ELEC-1104

Lecture 3:

Per Unit Systems

Basic Units

The 4 basic electrical quantities are:

Voltage V (volt) Current I (amp) Impedance Z (ohm) P Power S (VA) For single-phase circuits, V(volt) = Z(ohm) I(amp); S (VA) = V(volt) I(amp) (amp)*

Per unit notation

In per unit notation, the physical quantity is

expressed as a fraction of the reference value, va ue, i.e. .e. per unit value = actual value/base value in the same unit. unit e.g. V(in per unit) = V(in kV)/V base (in kV) where the base value is a reference value for magnitude.

Base Quantities Q

In per unit notation we would like to keep

the basic relations: Vpu = Zpu Ipu; Spu = Vpu Ipu* Hence the base quantities should be chosen such that
Base voltage (VB) = b base impedance i d (ZB) base b current t (IB) Base power (SB) = b base voltage l (VB) base b current(I (IB)

Base Quantities Q

Thus only two of the base quantities can be

arbitrarily chosen, the other two will follow d ect y. directly. It is common practice to specify b base pwer (SB) and d base b voltage lt (VB) Then it follows base current IB = SB/VB base impedance p ZB = VB/IB =VB2/SB

Percentage g Values

An equivalent way to express the per unit

value is the percentage value where Percentage value = per unit value 100%

However, percentage values are not so

convenient to use since Vpercent Zpercent Ipercent

Example p 1

Given Find Fi d

V = 10030o Z = 3 + j4 = 553.1o current t active, reactive, & apparent power power factor
I Z V

Solution 1
Take ( (for example) p ) Base power Base voltage Then Base current Base impedance Given IB = SB/VB = 10 A ZB = VB/IB = 10 SB = 1 kVA VB = 100 V

V = 100 30o V = 1.0 30o p.u. Z = 553.1 53 1o = 0.5 0 553.1 53 1o p.u.

Solution 1 (cont) ( )
Current
I = V/Z = 2.0 -23.1o p.u = 2.0 2 010-23 23.1 1o A = 20-23 23.1 1o A Complex power S = VI* = 2.0 2 0 53.1 53 1o p.u p u = 1.2 1 2 + j1.6 j1 6 p.u. pu Apparent power S = 2.01 = 2 kVA Active Acti e power po er P=1 1.2 21 = 1.2 1 2 kW Reactive power Q = 1.61 = 1.6 kVAr Power P f factor t p.f. f = P/S = 1 1.2/2.0 2/2 0 = 0.6 06

Base Value for 3-phase p systems y

For 3-phase 3 phase systems it is common practice

to describe system operation with: total 3-phase power S = S3- line voltage V = Vline line current I = Iline equivalent impedance/phase Z = Zph p with (in magnitude) V = 3ZI; S = 3VI. 3VI

Base Value for 3-phase p systems y

Hence if base values are chosen for:

total 3-phase power SB li voltage line lt VB Then base line current VB IB = SB/ 3V base impedance ZB = VB/ 3IB = VB2/SB

Example p 2

Supply: 400 V, 50 Hz, 3 3-phase phase Load: 3 identical coils with Z = 20+j15
in star connection. connection

Find:

line current power supplied power factor.

Solution 2
Take ( (for example) p ) Base power (total 3-phase) Base voltage (line-to-line) Then Base current Base impedance Given IB = SB/3VB = 14.43 14 43 A ZB = VB2/SB = 16 SB = 10 kVA VB = 400 V

V = 400 V = 1.0 p.u. Z = 2536.9 36 9o = 1.5625 1 562536.9 36 9o p.u.

Solution 2 (cont) ( )
Current
I = V/Z / = 1.0 1 0 /1.5625 /1 62 p.u. = 0.64 0 64 p.u. = 0.6414.43 A = 9.235 A Apparent power S = VI = 1.00.64 = 0.64 p.u. = 6.4 kVA Power factor p.f. = cos 36.9o = 0.8 p Active power P = VI p pf = 0.64 0.8 p p.u = 0.512 p p.u. = 0.512 10 = 5.12 kW

Choice of Base values

For a connected circuit, , it is obvious that the same
bases should be used for the whole network such that the normal circuit theorems would also apply to per unit values, e.g. Kirchhoff laws At a given node, i(Ipu)i = 0 Around a mesh i(Vpu)i = 0 Impedance in series Zpu = (Zpu)1+ (Zpu)2 Admittance in parallel Ypu = (Ypu)1+ (Ypu)2

Base values for a transformer

In a transformer, two circuits are not directly connected but magnetically coupled. The voltages vo tages of o the t e windings w d gs are a e in the t e ratio at o of o turns and currents in inverse ratio. For the coupled circuit circuit, we should then choose
The same base power Base voltages in the ratio of turns. turns This will ensure Spu, Vpu, Ipu, to remain unchanged when passing through an ideal transformer

Base values for a transformer

Let n1,n2 be the number of turns in primary and secondary winding. winding Z1, Z2 be the primary and secondary winding impedance. Then total impedance referred to primary 2Z ZT1 = Z + (n /n ) 1 1 1 2 2 and total impedance referred to secondary ZT2 = Z2 + (n2/n1)2Z1 = (n2/n1)2ZT1

Base values for a transformer

If base values were chosen for the transformer: SB1 = SB2; VB1 = (n1/n2)VB2 Then Th IB1 = (n2/n1)IB2 ; ZB1 = (n1/n2)2ZB2 Thus per unit impedance of transformer Zpu = ZT1/ZB1 = ZT2/ZB2 is the same whether we use the total impedance referred to primary or secondary. secondary

Equivalent q circuit for transformer

In the per unit representation, the equivalent

circuit of a transformer is a simple winding peda ce Zpu (w (with t excitation e c tat o branch ba c impedance ignored)
(I1)pu (V1)pu (Z)pu (I2)pu (V2)pu

Base Conversion

If the per unit values are given based on SB1

and VB1 which are different from the chosen base SB2 a and d VB2 for o analysis, a a ys s, t the e given g ve per pe unit values must be modified before they can be used. Thus c us (Vpu)2 = V/VB2 = (Vpu)1VB1/VB2 (Spu)2 = S/SB2 = (Spu)1SB1/SB2

Base Conversion

Similarly
(Ipu)2 = I/IB2 = (Ipu)1IB1/IB2 = (Ipu)1VB2/VB1 SB1/SB2 (Zpu)2 = Z/ZB2 = (Zpu)1ZB1/ZB2 = (Zpu)1(VB1/VB2)2 SB2/SB1

Example p

Given a 50 MVA, 3.3 kV generator has a

synchronous impedance of 10%. Find the per unit impedance on a base of 100 MVA and 5 kV. Zp.u. = 0.1 x (3.3/5.0)2 x (100/50) = 0.087 p.u.

Example p
Choose base power p Base ase vo voltages tages Then
Sbase = 20 MVA Vbase1 = 11 kV Vbase2 = 33 kV XG1 = 0.15pu XG2 = 0.20x20/40=0.10pu XT = 0.12x20/60=0.04pu
20MVA X=15% 40MVA X=20%

G1
11 kV

G2

T
33 kV

11/33kV 60MVA X=12%

Advantages g of Per Unit System y

Normally we are dealing with numerics

near unity rather than over a wide range. Provides a more meaningful comparison of parameters of machines with different ratings. ratings As the per unit values of parameters of a machine hi of f a given i d design i normally ll falls f ll within a certain range, a typical value can be used sed if such s ch parameters are not provided. pro ided