.124
2-3
12.37
19.7
39.2
120
1.38
0.119
0.234
12.611
3-4
12.61
19.9
59.1
4-5
5-6
39
LVertica PFriction St
ep l x 0.434 =
PFriction
Loss
Nod
e
Piniti
al
Qad
ded
QTot
al
CFact
or
Diame
ter
Len
gth
Fitti
ngs
EQV
L
LTo
tal
PFriction
Loss
Loss
EQVL
0.248
LVertical
PElevati
on
PElevation = PTotal
12.373
1-2
12.13
19.5
19.5
120
1.049
0.124
2-3
12.37
19.7
39.2
120
1.38
0.119
0.234
12.611
3-4
12.61
19.9
59.1
120
4-5
5-6
LVertica PFriction St
ep l x 0.434 =
PFriction
Loss
Nod
e
Piniti
al
Qad
ded
QTot
al
CFact
or
Diame
ter
Len
gth
Fitti
ngs
EQV
L
LTo
tal
PFriction
Loss
Loss
EQVL
0.248
LVertical
PElevati
on
PElevation = PTotal
12.373
1-2
12.13
19.5
19.5
120
1.049
0.124
2-3
12.37
19.7
39.2
120
1.38
0.119
0.234
12.611
3-4
12.61
19.9
59.1
120
1.61
4-5
5-6
LVertica PFriction St
ep l x 0.434 =
PFriction
Loss
Nod
e
Piniti
al
Qad
ded
QTot
al
CFact
or
Diame
ter
Len
gth
Fitti
ngs
EQV
L
LTo
tal
PFriction
Loss
Loss
EQVL
0.248
LVertical
PElevati
on
PElevation = PTotal
12.373
1-2
12.13
19.5
19.5
120
1.049
0.124
2-3
12.37
19.7
39.2
120
1.38
0.119
0.234
12.611
3-4
12.61
19.9
59.1
120
1.61
4-5
5-6
40
LVertica PFriction St
ep l x 0.434 =
PFriction
Loss
Nod
e
Piniti
al
Qad
ded
QTot
al
CFact
or
Diame
ter
Len
gth
Fitti
ngs
EQV
L
LTo
tal
PFriction
Loss
Loss
EQVL
0.248
LVertical
PElevati
on
PElevation = PTotal
12.373
1-2
12.13
19.5
19.5
120
1.049
0.124
2-3
12.37
19.7
39.2
120
1.38
0.119
0.234
12.611
3-4
12.61
19.9
59.1
120
1.61
4-5
5-6
LVertica PFriction St
ep l x 0.434 =
PFriction
Loss
Nod
e
Piniti
al
Qad
ded
QTot
al
CFact
or
Diame
ter
Len
gth
Fitti
ngs
EQV
L
LTo
tal
PFriction
Loss
Loss
EQVL
0.248
LVertical
PElevati
on
PElevation = PTotal
12.373
1-2
12.13
19.5
19.5
120
1.049
0.124
2-3
12.37
19.7
39.2
120
1.38
0.119
0.234
12.611
3-4
12.61
19.9
59.1
120
1.61
0.12
4-5
5-6
LVertica PFriction St
ep l x 0.434 =
PFriction
Loss
Nod
e
Piniti
al
Qad
ded
QTot
al
CFact
or
Diame
ter
Len
gth
Fitti
ngs
EQV
L
LTo
tal
PFriction
Loss
Loss
EQVL
0.248
LVertical
PElevati
on
PElevation = PTotal
12.373
1-2
12.13
19.5
19.5
120
1.049
0.124
2-3
12.37
19.7
39.2
120
1.38
0.119
0.234
12.611
3-4
12.61
19.9
59.1
120
1.61
0.12
0.24
4-5
5-6
41
LVertica PFriction St
ep l x 0.434 =
PFriction
Loss
Nod
e
Piniti
al
Qad
ded
QTot
al
CFact
or
Diame
ter
Len
gth
Fitti
ngs
EQV
L
LTo
tal
PFriction
Loss
Loss
EQVL
0.248
LVertical
PElevati
on
PElevation = PTotal
12.373
1-2
12.13
19.5
19.5
120
1.049
0.124
2-3
12.37
19.7
39.2
120
1.38
0.119
0.234
12.611
3-4
12.61
19.9
59.1
120
1.61
0.12
0.24
12.851
4-5
5-6
2) Pipe # 4
1. Q = 59.1 + 20.1 = 79.2 2. C = 120 3. D = 2.067 4. L = 2 +1 5. Fitting = 2 Tees 6. Elevation = 1
19) Step #4
42
LVertica PFriction St
ep l x 0.434 =
PFriction
Loss
Nod
e
Piniti
al
Qad
ded
QTot
al
CFact
or
Diame
ter
Len
gth
Fitti
ngs
EQV
L
LTo
tal
PFriction
Loss
Loss
EQVL
0.248
LVertical
PElevati
on
PElevation = PTotal
12.373
1-2
12.13
19.5
19.5
120
1.049
0.124
2-3
12.37
19.7
39.2
120
1.38
0.119
0.234
12.611
3-4
12.61
19.9
59.1
120
1.61
0.12
0.24
12.851
4-5
12.85
5-6
LVertica PFriction St
ep l x 0.434 =
PFriction
Loss
Nod
e
Piniti
al
Qad
ded
QTot
al
CFact
or
Diame
ter
Len
gth
Fitti
ngs
EQV
L
LTo
tal
PFriction
Loss
Loss
EQVL
0.248
LVertical
PElevati
on
PElevation = PTotal
12.373
1-2
12.13
19.5
19.5
120
1.049
0.124
2-3
12.37
19.7
39.2
120
1.38
0.119
0.234
12.611
3-4
12.61
19.9
59.1
120
1.61
0.12
0.24
12.851
4-5
12.85
20.1
5-6
LVertica PFriction St
ep l x 0.434 =
PFriction
Loss
Nod
e
Piniti
al
Qad
ded
QTot
al
CFact
or
Diame
ter
Len
gth
Fitti
ngs
EQV
L
LTo
tal
PFriction
Loss
Loss
EQVL
0.248
LVertical
PElevati
on
PElevation = PTotal
12.373
1-2
12.13
19.5
19.5
120
1.049
0.124
2-3
12.37
19.7
39.2
120
1.38
0.119
0.234
12.611
3-4
12.61
19.9
59.1
120
1.61
0.12
0.24
12.851
4-5
12.85
20.1
79.2
5-6
43
LVertica PFriction St
ep l x 0.434 =
PFriction
Loss
Nod
e
Piniti
al
Qad
ded
QTot
al
CFact
or
Diame
ter
Len
gth
Fitti
ngs
EQV
L
LTo
tal
PFriction
Loss
Loss
EQVL
0.248
LVertical
PElevati
on
PElevation = PTotal
12.373
1-2
12.13
19.5
19.5
120
1.049
0.124
2-3
12.37
19.7
39.2
120
1.38
0.119
0.234
12.611
3-4
12.61
19.9
59.1
120
1.61
0.12
0.24
12.851
4-5
12.85
20.1
79.2
120
5-6
LVertica PFriction St
ep l x 0.434 =
PFriction
Loss
Nod
e
Piniti
al
Qad
ded
QTot
al
CFact
or
Diame
ter
Len
gth
Fitti
ngs
EQV
L
LTo
tal
PFriction
Loss
Loss
EQVL
0.248
LVertical
PElevati
on
PElevation = PTotal
12.373
1-2
12.13
19.5
19.5
120
1.049
0.124
2-3
12.37
19.7
39.2
120
1.38
0.119
0.234
12.611
3-4
12.61
19.9
59.1
120
1.61
0.12
0.24
12.851
4-5
12.85
20.1
79.2
120
2.067
5-6
LVertica PFriction St
ep l x 0.434 =
PFriction
Loss
Nod
e
Piniti
al
Qad
ded
QTot
al
CFact
or
Diame
ter
Len
gth
Fitti
ngs
EQV
L
LTo
tal
PFriction
Loss
Loss
EQVL
0.248
LVertical
PElevati
on
PElevation = PTotal
12.373
1-2
12.13
19.5
19.5
120
1.049
0.124
2-3
12.37
19.7
39.2
120
1.38
0.119
0.234
12.611
3-4
12.61
19.9
59.1
120
1.61
0.12
0.24
12.851
4-5
12.85
20.1
79.2
120
2.067
5-6
44
LVertica PFriction St
ep l x 0.434 =
PFriction
Loss
Nod
e
Piniti
al
Qad
ded
QTot
al
CFact
or
Diame
ter
Len
gth
Fitti
ngs
EQV
L
LTo
tal
PFriction
Loss
Loss
EQVL
0.248
LVertical
PElevati
on
PElevation = PTotal
12.373
1-2
12.13
19.5
19.5
120
1.049
0.124
2-3
12.37
19.7
39.2
120
1.38
0.119
0.234
12.611
3-4
12.61
19.9
59.1
120
1.61
0.12
0.24
12.851
4-5
12.85
20.1
79.2
120
2.067
T, T
5-6
LVertica PFriction St
ep l x 0.434 =
PFriction
Loss
Nod
e
Piniti
al
Qad
ded
QTot
al
CFact
or
Diame
ter
Len
gth
Fitti
ngs
EQVL
LTo
tal
PFriction
Loss
Loss
EQVL
0.248
LVertical
PElevati
on
PElevation = PTotal
12.373
1-2
12.13
19.5
19.5
120
1.049
0.124
2-3
12.37
19.7
39.2
120
1.38
0.119
0.234
12.611
3-4
12.61
19.9
59.1
120
1.61
0.12
0.24
12.851
4-5
12.85
20.1
79.2
120
2.067
T, T
10 x 2
5-6
LVertica PFriction St
ep l x 0.434 =
PFriction
Loss
Nod
e
Piniti
al
Qad
ded
QTot
al
CFact
or
Diame
ter
Len
gth
Fitti
ngs
EQVL
LTo
tal
PFriction
Loss
Loss
EQVL
0.248
LVertical
PElevati
on
PElevation = PTotal
12.373
1-2
12.13
19.5
19.5
120
1.049
0.124
2-3
12.37
19.7
39.2
120
1.38
0.119
0.234
12.611
3-4
12.61
19.9
59.1
120
1.61
0.12
0.24
12.851
4-5
12.85
20.1
79.2
120
2.067
T, T
10 x 2
23
5-6
45
LVertica PFriction St
ep l x 0.434 =
PFriction
Loss
Nod
e
Piniti
al
Qad
ded
QTot
al
CFact
or
Diame
ter
Len
gth
Fitti
ngs
EQVL
LTo
tal
PFriction
Loss
Loss
EQVL
0.248
LVertical
PElevati
on
PElevation = PTotal
12.373
1-2
12.13
19.5
19.5
120
1.049
0.124
2-3
12.37
19.7
39.2
120
1.38
0.119
0.234
12.611
3-4
12.61
19.9
59.1
120
1.61
0.12
0.24
12.851
4-5
12.85
20.1
79.2
120
2.067
T, T
10 x 2
23
0.061
5-6
LVertica PFriction St
ep l x 0.434 =
PFriction
Loss
Nod
e
Piniti
al
Qad
ded
QTot
al
CFact
or
Diame
ter
Len
gth
Fitti
ngs
EQVL
LTo
tal
PFriction
Loss
Loss
EQVL
0.248
LVertical
PElevati
on
PElevation = PTotal
12.373
1-2
12.13
19.5
19.5
120
1.049
0.124
2-3
12.37
19.7
39.2
120
1.38
0.119
0.234
12.611
3-4
12.61
19.9
59.1
120
1.61
0.12
0.24
12.851
4-5
12.85
20.1
79.2
120
2.067
T, T
10 x 2
23
0.061
1.4
5-6
LVertica PFriction St
ep l x 0.434 =
PFriction
Loss
Nod
e
Piniti
al
Qad
ded
QTot
al
CFact
or
Diame
ter
Len
gth
Fitti
ngs
EQVL
LTo
tal
PFriction
Loss
Loss
EQVL
0.248
LVertical
PElevati
on
PElevation = PTotal
12.373
1-2
12.13
19.5
19.5
120
1.049
0.124
2-3
12.37
19.7
39.2
120
1.38
0.119
0.234
12.611
3-4
12.61
19.9
59.1
120
1.61
0.12
0.24
12.851
4-5
12.85
20.1
79.2
120
2.067
T, T
10 x 2
23
0.061
1.4
5-6
46
LVertica PFriction St
ep l x 0.434 =
PFriction
Loss
Nod
e
Piniti
al
Qad
ded
QTot
al
CFact
or
Diame
ter
Len
gth
Fitti
ngs
EQVL
LTo
tal
PFriction
Loss
Loss
EQVL
0.248
LVertical
PElevati
on
PElevation = PTotal
12.373
1-2
12.13
19.5
19.5
120
1.049
0.124
2-3
12.37
19.7
39.2
120
1.38
0.119
0.234
12.611
3-4
12.61
19.9
59.1
120
1.61
0.12
0.24
12.851
4-5
12.85
20.1
79.2
120
2.067
T, T
10 x 2
23
0.061
1.4
0.434
5-6
LVertica PFriction St
ep l x 0.434 =
PFriction
Loss
Nod
e
Piniti
al
Qad
ded
QTot
al
CFact
or
Diame
ter
Len
gth
Fitti
ngs
EQVL
LTo
tal
PFriction
Loss
Loss
EQVL
0.248
LVertical
PElevati
on
PElevation = PTotal
12.373
1-2
12.13
19.5
19.5
120
1.049
0.124
2-3
12.37
19.7
39.2
120
1.38
0.119
0.234
12.611
3-4
12.61
19.9
59.1
120
1.61
0.12
0.24
12.851
4-5
12.85
20.1
79.2
120
2.067
T, T
10 x 2
23
0.061
1.4
0.434
14.688
5-6
47
21) Step #5
LVertica PFriction St
ep l x 0.434 =
PFriction
Loss
Nod
e
Piniti
al
Qad
ded
QTot
al
CFact
or
Diame
ter
Len
gth
Fitti
ngs
EQVL
LTo
tal
PFriction
Loss
Loss
EQVL
0.248
LVertical
PElevati
on
PElevation = PTotal
12.373
1-2
12.13
19.5
19.5
120
1.049
0.124
2-3
12.37
19.7
39.2
120
1.38
0.119
0.234
12.611
3-4
12.61
19.9
59.1
120
1.61
0.12
0.24
12.851
4-5
12.85
20.1
79.2
120
2.067
T, T
10 x 2
23
0.061
1.4
0.434
14.688
5-6
14.69
LVertica PFriction St
ep l x 0.434 =
PFriction
Loss
Nod
e
Piniti
al
Qad
ded
QTot
al
CFact
or
Diame
ter
Len
gth
Fitti
ngs
EQVL
LTo
tal
PFriction
Loss
Loss
EQVL
0.248
LVertical
PElevati
on
PElevation = PTotal
12.373
1-2
12.13
19.5
19.5
120
1.049
0.124
2-3
12.37
19.7
39.2
120
1.38
0.119
0.234
12.611
3-4
12.61
19.9
59.1
120
1.61
0.12
0.24
12.851
4-5
12.85
20.1
79.2
120
2.067
T, T
10 x 2
23
0.061
1.4
0.434
14.688
5-6
14.69
48
LVertica PFriction St
ep l x 0.434 =
PFriction
Loss
Nod
e
Piniti
al
Qad
ded
QTot
al
CFact
or
Diame
ter
Len
gth
Fitti
ngs
EQVL
LTo
tal
PFriction
Loss
Loss
EQVL
0.248
LVertical
PElevati
on
PElevation = PTotal
12.373
1-2
12.13
19.5
19.5
120
1.049
0.124
2-3
12.37
19.7
39.2
120
1.38
0.119
0.234
12.611
3-4
12.61
19.9
59.1
120
1.61
0.12
0.24
12.851
4-5
12.85
20.1
79.2
120
2.067
T, T
10 x 2
23
0.061
1.4
0.434
14.688
5-6
14.69
79.2
LVertica PFriction St
ep l x 0.434 =
PFriction
Loss
Nod
e
Piniti
al
Qad
ded
QTot
al
CFact
or
Diame
ter
Len
gth
Fitti
ngs
EQVL
LTo
tal
PFriction
Loss
Loss
EQVL
0.248
LVertical
PElevati
on
PElevation = PTotal
12.373
1-2
12.13
19.5
19.5
120
1.049
0.124
2-3
12.37
19.7
39.2
120
1.38
0.119
0.234
12.611
3-4
12.61
19.9
59.1
120
1.61
0.12
0.24
12.851
4-5
12.85
20.1
79.2
120
2.067
T, T
10 x 2
23
0.061
1.4
0.434
14.688
5-6
14.69
79.2
120
LVertica PFriction St
ep l x 0.434 =
PFriction
Loss
Nod
e
Piniti
al
Qad
ded
QTot
al
CFact
or
Diame
ter
Len
gth
Fitti
ngs
EQVL
LTo
tal
PFriction
Loss
Loss
EQVL
0.248
LVertical
PElevati
on
PElevation = PTotal
12.373
1-2
12.13
19.5
19.5
120
1.049
0.124
2-3
12.37
19.7
39.2
120
1.38
0.119
0.234
12.611
3-4
12.61
19.9
59.1
120
1.61
0.12
0.24
12.851
4-5
12.85
20.1
79.2
120
2.067
T, T
10 x 2
23
0.061
1.4
0.434
14.688
5-6
14.69
79.2
120
4.026
49
LVertica PFriction St
ep l x 0.434 =
PFriction
Loss
Nod
e
Piniti
al
Qad
ded
QTot
al
CFact
or
Diame
ter
Len
gth
Fitti
ngs
EQVL
LTo
tal
PFriction
Loss
Loss
EQVL
0.248
LVertical
PElevati
on
PElevation = PTotal
12.373
1-2
12.13
19.5
19.5
120
1.049
0.124
2-3
12.37
19.7
39.2
120
1.38
0.119
0.234
12.611
3-4
12.61
19.9
59.1
120
1.61
0.12
0.24
12.851
4-5
12.85
20.1
79.2
120
2.067
T, T
10 x 2
23
0.061
1.4
0.434
14.688
5-6
14.69
79.2
120
4.026
10
LVertica PFriction St
ep l x 0.434 =
PFriction
Loss
Nod
e
Piniti
al
Qad
ded
QTot
al
CFact
or
Diame
ter
Len
gth
Fitti
ngs
EQVL
LTo
tal
PFriction
Loss
Loss
EQVL
0.248
LVertical
PElevati
on
PElevation = PTotal
12.373
1-2
12.13
19.5
19.5
120
1.049
0.124
2-3
12.37
19.7
39.2
120
1.38
0.119
0.234
12.611
3-4
12.61
19.9
59.1
120
1.61
0.12
0.24
12.851
4-5
12.85
20.1
79.2
120
2.067
T, T
10 x 2
23
0.061
1.4
0.434
14.688
5-6
14.69
79.2
120
4.026
10
10
LVertica PFriction St
ep l x 0.434 =
PFriction
Loss
Nod
e
Piniti
al
Qad
ded
QTot
al
CFact
or
Diame
ter
Len
gth
Fitti
ngs
EQVL
LTo
tal
PFriction
Loss
Loss
EQVL
0.248
LVertical
PElevati
on
PElevation = PTotal
12.373
1-2
12.13
19.5
19.5
120
1.049
0.124
2-3
12.37
19.7
39.2
120
1.38
0.119
0.234
12.611
3-4
12.61
19.9
59.1
120
1.61
0.12
0.24
12.851
4-5
12.85
20.1
79.2
120
2.067
T, T
10 x 2
23
0.061
1.4
0.434
14.688
5-6
14.69
79.2
120
4.026
10
10
0.002
50
LVertica PFriction St
ep l x 0.434 =
PFriction
Loss
Nod
e
Piniti
al
Qad
ded
QTot
al
CFact
or
Diame
ter
Len
gth
Fitti
ngs
EQVL
LTo
tal
PFriction
Loss
Loss
EQVL
0.248
LVertical
PElevati
on
PElevation = PTotal
12.373
1-2
12.13
19.5
19.5
120
1.049
0.124
2-3
12.37
19.7
39.2
120
1.38
0.119
0.234
12.611
3-4
12.61
19.9
59.1
120
1.61
0.12
0.24
12.851
4-5
12.85
20.1
79.2
120
2.067
T, T
10 x 2
23
0.061
1.4
0.434
14.688
5-6
14.69
79.2
120
4.026
10
10
0.002
0.024
LVertica PFriction St
ep l x 0.434 =
PFriction
Loss
Nod
e
Piniti
al
Qad
ded
QTot
al
CFact
or
Diame
ter
Len
gth
Fitti
ngs
EQVL
LTo
tal
PFriction
Loss
Loss
EQVL
0.248
LVertical
PElevati
on
PElevation = PTotal
12.373
1-2
12.13
19.5
19.5
120
1.049
0.124
2-3
12.37
19.7
39.2
120
1.38
0.119
0.234
12.611
3-4
12.61
19.9
59.1
120
1.61
0.12
0.24
12.851
4-5
12.85
20.1
79.2
120
2.067
T, T
10 x 2
23
0.061
1.4
0.434
14.688
5-6
14.69
79.2
120
4.026
10
10
0.002
0.024
14.69
51
Most calculations are generated from computer programs. While each program may differ slightly as to the layout, all programs must provide certain necessary information
Step Number
The purpose of the Step Numbers are to depict the sequence of the hydraulic calculation process. This ensures that a step was not accidentally missed, omitted or forgotten. This example shows Step # 1
BL-1
The sprinkler plans must identify exact reference or location points that are the same as the calculation worksheet
52
Nozzle Identification and Location This example references sprinkler # 1 on branch Example line (BL) # 1
BL-4
BL-3
ST TEP NO.
10'
9 1" 1" 1" 10 1-1/4" 1-1/4" 1-1/4" 11 1-1/4" 1-1/4" 1-1/4" 12 1-1/2" 1-1/2" 1-1/2" 5 1" 6 1-1/4" 7 1-1/4" 8 1-1/2" 1 1" 2 1-1/4" 3 1-1/4" 4 1-1/2"
BL-2
BL 1
FLOW IN G.P.M.
q Q
BL 1
Using the alphabet q or Q as an abbreviation for quantity, this column is used to describe flows in g.p.m. at a given location q = g.p.m. flow at a specific location Q = Combined or Overall g.p.m.flow at a specific location
10'
9 5 1" 10 1-1/4" 1-1/4" 1-1/4" 11 1-1/2" 1-1/2" 1-1/2" 12 2" 2" 2" 6 1-1/4" 7 1-1/2" 8 2" 1 1" 2 1-1/4" 3 1-1/2" 4 2'
13'
1"
1"
Based on Classification / Commodity. Lets choose Ordinary 1 (0.15 gpm/sq ft over 1500 ft2) SSP sprinkler Based on diagram area per sprinkler is 10 X 13 = 130 ft2
Max spacing by area for Ord 1 based on table 8.6.2.2.1 (b). Allowed to be 15 apart but must have closer branch lines (8.33).
Riser
105
4"
2"
2" 104
BL-3
1"
BL-2
2" 102
BL-4
BL-1
2" 101
2" 103
6.5'
BL-1
2"
53
Ts=
10'
9 5 1" 6 1-1/4" 7 1-1/2" 8 2" 1 1" 2 1-1/4" 3 1-1/2" 4 2'
13'
1"
1"
BL-3
1" 10
1-1/4"
1-1/4"
1-1/4" 11
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2" 12
2"
2"
2"
2"
2" 104
BL-2
2" 102
BL-1
2" 101
5
2" 103
Round up to 12
6.5'
Ts=12
BL-4
10'
9 1" 1" 1" 10 1-1/4" 1-1/4" 1-1/4" 11 1-1/2" 1 1/2 1-1/2" 1 1/2 1-1/2" 1-1/2 12 2" 2" 2" 1 1" 2 1-1/4" 3 1-1/2" 1 1/2 4 2' 1" 6 1-1/4" 7 1-1/2" 1 1/2 8 2"
Ns=
(1.2)(1500)1/2 13
Riser
105
4"
2"
2" 104
BL-3
BL-2
2" 102
BL-1
2" 101 1 1" 2 1-1/4" 3 1-1/2" 4 2' 2" 101
2" 103
6.5'
10'
9 5 1" 6 1-1/4" 7 1-1/2" 8 2"
Note: As a check 12X130 ft2 = 1560 ft2; and 1560 ft2 > 1500 ft2 so the area is covered!
If not add 1 sprinkler on the next branch line closest to the cross main, more hydraulically demanding higher pressure therefore more flow
13'
1"
1"
BL-3
1" 10
1-1/4"
1-1/4"
1-1/4" 11
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2" 12
2"
2"
2"
Riser
105
4"
2"
2" 104
BL-2
2" 103
2" 102
6.5'
BL-1
Since we need 4 sprinklers / branch line and a total of 12 sprinklers we need 3 branch lines. (4 X 3=12)
54
10'
9 1" 1" 1" 10 1-1/4" 1-1/4" 1-1/4" 11 1-1/2" 1-1/2" 1-1/2" 12 2" 2" 2" 5 1" 6 1-1/4" 7 1-1/2" 8 2" 1 1" 2 1-1/4" 3 1-1/2" 4 2'
Riser
105
4"
2"
2" 104
BL-3
BL-2
2" 102
Q = (D) (A)
BL-4
BL-1
2" 101
2" 103
6.5'
10'
9 1" 1" 1" 10 1-1/4" 1-1/4" 1-1/4" 11 1-1/4" 1-1/4" 1-1/4" 12 1-1/2" 1-1/2" 1-1/2" 5 1" 6 1-1/4" 7 1-1/4" 8 1-1/2" 1 1" 2 1-1/4" 3 1-1/4" 4 1-1/2"
7'
Riser
105
NFPA 13 section 14.4.4.8.1 requires a minimum of 7 psi at the sprinkler, but at 7 psi the flow is only 14.8 gpm too low.
Lets start
Basic Formula (FL)
Hazen Williams
10'
9 5 1" 6 1-1/4" 7 1-1/4" 8 1-1/2" 1 1" 2 1-1/4" 3 1-1/4" 4 1-1/2"
BL-3
BL-2
P= C1.85 d4.87
(4.52) Q1.85
13'
1"
1"
1" 10
1-1/4"
1-1/4"
1-1/4" 11
1-1/4"
1-1/4"
1-1/4" 12
P= Pressure loss (psi) Q= flow (gpm) C= coef. of roughness d= Diameter (inches) (actual)
Riser
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
7'
105
BL-2
BL-1
BL-1
55
BL-3
10'
9 1" 1" 1" 10 1-1/4" 1-1/4" 1-1/4" 11 1-1/4" 1-1/4" 1-1/4" 12 5 1" 6 1-1/4" 7 1-1/4" 8 1-1/2" 1 1" 2 1-1/4" 3 1-1/4" 4 1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
FLOW IN G.P.M.
q Q
BL 1
19.5 19.5
This example shows a overall flow of 19.5 gallons per minute from sprinkler# 1 on branch line # 1.
Move on to head #2
Calculate friction loss in the pipe from head 1 to head 2 using Hazen Williams. Note use actual diameter of the pipe from table A.6.3.2 and assume 1 schedule 40 pipe. P= Solving for P, P=0.124 psi/ft Total for the 13 ft long pipe (13)(0.124)= 1.62 psi friction loss in the pipe. Total pressure at head 2 = P2 = 12.1+1.62=13.72 psi C1.85 D4.87 (4.52) Q1.85 Q=19.5 gpm, C=120, D=1.049
BL-2
BL-1
Q = (D) (A)
56
13
FLOW IN G.P.M.
q 19.5 Q 19.5
BL 1
BL 1
q + 20.7
Q 40.24
This example shows a flow of 19 19.5 5 gpm from sprinkler #1 on branch line #1and a flow of 20.7 gpm from sprinkler #2 for an overall flow of 40.24 gpm at sprinkler #2 on branch line # 1
1
2
1-1/4
PIPE SIZE 1
1-1/4
BL 1
q Q
19.5 19.5
BL 1
q + 20.7 Q 40.24
The Pipe Size Column is used to describe pipe sizes between sprinklers or reference points
PIPE SIZE 3
18
T.O.R
q Q q 341
1E = 7 1 CV =16 1GV = 1
19
B.O.R Q 341
57
Using the Hazen Williams Formula for determining Pressure Loss per lineal ft. ft of pipe, this column is used to list the pressure loss due to friction per foot in p.s.i.
0.132
This example shows Pressure Loss due to friction per foot of pipe of 0.132 p.s.i. Multiplying 39 feet of pipe X 0.132 = 5.17 p.s.i. between two reference points.
58
0.85
Pt 13 Pe 4 Pf 5.17 Pt 22.17
Pressure Loss due to elevation of 4 psi Pressure Loss due to friction (39 ft. X 0.132) of 5.17 psi New Pressure Total at the next reference point of 22.17 psi.
This column is used when calculating Velocity Pressures Pt. = Pressure Total Pv = Velocity Pressure Pn = Pressure Normal
EQUATION: Pt - Pv = Pn
59
Notes Column
The Notes Column is used to list additional information such as equations for Flows, Pressures, Elevation Pressure Losses and K-Factors. NOTES
REF F. STEP
q= 4
25 = 20
OH-1
1
0.15 gpm/ft2 K=5.6
1 1 BL-1
13 ---13 13 ----
12.12 ---1.61
12.12 0.352
2 2 BL-1 3 3
1.25
BL-1
4 4 BL-1
101 102
Step No.
BL-1
0.125 q=5.6(13.73)1/2 13 13 C 120 C=120 ---q=5.6(15.35)1/2 62.19 13 0.132 19.5 C=120 23.13 10 1-T q=5.6(17.06)1/2 2 85.32 29.5 0.071 10 ---C=120 BL-1 Q=85.32 --4 85.32 0.0028 10 0.03 K equivalent of BL-1; Q=k(P)1/2 > kequ=Q/(P)1/2 > kequ= 85.32/(19.15)1/2 21 94 21.94
1.5
11.768 13.73 13.73 0.502 ---1.622 13.22 15 35 15 15.35 15.35 35 0.646 ---1.713 14.70 17.06 17.06 ----0.448 2.10 16.61 19.15 19.15 ---
Exercise
q 23.2
L 10
Pt 20
Pt Pv Pn
5 6 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
BL1
Q122.6
2 2.5
1T=10 1E=6
F T
1.1
Pe Pf
0.43
Pt ?
What is the G.P.M. at Sprinkler # 5? What is the Overall G.P.M. at Sprinkler #5? What size is the pipe between points 5 and 6? How many fittings are between points 5 and 6? What is the Equivalent Pipe Length of the Fitting? What is the Total Equivalent Pipe Length of Pipes, Fittings and
Devices?
Ref. Step
Flow In G.P.M
Pipe Size
Pressure Summary
Normal Pressure
Notes
5 6
60
Exercise
Step No.
q 23.2
10
Pt 20
Pt Pv
5 6 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
BL1
Q122.6
2 2.5 2 5
1T 1E=6
F T
10
30
1.1
Pe Pf
0.43
4.10 Pn
Pt ?
What is the G.P.M. at Sprinkler # 5? 23.2 What is the Overall G.P.M. at Sprinkler #5? 122.6 What size is the pipe between points 5 and 6? 2 How many fittings are between points 5 and 6? 1 T What is the Equivalent Pipe Length of the Fitting? 10 What is the Total Equivalent Pipe Length of Pipes, Fittings and
24.53 psi
20
Devices?
Patterns
1) Q should increase upstream 2) P should increase upstream 3) Note Elevations
Common Problems
1) Incomplete submittals 2) Inadequate flushing 3) ) Incorrect HW C Factor 4) Lack of cut sheets 5) Field substitutions
Ref. Step
Flow In G.P.M
Pipe Size
Pressure Summary
Normal Pressure
Notes
5 6
61
Common Problems
6) Omitted coverage (ie porches in 13R) 7) No full height cross section 8) Obstructions 9) Draft curtains 10) Loops
Common Problems
11) Grids 12) Inracks 13) Water Curtains 14) Water flowing up-hill 15) Unbalanced Flows
Common Problems
16) Unbalanced pressures 17) Smaller flows upstream 18) Negative pressures/flows 19) Missing demands (water curtains, inracks, corridors) 20) velocity pressures producing lower results
62
Bad Design
1) oversized pipes 2) inconsistencies between calculations 3) safety f t pressures t too small ll 4) pump vs. no pump 5) Phony PE stamps
Water Supplies
a) Pumps in wells
(1) Pumps not strong enough (2) No calculations from waterline in well to base of system (3) Duration (well recovery)
63
64
65
Questions ??
That was a short example of how hydraulic calculations work, the only way to get proficient in them is to keep doing them.
66
PFriction St
ep
LVertical
x 0.434 =
PFriction
Loss
Nod
e
Piniti
al
Qadd
ed
QTot
al
CFact
or
Diame
ter
en gth
itti ngs
EQVL
LTo
tal
PFriction
Loss
Loss
EQVL
0.248
LVertical
PElevati
on
PElevation = PTotal
12.373
1-2
12.13
19.5
19.5
120
1.049
0.124
2-3
12 37 12.37
19 7 19.7
39 2 39.2
120
1 38 1.38
0 119 0.119
0 234 0.234
12 611 12.611
3-4
12.61
19.9
59.1
120
1.61
0.12
0.24
12.851
4-5
12.85
20.1
79.2
120
2.067
T, T
10 x 2
23
0.061
1.4
0.434
14.688
5-6
14.69
79.2
120
4.026
10
10
0.002
0.024
14.69
67