SEVERN GLOCON CONTROL VALVES

Severn Glocon have been designing & manufacturing Control Valves & Actuators for approximately 40 years and this has led to extensive international experience across the whole spectrum of the Process Industry. Applications range from the most simple to the most severe, involving noise reduction, high pressure drop, low temperature, corrosive / abrasive, toxic fluids and many more. Although continued expansion has found it necessary to pursue standardisation in keeping with other leading equipment manufacturers, Severn Glocon remains dedicated to provide, whenever asked, valves for applications that are commercially acceptable and above all technically correct.

At Severn Glocon Specials are Standard

All products are designed with the help of CAD systems in accordance with international standards using a wide range of materials to suit the application and manufactured with the latest CNC machining technology. The stringent demands that the Process Industry market makes on its suppliers are easily met by Severn Glocon due to the flexible approach taken to customers requirements together with a refined Quality Assurance system that has been certified in accordance with BS EN ISO 9001: 1994. As a result, thousands of Severn Glocon valves are now operating in plants throughout the world. All valves supplied carry their own unique serial number enabling trace ability and when repaired / overhauled are entered into a comprehensive Service Records Data base.

Manual SG 10

SEVERN GLOCON LTD.

Control Valves for the Process Industry

Sizing and Selection

Manual

Severn Glocon Technical Manual Scope

SEVERN GLOCON

Scope

Sizing and selection of control valves demands an accurate knowledge of the operating parameters into which this equipment is to be placed. Upon the selection of this final control element relies the automatic operation of most modern processing and industrial plant. In operation these valves control processes which operate continuously or intermittently, without attention, to regulate process parameters such as flow rate, pressure, temperature, level, etc. The advances of computer technology within the industry, together with the demand for designs capable of handling a wider range of process and fluid requirements, within a very competitive market, has necessitated a higher level of accuracy in sizing and selection of these critical control elements. This coupled with the use of high technology valves, to deal with increasing temperature and pressure range applications, gives rise to a demand for a greater understanding of the control valve operating characteristics. The Severn Glocon procedures for control valve selection recognizes these requirements, the sizing formulae used within this manual basically follow those published in the referenced national standards, combined with Valve Style Modifier data developed from the companys valve testing programmes. The Severn Glocon Control Valve Sizing and Selection Manual is divided into a number of parts each containing information required during the specification of a control valve, and includes both selection guidelines and material considerations.

Contents of Technical Manual SGT 10

SGT 10/1 Scope. Scope of Sizing and Selection. Contents of Technical Manual. Valve Identification System Top Level. Actuator Identification System Top Level. Instrumentation Identification System Top Level. SGT 10/2 Control Valve Sizing. Introduction. Standards Reference. Sizing Nomenclature. Generalised Liquid Flow. Flashing Flow. Cavitation and Cavitation Index. Liquid Sizing. Liquid Flow Velocity. Flashing Liquid Velocity Calculation. Flow of Vapours and Gases. Gas Velocity Calculation. Mixed Phase Fluids. SGT 10/3 Flow Characteristics. Quick- Opening Flow Lift Characteristics. Linear Flow Lift Characteristics. Equal Percentage Flow Lift Characteristics. Modified Equal Percentage or Parabolic Flow Lift Characteristics. SGT 10/4 Pressure Recovery Factors. Valve Lift v Pressure Recovery Charts. Nomenclature. Pressure Recovery Formulae. Pressure Recovery Tables and Charts. SGT 10/5-Pipework Connected to Valve. Reducers and Expanders. Determination of Coefficient Fp. Calculation of Coefficient Ki. Calculation of Combined Recovery Coefficient FLP. Modified Cavitation Index p. Charts of Cv/d^2 versus Fp. Charts of Cv/d^2 versus FLP Charts of Cv/d^2 versus p.

SGT 10/6 Viscous Flows. Viscous Flow Regimes. Valve Style Modifier Fd Values. Valve Reynolds Number Factor FR Calculation of Viscous Flow Effect on Valve Cv. SGT 10/7- Recommended Pressure Drops. Limiting Pressure Drops and Trim Materials. Temperature considerations. Produced noise and power conversion. Calculation of liquid and gas energy levels. SGT 10/8 Noise Prediction. Introduction. Standards Reference. Sizing Nomenclature. Liquid Noise. Liquid Noise Calculation Example. Aerodynamic Noise Generation. Aerodynamic Noise Prediction. Aerodynamic noise Calculation Example. SGT 10/9 Fixed Area Attenuators. Flow Path Noise Attenuation. Valve Seat Exit Diffusers. Baffle Plates. Absorption Silencers. MLT. Vent Silencing Pressure Recovery and Style modifier Fd Values.

SGT 10/10 Valve Actuator Sizing. Static Forces on Valve Trims. Seat Leakage Requirements. Allowances for Friction. Dynamic Forces on Valve Trims. Calculating Correct Actuator Thrust Requirements. Actuator and Trim Dimensional data.

SEVERN GLOCON NUMBERING SYSTEM

Valve Identification System Top Level Description Product Family First Digit (Valve Series) Second Digit (Product Construction)
1 = Plastic 2 = Reserved 3 = Bar Stock 4 = Casting 5 = Forged 6 = Fabrication X = Special / Other

Third Digit (Product Shape)

1 = Globe 2 = 3 Way 3 = Angle 5 = Z Pattern 7 = 3 Way Angle X = Special / Other

Fourth Digit (Pressure Grouping)

0 = ANSI 125 (PN 10) 1 = ANSI 150 (PN 20) 2 = ANSI 300(PN50) 3 = ANSI 600(PN110) 4 = ANSI 900 (PN150) 5 = ANSI 1500(PN250) 6 = ANSI 2500(PN240) 7 = ANSI 4500(API 10000) D = Design Rated X = Special / Other As above

2000 Series Globe Split Body

3000 Series Globe Cold Box Extended Body 4000 Series Globe Cold Box Welded Body Extension

As above

As above

5000 Series Globe Multi Purpose & Field Cryogenic

As above

6000 Series Globe Corrosive Duty Lined

As above

1 = Globe 2 = 3 Way 5 = Z Pattern 8 = Long Z Pattern X = Special / Other 1 = Globe 2 = 3 Way 3 = Angle 5 = Z Pattern X = Special /Other 1 = Globe 2 = 3 Way 3 = Angle 5 = Z Pattern 6 = High Capacity X = Special /Other 1 = Globe (Pfeiffer) 4 = Y Pattern X= Special /Other 1 = Globe 2 = 3 Way 3 = Angle 5 = Z Pattern X = Special /Other 1 = Wafer 2 = Lugged Wafer 3 = Double Flanged 4 = U Pattern X= Special /Other 1 = Flangeless 2 = Flanged

As above

As above

As above

7000 Series Globe Ultra High Purity

As above 1 = Standard(Class II) 2 = Rubber Lined 3 = High Performance 4 = TSO Cryogenic 5 = Plastic Lined 6 = Ultra High Purity X = Special / Other 1 = Full Bore 2 = Reduced Bore 3 = Vee Ball X= Special / Other

As above

8000 Series Butterfly

As above

9000 Series Ball Valve

As above

SEVERN GLOCON NUMBERING SYSTEM

Actuator Identification System Top Level
First Digit (Actuator Series)
A = Rotary Numotor B = Pneu Cylinder + Rotary Linkage E = Electric Motor F = Electro Hydraulic G = Gearbox & H/Wheel L = Lever M = Manual H/Wheel. OS&Y N = Nomotor P = Pneumatic Cylinder R = Rack & Pinion (1/4 Turn) W = Spring & diaphragm Y = Self Acting Pilot X = Special / Other

Second Digit (Duty / Action)

0 = Manual Operation 1 = Modulating (AFO) 2 = Modulating (AFC) 3 = Modulating (AFS) 4 = Reserved 5 = On/Off (AFO) 6 = On/Off (AFC) 7 = On/Off (AFS) X = Special / Other

A = 25 in2 B = 50 in2 C = 100 in2 D = 200 in2 E = 400 in2 F = 600 in2 G = 38 in2 H = 75 in2 J = 150 in2 K = 300 in2 X = Special / Other

Third Digit (Actuator Size Series)

Fourth Digit (Ancillaries)

H = side Mounted Handwheel T = Top Mounted Handwheel J = Top Mounting Jacking Screw M = Maximum Limit Shop L = Minimum Limit Shop N = None X = Special / Other

Key AFO = Air Fail Open AFC = Air Fail Close AFS = Air Fail Stayput
Notes: Actuators size also applies to manual handwheels, for example MOCN is C series size handwheel.

Instrumentation Identification System Top Level

First Letter (Product Family) B = Volume Boosters C = Check Valves F = Filters G = Filter Regulators J = Junction Boxes L = Lock-up Valves P = Positioners (Pneumatic) R = Positioner (Electrical) X = Special / Other Second Letter (Operating Range) E = Electrical 4-20 ma G = Pneumatic 3-15 psig (0.2-1.0 bar) H = Split Range N = Natural Gas 0-100 psig (0-7 bar) P = Air 0-100 psig (0-7 bar) First Digit (Construction Material) 1 = Aluminium 2 = Brass 3 = Stainless Steel Third Letter (Connection Size) A = NPT B = NPT C = NPT D = 1 NPT

Example I-BPIA is a Volume Booster working on air (0-100 psig). Aluminium construction with NPT connections.

Severn Glocon Technical Manual Control Valve Sizing Contents. Introduction. Standards Reference. Sizing Nomenclature. Generalised Liquid Flow. Flashing Flow. Cavitation and Cavitation Index. Liquid Sizing. Liquid Flow Velocity. Flashing Liquid Velocity Calculation. Flow of Vapours and Gases. Gas Velocity Calculation. Mixed Phase Fluids. Introduction. Selection of a control valves demands an accurate knowledge of the operating parameters into which the control valve is to be placed. The control valve flow capacity Cv determined by the formulae given is based upon the industry standards referenced below. The Cv calculations include consideration of the various flow regimes, together with the effects of flow conditions which incur flashing or cavitation. The techniques for evaluating the effects on Cv, of highly viscous fluids and pipework reducers and expanders is given in other parts of this manual, as are the valve produced noise levels with recommended pressure drops and energy conversion levels. To ensure correct selection of valve size in order to maximize operational working life, fluid velocity calculations are included together with recommended limits for the different flow conditions. Standards used in Sizing. BS5793 : Part 2 Section 22. IEC 534-2 : Section 2. ANSI/ISA : S75.01 : S75.02. Standards Reference. ISA RP75.23-1995. IEC 534-8-4. Figure 1. Severn Glocon MLT Low Noise Valve.

SEVERN GLOCON

General nomenclature used within this publication. Note : For clarity specific nomenclature is listed locally when dealing with specialized topics. Unit a Cv Kv d D Fd Ff Fk FL Fp Kie Gf Gg K Mn M P1 P2 Pv Pc p Pvc Q q T1 u V w x X XT Y Z Y1 Definition Sonic Velocity Valve Flow Coefficient Valve Flow Coefficient Valve Nominal Diameter Internal Diameter of Pipe Valve Style Modifier Critical Pressure Ratio Ratio of Specific Heat Factor = K / 1.4 Pressure Recovery Factor ( see Table 1 ) Piping Geometry Factor Incipient Cavitation Coefficient Upstream Liquid Specific Gravity Gas Specific Gravity ( Relative to air 1 ) Gas Specific Heat Ratio Mach Number Molecular Weight Upstream Pressure Downstream Pressure Vapour Pressure at inlet conditions Thermodynamic Critical Pressure Pressure Drop Across Valve Apparent Pressure at vena contracta Volumetric Flow Rate ( liquid ) Volumetric Flow Rate ( gas ) Inlet Temperature ( absolute units ) Specific Volume ( 1 / Specific Weight ) Velocity Weight or Mass Flowrate Fraction of Liquid Flashed to Vapour Pressure Drop ratio p / P1 Pressure Drop Ratio Factor Expansion Factor ( Gas / Liquid Ratio ) Compressibility Factor Specific Weight (Upstream Conditions) General Cavitation Index Cavitation Index System Application Manufacturers Recommended Valve style cavitation index. Imperial ft /sec US Units ----------inches inches --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------lbf/in2 A lbf/in2 A lbf/in2 A lbf/in2 A lbf/in2 lbf/in2 A US gpm scf / hr o R ft3 / lb ft / sec lb/hr -----------------------------------------lb/ft3 ------------------------Metric m / sec ---------Metric Units mm mm ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------bar A bar A bar A bar A bar bar A m3/hr m3/hr o K m3 / kg m / sec kg/hr ---------------------------------------------kg/m3 ----------------------------

mr mr

Flow Coefficient Cv. Each valve which is supplied by Severn Glocon has a specified design Cv which has been determined in flow tests carried out in accordance with ISA Standard S75. 02. The definition of Cv is the flow of water at 60o F in US gallons per minute, that produces a pressure drop of 1 lb/in3 across the fully open valve. Flow Coefficient Kv. An alternative flow coefficient Kv is now often used within the S.I. system of units. This is defined as the flow of water Gf = 1 between 6o C and 34oC in m3/hr with a pressure drop across the fully open valve of 1 bar (or 1Kgf/cm2).

Bar units :- Kv = Cv / 1.167

Kgf/cm2 Units :- Kv = Cv / 1.178.

Generalised Liquid Flow within a Control Valve. This passage of a liquid through a control valve is very complex and includes regions of high turbulence, impingement, boundary layer separation and low static pressures. Within these regions can also be seen the growth and rapid collapse of cavities within the liquid, which result whenever the prevailing fluid pressure falls below the vapour pressure of the liquid. The subsequent rise in pressure, above the vapour pressure value results in cavitation. See Figure 2. The lowest pressures can normally be measured immediately after a restriction, which causes a reduction in flow area and a consequent loss of pressure, resulting in a localized increase in fluid velocity. See Figure 3. As the flow passes from the control valve inlet towards the trim entry, the static pressure reduces due to frictional and turning losses. Fluid approaching the trim has to accelerate in order to pass through the area contraction presented by the trim entry geometry. This acceleration continues until a point just downstream from the trim outlet where the maximum stream velocity is reached, this is recognized as the vena contracta. The typical flow path through a control valve is shown in figure 4. Down stream of the vena contracta the flow area expands, resulting in a reduction in flow stream velocity and consequent rise in static pressure. The amount of pressure recovery is a function of the control valve trim design and is quantified as the valve pressure recovery factor FL. FL2 = P1 P2 / P1 Pvc Where :- Pvc = Pv FF and FF = Fluid critical pressure ratio factor which is = [ 0.96 0.28 [ Pv/Pc]0.5 ] This factor is used within the control valve sizing formulae, and the relationship of the actual p to the pvc is an important factor in determining the point at which cavitation or flashing would start. As the main noise and vibration producers within a control valve, on liquid service, are flow velocity and cavitation it is essential to select the correct trim for the application. In addition the velocity of a fluid through a valve has a major influence on the erosive effects both within the valve body and trim. While cavitation can quickly render a valve unserviceable. The values of the pressure recovery coefficient FL at different valve lifts are given in SGT 10/4.

Figure 2. Pressure Variations within a Control Valve

Figure 3. Static Pressure and Velocity Relationship.

Figure 4: Typical Flow Path through a Control Valve

Flashing Flows. When a control valve reduces the inlet pressure to below the fluid vapour pressure, and on exiting the trim the local state pressure remains below this level, then flashing of the fluid results. See Fig 2. One of the main problems which arise from flashing service is erosion of the valve and trim if correct selection of the construction materials is not undertaken. This is due to increase in velocities cause by the change in fluid state, which results in fluid particles being carried at high speed in the ensuing gaseous / fluid stream. Practice has shown that the single stage trim, constructed from materials with good erosion resistance, often provides the best solution for flashing service. Contoured trims, with their high recovery values, offer advantages when large amounts of flashing product are required. However, the single cage guided valve provides a highly stable and vibration resistant trim for the higher duty flashing applications, when the flow is directed over the head to dissipate the energy and take advantage of the hardened trim construction materials. Selection of a valve, with an angle body configuration, where the inlet is at right angles to the outlet can provide a good solution for flashing service, particularly if the outlet expands to a greater area than the inlet. If a Globe Valve is selected then protection of the body by fitting internal flows diffusers may well be required, particularly if the fluid is contaminated eg. Sand in oil/gas separation flashing service. Figure 5 shows a trim with typical flashing damage. Calculation of Valve Cv in Flashing Service. In order to calculate the % flash that will occur within a valve the full thermodynamic properties of the flowing fluid are required. This involves taking a heat balance in order to calculate the amount of liquid and vapour phases, however, with the exception of water these thermodynamic details are not normally available. Investigation on standard control valves has shown that only up to 50% of flashing takes place in the region of the valve seat, the remained occurring in the valve outlet or pipework. In the absence of accurate process data, using this value, the individual Cv values for the liquid and vapour phases can be calculated, which may be considered as a maximum in order to size the valve. Arguably this could lead to oversizing the valve but this has to be balanced against the potential erosion and choking effects which could occur with too small a valve being selected.

In selecting the body size the maximum outlet vapour phase velocity should not exceed some 250m/s or 0.3 Mn. A line size valve is often specified in high pressure drop cases, with flashing flows.

Figure 5. Trim with Flashing Damage.

Figure 6.

Trim with Cavitation Damage.

Cavitation. Simply viewed, cavitation consists of the formation, growth and rapid collapse of cavities in a liquid. These vapour bubbles are generated if the local static pressure falls below the vapour pressure. Subsequent collapse occurs if the static pressure again rises above the vapour pressure. Different levels of cavitation can be produced, depending upon the valve selected and the application conditions. These are generally classified by the following benchmarks :a) b) c) d) e) Incipient Cavitation Constant Cavitation Incipient Damage Choking Cavitation Maximum Vibration Cavitation

For more information on these levels (a) to (e) see ISA Recommended Practice 75.23 1995. Figure 6 shows typical damage to a control valve trim, caused by constant cavitation. Cavitation Index. Severn Glocon use a single parameter mr to indicate the operating limit, or cavitation index, of each particular product, see Table 1. This manufacturers recommended single value is applicable at the full open position for sizing purposes. In common with FL the pressure recovery, the value of mr changes with the valve opening. This is shown in detail within Section 4 (SGT 10/4) of this Manual for the different valve and trim style combinations. If the value calculated for the application falls below the cavitation index given for the valve selected, then the cavitation in one of its forms will result. A high value of mr indicates a high recovery valve/trim style, and one that is prone to cavitation when high pressure drops are applied. The Cavitation Index values mr, which Severn Glocon recommend and use, are a product of the valve pressure recovery factor FL2 and an incipient cavitation coefficient Kje determined from the testing programmes carried out on the different valve/trim styles.

Cavitation Index mr for different valve lifts are given in SGT 10/4. Section SGT 10/7 details multiplier values for mr to account for different trim materials. Low values of mr indicate the higher duty low recovery valves. One method of achieving this higher performance is to fit a multi-stage pressure letdown trim. Figure 7 shows the pressure let down which is obtained using a 3 cage Series 5000 Nova Trim, where the overall pressure recovery is significantly lower than if a single cage valve had been selected. The Multi-Labyrinth Trim (MLT) pressure letdown curve shown in figure 8 takes this advantage further by providing much greater fluid velocity control within the trim, by incorporating the pressure reducing effects of multi-turns, commingling of flow streams together with impingement and fluid directional changes.

Figure 7. Pressure Curve 3 C.C. Series 5000

mr = ( P1 - Pv ) = 1
( P1 - P2 ) = FL2 Kje This single index allows the engineer selecting the valve / trim to quickly assess the suitability of a product. If the value of mr calculated for the application is below that of the product selected then cavitation problems may well occur. Values of

Figure

8.

Multi-Labyrinth

Trim.

MLT.

Table 1. Generalised Values of Pressure Recovery Factor FL and Cavitation Index mr Valve Series
Series 2000 Split Body

Valve Type
Globe & Corner Series 2410

Trim Style
Trickle Contoured Cage Plug

Flow Direction
Under Over Under Over Under Over Mixing & Diverting Under Over Under Over Under Over Under Over Under or Over Under Over Under Over Under or Over Under or Over Under or Over Under or Over Under or Over Under or Over Mixing & Diverting Under Over Under Over Under or Over Under or Over Under or Over Under or Over Under or Over Under or Over Under Over Under Over Under Over Through Through

Recovery FL
0.93 0.93 0.85 0.80 0.89 0.89 0.80 0.93 0.93 0.89 0.71 0.91 0.91 0.85 0.80 0.89 0.93 0.93 0.90 0.85 0.88 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.99* 0.85 0.93 0.93 0.90 0.72 0.87 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.99* 0.90 0.85 0.90 0.83 0.90 0.83 0.66 [60o] o 0.53 [90 ] 0.50 0.75

Cavitation Index mr
1.26 1.26 1.73 1.93 1.58 1.58 1.93 1.26 1.26 1.58 2.36 1.34 1.34 1.73 1.93 1.58 1.26 1.26 1.54 1.71 1.43 1.19 1.17 1.14 1.12 1.05* 1.71 1.26 1.26 1.54 2.30 1.47 1.19 1.17 1.14 1.12 1.05* 1.65 1.85 1.54 1.81 1.54 1.79 3.53 7.27 9.09 2.50

3 Way Series 2430 Angle Series 2430

Contoured Trickle Contoured Cage Plug

Series 3000 & 4000 Cryogenic Series 5000 MultiPurpose

Globe

Contoured Cage

Globe Series 5410

Trickle Contoured Ported Single Cage Double Cage Triple Cage Quad Cage Multi-labyrinth

3 Way Series 5420 Angle Series 5430

Contoured Trickle Contoured Ported Cage Double Cage Triple Cage Quad Cage Multi-labyrinth

Series 6000 Corrosive Series 7000 Ultra High Purity Series 8000 1/4 Turn Rotary Series 9000 Turn Rotary

Globe PTFE Lined Y Pattern Globe UHP Butterfly Standard Ball V Ball

Contoured Contoured Contoured Vane Reduced Bore V - Flow

Note: * Indicates two stages of multi-labyrinth trim.

Flow of Non Vapourising Liquids. The flow rate of a liquid through a control valve can be treated as incompressible and therefore a function of the differential pressure p ie ( P1 P2 ) providing the liquid does not vapourise between the inlet and outlet of the valve. If a vapour is formed either transitionally through the onset of cavitation or constant with the introduction of flashing, then this relationship to differential pressure will probably change. Different flow regimes depend on the level of vapourisation and are used to describe the fluid behaviour. Normal Flow. Normal flow describes the case when fluid is assumed to be incompressible vapour formation). Under this condition volume flow rate is proportional to square root of the pressure drop across valve, shown in Figure 9. the (no the the the

made to the onset of cavitation, and the conditions which result in mechanical damage of the trim.

Transitional Flow Regime. (Semi-critical Flow) When the static pressure at the vena contracta just falls below the fluid vapour pressure pressure bubbles form and the flow cannot be assumed incompressible. This transitional zone between non vapourising and vapourising liquid (choked) flow, coincides with the onset of incipient cavitation. Cavitation which occurs in this transitional zone can produce damage within the valve, and is to be avoided. Figure 9 illustrates the different flow regimes referenced to pressure drop versus flowrate through the valve. Flow of Vapourising Liquids (Choked Flow). Choked flow is the limiting or maximum, flow rate reached when no further increase in upstream pressure changes the throughput, with constant downstream conditions applied. At this stage the pressure at the vena contracta has reached its minimum ie supercooled vapour pressure Pvc. Further pressure drop only increases cavitation or flashing levels. Figure 10 shows the relationship between the flow regimes. Severn Glocon Sizing of Liquids. In common with most valve sizing techniques Severn Glocon follow the ISA guidelines and omit the semi-critical flow regime. This assumes that the normal flow follows the straight line shown on figure 9 until it intersects with the critical flow line. An error of some 2% results from this assumption, but the calculation procedure is much simplified. Figure 11 shows the various stages of flow with reference also

Figure 9. Different Flow Regimes.

Figure 10. Regimes.

Relationship

between

Flow

Figure 11. Different Stages of Flow and Cavitation.

Liquid Flow Valve Sizing Procedure The following flow chart gives the sequence of steps used during the selection of a control valve.

Start Select Trim Style Calculate Ap limit Calculate cavitation index osa Confirm suitability of trim style Determine valve Cv Select Trim design Cv & Valve size Using new FL at Valve opening recalculate Dp limit Sequence Re-entry Point 1 Is P1-P2 > P1-Pv

Equation 2

Yes

Flow is flashing Determine Valve Cv Select trim Cv & valve size Calculate % flash Calculate flow velocities Equations 16 & 17 Equation 18 250m/s or 0.3 Mn See SGT 10/7 See SGT 10/7 See SGT 10/8 Equations 12 to 15

Equation 3

No

See Table 1 Equations 4,5,6,7 Re Product Bulletins See SGT 10/4 & equation 2

Re-entry

No

Is velocity acceptable? Calculate power conversion Is power level acceptable? Calculate sound pressure level Is SPL OK?

See Table 1

Check cavitation index and confirm trim selection Recalculate Cv using corrections for pipework & fluid viscosity Is trim design Cv acceptable?

No

See SGT 10/5 SGT 10/6

No

Re-enter at point 1

No

End

Equations 8,9,10,11

Calculate flow velocities

See Table 2 See SGT 10/7 See SGT 10/7 See SGT 10/8

Is velocity acceptable?

No

Calculate power conversion Is energy level acceptable? Calculate sound pressure level Is SPL OK? End

No

Re-enter at point 1

No

Re-enter at point 1

Valve Flow Coefficient Cv Liquids. The valve flow coefficient Cv is used to determine the valve and trim size required to satisfy a particular flow rate at a specified pressure drop. Once this Cv value is known then a suitable valve trim combination can be selected with a design Cv that meets these capacity requirements. The selected valve design Cv will fix the minimum requirements for valve size, however, pipeline size and inlet/outlet flow velocities must also be considered. Valve rangeability must not be exceeded, therefore sizing should be carried out at maximum, normal and minimum flowrates and pressures. Sizing Procedure Turbulent Flow (a) Calculate the value of Pvc where :- Pvc = Pv FF and FF = Fluid critical pressure ratio factor which is = [ 0.96 0.28 [ Pv/Pc ] 0.5 ] ------ (1) (b) Determine the limiting pressure drop, corresponding to commencement of critical flow. p limit=FL2 (P1-Pvc) = FL2 (P1-Pv FF) ----- (2) Generalised values of FL can be determined from Table 1 or if the valve opening is known then refer to SGT 10/4. (c) Valve sizing pressure drop. If the pressure drop across the valve is less than or equal to the limiting pressure drop p limit then the flow is normal and the actual sizing pressure drop p sizing is taken as the actual value given. If the value p sizing > p limit then p must be taken as the value determine for p limit. This accounts for cavitating and flashing flows. (d) Determination of Cavitation Index. Determine the cavitation index for the system application from the following equation.
2

Based on the information available select one of the four equations (1) to (4). Using the p value determined above, and Fp=1 as the piping geometry factor. Imperial Units Cv = Q ( Gr / p) 0.5 ------------------------- (4) Fp Cv = W 63.3 Fp ( 1 p) 0.5 ----------------- (5)

Metric Units Cv = Q ( Gr / p) 0.5 -------------------------- (6) 0.865 Fp Cv = W 27.3 Fp ( 1 p) 0.5 ----------------- (7)

(f) Select the trim design Cv and appropriate valve size. It is normal to operate at 50% - 70% valve openings. Calculate the actual valve opening and determine the correct value for FL and mr from SGT 10/4. (g) Re-calculate the new limiting pressure drop. Using the new FL value determine the psizing value. Using this value, repeat the steps to confirm the trim and valve selection. (h) Re-calculate the final Cv. Taking into account any corrections for the pipework configuration Fp and fluid viscosity, by referring to sections SGT 10/5 & SGT 10/6 of this manual. The value of Cv is determined. (i) Calculate valve exit velocity. Based upon the information available select one of the equations (5), (6), (7) or (8) and determine the valve inlet and outlet velocities, as detailed in liquid flow velocity section. Should these levels be excessive when compared with the recommended limits given in Table 2, resulting in a change in valve size, then repeat step (g). (j) Check on energy conversion at valve With valves and trims which are to convert large amounts of energy, a check should be carried out to determine the suitability of the valve and trim selected. Refer to section SGT 10/7 of this manual which details the formulae to be used in calculating these energy levels. The recommended pressure drops, materials of construction and energy conversion levels for valves and trims is also given.

SA = ( P1 - Pv ) ---------------------------- (3)
( P1 P2 ) Select a trim and valve style with a mr value from table 1 smaller than or equal to the SA value calculated.

(e) Calculation of the flow coefficient Cv

Factors Influencing Velocity Limits. In the selection of a valve to work on either liquids or gases, one of the major considerations is the effect of flow velocity within the both the trim and the valve body. The main factors which have to be considered for limiting the velocities within the valve are :1) reduction in pressure loss. 2) minimize erosion damage. 3) reduce vibration potential.

Liquid Flow Velocity. With liquids high fluid velocities can lead to erosion and vibration problems. Table 2 gives mean velocity limits which should be applied during valve selection. However, it should be noted that local velocity levels within the valve, due to turbulence, will be much higher. Procedure. a) Calculate the mean flow velocity through the valve body, using the appropriate equation below. Imperial

4) energy conversion. 5) secondary noise potential. 6) phase difference between trim and inlet turbulence. Selection of the trim design can enable higher body velocities to be accommodated. A well guided cage trim, is far less likely to suffer vibration and instability problems due to flow impingement, than a trim fitted with a small stem guide.

Velocity = 0.408 Q/d2

volume flow ------ (8)

Velocity = 8.2 x 10-4 w/Gr d2 weight flow -- (9) Metric Velocity = 354 Q/d2 volume flow ------ (10)

Velocity = 0.354 w/Gr d2 weight flow ----- (11) b) Compare the calculated flow velocity value with the recommended limits of the valve selected from the Table 2. c) If outside the velocity limits given use larger valve size as appropriate.

Table 2. Maximum Recommended Valve Body Velocities for Liquid Flows.

Valve Type Valve Size ins to 2 3 to 6 1 to 12 1 to 12 14 to 24 1 to 6 8 to 16 4 to 12 14 to 24 >24 mm 12 to 50 80 to 150 25 to 300 25 to 300 350 to 600 25 to 150 200 to 400 100 to 300 350 to 600 >600 Trim Style Carbon Steel ft/s m/s 41 12.5 34 10.4 35 10.6 43 13.1 35 10.7 28 8.5 23 6.9 28 8.5 23 6.9 23 6.9 Valve Body Material Alloy Steel Br/Cu/Ni Alloy ft/s m/s ft/s m/s 46 14 25 7.6 36 10.9 21 6.4 38 11.5 22 6.7 52 15.8 25 7.6 43 13.1 21 6.4 30 9.1 20 6.1 25 7.6 15 4.6 30 9.1 20 6.1 25 7.6 15 4.6 25 7.6 15 4.6 Plastic & Lined ft/s m/s

Series 2000 & 3000 Series 5000 & 9000 Series 6000 & 7000 Series 8000

Contoured Seat / Cage Seat / Cage Guided All Types All Types

10 8 10 8 8

3.1 2.4 3.1 2.4 2.4

For other sizes consult factory.

Flashing Flows. When the valve outlet pressure is lower than or equal to the saturation pressure for the fluid temperature, part of the fluid flashes into vapour. The valve Cv is determined as for normal flow except that the sizing pressure drop used is that determined as the limiting pressure drop p limit where FL is replaced by FLP ( see SGT 10/5 ) This modifies equations (1,2,3) and (4) to read :Cv = Q ( Gr / P1-FF PV ) 0.5 ----------------- (12) FLP Cv = W -------- (13) 63.3 FLP ( 1 ( P1 - FF PV )) 0.5

The velocity for flashing flow may be calculated from the following equation (15) :V = 0.040 w { { 1-x )Vf2 + x Vg2 } -----(18) A where:x =fraction of liquid mass flashed to vapour V =Velocity in Ft/sec w =Liquid flow rate lb/hr A =Valve outlet flow area ins2 V12 =Saturated liquid specific volume at outlet pressure in ft3 / lb. Vg2 =Saturated vapour specific volume at outlet pressure in ft3 / lb. Flashing Flow Example A valve working on water at an inlet pressure and temperature of 250psia and 350o F is required to reduce the outlet pressure to 90psia. Reference to the steam tables shows that at 90psia the saturation temperature of water is 320.28oF therefore flashing is taking place. From the steam tables the following values can be determined. hf1 = 321.8 Bthu/lb at 350oF hf2 = 290.7 Bthu/lb at 90psia hfg2 = 894.6 Bthu/lb at 90psia From equation (17) x = 321.8 290.7 = 0.034 894.6 Therefore %flash = 0.034 x 100 = 3.4% If the valve has a 3ins diameter outlet and a flowrate of 4 x 105 lbs /hr then the exit velocity may be determined by using equation (18). Vf2 = 0.0177 ft3/lb at 90 psia. Vg2 = 4.895 ft3/lb at 90 psia. V = 0.04x4x105 {(1-0.034)0.0177+0.034x4.89} 7.07 Valve Exit Velocity V = 415 ft/sec Velocity limits for flashing service. Flashing velocities should not exceed 250m/s or 0.3Mn. therefore this calculated velocity would be acceptable for typical Series 2000 and 5000 bodies. Hardened trims should be considered for this duty and overlayed bodies are often required dependent upon the line fluid. Where fluid data is not available it is often more appropriate to check the inlet velocity, as a single phase fluid, and a line size valve is often specified by reference to the downstream pipework dimensions.

Metric Units Cv = Q ( Gr / P1-FF PV ) 0.5 ----------------- (14) 0.865 FLP Cv = W -------- (15) 27.3 FLP ( 1 ( P1 - FF PV )) 0.5

The following expression may be used to calculate the velocity under flashing conditions, the relative velocity of each phase is largely dependent upon the vapour content in the downstream flow. This requires knowledge of the pressure drops and fluid thermodynamic properties which is not often available except in the case of water/stream. The amount of vapour formation is usually quantified by the % flash which is % vapour by weight to the total mass flow rate, and is denoted by x. i.e. x = W v W tot x may also be calculated by considering the changes in enthalpy across the valve as follows :x = ( hf1 hf2 ) ------------------------------ (17) hfg2 Where:x = fraction of liquid mass flashed to vapour h11 = Enthalpy of saturated fluid at inlet temp. h12 = Enthalpy of saturated fluid at outlet pressure hfg2 = Enthalpy of evaporation at outlet pressure Flashing Liquid Velocity. ------------------------------- (16)

Gas / Vapour Flow Valve Sizing Procedure The following flow chart gives the sequence of steps used during the selection of a control valve.

Start Select Trim Style Calculate Ap limit Calculate expansion factor Y Calculate specific weight optional Determine compressibility Z Determine valve Cv Select trim design Cv & valve size Sequence Re-entry Point 1 Is X>=Fk Xt

Yes

Flow is flashing Ap sizing is Ap limit

Equation 19 Equation 20,21 Figure 12

No

Equations 22 to 29 Re Product Bulletins

Re-entry

See SGT 10/4

Using new Xt factor at valve opening recalculate Ap limit

See SGT 10/5 SGT 10/6

Recalculate Cv using corrections for pipework & fluid viscosity Is trim design Cv acceptable?

No

See Table 4

Calculate flow velocities

See Table 5

Is velocity acceptable?

No

See SGT 10/7 See SGT 10/7 See SGT 10/8

Calculate power conversion Is energy level acceptable? Calculate sound pressure level Is SPL OK? Re-enter at point 1

No

Re-enter at point 1

No
End

Flow of Vapours and Gases. Two principal regimes apply to gas and vapour flows. These are normal and critical or (choked) flow. Normal Flow. Throughout the normal flow regime an increase in pressure drop across the valve produces an increase in flow. At low pressure ratios, upto a Mach No.0.3 the flow is almost proportional to the square root of the pressure drop, similar to the normal liquid flow regime. At higher pressure ratios the compressibility effects of the flowing fluid begin to take a greater effect. The relationship between increasing flow and pressure drop gradually diminishes, until further increase in pressure ratio P1/P2 produce no further increase in flow. Normal flow has now ceased. Critical or Choked Flow. Choking is considered to have occurred when with constant upstream conditions, at the valve, reducing the downstream pressure further produces no change in flow rate. Gas / Vapour Flow Sizing. The flow of liquid through a control valve may be considered incompressible provided it does not produce vapours, due to cavitation or flashing. This type of flow does not produce any significant change in density at any point in the flow path. Because of compressibility, gases and vapours expand as the pressure drops, thereby increasing the specific volume. To account for the change in specific weight, an expansion factor, Y, is now introduced into the valve sizing formula. Calculation of Flow Coefficient CvGases a) Determine the Limiting Pressure Drop Calculate the specific heat factor Fk relative to air from the following equation. Fk =k/1.4 where k is gas specific heat ratio. Calculate the ratio of actual pressure drop to absolute inlet pressure x from X = p / P1

Therefore plimit occurs when X = Fk XT Where XT is the pressure drop ratio from Table 3. b) Valve sizing pressure drop. If the pressure drop across the valve is less than or equal to the limiting pressure drop plimit then the flow is normal and the actual sizing pressure drop psizing is taken as the actual value given. If the value of psizing > plimit then p must be taken as the value determine for plimit. c) Calculation of Expansion Factor Y. The expansion factor Y can be calculated from Y=1 X ----------------------------------- (19) 3 Fk XT ( Limits 1.0 >= Y >=0.67 ) d) Calculation of the Inlet Specific Weight 1. If the inlet specific weight is required for the use in the valve sizing equations then this may be calculated from the following expressions. Imperial 1 =

MP

-------------------------------- (20)

10.72 Z T1 Metric 1 = ( M P1 x 105 ) 8314 Z T1 e) Determine the Compressibility Factor Z To obtain the compressibility factor Z, it is first necessary to calculate the reduced pressure Pr and the reduced temperature Tr using the following equations. Pr = P1 / Pc and Tr = T1 / Tc -------------------------- (21)

Where :- suffix r is the reduced value suffix 1 is the absolute upstream value suffix c is the absolute critical value Using the values of Pr and Tr calculated find Z in Figure 12.

f) Calculate the Flow Coefficient Cv Depending upon the process conditions given, select one of the equations listed below, assuming Fp = 1. Imperial units Cv = w 63.3 Fp Y ( X P1 1 ) 0.5 -------- (22)

(h) Re-calculate the new limiting pressure drop. Determine the plimit value ( arising from any revision of XT ). Using this value, repeat the calculation steps to confirm the trim and valve sizing. (i) Re-calculate the final Cv. Taking into account any corrections for the pipework configuration Fp and fluid viscosity, by referring to sections SGT 10/5 & SGT 10/6 of this manual. The value of Cv is determined. (j) Calculate valve exit velocity. Based upon the information available select one of the equations from Table 4 and determine the valve inlet and outlet velocities, as detailed in Gas flow velocity section. Should these levels be excessive when compared with the recommended limits given in Table 5, resulting in a change in valve size, then repeat step (i). (k) Check on energy conversion at valve. With valves and trims which are to convert large amounts of energy, a check should be carried out to determine the suitability of the valve and trim selected. Refer to section SGT 10/7 of this manual which details the formulae to be used in calculating these energy levels. The recommended pressure drops, materials of construction and energy conversion levels for valves and trims is also given.

Cv = Cv = Cv =

q (Gg T1 Z / X)0.5 --------(23) 1360 Fp P1 Y w 19.3 Fp P1 Y (T1 Z / X M)0.5 ---------(24)

q (M T1 Z / X)0.5 ---------(25) 7320 Fp P1 Y

Metric Units Cv = w 27.3 Fp Y ( X P1 1 ) 0.5 q 417 Fp P1 Y w 94.8 Fp P1 Y -------- (26)

Cv = Cv = Cv =

(Gg T1 Z / X)0.5 --------(27) (T1 Z / X M)0.5 ---------(28)

q (M T1 Z / X)0.5 ---------(29) 2250 Fp P1 Y (g) Select the trim design Cv and appropriate valve size. It is normal to operate at 50% - 70% valve openings. Calculate the actual valve opening and determine the correct value for XT from SGT 10/4.

Figure 12. Compressibility Factors for Gases.

Table 3. Compressible Flow Pressure Drop Ratios, XT Valve Series Series 2000 Split Body Valve Type Globe & Corner Series 2410 Trim Style Trickle Contoured Cage Plug 3 Way Series 2420 Angle Series 2430 Contoured Trickle Contoured Cage Plug Series 3000 & 4000 Cryogenic Series 5000 Multi-Purpose Globe Series 3410 Globe Series 5410 Contoured Cage Trickle Contoured Ported Single Cage Double Cage Triple Cage Quad Cage Multi-labyrinth Contoured Trickle Contoured Ported Single Cage Double Cage Triple Cage Quad Cage Multi-labyrinth Contoured Contoured Contoured Through Vane Reduced Bore V - Flow Flow Direction Under Over Under Over Under Over Mixing & Diverting Under Over Under Over Under Over Under Over Under or Over Under Over Under Over Under or Over Under or Over Under or Over Under or Over Under or Over Under or Over Mixing & Diverting Under Over Under Over Under or Over Under or Over Under or Over Under or Over Under or Over Under or Over Under Over Under Over Under Over 60o 90o Through Ration XT 0.85 0.78 0.73 0.66 0.91 0.91 0.66 0.85 0.78 0.71 0.66 0.91 0.91 0.73 0.66 0.91 0.85 0.78 0.75 0.7 0.79 0.88 0.90 0.92 0.94 0.98* 0.7 0.85 0.78 0.75 0.67 0.79 0.86 0.89 0.91 0.93 0.98* 0.75 0.7 0.68 0.66 0.75 0.7 0.36 0.26 0.15 0.12

3 Way Series 5420 Angle Series 5430

Series 6000 Corrosive Series 7000 Ultra High Purity Series 8000 Turn Rotary Series 9000 Turn Rotary

Globe PTFE Lined Y Pattern Globe UHP Butterfly Standard Ball V - Ball

Note : * Indicates two stages of Multi-Labyrinth Trim.

Gas Flow Velocity. It is Important that checks are made upon both the inlet and velocities during sizing of a control valve. Much attention is often given to the elimination of excessive outlet velocities which would result in the creation of shock waves, and consequent vibration of the valve plug, as sonic velocity approached. This secondary source of noise generation and instability should not be underestimated and within Table 5 is the recommended maximum Mach Numbers which should not be exceeded if specified noise levels are to be achieved. However, high inlet velocities also may result in excessive dynamic forces acting on exposed plugs and stems causing vibration and early mechanical failure. Procedure. a) Depending upon the process conditions given select one of the equations from Table 4. Calculate both the inlet and outlet velocities for the size of valve selected. b) Compare the calculated flow velocity with the recommended limits in Table 5.

c) If the velocities are outside these limits given then a solution could be one of the following:Fit fixed area baffle within the outlet of valve body, to reduce gas specific volume and hence velocity. Increase size of valve body. Use limited discretion as there is no exact line between a correct and problem solution. d) Calculation of valve outlet Mach No. The sonic velocity can be calculated from the expressions given for a given in Table 4. Mach No. = v/a Where:- v is valve body velocity. and a is the sonic velocity. (e) Recalculation of Cv if Body Size Change Recalculate Cv if body size has increased (due to eliminating excessive outlet velocity) thereby altering the Piping factor Fp. (f) Select Appropriate Trim Identify suitable trim from ranges available in order to satisfy final calculated Cv and flow characteristics required.
Molecular weight M Specific Ht Ratio K Absolute Temp. T Mass flow W lb/ hr kg/ hr Specific volume u ft3 /lb m3 kg

Table 4. Gas / Vapour Velocity Equations and Units of Measurement.

Formulae for mean velocity v=0.051 u W 2 D v=354 u W 2 d v=1.52*1033 QT 2 dP v=1.31 QT 2 dP v=0.547 W T 2 d PM v=29.5 W T 2 d PM a=68.1 (Kpu)
0.5

Stream Velocity v ft/sec m/sec ft/sec m/sec ft/sec m/sec ft/sec m/sec ft/sec m/sec

Internal valve Dia. d inches mm inches mm inches mm

Absolute Pressure P

Volume Flowrate Q

lbf/ in a bar a lbf/ in a bar a lbf/ in a bar a

2 2

nft / hr nm / hr lb/ lb mol kg/ kg mol non-dim non-dim lb/ lb mol kg/ kg mol non-dim non-dim
3

r k r k lb/ hr kg/ hr ft / lb m / kg
3 3

a=316.4 (Kpu) a=223 (KT/M)

0.5

0.5

r k

a=91.3 (KT/G)

0.5

Note : v is the mean velocity through the valve and a is the sonic velocity. Specific volume u is 1/1 the specific weight.

Table 4. Maximum Recommended Valve Body Velocities for Gas/Vapour Flows.

Valve Type Ins Series 2000 & 3000 Series 5000 & 9000 Series 6000 & 7000 Series 8000 to 2 3 to 6 1 to 12 1 to 12 14 to 24 1 to 6 8 to 16 4 to 12 14 to 24 >24 Valve Size mm 12 to 50 80 to 150 25 to 300 25 to 300 350 to 600 25 to 150 200 to 400 100 to 300 350 to 600 >600 Contoured Seat / Cage Seat Cage Guided All Types All Types Trim Style Maximum Inlet Velocity ft/s m/s 340 295 230 340 475 295 230 200 100 80 104 90 70 104 144 90 70 61 30 24 Maximum Outlet Velocity ft/s m/s 830 830 830 830 830 640 640 350 350 350 253 253 253 253 253 194 194 107 107 107 Maximum outlet Mach No. for predicted noise level. >95 dba <95 dba <85 dba 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

For other sizes consult factory.

Calculation for Cv for MixedPhase Fluids. This method of Cv calculation for two phase flow assumes that the gas and liquid pass through the controlling orifice within the valve at the same velocity, and that the pressure within the valve is high enough to prevent cavitation or flashing of the liquid thereby creating a choked flow situation. The required Cv is determined by using an equivalent density for the liquid / gas mixture. Liquid / Gas Sizing This method is intended for use with mixtures of a liquid and a non-condensable gas. When a liquid / gas mixture passes through a valve, the liquids density remains constant while the gas expands and reduces its density. The formula below calculates a mean density for inclusion in a simple Cv calculation.

where:W = Total flowrate kg/hr 1 = Upstream density kg/m3 vc = Vena contracta density kg/m3 p = Pressure drop bar The densities are given by :Upstream = 1 = Cv = 1 -----(32) XG1 VG1 + (1-XG1) VL

Vena = vc=

1 ----------------(33) XG1 VGVC + (1-XG1) VL

Where:XG1 = fraction by weight of gas in the flow VG1 = specific vol. of gas at inlet ft3/lb (m3/kg) VL = specific vol. of liquid at inlet ft3/lb (m3/kg) VGVC= specific vol. of gas at vena contracta ft3/lb (m3/kg)

Imperial Units Cv = where:W = Total flowrate lb/hr 1 = Upstream density lb/ft3 vc = Vena contracta density lb/ft3 p = Pressure drop lb/in2 W ------------(30) 0.5 44.8 (p( 1 + vc) )

While the specific volume of gas at the vena contracta is given by:-

VGVC =

VG1 1 ( p / P1 FL )
2

----------------- (34)

P1 =inlet pressure lb/in2 abs (bara) FL =liquid pressure recovery factor see Table 1 also SGT 10/4.

Metric Units Cv = W ------------(31) 19.3 (p( 1 + vc) ) 0.5

Liquid / Vapour Sizing. There is no reliable data for accurate sizing of mixture in their own vapour as difficulties arise due to the transfer of energy and mass between the liquid and vapour phases. However, the formulae used for the liquid/gas calculations may be adapted to produce an acceptable estimation by basing the vena contracta density on the fraction by weight of vapour downstream of the valve. The example below illustrates this method. Two Phase Sizing Example. A valve working on hydrocarbon liquid is subjected to two phase flashing under the following conditions of operation. Calculate the valve Cv.
Flow rate liquid Flow rate vapour XG1 Flow rate vapour XG2 P1 P2 P k Cp Pv S.G. T Pipe size S.G. Pc FL = 1125 usgpm = 4.5% by weight at Inlet = 15.8% by weight at Outlet = 391 lb/in2 abs = 205 lb/in2 abs 2 = 186 lb/in = 1.16 = 0.4 BthU/lb oR = 391 lb/in2 = 0.5 (liquid) = 565oR = 8ins Schedule 40 = 1.0 (vapour) = 592 lb/in2 = 0.95 (d) Calculate the upstream density 1 using equation (32)

Upstream = 1 = 1 XG1 VG1 + (1 XG1) VL XG1 is given and equals 0.045

VG1 can be derived from gas equation PV = WRT as follows:VG1 = V/W = R T / P and R = Ro / M Where:Ro is the universal gas constant = 1545 ft lb/lbmoloR M = Molecular weight VG1 = Ro T1 = 1545 x 565 =0.535 ft3/lb 144 MP1 144 x 29 x 391 VL = 1 = 1 = 62.4xS.G. 1 62.4x0.5 =0.032 ft3/lb

1 =18.3 lb/ft3 0.045x0.535 + (1-0.045) x 0.032

(e) Calculate vena contracta density vc from equation (33) modified to utilize XG2 the fraction by weight of vapour downstream of the valve. Vena = vc = 1 XG2 VGVC + (1 XG2) VL

(a) Calculate total weight of flow at valve inlet. Liquid phase flow = 1125 x 60 x 10 x 0.5 = 1.201 281,250 lb/hr vapour phase flow = 294,503 lb/hr (b) Liquid critical pressure ration FF FF = 0.96 0.28 (391/592)0.5 = 0.732

XG2 is given and equals 0.158 VGVC vena contracta specific volume VGVC can derived from equation (34) VGVC = VG1 1 ( p / P1 FL2 ) VGVC = 0.535 1 ( 94.5/391.0.902 ) vc = 1 = 7.02 lb/ft3 0.158.0.731+(1-0.158) 0.032 = 0.731

(P1 FF x Pv) (c) P allowable = = 0.902 (391 0.732 x 391) = 94.5 lb/in2

FL2

(f) From equation (30) Cv can be calculated as follows:Cv = w 44.8 (p (1 + vc) ) 0.5 Cv = 294503 = 134.5 44.8 (94.5 ( 18.303 + 7.02 ) )0.5

4) Determine the void fraction (Vf) and phase flow areas AL and Av Vf = Xv (Xv +(1-Xv)s) Vf = 0.401 Liquid phase flow area AL =(1 - Vf) x total flow area Vapour phase flow area AV = Vf x total flow area Assuming a Series 5000 size 4ins valve is selected in order to accommodate trim with a design Cv 120 (calculated Cv 95.1). This valve would have a total outlet flow area of 0.087 ft2 5) Determine the liquid phase flow velocity VL VL = QL AL 3600 = 7935 0.599 x 0.087 x 3600 = 0.455 (0.455+(1-0.455)1.243)

Multi-Phase Velocity Calculation. Using this example the Multi-Phase velocities can be calculated using the following procedure. 1) As the flash fraction (x) is given, then the liquid and vapour phase velocities can be calculated. A measure of the different phase velocities is given by the slip ratio (s). This is the ratio between the vapour phase and liquid phase velocities. From this equation it is evident that as the flash fraction increases so does the slip ratio, and hence the vapour flow velocity. s = ( x L / v + 1 x )0.5 where:- L is the liquid density and v the downstream vapour density. s = (0.158.31.25/7.020+1-0.158)0.5= 1.243 2) Calculate the downstream vapour Qv2 and liquid phase volume QL flowrates by dividing by the appropriate density. Qv2 = Wv / v and QL = WL / L Qv2 = 0.158. 294503 / 7.020 = 6,628ft3/hr QL = 0.842. 294503 / 31.25 = 7,935 ft3/hr 3) Calculate the downstream vapour volume ratio Xv Xv = Qv2 = 6,628 = 0.455 Qv2 + QL 6,628 + 7935

VL = 42.29 ft/sec 6) Determine the vapour phase velocity Vv Vv = Qv = 6628 Av 3600 0.401 x 0.087 x 3600 Vv = 52.77 ft/sec Both these calculated velocities would be within the limits given in Tables 2 and 5 for Series 5000 cage guided trims.

Notes

Severn Glocon Technical Manual Flow Characteristics Contents. Quick-Opening Flow-Lift Characteristics. Linear Flow Lift Characteristics. Equal Percentage Flow Lift Characteristics. Modified Equal Percentage or Parabolic Flow Lift Characteristics. Introduction. The valves flow characteristic is the relationship of valve capacity to valve travel. The shape and movement of the valve plug surface development, relative to the static seat ring, determines the flow / lift characteristic. Normally valve plugs are designed for set positional control, i.e. on/off, or for throttling duty where the valve plug may be positioned at any point within the working range dictated by the process requirements. The inherent characteristic can be designed into the valve trim so that the valve gain will vary in a prescribed way with the valve capacity thereby theoretically controlling loop gain at all ladings and set points. However, this characterization at the valve is often modified by the flow loop with its own in built resistance and characteristics. In addition actuator non-linearity and varying time constant can adversely affect the smooth characterization, produced within the mechanical limitations of the flow controlling trim profiles. Clearly, the same valve working on compressible fluid if switched to an incompressible one will exhibit a different flow characteristic. Also when a valve chokes due to sonic velocity in the case of a gas or with cavitation or flashing when flowing a liquid, the flow-lift characteristic at that point is affected. Therefore care needs to be exercised in relying on the flow lift characterization to give full control of the valve gain characteristics over a wide operating range. There are four main inherent flow-lift characteristics for control valves, they are quick opening, linear, equal percentage, modified equal percentage pr parabolic. These curves are shown in figure 1.

SEVERN GLOCON
Technical Manual Section SGT 10/3

Figure 1. Control Characteristic Curves.

Valve

Flow

Quick Opening Characteristic. This trim profile provides the maximum change in flowrate at low valve travels, within a fairly linear relationship. This contrasts with the higher levels of valve travel, where the change in flowrate nears zero. Application. In a control valve the quick opening characteristic is used primarily for on-off service, where the flow must be established quickly as the valve begins to open. A typical application would be as a relief valve. Design. The valve plug may be shaped to provide some smoothing of the flow with valve opening. In essence when the lift on the plug equals some 25% of the seat bore dimension the two areas are equal. In consequence the any flow increase, for further valve lift will decrease sharply. Linear Flow Characteristic. The linear flow characteristic curve shows that the flow rate is directly proportional to valve travel. This proportional relationship produces a characteristic with a constant slope, so that with constant pressure drop, the valve gain is the same at all flows. Application. The linear characteristic valve is commonly specified for liquid level control and for some flow control applications where constant gain is required. Design. With equal increments in valve travel resulting in equal increments of flow the following simple equation may be used to express the linear flow characteristic. Q = Kx Where:Q = Flow Rate. K = Constant depending upon units. x = Valve travel. Equal Percentage Characteristics. The equal percentage flow characteristic produces flow changes which are equal percentages of the existing flow, for equal increments of valve travel. The change in flowrate is always proportional to the flow rate that exists just before the change in valve position is made, this means a given change in valve travel always produces the same equal percentage change in existing flow.

Figure 2. Construction of a Quick Open Flow Characteristic Plug. Application. Control valves with an equal percentage flow characteristic are probably the most frequently specified, for pressure control as it is considered their particular gain characteristics are the most tolerant and are likely to provide stable control at low lifts. They are suitable for other applications where a large percentage of the pressure drop is normally absorbed by the system itself, with only a relatively small percentage available at the control valve. Equal percentage characteristics should also be considered where a high variation in the pressure drops could occur. Design. The formula, which describes the equal percentage flow characteristic, is:Q = Qo emx Where:Q = Flowrate Qo = Minimum controllable flow. x = Valve position m = In R/T = constant for a particular valve. R = Valve rangeablity = Qm / Qo In = Natural Logarithm T = Maximum valve travel. Qm = Maximum flow rate. These parameters can be combined to produce several common variations of equal percentage flow equation, which are of exponential nature:Q = Qo e(x/t)InR Q = QoR(x/t) Q = QmR{(x/t)-1}

In conventional contoured plug valve, as the plug is moved through its travel range by the actuator, the throttling flow area changes as dictated by the contoured shape on the plug. However, in valves fitted with cage guided trims the plug is a symmetrical cylinder and the flow characterization is determined by the shape or sequencing of the flow openings in the wall of the surrounding cage. As the plug is moved away from the seat ring, the apertures in the guide are uncovered to permit flow. Standard cages are produced with flow ports and these ported trims with discrete large apertures can be characterized accurately to produce any of the four main flow rate / travel relationships. Cage designs for low noise or anti cavitation applications utilize high numbers of flow holes or apertures in order to break down the main flow within the trim into multistreams, to instigate low pressure recovery and velocity control flow regimes. The shape and positioning of these flow apertures clearly has a direct influence on the characteristic produced, which in certain cases may well be compromised by other aspects of the design requirements. Main control of the characterization is attributable to the plug uncovering the flow apertures in the primary cage guide. In multi-cage trims the characterization can be further changed by the influence of the attached outer cages. This is due to the series resistance to flow, with the primary cage guide being the only controller or variable restrictor. Therefore as the flow increases the resistance of the outer cages rises, with a direct effect on the flow rate / travel relationship. The flow / lift curve from the multi-hole cage trim is generally characterized by having a number of steps rather than the smooth shape given by the contoured plug.

Figure 3 Profile Contoured Plug

of

Characterised

Modified Equal Percentage or Parabolic Characteristics. The modified equal percentage or parabolic flow characteristic curve falls between the linear and equal percentage characteristics. Application. For economic reasons this flow characteristic is most commonly used on small capacity trims where the physical size can make machining of the full equal percentage characteristic impractical. Therefore the applications are mainly on pressure control, or where highly varying pressure drop conditions can be expected. Design. The exposed flow area of the valve trim parts varies as a parabolic function of the valve travel. Assuming that the flow is proportional to the flow area the flow equation can be expressed as:Q = Kx2 Where:Q = Flow rate. K = Constant depending upon units. x = Valve travel. The slope of this flow curve maintains the same constant proportionality to the valve travel at every flow condition. Flow Characterisation of Cage Guided Valves.

Figure 4 Characterised Cage Trims.

Flow Characterisation of Disc or Plate Stack Trims. This type of trim is normally specified for the higher duty applications, as multi-stage pressure let down can be readily built into the design. The long and thin aspect of the rectangular shaped flow apertures in the discs, together with the large number of plates making up disc stack reduce the problems of characterization highlighted for the multisleeve cage designs which normally use drilled holes to control the flow rates. Inherent and Installed Flow Characterisation. The objective of valve flow characterization is to vary the gain of the valve to compensate for changes in process gain with changing load. The gain or sensitivity of a valve is measured by how its flow output varies in relation to changes in input signal or valve travel. A high gain valve is one in which high changes in flow result from small changes in valve travel. Contouring the valve plug or characterising trim cages will provide a predetermined inherent relationship by changing the exposed flow areas with valve travel. Clearly variations in flow can also result from changes in pressure drop, with no change in valve travel. In practice where the control valve is installed within a process system the pressure drop is seldom constant, due to dynamic pressure losses, and the flow / travel that results is called the installed characteristic. This contrasts with the flow / travel relationship when constant pressure drop is applied which is the inherent characteristic. An assessment of the effects on the valve controllability and control accuracy provided by the installed flow characteristic curve could be made using a valve gain curve. This gain curve for the installed valve describes the changes that take place in relative flow rate (Q) divided by the change in relative travel (x). i.e. Gain = dQ / dx It follows that by taking into account the relative control signal and the relationship between relative inherent flow characteristic and installed valve gain, the optimum flow characteristic for a process can be determined.

Figure 5. Section of Typical Stacked Disc trim.

Severn Glocon Technical Manual Pressure Recovery Factors Contents. Valve Lift v Pressure Recovery Charts. Nomenclature. Pressure Recovery Formulae. Pressure Recovery Tables and Charts. Introduction. As the flow passes from the control valve inlet towards the trim entry, the static pressure reduces due to frictional and turning losses. Fluid approaching the trim has to accelerate in order to pass through the area contraction presented by the trim entry geometry. This acceleration continues until a point just downstream from the trim outlet where the maximum stream velocity is reached, this is recognized as the vena contracta. Down stream of the vena contracta the flow area expands, resulting in a reduction in flow stream velocity and consequent rise in static pressure. The amount of pressure recovery is a function of the control valve and trim design and is quantified as the valve pressure recovery factor FL. This factor is used within the control valve liquid sizing formulae, and the relationship of the actual p to the pvc is an important factor in determining the point at which cavitation of flashing would start. Severn Glocon use a single parameter mr to indicate the operating limit, or cavitation index, of each particular product. This manufacturers recommended single value is applicable at the full open position for sizing purposes, and is a product of the pressure recovery factor FL and a valve / trim modifier ratio Kic which has been determined from test data. In common with FL the pressure recovery, the value of mr changes with the valve opening. In gas sizing the limiting pressure drop plimit for different types of valve and trim combinations, before choked flow is reached, is determined from the pressure drop ratio XT. This ratio is multiplied by the specific heat ratio FK (Air = 1) to account for different flowing gases. The valve and trim pressure recovery factors for the Severn Glocon product range are given in the following tables and charts.

SEVERN GLOCON

Figure 1. Typical Flow Path through a Control Valve.

Figure 2. Pressure Variations within a Control Valve.

Nomenclature used within this publication. Unit Fd FF Fk FL Kie P1 P2 Pv Pc p Pvc X XT Y Z Definition Valve Style Modifier Critical Pressure Ratio Ratio of Specific Heat Factor = K/1.4 Pressure Recovery Factor Incipient Cavitation Coefficient Upstream Pressure Downstream Pressure Vapour Pressure at inlet conditions Thermodynamic Critical Pressure Pressure Drop Across Valve Apparent Pressure at vena contracta Pressure Drop Ratio p / P1 Pressure Drop Ratio Factor Expansion Factor (Gas / Liquid Ratio) Compressibility Factor Cavitation Index Manufacturers Recommended Valve style cavitation index. Imperial -------------------------------------------------------lbf/in2 A lbf/in2 A lbf/in2 A lbf/in2 A lbf/in2 lbf/in2 A ------------------------------------------------------------------Metric ---------------------------------------------bar A bar A bar A bar A bar bar A -------------------------------------------------------

mr

Associated Formulae using Valve Trim Recovery Factors. Liquids. (a) The amount of pressure recovery is a function of the control valve trim design and is quantified as the valve pressure recovery factor FL. Where:- FL2 = P1 P2 / P1 Pvc and Pvc = Pv FF where:- FF = Fluid critical pressure ratio factor which is [0.96 0.28[Pv/Pc]0.5] (b) The Cavitation index values mr , which Severn Glocon recommended and use, are a product of the valve pressure recovery factor FL2 and an incipient cavitation coefficient Kie determined from the testing programmes carried out on the different valve/trim styles.

Gases a) Determination of the Limiting Pressure Drop in a gas valve applications is carried out in the following manner:Calculate the specific heat factor Fk relative to air from the following equation. Fk = k/1.4 where k is gas specific heat ratio. Calculate the ratio of actual pressure drop to absolute inlet pressure X from X = p/P1 Therefore p limit occurs when X = Fk XT Where XT is the pressure drop ratio, for the selected Valve/Trim combination, taken from the appropriate Table shown within this Manual. b) Determination of Valve sizing pressure drop. If the pressure drop across the valve is less than or equal to the limiting pressure drop p limit then the flow is normal and the actual sizing pressure drop p sizing is taken as the actual value given. If the value of p sizing > p limit then p must be taken as the value determine fro p limit. c) The gas expansion factor Y, used in the determination of valve Cv, can be calculated from:Y = 1 X 3Fk XT

mr = (P1 Pv)
(P1 P2)

= FL2

1 Kie

This single index allows the engineer selecting the valve / trim, to quickly assess the suitability of a product. If the value of mr calculated for the application is below that of the product selected then cavitation problems may well occur. (c) Determination of the limiting pressure drop, for a valve trim combination is carried out by calculating the p limit using the following equation. This corresponds to the commencement of critical flow, and is maximum valve used in the calculation of Valve Cv. p limit = FL2 (P1 Pvc) = FL2 (P1-Pv FF)

Pressure Recovery Ratios for Series 2000 Split Body Valves

Valve Series 2410 Globe / Corner

Ratio % FL FL2 Kie

mr
XT

10 0.94 0.88 0.92 1.23 0.88

20 0.94 0.88 0.92 1.23 0.85

% Travel Trickle Flowed - Over 30 40 50 60 70 0.94 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.88 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 1.23 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 0.81 0.79 0.78 0.78 0.78 % Travel Trickle Flowed - Under 30 40 50 60 70 0.94 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.88 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 1.23 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.85 0.85

80 0.93 0.86 0.92 1.26 0.78

90 0.93 0.86 0.92 1.26 0.78

100 0.93 0.86 0.92 1.26 0.78

Valve Series 2410 Globe / Corner

Ratio % FL FL2 Kie

mr
XT

10 0.94 0.88 0.92 1.23 0.89

20 0.94 0.88 0.92 1.23 0.89

80 0.93 0.86 0.92 1.26 0.85

90 0.93 0.86 0.92 1.26 0.85

100 0.93 0.86 0.92 1.26 0.85

Valve Series 2410 Globe / Corner

Ratio % FL FL2 Kie

mr
XT

10 0.68 0.46 0.81 2.67 0.47

20 0.72 0.52 0.81 2.38 0.49

% Travel Contoured Flowed - Over 30 40 50 60 70 80 0.76 0.79 0.79 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.58 0.62 0.62 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 2.14 1.98 1.98 1.93 1.93 1.93 0.53 0.57 0.57 0.66 0.66 0.66 % Travel Contoured Flowed - Under 30 40 50 60 70 80 0.92 0.91 0.89 0.89 0.88 0.86 0.85 0.83 0.79 0.79 0.77 0.76 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 1.48 1.51 1.58 1.59 1.61 1.65 0.78 0.75 0.75 0.73 0.73 0.73

90 0.80 0.64 0.81 1.93 0.66

100 0.80 0.64 0.81 1.93 0.66

Valve Series 2410 Globe / Corner

Ratio % FL FL2 Kie

mr
XT

10 0.95 0.90 0.80 1.39 0.82

20 0.93 0.86 0.80 1.45 0.79

90 0.86 0.74 0.80 1.69 0.73

100 0.85 0.72 0.80 1.73 0.73

Valve Series 2410 Globe / Corner

Ratio % FL FL2 Kie

mr
XT

10 0.97 0.94 0.80 1.33 0.96

20 0.96 0.92 0.80 1.36 0.95

% Travel Seat Cage Flowed Under or Over 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0.95 0.94 0.93 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.88 0.86 0.85 0.83 0.81 0.81 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 1.39 1.41 1.45 1.48 1.54 1.54 1.54 0.94 0.94 0.93 0.93 0.92 0.92 0.92 % Travel Contoured 3 Way 30 40 50 60 70 0.76 0.79 0.79 0.80 0.80 0.58 0.62 0.62 0.64 0.64 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 2.14 1.98 1.98 1.93 1.93 0.53 0.57 0.57 0.66 0.66

100 0.89 0.79 0.80 1.58 0.91

Valve Series 2420 3-way Mixing and Diverting

Ratio % FL FL2 Kie

mr
XT

10 0.68 0.46 0.81 2.67 0.47

20 0.72 0.52 0.81 2.38 0.49

80 0.80 0.64 0.81 1.93 0.66

90 0.80 0.64 0.81 1.93 0.66

100 0.80 0.64 0.81 1.93 0.66

Pressure Recovery Ratios for Series 2000 Split Body Valves Valve Series 2430 Angle Ratio % FL FL2 Kie % Travel Trickle Flowed - Over 30 40 50 60 70 0.94 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.88 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 1.23 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 0.81 0.79 0.78 0.78 0.78 % Travel Trickle Flowed - Under 30 40 50 60 70 0.94 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.88 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 1.23 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.85 0.85

mr
XT

10 0.94 0.88 0.92 1.23 0.88

20 0.94 0.88 0.92 1.23 0.85

80 0.93 0.86 0.92 1.26 0.78

90 0.93 0.86 0.92 1.26 0.78

100 0.93 0.86 0.92 1.26 0.78

Valve Series 2430 Angle

Ratio % FL FL2 Kie

mr
XT

10 0.94 0.88 0.92 1.23 0.89

20 0.94 0.88 0.92 1.23 0.89

80 0.93 0.86 0.92 1.26 0.85

90 0.93 0.86 0.92 1.26 0.85

100 0.93 0.86 0.92 1.26 0.85

Valve Ratio Series 2430 Angle

mr
XT

% FL FL2 Kie

10 0.87 0.76 0.84 1.57 0.78

% Travel Contoured Flowed - Over 20 30 40 50 60 70 0.82 0.79 0.78 0.75 0.72 0.71 0.67 0.62 0.61 0.56 0.52 0.50 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 1.77 1.91 1.96 2.12 2.30 2.36 0.72 0.68 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.66

80 0.71 0.50 0.84 2.36 0.66

90 0.71 0.50 0.84 2.36 0.66

100 0.71 0.50 0.84 2.36 0.66

Valve Ratio Series 2430 Angle

mr
XT Valve Series 2430 Angle Ratio % FL FL2 Kie

% FL FL2 Kie

10 0.96 0.92 0.80 1.36 0.82

20 0.95 0.90 0.80 1.39 0.77

% Travel Contoured Flowed - Under 30 40 50 60 70 80 0.94 0.93 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.89 0.88 0.86 0.85 0.83 0.81 0.79 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 1.41 1.45 1.48 1.51 1.54 1.58 0.75 0.73 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71

90 0.89 0.79 0.80 1.58 0.71

100 0.89 0.79 0.80 1.58 0.71

mr
XT

10 0.97 0.94 0.90 1.18 0.93

20 0.96 0.92 0.90 1.21 0.93

% Travel Seat Cage Flowed Under or Over 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0.95 0.94 0.93 0.92 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.90 0.88 0.86 0.85 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 1.23 1.26 1.28 1.31 1.34 1.34 1.34 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.92 0.91 0.91 0.91

100 0.91 0.83 0.90 1.34 0.91

Pressure Recovery Ratios for Series 3000 & 4000 Cryogenic Valves

Valve Series 3410 Globe

Ratio % FL FL2 Kie

mr
XT

10 0.68 0.46 0.81 2.67 0.47

20 0.72 0.52 0.81 2.38 0.49

% Travel Contoured Flowed - Over 30 40 50 60 70 80 0.76 0.79 0.79 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.58 0.62 0.62 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 2.14 1.98 1.98 1.93 1.93 1.93 0.53 0.57 0.57 0.66 0.66 0.66 % Travel Contoured Flowed - Under 30 40 50 60 70 80 0.92 0.91 0.89 0.89 0.88 0.87 0.85 0.83 0.79 0.79 0.77 0.76 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 1.48 1.51 1.58 1.58 1.61 1.65 0.78 0.75 0.75 0.73 0.73 0.73 % Travel Cage Flowed Under or Over 30 40 50 60 70 80 0.95 0.94 0.93 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.90 0.88 0.86 0.85 0.83 0.81 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 1.39 1.41 1.45 1.48 1.51 1.54 0.94 0.94 0.93 0.93 0.92 0.92

90 0.80 0.64 0.81 1.93 0.66

100 0.80 0.64 0.81 1.93 0.66

Valve Series 3410 Globe

Ratio % FL FL2 Kie

mr
XT

10 0.95 0.90 0.80 1.39 0.82

20 0.93 0.86 0.80 1.45 0.79

90 0.86 0.74 0.80 1.69 0.73

100 0.85 0.72 0.80 1.73 0.73

Valve Series 3410 Globe

Ratio % FL FL2 Kie

mr
XT

10 0.97 0.94 0.80 1.33 0.96

20 0.96 0.92 0.80 1.36 0.95

90 0.90 0.81 0.80 1.54 0.92

100 0.89 0.79 0.80 1.58 0.91

Pressure Recovery Ratios for Series 5000 Multi-Purpose Valves Valve Series 5410 Globe Ratio % FL FL2 Kie 10 0.94 0.88 0.92 1.23 0.85 20 0.94 0.88 0.92 1.23 0.83 % Travel Trickle Flowed - Over 30 40 50 60 70 0.94 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.88 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 1.23 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 0.81 0.79 0.79 0.78 0.78 % Travel Trickle Flowed - Under 30 40 50 60 70 0.94 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.88 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 1.23 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 0.89 0.88 0.88 0.86 0.86 80 0.93 0.86 0.92 1.26 0.78 90 0.93 0.86 0.92 1.26 0.78 100 0.93 0.86 0.92 1.26 0.78

mr
XT

Valve Series 5410 Globe

Ratio % FL FL2 Kie

mr
XT

10 0.94 0.88 0.92 1.23 0.91

20 0.94 0.88 0.92 1.23 0.90

80 0.93 0.86 0.92 1.26 0.85

90 0.93 0.86 0.92 1.26 0.85

100 0.93 0.86 0.92 1.26 0.85

Valve Series 5410 Globe

Ratio % FL FL2 Kie

mr
XT

10 0.53 0.28 0.81 4.40 0.62

20 0.55 0.30 0.81 4.08 0.65

% Travel Contoured Flowed - Over 30 40 50 60 70 80 0.68 0.85 0.87 0.87 0.86 0.85 0.46 0.72 0.76 0.76 0.74 0.72 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 2.67 1.71 1.63 1.63 1.67 1.71 0.65 0.67 0.67 0.70 0.70 0.70 % Travel Contoured Flowed - Under 30 40 50 60 70 80 0.94 0.93 0.92 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.88 0.86 0.85 0.85 0.83 0.81 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 1.41 1.45 1.48 1.48 1.51 1.54 0.83 0.80 0.80 0.78 0.75 0.75 % Travel Ported Cage Flowed - Over 30 40 50 60 70 80 0.82 0.86 0.87 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.67 0.74 0.76 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 1.65 1.50 1.47 1.43 1.43 1.43 0.75 0.77 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.79 % Travel Ported Cage Flowed - Under 30 40 50 60 70 80 0.92 0.90 0.89 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.85 0.81 0.79 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 1.31 1.37 1.40 1.43 1.43 1.43 0.84 0.81 0.81 0.79 0.79 0.79

90 0.85 0.72 0.81 1.71 0.70

100 0.85 0.72 0.81 1.71 0.70

Valve Series 5410 Globe

Ratio % FL FL2 Kie

mr
XT

10 0.96 0.92 0.80 1.36 0.86

20 0.95 0.90 0.80 1.39 0.85

90 0.90 0.81 0.80 1.54 0.75

100 0.90 0.81 0.80 1.54 0.75

Valve Series 5410 Globe

Ratio % FL FL2 Kie

mr
XT

10 0.56 0.31 0.90 3.54 0.47

20 0.72 0.52 0.90 2.14 0.65

90 0.88 0.77 0.90 1.43 0.79

100 0.88 0.77 0.90 1.43 0.79

Valve Series 5410 Globe

Ratio % FL FL2 Kie

mr
XT

10 0.96 0.92 0.90 1.21 0.87

20 0.94 0.88 0.90 1.26 0.84

90 0.88 0.77 0.90 1.43 0.79

100 0.00 0.77 0.90 1.43 0.79

Pressure Recovery Ratios for Series 5000 Multi-Purpose Valves Valve Series 5410 Globe Ratio % FL FL2 Kie 10 0.97 0.94 0.95 1.12 0.88 20 0.97 0.94 0.95 1.12 0.88 % Travel Single Cage Flowed Under or Over 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.95 0.95 0.94 0.94 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.90 0.90 0.88 0.88 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.17 1.17 1.19 1.19 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88 100 0.94 0.88 0.95 1.19 0.88

mr
XT

Valve Series 5410 Globe

Ratio % FL FL2 Kie

mr
XT

10 0.97 0.94 0.95 1.12 0.90

20 0.97 0.94 0.95 1.12 0.90

% Travel Double Cage Flowed Under or Over 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.17 1.17 1.17 1.17 1.17 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 % Travel Triple Cage Flowed Under or Over 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 % Travel Quad - Cage Flowed Under or Over 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0.98 0.98 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.96 0.96 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 1.10 1.10 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.12 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94

Valve Series 5410 Globe

Ratio % FL FL2 Kie

mr
XT

10 0.97 0.94 0.95 1.12 0.92

20 0.97 0.94 0.95 1.12 0.92

100 0.96 0.92 0.95 1.14 0.92

Valve Series 5410 Globe

Ratio % FL FL2 Kie

mr
XT

10 0.98 0.96 0.95 1.10 0.96

20 0.98 0.96 0.95 1.10 0.95

100 0.97 0.94 0.95 1.12 0.94

Valve Series 5410 Globe

Ratio % FL FL2 Kie XT MLT Trim Ratio % FL FL2 Kie

mr

% Travel Multi-Labyrinth Trim *(MLT) Flowed Under or Over 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98

* 2 stages of Valve Series 5410 Globe

mr
XT

% Travel Contoured 3 Way 10 20 30 40 50 0.53 0.55 0.68 0.85 0.87 0.28 0.30 0.46 0.72 0.76 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 4.40 4.08 2.67 1.71 1.63 0.62 0.65 0.65 0.67 0.67

60 0.87 0.76 0.81 1.63 0.70

70 0.86 0.74 0.81 1.67 0.70

80 0.85 0.72 0.81 1.71 0.70

90 0.85 0.72 0.81 1.71 0.70

100 0.85 0.72 0.81 1.71 0.70

Pressure Recovery Ratios for Series 5000 Multi-Purpose Valves Valve Series 5430 Angle Ratio % FL FL2 Kie % Travel Trickle Flowed - Over 10 20 30 40 50 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.93 0.93 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.86 0.86 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 1.23 1.23 1.23 1.26 1.26 0.85 0.83 0.81 0.79 0.79 60 0.93 0.86 0.92 1.26 0.78 70 0.93 0.86 0.92 1.26 0.78 80 0.93 0.86 0.92 1.26 0.78 90 0.93 0.86 0.92 1.26 0.78 100 0.93 0.86 0.92 1.26 0.78

mr
XT

Valve Series 5430 Angle

Ratio % FL FL2 Kie

mr
XT

% Travel Trickle Flowed - Under 10 20 30 40 50 60 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 1.23 1.23 1.23 1.26 1.26 1.26 0.91 0.90 0.89 0.88 0.88 0.86 % Travel Contoured Flowed - Over 10 20 30 40 50 60 0.89 0.83 0.79 0.78 0.75 0.73 0.79 0.69 0.62 0.61 0.56 0.53 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 1.50 1.73 1.91 1.96 2.12 2.23 0.47 0.53 0.57 0.63 0.63 0.67 % Travel Contoured Flowed - Under 10 20 30 40 50 60 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.93 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.90 0.88 0.86 0.85 0.85 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 1.36 1.39 1.41 1.45 1.48 1.48 0.85 0.85 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.78 % Travel Ported Cage Flowed - Over 10 20 30 40 50 60 0.90 0.90 0.89 0.89 0.88 0.88 0.81 0.81 0.79 0.79 0.77 0.77 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 1.37 1.37 1.40 1.40 1.43 1.43 0.84 0.83 0.81 0.80 0.79 0.79 % Travel Ported Cage Flowed - Under 10 20 30 40 50 60 0.94 0.94 0.93 0.93 0.92 0.92 0.88 0.88 0.86 0.86 0.85 0.85 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 1.26 1.26 1.28 1.28 1.31 1.31 0.85 0.83 0.83 0.82 0.81 0.79

70 0.93 0.86 0.92 1.26 0.86

80 0.93 0.86 0.92 1.26 0.85

90 0.93 0.86 0.92 1.26 0.85

100 0.93 0.86 0.92 1.26 0.85

Valve Series 5430 Angle

Ratio % FL FL2 Kie

mr
XT

70 0.72 0.52 0.84 2.30 0.67

80 0.72 0.52 0.84 2.30 0.67

90 0.72 0.52 0.84 2.30 0.67

100 0.72 0.52 0.84 2.30 0.67

Valve Series 5430 Angle

Ratio % FL FL2 Kie

mr
XT

70 0.91 0.83 0.80 1.51 0.78

80 0.90 0.81 0.80 1.54 0.75

90 0.90 0.81 0.80 1.54 0.75

100 0.90 0.81 0.80 1.54 0.75

Valve Series 5430 Angle

Ratio % FL FL2 Kie

mr
XT

70 0.87 0.76 0.90 1.47 0.79

80 0.87 0.76 0.90 1.47 0.79

90 0.87 0.76 0.90 1.47 0.79

100 0.87 0.76 0.90 1.47 0.79

Valve Series 5430 Angle

Ratio % FL FL2 Kie

mr
XT

70 0.91 0.83 0.90 1.34 0.79

80 0.91 0.83 0.90 1.34 0.79

90 0.91 0.83 0.90 1.34 0.79

100 0.91 0.83 0.90 1.34 0.79

Pressure Recovery Ratios for Series 5000 Multi Purpose Valves Valve Series 5430 Angle Ratio % FL FL2 Kie % Travel Single Cage Flowed Under or Over 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0.97 0.97 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.95 0.95 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.90 0.90 0.88 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 1.12 1.12 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.17 1.17 1.19 0.89 0.89 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.86 0.86 0.86 % Travel Double Cage Flowed Under or Over 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0.97 0.97 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.94 0.94 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 1.12 1.12 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.17 1.17 1.17 0.91 0.91 0.90 0.90 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89

mr
XT

90 0.94 0.88 0.95 1.19 0.86

100 0.94 0.88 0.95 1.19 0.86

Valve Series 5430 Angle

Ratio % FL FL2 Kie

mr
XT

90 0.95 0.90 0.95 1.17 0.89

100 0.95 0.90 0.95 1.17 0.89

Valve Ratio Series 5430 Angle

% Travel Triple Cage Flowed Under or Over % 10 20 30 40 50 60 FL 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.96 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.92 FL2 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 Kie 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.14 mr 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.91 0.91 0.91 XT Ratio % FL FL2 Kie

70 0.96 0.92 0.95 1.14 0.91

80 0.96 0.92 0.95 1.14 0.91

90 0.96 0.92 0.95 1.14 0.91

100 0.96 0.92 0.95 1.14 0.91

Valve Series 5430 Angle

mr
XT

% Travel Quad - Cage Flowed Under or Over 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.12 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93

90 0.97 0.94 0.95 1.12 0.93

100 0.97 0.94 0.95 1.12 0.93

Valve Series 5430 Angle

Ratio % FL FL2 Kie

mr
XT

% Travel Multi-Labyrinth Trim *(MLT) Flowed Under or Over 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98

Pressure Recovery Ratios for Series 6000 Corrosive Service Valves Valve Series 6000 Globe PTFE Lined Ratio % FL FL2 Kie % Travel Contoured Flowed Over 10 20 30 40 50 60 0.63 0.65 0.75 0.78 0.85 0.85 0.40 0.42 0.56 0.61 0.72 0.72 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 3.36 3.16 2.37 2.19 1.85 1.85 0.63 0.65 0.68 0.68 0.68 0.70 % Travel Contoured Flowed Under 10 20 30 40 50 60 0.75 0.78 0.78 0.80 0.81 0.90 0.56 0.61 0.61 0.64 0.66 0.81 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 2.37 2.19 2.19 2.08 2.03 1.65 0.69 0.69 0.67 0.67 0.65 0.65 % Travel Contoured Flowed Over 10 20 30 40 50 60 0.71 0.75 0.79 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.50 0.56 0.62 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 2.48 2.22 2.00 1.81 1.81 1.81 0.55 0.57 0.60 0.63 0.66 0.66 % Travel Contoured Flowed Under 10 20 30 40 50 60 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.91 0.91 0.90 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 1.48 1.48 1.48 1.51 1.51 1.51 0.75 0.72 0.72 0.70 0.68 0.68 70 0.85 0.72 0.75 1.85 0.70 80 0.85 0.72 0.75 1.85 0.70 90 0.85 0.72 0.75 1.85 0.70 100 0.85 0.72 0.75 1.85 0.70

mr
XT

Valve Series 6000 Globe PTFE Lined

Ratio % FL FL2 Kie

mr
XT

70 0.90 0.81 0.75 1.65 0.65

80 0.90 0.81 0.75 1.65 0.65

90 0.90 0.81 0.75 1.65 0.65

100 0.90 0.81 0.75 1.65 0.65

Valve Series 6000 Y Pattern Valve

Ratio % FL FL2 Kie

mr
XT

70 0.83 0.69 0.80 1.81 0.66

80 0.83 0.69 0.80 1.81 0.66

90 0.83 0.69 0.80 1.81 0.66

100 0.83 0.69 0.80 1.81 0.66

Valve Series 6000 Y Pattern Valve

Ratio % FL FL2 Kie

mr
XT

70 0.90 0.83 0.80 1.51 0.68

80 0.90 0.83 0.80 1.51 0.68

90 0.90 0.83 0.80 1.51 0.68

100 0.90 0.83 0.80 1.51 0.68

Pressure Recovery Ratios for Series 7000 Ultra High Purity Valves Valve Series 7000 U.H.P. Globe Ratio % FL FL2 Kie % Travel Contoured Flowed Over 10 20 30 40 50 60 0.53 0.55 0.68 0.78 0.81 0.83 0.28 0.30 0.46 0.61 0.66 0.69 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 4.40 4.08 2.67 2.03 1.88 1.79 0.62 0.65 0.65 0.67 0.67 0.70 % Travel Contoured Flowed Under 10 20 30 40 50 60 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.93 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.90 0.88 0.86 0.85 0.85 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 1.36 1.39 1.41 1.45 1.48 1.48 0.86 0.85 0.83 0.80 0.80 0.78 70 0.83 0.69 0.81 1.79 0.70 80 0.83 0.69 0.81 1.79 0.70 90 0.83 0.69 0.81 1.79 0.70 100 0.83 0.69 0.81 1.79 0.70

mr
XT

Valve Series 7000 U.H.P. Globe

Ratio % FL FL2 Kie

mr
XT

70 0.91 0.83 0.80 1.51 0.75

80 0.90 0.81 0.80 1.54 0.75

90 0.90 0.81 0.80 1.54 0.75

100 0.90 0.81 0.80 1.54 0.75

Pressure Recovery Ratios for Series 8000 Turn Rotary Valves Valve Series 8000 Through Vane Butterfly Upstream Seating Valve Series 8000 Through Vane Butterfly Downstream Seating Ratio % FL FL2 Kie Degrees of Opening Butterfly Valve Upstream Seating 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0.95 0.91 0.81 0.80 0.74 0.73 0.66 0.60 0.53 0.90 0.83 0.66 0.64 0.55 0.53 0.44 0.36 0.28 0.75 0.72 0.70 0.68 0.66 0.65 0.55 0.49 0.49 1.48 1.68 2.18 2.30 2.77 2.89 4.17 5.67 7.27 0.55 0.47 0.45 0.40 0.38 0.36 0.30 0.26 0.26

mr
XT

Ratio Degrees of Opening Butterfly Valve Downstream Seating % 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 FL 0.94 0.89 0.82 0.77 0.72 0.66 0.60 0.55 0.53 0.88 0.79 0.67 0.59 0.52 0.44 0.36 0.30 0.28 FL2 0.75 0.72 0.70 0.68 0.66 0.65 0.55 0.49 0.49 Kie 1.51 1.75 2.12 2.48 2.92 3.53 5.05 6.75 7.27 mr 0.55 0.47 0.45 0.40 0.38 0.36 0.30 0.26 0.26 XT

Pressure Recovery Ratios for Series 9000 Turn Rotary Valves Valve Series 9000 Reduced Bore Ball Valve Ratio % FL FL2 Kie % Travel Ball Valve Reduced Bore 10 20 30 40 50 60 0.92 0.91 0.91 0.90 0.86 0.80 0.85 0.83 0.83 0.81 0.74 0.64 0.75 0.72 0.70 0.68 0.66 0.65 1.58 1.68 1.73 1.82 2.05 2.40 0.78 0.74 0.71 0.67 0.62 0.56 % Travel Ball Valve V - Flow 10 20 30 40 50 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.93 0.92 0.92 0.90 0.88 0.86 0.85 0.75 0.72 0.71 0.71 0.71 1.45 1.54 1.59 1.63 1.66 0.72 0.65 0.60 0.54 0.48 70 0.72 0.52 0.58 3.33 0.49 80 0.61 0.37 0.53 5.07 0.38 90 0.61 0.37 0.49 5.48 0.26 100 0.50 0.25 0.44 9.09 0.15

mr
XT

Valve Series 9000 V Flow Ball Valve

Ratio % FL FL2 Kie

mr
XT

60 0.90 0.81 0.71 1.74 0.42

70 0.88 0.77 0.71 1.82 0.36

80 0.86 0.74 0.71 1.90 0.28

90 0.82 0.67 0.71 2.09 0.16

100 0.75 0.56 0.71 2.50 0.12

Severn Glocon Technical Manual Pipework Connected To Valve Contents.

Reducers and Expanders. Determination of Coefficient Fp. Calcualtion of Coefficient Ki. Calculation of Combined Recovery Coefficient FLP. Modified Cavitation Index p. Charts of Cv/d^2 versus Fp. Charts of Cv/d^ versus FLP. Charts of Cv/d^2 versus p.

Introduction. The capacity and performance of a control valve is influenced by the overall piping arrangement into which it is connected. Valve sizing coefficients are determined from tests run with the valve mounted in a straight run of pipe which is the same diameter as the valve body. Pressure tappings are situated at specified distances from the valve and the whole system configuration is usually covered within an appropriate testing standard such as ANSI/ISA 75.02. Control Valve Capacity Test Procedure. When valves are mounted between pipe reducers there is a decrease in the inherent valve flow capacity. This reduction is attributable to the pressure losses, arising from the reducers which act ac contractions or enlargements in series with the valve. Additional pressure losses can also be attributable to adjacent isolating valves, pipe fittings etc. The magnitude of these losses can be determined from flow testing, but as it would prove impractical to test all piping combinations, estimates are normally made of any necessary increase to the valve capacity. If the process piping conditions are different from the standard test arrangement, the apparent valve capacity is changed. The effect of pipe reducers and expanders, on the inherent valve capacity, can be approximated by the use of the piping geometry correction factor Fp. This factor Fp can be determined using the formulae detailed within SGT 10/5 together with the installed pressure recovery FLP for the valve reducer combination and the modifies cavitation index p. Reference Standards ANSI/ISA S75.01 ANSI/ISA S75.02

SEVERN GLOCON
Technical Manual Section SGT 10/5

Figure 1. Reducers

Valve fitted with Pipeline

Nomenclature used within this publication. Unit Cv Cvr d D FF FL FLP Fp Kic Ki K1 K2 Kt N2 P1 P2 Pv Pc p plimit pi Pvc Definition Valve Flow Coefficient Combined Valve Reducer Flow Coefficient Valve Nominal Diameter Internal Diameter of Pipe Critical Pressure Ratio Pressure Recovery Factor Valve reducer Combined Pressure Recovery Coefficient Piping Geometry Correction Factor Incipient Cavitation Coefficient Head Loss Coefficient Head Loss Coefficient for upstream reducer Head Loss Coefficient for downstream reducer Head Loss Coefficient used in FLP calculation Constants used in Fp and FLP calculations Upstream Pressure Downstream Pressure Vapour Pressure at inlet conditions Thermodynamic Critical Pressure Pressure Drop Across Valve Installed Critical Pressure Drop Pressure Drop Across Valve Reducer combination Apparent Static Pressure at vena contracta Cavitation Index for Valve Reducer combination Manufacturers Recommended Valve style cavitation index Imperial Metric US Units -------------------- Metric Units inches mm inches mm ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------890 0.00214 lbf/in2 A bar A lbf/in2 A bar A lbf/in2 A bar A lbf/in2 A bar A lbf/in2 bar lbf/in2 bar bar lbf/in2 lbf/in2 A bar A -------------------------------------------

p mr

Flow Coefficient Cv Each valve which is supplied by Severn Glocon has a specified design Cv which has been determined in flow tests carried out in accordance with ISA Standard S75. 02. and can be calculated using the formulae given in SGT 10/2 Control Valve Sizing which is based upon ISA Standard S75. 01. The definition of Cv is the flow of water at 60o F in US gallons per minute, that produces a pressure drop of 1 lbf/in2 across the fully open valve. Pipework Expanders and Reducers The pipework expanders and reducers directly connected to the valve act as contractions and enlargements in series (see figure 1) which introduce additional pressure losses. This may lead to larger valve design Cv. As these fittings can also affect the valve pressure recovery factor, a modified value designated FLP is used to account for the combined effect of the valve and pipepwork reducers. This modified pressure recovery value FLP is used in calculating the limiting pressure drop to determine if the fluid is vapourising ie choked flow, which then leads to flashing or cavitation. The pressure drop attributable to the pipework fittings can be obtained from the velocity head multiplied by a head loss coefficient Ki which depends upon the pipework geometry. See equation (1). P1 P2 = Ki v2 ---------------------------(1) Generally if the ratio of the valve to pipework diameter is greater than 0.75 the losses will have negligible affect upon the valve flow coefficient. Determination of Piping Geometry Factor Fp The piping geometry factor Fp accounts for fittings attached to either the valve inlet or outlet that change the flow such that the valve capacity is affected. By definition, the pipework correction factor Fp is given by:Fp = Cvr / Cv ------------------------------(2)

Where:Cvr is the combined valve reducer flow coefficient. Cv is the flow coefficient of the same valve installed in a straight pipe of the similar diameter calculated using formula given in Section SGT 10/2.

The piping geometry factor Fp can be calculated from the following equation (3) Fp = { Ki Cv2 + 1 } 0.5 { N 2 d4 } ------------------(3)

For pipe reducers with an included angle>40o the value of Kt is determined by equation (9). Kt = 1.5 (d/D)2 0.5 (d/D)4 --------------(9) Modified Cavitation Index p The change of recovery factor from FL to FLP for the combination of valve with reducers directly changes the valve cavitation index mr to the higher designated value of p. Where:-

Where the value for N2 in Metric and Imperial units is 0.00214 & 890 respectively. For pipe reducers with an included angle<40o the value for Ki can be determined from equation (4) as only a single reducer (outlet) is effective. Ki = K2 = { 1 (d/D)2 }2 --------------------(4)

For pipe reducers with an included angle>40o the value of Ki can be determined from equation (5) as both inlet and outlet reducers are effective. Ki = K1 + K2 = 1.5 {1 (d/D)2 }2 ----------(5)

p = (P1 Pv) =
(P1 P2)

1 FLP2 Kie

------------------(10)

Combined Liquid Pressure Recovery Factor FLP. When a valve is installed with reducers or other attached fittings the liquid pressure recovery changes from that of the valve alone. For calculations involving choked flow, it is convenient to treat the piping geometry factor (Fp) and the FL factor for the valve-fitting combination as the single factor FLP. The value of FL for the combination is then FLP / Fp see equation (6). Where:FLP = ( P1 P2 ) Fp
0.5

The value determined for p should replace that of mr (for a valve only) when assessing the ability of a valve reducer / pipework combination not to cavitate. Calculation of Flow Coefficient corrected for pipework losses Using the value determined for FLP a reassessment of the limiting pressure drop, plimit under the installed conditions is carried out corresponding to commencement of critical flow. plimit = FLP2(P1-Pvc)=FLP2(P1-Pv FF)-------------(11) Using the formulae detailed in SGT 10/2 recalculate the required Cv for the valve to compensate for the added resistance of the pipework fittings. Valve Reducer Correction Charts. The computed values of both the pipework correction factor FP and the valve/reducer recovery factor FLP, and hence p cavitation index, clearly change with different valve / pipework diameter ratios. As it is possible to relate these to the produced valve Cv / unit area, i.e. Cv/d2 a series of reference curves have been compiled from which values of FP and FLP together with p can be determined for different pipework valve / reducer diameter ratios. See Figures 2 to 8 inclusive. The formulae given can be used to determine values outside those available from within the curves.

--------------------------(6)

( P1 Pvc)

For maximum accuracy FLP is determined by flow test. The valve / pipe reducer combined pressure recovery coefficient FLP can be calculated with reasonable accuracy using equation (7). FLP = ( Kt FL 2Cv2 + 1 ) 0.5 ------------(7) ( N 2 d4 ) Where the values for S in Metric and Imperial units is 0.00214 & 890 respectively and for pipe reducers with an included angle<40o the value of Kt is determined by equation (8). Kt = 1 (d/D)4 ------------------------------(8)

d/D RATIO=0.8

Severn Glocon Technical Manual Viscous Flow Characteristics Viscous Flow Regimes. Valve Style Modifier Fd Values. Valve Reynolds Number Factor FR Calculation of Viscous Flow Effect on Valve Cv. Introduction. One of the factors which influences the turbulence levels within a fluid is the viscosity. In the sizing of valves for liquid service, using the equations given in Section SGT 10/2 of this Manual, it is assumed that during normal conditions the flow is turbulent. However, if the flow is highly viscous or has low fluid velocities, then turbulent flow conditions may not be reached and this can have a significant effect on the required Cv and must therefore be taken into account. When the viscous forces dominate the flow through a control valve the flow is considered laminar, however, when inertial forces dominate i.e. high velocities due to increasing pressure energy conversion, the flow is turbulent. Clearly there is a transitional range between these two developed flow regimes. These three states of flow are diagrammatically reproduced in Figure 1. where a highly viscous fluid will produce laminar or streamline flow giving no intermixing of layers, moving through the transitional and into turbulent flow which is characterized by inter-layer mixing and pipewall friction. The occurrence of laminar or turbulent flow is indicated by the value determined for the ratio of inertia to viscous forces. This dimensionless value is quantified by the Reynolds Number (Rev). This ratio is applied in control valve sizing to determine a viscosity correction factor FR which is used to modify the Cv calculated using the basic equations for turbulent flow, as given in Section SGT 10/2 of this Manual.

SEVERN GLOCON
Technical Manual Section SGT 10/6

Figure 1 Diagrammatic Representation of Three Flow Regimes.

Viscous Flow. In the normal flow regime, flowrate of a fluid through a valve is proportional to the square root of the pressure drop. This simple relationship assumes that the flow is in the turbulent region for the fluid passing. See Figure 1. This can be confirmed by the value of the Reynolds Number (Rev) see Figure 2, which relates the fluid inertia to the viscous forces. The resistance to flow is due to viscous shear forces between adjacent fluid layers. With turbulent flow, velocities are generally high while the fluid has a low viscosity. Vigorous intermixing of the various fluid layers within a control valve usually characterizes a turbulent flow regime. Clearly, viscous effects need to be taken into account when selecting a control valve, otherwise undersizing can occur. To account for the viscous effects of different flow paths within valves, a sizing modifier Fd applicable to various trim styles is used. See Table 1. It is normal to recommend large single flow area trims for viscous fluid application i.e. contoured, ported, butterfly or ball. Where the flow is split into smaller multi-streams the viscosity effects are more pronounced and are still evident at higher flowrates. Sample Calculation of Viscosity Effect on Valve Cv. 1] Calculate the valve Cv in normal manner, assuming turbulent flow. 2] Select the appropriate value of Fd from Table 1. 3] Calculate the Reynolds Number Rev from one of the following equations. Imperial Rev = 17,300 Q x Fd/v[Cv]0.5 {by volume} Rev = 34.6 W x Fd/Gv[Cv]0.5 {by weight}

5] The viscous corrected flow coefficient Cvc can now be calculated from :Cvc = Cv / FR 6] An appropriate valve design Cv is then selected, from the Severn Glocon Product Brochures. Table 2. Valve Style Modifier Fd. Valve Series Trim Sty Valve Style Modifier Fd Series 2000 Trickle 0.25 Split Body Contoured 1 Cage Plug 0.5 Series 5000 Trickle 0.25 Multi-Purpose Contoured 1 Ported 0.75 Cage 0.5 Multi-Cage 0.45 M.L.T 0.35 Series 8000 Butterfly 0.7 Series 9000 Ball 1 Note: For valve series not covered use appropriate trim style and modifier Fd from above table.

Metric Rev = 76.120 Q x Fd/v[Cv]0.5 {by Volume} Rev = 76.1 W x Fd/Gv[Cv]0.5 {by weight}

Figure 2. Reynolds No Factor FR (Liquids)

4] Taking the calculated value of Rev read the viscous flow correction value FR from Figure 2.

Severn Glocon Technical Manual Recommended Pressure Drops Contents Limiting Pressure Drops and Trim Materials. Temperature Considerations. Produced Noise and Power Conversion. Calculation of Liquid and Gas Energy Levels. Introduction For low pressure drop or on/off applications a high recovery type valve constructed from basic materials to suit the corrosion aspects of the fluid being controlled will probably work reliably for long periods. This contrasts with a valve on high pressure drops where the selection of the trim style and trim material is crucial. If we assume the aspects of cavitation and flashing have been successfully dealt with by following the selection details given earlier in this manual, and the trim material is specified to suit the line conditions, then we are starting to reduce the possibilities of excessive wear rates. However, erosion wear damage can also be attributed to high pressure drops as when throttled these lead to very high flow stream velocities. This is of particular concern when contaminants or solid inclusions exist within the flow as typically impingement erosion is related to velocity3. To reduce these effects multi-stage trims with good velocity control can be selected. These trims can be manufactured using hardened materials throughout their construction; or hard facings, from weld deposited metals such as stellite, can be specified on the surfaces prone to wear for example the seat faces or guide posts. Selection of the appropriate material for the application is of extreme importance as the resistance of trim materials to erosion is directly related to their hardness.

SEVERN GLOCON

Figure 1 Valve fitted with MLT Trim capable of High Energy Conversion

Limiting Pressure Drops and the wear effects on Trim Materials. Many factors influence the wear aspects within a Control Valve and selection of suitable materials must take account of: Pressure Differentials. Fluid Medium i.e. Gas or Liquid. Fluid Temperature. Fluid Corrosion. Fluid State Flashing or MultiPhase. Fluid Contaminants and Solids.

Table 1. Valve Trim Materials Recommended Upper and Lower Temperature Limits oC
Trim Material 300 Series Stainless Steel 316 Stainless Steel/Stellite 420 Stainless Steel 410/440C Stainless Steel 431 Stainless Steel Rc 45 Duplex/Super Duplex St. St. Bronze Aluminium Bronze Inconel 718/750/625 Hastelloy B Hastelloy C Monel 400/K-500 Titanium Nickel Alloy 20 Alloy 25 17-4 PH Stellite / Alloy 6 Electroless Nickel Plate Chrome Plating Nitrile Viton Neoprene TFE Nylon PCTF / KEL F Polyethylene Lower -250 -250 -29 -30 -30 -100 -198 -198 -240 -198 -198 -198 -185 -240 -45 -250 -40 -250 -250 -250 -40 -25 -40 -250 -70 -250 -70 Upper 300 800 750 425 550 300 285 285 650 375 538 485 345 454 315 800 425 800 425 590 95 200 85 230 95 230 95

Temperature Considerations As the working temperatures increase, many trim materials become more susceptible to wear erosion as there is a falloff in their mechanical properties. Therefore compatibility with temperature must be considered during material selection. Table 1 shows recommended upper and lower temperature limits for common materials used in valve trims. In cryogenic service valves 316 stainless steel is used extensively by Severn Glocon, as its wear properties improve significantly with reducing temperatures. Conversely with temperatures greater than 300o hardened seating should be used throughout. Cavitation Index. The Cavitation Index values mr, which Severn Glocon recommend and use, are a product of the valve pressure recovery factor FL2 and an incipient cavitation coefficient Kie determined from the testing programmes carried out on the different valve/trim styles.

mr = (P1 P2) =
(P1 P2)

1 FL2 Kie

This single index allows the engineer selecting the valve/trim, to quickly assess the suitability of a product. If the value of mr calculated for the application is below that of the product selected then cavitation problems may well occur. Values of Cavitation Index mr for different valve trims are given in SGT 10/2. However some trim materials have higher resistance to cavitation damage than others, therefore it is possible to adjust the allowable level of the cavitation index to take this into account when these materials are used. The mr multiplier values, based upon a maximum p per stage of 750 lb/in2 (50 Bar), for various trim materials are given in Table 2.

Table 2. Cavitation Index mr Multiplier Values for different Trim Materials

Trim Material 300 Series Stainless Steel 316 Stainless Steel/Stellite 410 Stainless Steel 440 \C Stainless Steel Rc 55 Monel 400/K-500 17/4 PH Steel Multiplier Values 0.993 0.975 0.972 0.965 0.989 0.988

Recommended Pressure Drops The amount of pressure which may be throttled across a trim, depends not only on the type of trim specified in order to resist noise, cavitation and vibration, but also on the material selected for its construction in order to resist erosion. As erosion is related to the hardness of the trim material, the flow velocity due to throttling may need to be limited. Table 3 shows the maximum pressure drop recommended for some trim materials working with clean fluids. For contaminated fluids the materials of construction are highly dependent upon the type of contamination and also its concentration within the line fluid. Typically for concentrations above 0.1% of sand by weight and with pressure drops in excess of 4 bar (60 psi) a fully stellited trim would be replaced by a cermet or ceramic trim. Figure 2 shows the recommended maximum operating enveloped for valves flowing various fluids, where hard facings or hardened materials are not generally required when following the guidelines in Table 3. It should be noted that valves working on liquids require the use of hardened trims more often than gas application valves. Table 3. Maximum Pressure Differentials per Stage for various Trim Materials.
Trim Material 316 St St Duples St St Bronze K Monel 17/4 Ph Inconel 718 410/416 St St Stellite 6 Colmonoy 5 Stellite 12 Hychrome 20 440C St St Tungsten Carbide Ceramic Hardness Rockwell C 15-22 18-25 15-20 26-32 28-38 32-36 35-40 39-45 45-50 47-51 51-58 55-60 72-80 o/a Impact Strength Excellent Excellent Good Good Good Good Good Excellent Good Good Good Fair Fair Poor Erosion Resistance Fair Fair Poor Good Good Good Good Good Good Very Good Very Good Excellent Excellent Excellent Maximum p per Trim Sage Bar 20 25 <20 30 35 35 38 50 50 60 60 55 >60 >60

Figure 2 Maximum Operating Envelope for Valve Trim Materials <25Rc

Valves for Oxygen Service. Severn Glocon have a long experience of providing valves for warm gaseous oxygen systems. Design requirements for these applications result in specific material selections compatible with oxygen purities greater than 25%. Considerations include areas within the valve of potentially high velocity and impingement, together with the maintenance of high levels of cleanliness and machining accuracy to avoid discontinuities within the flow path. The following benchmarks are used to evaluate the design of valves for this type of service:a) Maximum working pressure and temperature. b) Materials of construction. c) Optimum wall sections for heat flux management. d) Produced velocity and flow impingement. Clearly the efflux from a control valve can generate an area of turbulence with the risk of high velocity impingement. It is therefore recommended that for 10 diameters downstream of the valve, the pipe should be straight, and constructed of similar material to the valve body. Pipe bends, tee pieces, thermo wells should be avoided as these are places where the flow stream changes direction leading to impact with the pipewall. Most control valves are considered to have such a tortuous flow path through the body that velocity impingement is inevitable. Therefore carbon steel construction is excluded and thin wall sectioned stainless steel below some 0.25 ins is to be avoided. The problems arise within the valve and trim due to pressure losses resulting in localized high velocities. The maximum possible velocity in a valve is the local speed of sound, irrespective of the pressure ratio across the valve. Therefore the material selection for the valve should be the same for all pressure ratios in excess of 2. Table 4 below gives the recommended maximum valve body velocities for the different materials used for gaseous oxygen service, these take account of different internal working pressures and temperatures. Table 5 gives maximum recommended valve body and trim velocities for liquid oxygen service. For convenience the body velocities listed are the average calculated values based upon the valve flange dimensions. Table 4.Recommended Material and Maximum Velocities for Globe Valves on Gaseous O2 Service.
Internal Gas Pressure psig. Material Working Temp Series C max F max 300 StSt. 93 200 400 StSt. 93 200 300 StSt. 149 300 400 StSt. 149 300 Tin Bronze 205 400 Cu. Alloys 205 400 Monel 205 400 Inconel 205 400 100 830 830 110 100 830 830 830 830 200 800 800 110 100 830 830 830 830 250 500 450 80 75 830 830 830 830 300 400 500 600 700 800 Maximum Valve Body Velocities Ft/sec 70 60 65 60 830 830 830 830 45 40 45 40 830 830 830 830 30 30 30 30 830 830 830 830 25 25 25 25 830 830 830 830 20 20 20 20 650 650 830 830 15 15 15 15 650 650 830 830 1000 10 10 10 10 650 650 830 830 >1000 5 5 5 5 470 470 650 650

Note:

The values given are the average calculated velocities based upon the valve flange dimensions. The maximum Aluminium content for the Cu. Alloys is 2.5%. The velocity values given are based upon a minimum wall thickness of 0.25 ins.

Table 5. Recommended Materials and Maximum Velocities for Liquid O2 Service. Material Series Stainless Steel 316 Stellite 6 Hard Facings Copper Alloys & H.T. Brass Monel Inconel Body Velocity ft/s 25 for Valve Body sizes up to 6 ins. N.B. 21 for Valve Body sizes 8 ins to 16 ins Trim Velocity ft/s 105 180 110 145 160

Note: Trim Velocity equates to pressure drop in psi/trim stage whose value is calculated using equation (1) Pressure Drop (psi) = 0.0214 (Max. Trim Velocity)2 ----------------------------------------- (1)

Produced Noise and Power Conversion Level High noise levels emitting from a control valve are a good indicator towards possible future problems with fatigue arising within the valve trim or possibly within the downstream pipework. Since all noise is generated by vibration, this audible warning cannot be ignored. In addition to the environmental concerns the valve, with its internals, could be vibrating beyond acceptable limits. When these fluid pressure pulsations induce mechanical vibration of the valve stem and plug, high noise levels and failure of components due to resonance can result. Improving the stiffness of the trim, by guiding at the point of pressure reduction, together with dissipating the pressure energy gradually through the valve by increasing the number of throttling stages can provide a solution. In addition attention to downstream pipework, particularly adjacent bends, abrupt expanders and supports will often benefit the reduction in associated valve vibration. The noise levels produced by mechanical vibration tend to center around a discrete frequency whose value depends upon valve and pipework design. As conversion of pressure energy into velocity results in the generation of the main noise producing elements within the valve, particularly when the wrong type of trim is selected, it is not totally acceptable to rely on noise as the factor for determining a valves suitability. Therefore in addition to the produced noise plus the usual items such as capacity, pressure and temperature ratings and materials of construction, etc., consideration must also be given to the energy conversion that is being carried out within the valve. Experience has shown that the different trim types have energy conversion capabilities which can limit their application, in addition to the valves as a whole. Recommended maximum permissible guideline levels of energy conversion, for the different trim styles and sizes, together with those for the valves are given in Tables 5 & 6. It will be noted that the permissible levels of energy conversion are much greater for compressible flows than those for liquids. This difference is to account for the shock loading which can be delivered on to the valve and trim, in liquid flow regimes, due to the medium being virtually incompressible.

Calculation of Liquid and Gas Power Levels. The requirements of the power limits are usually satisfied if those of noise limitations are met. However, this is not always the case. The following formulae may be used to determine the levels of power being converted, and compared against the recommended levels given in the Tables 4 to 6. Liquid Flow Imperial Units. Power Converted Kw = ( p3 )0.5 Cv ( SG ) 2300 where:- p = Pressure Drop lb/in2 Cv = Operating Cv in US Units SG = Specific Gravity Kw = Kilowatts Power Conversion Metric Units Power Converted Kw = (3050(p3))0.5 ( SG ) Kv 1972

where:- p =Pressure Drop. Bars Kv =Operating Flow Coefficient SI Units SG =Specific Gravity Kw =Kilowatts Power Conversion Gas Flow Imperial Units Power Converted Kw Kw = (-1) P1 V1 (1-r-1/) W 5.12

where:- W =Flow Rate lb/se P1 =Inlet Pressure lb/in2 abs r =Pressure Ratio = P2/P1 V1 =Specific Volume at inlet = ft3/lb =Specific Heat Ratio Metric Units Power Converted Kw Kw = (-1) P1 V1 (1-r-1/) W 36 x 106

where:- W =Flow Rate Kg/Hr P1 =Inlet Pressure = Bar A x 105 (Pa) r =Pressure Ratio = P2 / P1 V1 =Specific Volume at inlet = M3 / Kg =Specific Heat Ratio

Permissible Power Conversion Levels The following maximum recommended power conversion levels for the different trim styles can be applied to control valves of all pressure temperature ratings. Table 6. Power Limts Liquid Flows Kw / Full Size Trim Stage
Valve Size ins mm Contoured Trim Style Ported Cage Trim Cage Trim Multi-Labyrinth Trim / 4 Turns

1 1.5 2 3 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24

25 40 50 80 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 600

11 23 32 65 110 210 236 310 360 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

17 34 49 95 160 290 355 480 560 640 730 880 990 1150

25 50 76 149 215 440 590 790 990 1150 1320 1650 1820 2100

52 100 135 195 250 470 620 810 1000 1150 1320 1650 1820 2100

Table 7. Power Limits Gas & Steam Flows Kw / Full Size Trim Stage
Valve Size ins mm Contoured Trim Style Ported Cage Trim Cage Trim Multi-Labyrinth Trim / 4 Turns

1 1.5 2 3 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24

25 40 50 80 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 600

50 102 144 349 568 1145 1490 1960 2225 n\a n\a n\a n\a n\a

73 149 210 508 829 1672 2150 2900 3080 3310 3560 3840 4120 4400

100 204 288 697 1136 2290 2950 3980 4360 4710 5030 5450 5890 5250

210 395 530 1310 1950 4190 5300 6870 7550 7850 7960 8230 8410 8600

Permissible Power Conversion Levels There is a maximum power conversion level for individual styles beyond which it is not advisable to exceed irrespective of the number of pressure letdown stages installed within the valve. This is due to valve shape, type of construction together with working clearances and design of the components forming the assembly. Figure 3, details the maximum recommended power conversion levels resulting from compressible and non-compressible flows which should not be exceeded for given sizes of Series 5000 Globe Valves. Figure 3. Maximum Power Conversion Levels Series 5000 Globe Valves

Severn Glocon Technical Manual Control Valve Noise Prediction Contents Introduction. Standards Reference. Sizing Nomenclature. Liquid Noise. Liquid Noise Calculation Example. Aerodynamic Noise Generation. Aerodynamic Noise Prediction. Aerodynamic Noise Calculation Example. Introduction. When control valves are required to drop significant amounts of pressure energy, one of the most troublesome by products of this throttling is the production of noise. Whether this is produced in liquid flow by the onset of cavitation and associated vibration, or in aerodynamic flow by the generation of shock waves, the solutions offered are based upon similar concepts. Low noise valve trims work on the principle of controlling the flow passage sizing and directional parameters and/or attenuating the stream velocity produced by the throttling action. This treatment at the source of the noise, which effectively limits the noise being produced, is classified generically as multi-path or multi-step throttling. Many innovative designs of control valve trim exist based around these concepts, and can achieve upto some 30dba of noise reduction compared to conventional control valves. Once the valve noise has been generated, and further reductions are required, this necessitates attention to the downstream flow path in order to reduce the acoustic energy transmission within the piping system. Control of gas exit velocities from a valve, are one area of concern, where unrestricted efflux into larger pipe sizes can produce a significant source of secondary noise. These aspects of flow path noise attenuation using fixed area attenuators are dealt with in section SGT 10/9 of this manual. Standards used in Noise Calculation. IEC 534-8-4 IEC 534-8-3 1995 ANSI/ISA : S75.17 Standards Reference. CEI IEC 534-8-2 ISA 75.23 1995

SEVERN GLOCON
Technical Manual SGT 10/8

Figure 1. Severn Glocon MLT Low Noise Valve

General nomenclature used within this publication for Hydrodynamic Flow

Symbol Av Cf Cp Cv di do f fm fr FF FL Kv lo lp LpAe LwAn Lwe LwAe Lwi LF m Po P1 P2 Pv Pc p T1 TL t U2 Wm Wo x xf xfz xfz F F p mr

Definition Flow Coefficient Speed of Sound in the Fluid Speed of Sound of the longitudinal waves in the pipe wall Valve Flow Coefficient Inside Diameter of Downstream Pipe Outside Diameter or Downstream Pipe Frequency Octave Centre Frequency Ring Frequency Critical Pressure Ratio Factor Liquid Pressure Recovery Factor (see Table 1) Flow Coefficient Reference Pipe Length = 1 Length of Pipe A-weighted sound power level external of pipe A-weighted sound power level of the nth octave band External sound power level (unweighted) A-weighted sound power level external of pipe Internal sound power level (unweighted) Valve specific correction factor Mass Flow Rate Reference sound pressure = 2 x 10-5 Valve Inlet Absolute Pressure Valve Outlet Absolute Pressure Absolute Vapour Pressure at inlet conditions Fluid Critical Pressure Pressure Drop Across Valve Inlet Absolute Temperature Transmission Loss (unweighted) Thickness of pipewall Fluid velocity at Valve Outlet Fluid Power Loss in the Valve Reference Sound Power = 10-12 Pressure Drop Ratio p / P1 Differential Pressure Ratio (P1 P2) / (P1 Pv) Characteristic Pressure Ratio Characteristic Pressure Ratio at Relative flow coefficient Acoustical efficiency factor for liquid ( at = 0.75 ) Density (specific mass) at P1 and T1 Density (specific mass) of pipe material Manufacturers Recommended Valve style cavitation index.

Units m2 m/s m/s US Units m m Hz Hz Hz ------------------------m m dB(A) (ref Po) dB(A) (ref Wo) dB(A) (ref Wo) dB(A) (ref Wo) dB (ref Wo) dB (ref Wo) kg/s Pa Pa Pa Pa Pa Pa o K DB (ref Wo) m m/s W W ------------------------------------------------------Kg/m3 Kg/m3 ----------

Liquid Noise generation in Control Valves. There are three basic mechanisms within a liquid flow valve that can produce objectionable noise, these are cavitation, vibration and flashing flow. High noise levels produced by any of these mechanisms serves as a warning that damage to the valve and/or trim may result unless action is taken to correct the problem. Cavitation. Simply viewed, cavitation consists of the formation, growth and rapid collapse of cavities in a liquid. These vapour bubbles are generated if the local static pressure falls below the vapour pressure. Subsequent collapse occurs if the static pressure again rises above the vapour pressure. Different levels of cavitation can be produced, depending upon the valve selected and the application conditions. These are generally classified by the following benchmarks:a) b) c) d) e) Incipient Cavitation Constant Cavitation Incipient Damage Choking Cavitation Maximum Vibration Cavitation

from the testing programmes carried out on the different valve/trim styles.

mr =

(P1 Pv) (P1 P2)

1 FL K i
2

Vibration. The passage of a liquid through a control valve is very complex and includes regions of high turbulence, impingement, boundary layer separation and low static pressures. When these fluid pressure pulsations induce mechanical vibration of the valve stem and plug, high noise levels and failure of components due to resonance can result. Improving the stiffness of the trim, by guiding at the point of pressure reduction, together with dissipating the pressure energy gradually through the valve will usually provide a satisfactory solution. Attention to downstream pipework, particularly adjacent bends, abrupt expanders and supports will often benefit the reduction in associated valve vibration. The noise levels produced by mechanical vibration tend to center around a discrete frequency whose value depends upon valve and pipework design.

Flashing Flows. When a control valve reduces the inlet pressure to below the fluid vapour pressure, and on exiting the trim the local static pressure remains below this level, then flashing of the fluid results. Although flashing produces low noise levels, the increase in velocity caused by the change in fluid state, which results in fluid particles being carried at high speed in the ensuing gaseous / fluid stream can result in secondary noise generation. Figure 2. Noise Emission as a function of Differential Pressure Ratio xF (where xFZ = 1/mr) For more information on these levels (a) to (e) see ISA Recommended Practice 75.23 1995. Severn Glocon use a single parameter mr to indicate the operating limit, or cavitation index, of each particular product, see SGT 10/2 and SGT 10/4. These values of mr are a product of the valve pressure recovery factor FL2 and an incipient cavitation coefficient Ki determined

Table 1. Values of Pressure Recovery Factor FL, Cavitation Index mr for linear, Equal % and Quick open characteristic trims at a relative flow coefficient of = 0.75 Valve Series
Series 2000 Split Body

Valve Type
Globe & Corner Series 2410

Trim Style
Trickle Contoured Cage Plug

Flow Direction
Under Over Under Over Under Over Mixing & Diverting Under Over Under Over Under Over Under Over Under or Over Under Over Under Over Under or Over Under or Over Under or Over Under or Over Under or Over Under or Over Mixing & Diverting Under Over Under Over Under or Over Under or Over Under or Over Under or Over Under or Over Under or Over Under Over Under Over Under Over 60 open 90 open Through

Linear FL
0.93 0.93 0.88 0.80 0.90 0.90 0.80 0.93 0.93 0.90 0.71 0.91 0.91 0.88 0.80 0.91 0.93 0.93 0.91 0.86 0.88 0.95 0.96 0.96 0.97 0.99 0.86 0.93 0.93 0.91 0.72 0.87 0.95 0.96 0.96 0.97 0.99 0.71 0.68 0.80 0.71 0.91 0.86 0.66 0.53 0.50 0.75

mr
1.26 1.26 1.61 1.93 1.54 1.54 1.93 1.26 1.26 1.54 2.36 1.34 1.34 1.61 1.93 1.51 1.26 1.26 1.51 1.67 1.43 1.17 1.15 1.13 1.12 1.05 1.67 1.26 1.26 1.51 2.30 1.47 1.17 1.15 1.13 1.12 1.05 2.64 2.88 1.95 2.84 1.51 1.67 3.53 7.27 9.09 2.50

Equal % FL mr
0.93 0.93 0.86 0.80 0.90 0.90 0.80 0.93 0.93 0.89 0.71 0.91 0.91 0.86 0.80 0.90 0.93 0.93 0.90 0.85 0.88 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.99 0.85 0.93 0.93 0.90 0.72 0.87 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.99 0.71 0.68 0.80 0.71 0.90 0.85 0.66 0.53 0.50 0.75 1.26 1.26 1.67 1.93 1.54 1.54 1.93 1.26 1.26 1.58 2.36 1.34 1.34 1.67 1.93 1.54 1.26 1.26 1.54 1.71 1.43 1.19 1.17 1.14 1.12 1.05 1.71 1.26 1.26 1.54 2.3 1.47 1.19 1.17 1.14 1.12 1.05 2.64 2.88 1.95 2.84 1.54 1.71 3.53 7.27 9.09 2.50

Quick-open FL mr
0.93 0.93 0.89 0.79 0.93 0.93 0.79 0.93 0.93 0.92 0.75 0.93 0.93 0.89 0.79 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.92 0.87 0.87 0.96 0.96 0.97 0.97 0.99 0.87 0.93 0.93 0.92 0.75 0.88 0.96 0.96 0.97 0.97 0.99 0.71 0.68 0.80 0.71 0.92 0.87 0.66 0.53 0.50 0.75 1.26 1.26 1.58 1.98 1.45 1.45 1.98 1.26 1.26 1.48 2.12 1.28 1.28 1.58 1.98 1.45 1.26 1.26 1.48 1.63 1.47 1.14 1.14 1.13 1.12 1.05 1.63 1.26 1.26 1.48 2.12 1.43 1.14 1.14 1.13 1.12 1.05 2.64 2.88 1.95 2.84 1.48 1.63 3.53 7.27 9.09 2.50

3 Way Series 2420

Contoured Trickle Contoured Cage Plug

Series 3000 & 4000 Cryogenic Series 5000 Multi-purpose

Globe Globe Series 5410

Contoured Cage Trickle Contoured Ported Single Cage Double Cage Triple Cage Quad Cage Multi-labyrinth* Contoured Trickle Contoured Ported Single Cage Double Cage Triple Cage Quad Cage Multi-labyrinth* Contoured Contoured Contoured Vane Reduced Bore V Flow

3 Way Series 5420 3 Way Series 5430

Series 6000 Corrosive Series 7000 Ultra High Purity Series 8000 Turn Rotary Series 9000 Turn Rotary

Globe PTFE Lined Y Patter Globe UHP Butterfly Standard Ball V-Ball

Note : *Indicates two stages of Multi-Labyrinth Trim.

Table 2. Acoustic Efficiency Factors F for different types of Valve Style.

Valve Style Globe Angle 3-Way Butterfly Ball Acoustic Efficiency F for Valve Sizes in inches upto 36 ins diameter. <2 10-8 10-8 10-8 n/a 10-7 2 10-8 10-8 10-8 2x10-7 1.5x10-7 3 10-8 10-8 10-8 2x10-7 2x10-7 4 10-8 10-8 10-8 2x10-7 2x10-7 6 2x10-8 2x10-8 2x10-8 1.5x10-7 2x10-7 8 4x10-8 4x10-8 4x10-8 1.5x10-7 2x10-7 10 6x10-8 6x10-8 6x10-8 1.5x10-7 n/a 12 8x10-8 8x10-8 8x10-8 2x10-7 n/a 14 1.2x10-7 1.2x10-7 1.2x10-7 2x10-7 n/a 16 1.7x10-7 1.7x10-7 1.7x10-7 2x10-7 n/a 18 2.6x10-7 2.6x10-7 2.6x10-7 2x10-7 n/a 20 3x10-7 3x10-7 3x10-7 2.5x10-7 n/a 24 5x10-7 5x10-7 5x10-7 2.5x10-7 n/a 36 n/a n/a n/a 2.5x10-7 n/a

Table 3. Valve Trim Style Correction Factor LF for cavitating flows.

Pressure Ratio XF Trim Style Trickle Contoured Multi-Hole Cage Multi-Labyrinth 0.1 0 0 5 5 0.2 0 0 5 5 0.3 0 0 5 5 0.4 0 0 5 5

0.5 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 Values of Trim Correction Factor LF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 6 8 12 15 12 5 6 8 12 15 12

0.85 0 0 10 10

0.9 0 0 8 8

0.95 0 0 5 5

1.0 0 0 4 4

Note: Correction factors are same for all multi-stage trims as noise levels are calculated using last stage Basis of Noise Calculated This is calculated in accordance with IEC 534-8-4 Prediction of noise generated by hydrodynamic flow. The calculated values are sound power levels, and derived sound pressure levels, in the frequency range of octave bands 500 Hz through 8000 Hz. Outside this range noise problems are reduced due to the Aweighting, decreased pipe radiation at low frequencies, and increased absorption at high frequencies. The formulae used for cavitating service contains two parts. Part one is as used for the non-cavitating flow, to which is added another part representing the effects of cavitation. Severn Glocon try to avoid cavitation in all cases, therefore equation (4) will normally be used to calculate the internal sound power level. The noise levels for multi-stage trims are calculated from the pressure drop taken across the last stage, therefore the trim style correction factor LF given in Table 3 will be the same regardless of the number of stages of pressure let-down. Calculation of Internal Sound Power Level Lwi Case 1 Non-cavitating flow (a) Non cavitating flow occurs when XF < 1/mr Where XFZ = 1 / mr and mr is taken from Table 1 depending upon trim flow-lift characteristic. Calculate XF = (P1 P2) / (P1 Pv) ----------------------------------------- (1)

(b) Calculate the Stream Power Level Wm where Wm = m p F -------------------------------------------------------------- (2)

(c) Calculate the Radiated Internal Sound Power Level Lwi where Lwi = 10 log F m p F W o ------------------------------------------------ (3)

when Wo = 10 12 W equation (3) is rewritten as Lwi = 120 + 10 log F + 10 lg m + 10 log p 10 log F -------------- (4)

Case 2 Cavitating Flow (a) Cavitating flow occurs when XF > or = 1 / mr where XF = 1 / mr and mr is taken from Table 3 depending upon trim flow-lift characteristic. Calculate XF from equation (1) (b) Calculate the Radiated Internal Sound Power Level Lwi
Lwi =120+10 log F + 10 log m + 10 lg p10 log F + LF + 180 (XFZ) 0.0625 (1 XF)0.8 log [1XFZ] ---------(5) (XF) X fz [ 1 - XF ]

Note : Within this calculation of Lwi it is necessary to restrict the influence of term 10 lg p therefore the following limits apply. If p <= FL2 (P1 FF Pv) then use the actual p If p > FL2 (P1 FF Pv) then the value of p shall be limited to p = FL2 (P1 FF Pv)

Where FF = Fluid critical pressure ratio factor = [0.96 0.28 [Pv / Pc] 0.5] Calculation of Internal Spectrum Frequency Lwi (f) The relative mean frequency spectrum of the sound power level, for single seated, single stage globe valves can be calculated from the following equation (6). Lwi (f) = Lwi - 10 log fm 2.9 ----------------------------------------------------------------- (6)

500 where fm = Octave center frequencies Hz from Table 4. Airborne Noise Emissions. This is the characterization of noise resulting from either the external sound power levels or the external pressure levels, when penetrating into an outside acoustical field. External Sound Power Level (unweighted) Lwe For a valve installed within a pipeline, the external sound power will be determined from the internal sound power level taking into account the downstream pipe transmission loss. Since both Lwi and the pipe transmission loss TL both depend upon the frequency, equation (7) reflects a spectral calculation for the octave bands 500 through 8000Hz. Lwe (f) = Lwi (f) 17.37lp 10-0.1 TL(f) TL(f) + log 4 lp ------------------------------------------------- (7) 2 do do The minimum pipe length lp is 3 metres. The transmission loss TL can be calculated from the following equation (8) TL(f) = 10 + 10 log Cp p t + 10 log [fr + (f)1.5]2 [ f (fr) ] CF F do ------------------------------------------------ (8)

Where the ring frequency fr in Hz is calculated from equation (9) fr = Cp -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (9) do

External Sound Power Level (A. weighted) LwAe. LwAe = 10 log 10 0.1 LwAn ---------------------------------------------------------------------- (10)

Where n is the center frequency number LwA(f) = Lwe(f) + correction (f) Note : the correction values in dB are given in Table 4

LwAe = 10 log (100.1LwA1) + 10 0.1LwA2 + 100.1LwA3 + 100.1LwA4 + 100.1LwA5) ---------------------- (11) TypicallyLwA1 = LwE1 + (-3.2) for n = 1 ie (500 Hz). External Sound Pressure Level (A. weighted) LpAe. This is calculated using equation (12) for a free field with cylindrical radiation at a position 1m downstream of the valve outlet and 1m away from the pipe wall. In equation (12) 1p = 3m minimum length. LpAe = LwAe 10 log [ 1p (d1 +1) ] [ 1o Application Limits. The liquid noise levels calculated from the formulae given within IEC 534-8-4 considers only the noise generated via the hydrodynamic processes in the valve and connected pipework. Not considered is the noise that may be generated by reflections, resonances or loose trim parts. Laminar flow conditions and flashing are not considered. The limits of application for the formulae are given in Table 5. Table 4. Correction Valves for A weighting of sound levels dba. Centre Frequency Number n Octave Centre Frequency fm Hz Correction Values db 1 500 -3.2 2 1000 0.0 3 2000 1.2 4 4000 1.0 5 8000 -1.1 (do )] ------------------------------------------------------------- (12)

Table 5. Limiting Values for Application of Formulae. Term U2 Av Kv Cv xf Lwi Description Fluid velocity at valve outlet Flow coefficient Flow coefficient Flow coefficient Differential pressure ratio Internal sound power level Limiting Values < or = 10 2.78 x 10 to 1.67 x 10 1.0 x 10-1 to 6 x 103 1.16 x 10-1 to 6.94 x 103 5.29 x 10-3 to 3.16 x 102 0.01 to 0.95 > or = 40 dB
-6 -1

Units m/s m2 m3/h Usgpm/ (psi^0.5) Litres/ (min Pa^0.5)

Liquid Noise Calculation Example. A Series 5000 Globe Control Valve 50mm diameter fitted with a contoured equal % trim is throttling water at 20 oC under the following service conditions. Calculate the external A weighted sound pressure level from the hydrodynamic sources due to the water flow, given the conditions of operation below:Valve inlet absolute pressure P1=790kPa Valve outlet absolute pressure P2=295kPa Absolute vapour pressure at inlet conditions Pv=2.75kPa Critical pressure of fluid Pc=22.1MPa Flow Rate m=18.7kg/s Length of pipe lp = 3m Inside diam of downstream pipe di=0.0522m Thickness of pipewall t=0.0039m Outside diameter of downstream pipe do=0.060m Speed of Sound in pipewall Cp=5060m/s Speed of Sound in Fluid Cf=1448m/s p=7800Kg/m3 Density of Pipe material Fluid Density at P1 & T1 F=998Kg/m3 Pressure recovery coefficient (Table 1) FL = 0.9 Cavitation Index (Table 1) mr = 1.54

Using the values for fm octave center frequencies Hz in Table 4. Lwi(500) = Lwi 10 log 500-2.9 = 79.61-0-2.9 500 Lwi(500) = 76.71 dB Lwi(1000) = 73.7 dB Lwi(2000) = 70.71 dB Lwi(4000) = 67.71 dB Lwi(8000) = 64.71 dB (d) Calculation of External Sound Power Level Lwe The transmission loss can be calculated from equation 8.
1.5 2 TL(f) = 10+10 log cp p t + 10 log [ fr+(f) ]

cF F do

[ f (fr)

The ring frequency fr is calculated from equation 9 fr = cp = 5060 26,840 Hz. do 0.06 Therefore transmission loss at 500Hz is TL (500) = 10+10 log 5060 x 7800 x 0.0039 + 1448 x 998 x 0.06 10log [ 26,840 + (500
1.5 2 ) ]

(a) Check for non-cavitating flow. Non cavitating flow occurs when xF < 1/mr Where xFZ = 1 / mr and mr = 1.54 Therefore xFZ = 0.649 From equation 1 xF =(P1-P2)/(P1-Pv) =(790-295)/(790-2.75) xF = 495 / 787.25 = 0.629 Therefore flow is confirmed cavitating as xF < xFZ as non-

[ 500 (26,840) ] TL(500) = 10 + 10 log 1.77 + 10 log 2881.8 = 10 + 2.4 + 34.6 TL(500) = 47 dB Using the values for fm octave center frequencies Hz in Table 4. TL (1000) = 41 dB TL (2000) = 35 dB TL (4000) = 29 dB TL (8000) = 23 dB

(b) Calculate the Stream Power Level Lwi. From equation 4

Lwi =120+10log F+10log m+10log p-10log F Lwi =120+10log 10-8+10log 18.7+10log 49500010log 998 Lwi =120+10(-8)+10(1.27)+10(5.69)-10(2.999) Lwi =120 - 80 + 12.7 + 56.9 29.99 = 79.61 dB.

(c) Calculation of Internal Spectrum Frequency. Lwi (f) from equation (6). Lwi(f) = Lwi - 10 log fm 2.9 500

The External Sound Power Level can now be calculated from Equation 7. For (f) = 500 Hz the value for Lwe is Lwe(f) = Lwi(f) 17.37 lp 10-0.1 TL(f) TL(f) + 10log 4 lp 2 do Lwe(500) = 76.71 17.37x3x10 2x0.06 Lwe(500) = 76.71 434.25 x 10 Lwe(1000) = 73.7 434.25 x 10
-4.7 -4.1 -4.7

do 47 + 10log 4x3 0.06 47 + 23 41 + 23 = 52.7 dB = 55.67 dB

Lwe(2000) = 70.71 434.25 x 10 Lwe(4000) = 67.71 434.25 x 10 Lwe(8000) = 64.71 434.25 x 10

-3.5 -2.9 -2.3

35 + 23 = 58.57 dB 29 + 23 = 61.7 dB 23 + 23 = 62.53 dB

(e) External Sound Power Level (A. weighted) LwAe.

This can be obtained from equations 10 & 11. LwAe = 10 log (10 0.1LwA1 + 100.1LwA2 + 100.1LwA3 + 100.1LwA4 + 100.1LwA5) The values of LwA 1 to 5 are weighted as per Table 4. Therefore LwA1 = LWE1 + (-3.2) = 49.5 dba for n=1 ie (500 Hz). LwA2 = 55.67 dba LwA3 = 59.77 dba LwA4 = 62.7 dba LwA5 = 61.43 dba LwAe = 10 log (89,125 + 368,978 + 948,418 + 1,862,087 + 1389953) = 10 log (54,658,561) = 66.7 dba

(f) External Sound Pressure Level (A. weighted) LpAe. This is calculated using equation (12) for a free field with cylindrical radiation at a position 1m downstream of the valve outlet and 1m away from the pipe wall. In equation (12) 1p = 3m LpAe = LwAe 10 log [ 1p (d1 + 1) ] [ 1o (do )]

LpAe = 66.7 10 log [3 (0.0522 +1)] [ 1 (0.06 LpAe = 66.7 10 log 17.67 )] = 54.23 dba

Aerodynamic Noise Generation. Aerodynamic noise resulting from compressible gas flow is the highest contributor to the source of valve noise. Turbulence and shock waves sue to high velocity and high mass flows are the main causes. This turbulence is converted into both internal and acoustic energy, with the acoustic energy being propagated downstream where a small proportion is transmitted through the pipewall to the environment. High individual stage pressure drops should be avoided, and for the best performance, the fluid velocity should be controlled over each stage, with the final mean valve outlet not exceeding 0.3 Mn. Peak valve noise usually emanates some 1 to 2 metres from the valve exit, the exact distance depending upon the actual flow conditions and pipework configuration. velocity, and localized changes in the flow stream direction causing impingement onto the pipewall and other obstructions to flow only add to the problem. In particular pipe bends, tee pieces, thermowells etc should be avoided immediately following the valve outlet and in areas of potentially high velocity. Experience has shown that maintaining the fluid velocity within the recommended limits consistent with produced noise levels, see Table 4 SGT 10/2 usually alleviates the problem. Where possible the valve should be installed in straight pipework clear of all items which may influence flow directional changes, for a distance of 5 diameters upstream and 10 diameters downstream.

Prediction of Aerodynamic Noise. The Standard ISA S75.17 / BS. EN 60534-8Noise due to Vibration. 4 is used by Severn Glocon to predict the aerodynamic noise produced from control An unsuitable valve working in a high duty valves. In this approach the overall stream environment can produce unwanted power is calculated which is to be mechanical vibration, which will contribute to subsequently converted to turbulence, shock the noise produced. This source of vibration waves and heat within the valve as the is from vertical and lateral movement of trim pressure is reduced. The small part of the parts, excited by high dynamic forces stream power which is then converted into caused by excessive fluid velocities and sound power, due mainly to turbulence, is shock wave formation. This leads to then calculated. The actual level being objectionable discrete noise levels being dependent upon the acoustical efficiency produced and the risk of premature failure of which calculated for 1 of 5 flow regimes, as trim parts. To counteract these problems appropriate. The sound power is then Severn Glocon recommend both maximum converted to sound pressure in decibels. trim stage pressure drops and limits for the Deductions afforded by the connecting valve body velocities. pipework transmission losses are then Pipework Generated Noise. calculated by determining the effects of the combined valve peak and pipe ring Another source of noise can be from the frequencies. piping layout adjacent to a valve. The driving Severn Glocon test data has been used to force behind this produced noise is high fluid confirm the validity of the predictions and the customized data applicable to the individual valve designs. General nomenclature used within this publication for Aerodynamic Flow. Symbol SI
A C2 Cv Cvn Cvc Cvcc d dH Di Dj do Fd FL

Definition
Area of a single flow passage Speed of Sound in Fluid (Downstream) Valve Flow Coefficient Flow Coefficient for last stage of multi-stage trim Speed of Sound at vena contracta (Subsonic Flow) Speed of Sound at vena contracta (Sonic Flow) Diameter of a flow passage (for other than circular us dH) Hydraulic diameter of a single flow passage Inside Diameter of Downstream Pipe [2] Diameter of jet Circular Orifice diameter whose area=sum of areas of all flow passages at a given valve travel Valve Style modifier Liquid Pressure Recovery Factor (see Table 1)

Imperial
ft2 ft/s gpm / p0.5 gpm / p0.5 ft/s ft/s ft ft ft ft ft ----m2 m/s [1] [1] m/s m/s m m m m m -----

Symbol FLP fp Fp fo gc lw K Lg Lpi La Mj Mjn Mn Mw Nsuffix No Pa P1 P2 Pn P2B P2C P2CE Pvc Pvcc Po R R T1 T2 Tvc Tvcc tp TL T TLfo TLfp Uvc Uvcc W Wm Wms ws Wa 1

Definition Liquid Pressure Recovery Factor with attached fittings Peak Frequency generated inside pipe Piping Geometry factor Frequency coincidence Gravitational constant Length of radial flow passage Specific heat ratio Correction for pipe Mach Number Sound Pressure level internal A-weighted sound level Mach no freely expanded jet Mach no freely expanded jet in last stage of Multistage Trim Mach Number Molecular Weight Numerical constants Number of apparent, independent, flow passages in the valve trim Pressure outside pipe absolute Upstream Absolute Pressure Downstream Absolute Pressure Absolute stagnation pressure at last stage of multistage valve Pressure, outlet at break point absolute Pressure, outlet at critical flow conditions absolute Pressure, outlet where region of constant efficiency begins, abs. Pressure, vena contracta, at subsonic flow conditions, absolute. Pressure, vena contracta, sonic flow conditions, absolute Pressure standard reference Radial distance centerline of pipe to observer [5] Universal gas constant Upstream Absolute Temperature Downstream Absolute Temperature Temperature, vena contracta, at subsonic flow conditions abs. Temperature, vena contracta, at critical flow conditions abs. Pipewall thickness Transmission Loss (unweighted) Thickness of pipewall Transmission Loss at coincidence frequency Correction for ratio of peak frequency and coincidence frequency Velocity, vena contracta, at subsonic flow conditions Velocity, vena contracta, at critical flow conditions Mass flow rate Stream Power of mass flow Stream Power of mass flow at sonic velocity Mass flow rate at sonic velocity Sound Power Recovery correction factor Acoustical efficiency factor Density (specific mass) upstream

Imperial ---Hz ---Hz 32.17 lbm-ft/lbf-s ft ---dB dB DB (A) ---------lbm/lbm-mole [4] ---lbf/ft lbf/ft lbf/ft lbf/ft lbf/ft lbf/ft lbf/ft lbf/ft lbf/ft
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

SI ---Hz ---Hz [3] m ---dB dB DB (A) ---------kg/kg-mole [4] ---Pa Pa Pa Pa Pa Pa Pa Pa Pa 101325 Pa m

o

2116 lbf/ft ft

1545 ft-lbf/lbm-mole- R
o o o o

8314 J/kg mole K

o o o o

R R R R

K K K K

ft dB ft dB dB ft/s ft/s lbm/s ft lbf/s ft lbf/s ft/s ft lbf/s ------bm/ft

3

m dB m dB dB m/s m/s kg/s W W m/s W ------Kg/m

3

2 n mr

Density (specific mass) downstream Density (specific mass) for last stage of multistage trim Manufacturers Recommended Valve Style cavitation index.

lb m/ft lb m/ft ----

3 3

Kg/m Kg/m ----

3 3

[1] Units for valve flow coefficient Kv are m3/h. Substitute 1.157 Kv for Cv. SI Unit is Av = 2.40 x 10-5 Cv. [2] Usually nominal diameter can be used with little loss in accuracy. [3] gc is not required in the SI system ; use a value 1 in the equation. [4] Values of the numerical constants are given in Table 6. [5] The distance r is typically taken as 1m (3 ft) plus the outer pipe radius.

Figure 3. Aerodynamic Noise Prediction Calculation Flow Chart.

Start

A-1 Determination of Pressure Ratios

Equations No. 1-6

A-2 Determination of Valve Style Modifier Fd

Equations Nos 7 & 8

A-3 Diameter of Jet Dj

Equation No. 9

A-4 Jet Mach No. Mj

Equation No.10

A-5.1 Regime I Equation 11-19

No

A-5.2 Sonic Flow Equation 20-23

No

A-5.3 Regime II Equation 24-27

No

A-5.4 Regime III Equation 28-31

No

A-5.5 Regime IV Equation 32-35

No

A-5.6 Regime V Equation 36-40

Standard Valve Trim Design

No

B-2 Single Stage Noise Reducing

No

B-3 Single Path Multi-stage Trims

No

B-4 Multi-path Multi-stage Trims

Equation 9 Mods Equation 54 A5.7 Noise Calculation Basic Valve Styles Equations 41-53

Equation 52 Mods Equation 55-60

Equation 55,56,55,58 Mods Equation 60-62

End

Table 6. Numerical Constants to be used in the Equations.

Constant NJ Value 1.5 x 10 4.6 x 10 NL 5.7 x 10
-2 -3

Di Dj r tp ft m ft m ft m ft m ft m ft m

Wa

C2

P1,

P2,

Pa,

Po

10 8 -7

ft-lbf/s W

lbm / ft kg / m

ft/s m/s
lbf / ft
2

8.0 x 10 NT

1.1 x 10

1.1 x 10-7 NF 1.6 x 10 5.0 x 10 NP 1.5 x 10

4 3

Pa

-4

lbf / ft

1.3 x 10-5 NS 7.0 x 10 6.5 x 10

-3 -4

Pa

Aerodynamic Noise Prediction. The flowchart details (see figure 3) the overall sequence of steps used during the noise prediction for a particular control valve application, where the style of valve is known. Section A A-1. Determination of Pressure Ratios. (a) Pressure in the vena contracta from SGT 10/2. P1 P2 = FL2(P1-Pvc) Therefore Pvc = P1 (P1 P2) -----------(1) FL2 (b) Pressure in the vena contracta at critical flow Pvcc = P1(2) (k/k-1) --------------------------(2) (k+1) (c) Downstream pressure where sonic flow begins P2C = P1 FL2 (P1 Pvcc) ---------------(3) (d) Recovery correction factor This factor is the relationship between the external pressure ratio and the internal pressure ratio at critical pressure drop. = (P1 / P2C) = Pvcc (P1 / Pvcc) P2C --------------------(4)

(f) Downstream pressure P2CE This is the pressure at the start of constant acoustic efficiency where any further decrease in P2 will result in no increase in noise. P2CE = P1 -------------------------------(6) 22 A-2, Determination of Valve Style Modifier Fd. The different valve and trim styles offer varying resistances to the production of noise. This is related to No which is the apparent number of independent flow passages. In a cage style trim No would represent the number of openings in the cage or disk stack. This clearly depends upon the valve stem position and actual Cv, which determines the number of holes exposed. Where the holes are positioned in close proximity to each other, and localized recombination or interaction of the jet efflux takes place, then test data may be required to verify the true value of No.. Table 7 gives values for the Valve Style Modifier Fd, where Fd is:Fd = No 0.5 -------------------------------(7) Alternatively Where :Fd = dH / do ------------(7a) d H = 4 A / lw Do = (4 No A / ) 0.5 Flow to open contoured trims at small openings are treated as a special case where Fd is limited to 0.7 max. The actual value is calculated from equation 8. Fd = 0.7 (NsCvFL) 0.5 ( 4 D i2 ) -------------------(8)

(e) Downstream Pressure P2B This is calculate for the break point conditions between the defined Regimes III and IV. P2B = P1(1) (k / k-1) -------------------------(5) (k)

Table 7. Valve Style Modifier Values Fd.

Valve Type Single Seat Globe Single Seat angle Cont. Cage * MLT Stack * Baffle* Butterfly Ball No Flow to Open 2.0 2.0 156 600 100 2.0 1.0 No Flow to Close 1.0 1.0 156 600 100 2.0 1.0 Fd Flow to Open 0.7 0.7 0.08 0.04 0.10 0.7 1.0 Fd Flow to Close 1.0 1.0 0.08 0.04 0.10 0.7 1.0

(c) Calculate the gas velocity Uvc in the vena contracta using equation (14) where :Uvc = {2gc (k) [1-(Pvc) k-1/k] P1} 0.5 { (k-1) [ (p1 ) ] 1} -------------(14) (d) Calculate the stream power Wm in the vena contracta using equation (15) where :Wm = w(Uvc)2 ---------------------------(15) 2 gc (e) Calculate the Mach number Mn Mn = Uvc ----------------------------------(16) Cvc (f)Calculate the Generated Sound Power Wa Wa = 1 Wm FL2 ------------------------(17)

Note : * refers to example values given for 4ins diameter units at 100% valve opening. Refer to intermediate valve lifts. A-3. Diameter of Jet Dj This can be calculated from equation 9 Dj = NJ Fd (Cv FL) 0.5 A-4. Mach Number Expanded Jet. ------------------(9) Mj in a Freely

This can be calculated from equation 10 Mj = { (2) [(P1)(k-1/k) 1] } 0.5 ---------------(10) { (k-1) [ (P2)] } A-5. Sound Power Generated Flow Regime I to V. The control valve throttles the flow by converting pressure energy into kinetic energy. Some of this mechanical power is transferred to the pipewall as vibration and a small portion is radiated as noise. Most of the energy is converted to heat through viscous friction. Depending upon the type of valve trim combination selected, the vena contracta pressure may even be lower than the downstream pressure. The different regimes of noise generation are the result of differing sonic phenomena or reactions between the molecules in the gas and the sonic shock cells. Calculate Wa the sound power generated and fp the peak frequency of noise using one of the following equations. A-5.1 Flow Regime I (Subsonic Flow) In this regime the flow is subsonic and the gas pressure is partially recovered or recompressed, hence the use of pressure recovery factor FL within equation (10). Flow Regime I occurs if: P1 > P2 >= P2C ---------------------------(11)

where 1 the acoustic efficiency for Regime I is 1 = (1 x 10-4) (Mn 3.6) -----------------(18) Note:- If the valve has attached fittings replace FL with FLP / FP (g) Calculate fp the peak frequency of generated noise. Fp = 0.2 Uvc --------------------------(19) Dj A-5.2 Common Equations used in Flow Regimes II, III, IV and V Calculations. The following equations are common to Flow Regimes II to V where the flow velocity is sonic and above. (a) The temperature Tvcc in the vena contracta at sonic conditions is given by equation (20). Tvcc = 2 T1 k+1 ----------------------------(20)

(a) Calculate the temperature Tvc in the vena contracta where :Tvc = T1 (Pvc) (k-1/k) -----------------(12) (P1) (b) Calculate the local Speed of Sound (Mn=1) Cvc = (k R gc Tvc) 0.5 ------------------(13) ) ( Mw

(b) The speed of sound Cvcc at the vena contracta under sonic flow conditions is given by equation (21) Cvcc = (k R gc Tvcc) 0.5 ( Mw ) -------------- (21)

(a)Calculate the Generated Sound Power Wa Wa = III Wms ---------------------------(29)

where 1 the acoustic efficiency for Regime III is III = (1 x 10-4) (Mj) (6.6x) where x = FL2 Note: If the valve has attached fittings replace FL with FLP / FP (b) Calculate fp the peak frequency of generated noise. Fp = 0.2 Mj Cvcc Dj -------------------------(31) --------------(30)

(e) The gas velocity Uvcc in the vena contracta, at critical flow conditions is given by equation (22) below. Uvcc = {2gc (k) [1 (Pvcc) (k-1/k)] P1} { (k-1) [ (P ) ] 1 }
0.5

(d) The stream power Wms at sonic (choked) velocity is given by equation (23) Wms = w Uvcc 2gc
2

-----------------------(23)

A-53 Flow Regime II In this regime the flow is sonic with interaction between shock cells and with turbulent choked flow mixing. Pressure recovery is less as the limit of Regime II is approached. Flow Regime II occurs if : P2C > P2 >= Pvcc --------------------(24)

A-5.5 Flow Regime IV In this regime the shock cell structure diminishes as the Mach disk is formed. Flow Regime IV occurs if: PB2 > P2 >=P2CE ---------------------------(32)

(a) Calculate the Generated Sound Power Wa Wa = IV Wms --------------------------(33)

(a) Calculate the Generated Sound Power Wa Wa = II Wms (P1 P2 ) --------------(25) (P1 Pvcc) where 1 the acoustic efficiency for Regime II is II = (1 x 10-4) (Mj) (6.6x) -----------------(26) where x = Note:- If the valve has attached fittings replace FL with FLP / FP (b) Calculate fp the peak frequency of generated noise. Fp = 0.2 Mj Cvcc -----------------------------(27) Dj A-5.4 Flow Regime III In this regime no isentropic recovery takes place. Flow Regime III occurs if : Pvcc > P2 >= P2B -----------------------(28) FL2

where IV the acoustic efficiency for Regime IV is IV = (1 x 10-4) (Mj2) (1.414) (6.6x) -----------(34) 2 where x = FL2 Note:- If the valve has attached fittings replace FL with FLP / FP (b) Calculate fp the peak frequency of generated noise. Fp = 0.35 Cvcc -------------------------(35) 1.25 Dj (Mj2 1) 0.5 A-5.6 Flow Regime V In this regime there is a constant acoustic efficiency. Flow Regime occurs if : P2CE > P2 > = 0 ---------------------------(36) In this Flow Regime calculate the Mach No Mj5 in the freely expanded jet using equation (37) Mj5 = { (2) [ (22) (k-1/k) 1 ] } 0.5 ------------(37) { (k-1) [ ]}

(b) Calculate the Generated Sound Power Wa Wa = v Wms ----------------------------(38) where v the acoustic efficiency for Regime V is v = (1 x 10-4) (Mj52) (1.414) (6.6x) -----(39) 2 Where x = FL2 Note: - If the valve has attached fittings replace FL with FLP / FP (c) Calculate fp the peak frequency of generated noise. fp = 0.35 Cvcc ------------------------(40) 1.25 Dj (Mj52-1) 0.5 A-5.7 Noise Calculation The downstream temperature T2 may be calculated using fluid thermodynamic, isenthalpic relationships when known. However, if this is not the case it is permissible to take T2 as approximately equal to T1. (a) Calculate the downstream density 2 2 = 1 (P2) (P1) -----------------------(41)

Sound travels through the pipewall depending on this relationship between the peak generated frequency and the pipe coincidence frequency. If fp <= fo then TL fp = 20 log 10 (fo) --------(46) (fp) If fp > fo and fp <= 4 fo then TL fp = 13 log10 (fp) -------(47) (fo) If fp > 4fo then TL fp = 20 log10 (fp ) + 7.8 ------------(48) (4fo) (g) Calculate the transmission loss TL from equation (49) TL = TL fo - TL fp --------------------(49)

(h) Calculate the Valve outlet Mach Number correction value Lg Note : If the valve outlet Mach number exceeds 0.3 then the accuracy of the noise calculations cannot be maintained. Lg = 16 log10 [ 1 ] ------------------(50) [1-(Np P1 Cv FL)] [ ( Di2 P2 )] The outlet Mach number for the valve may be calculated using equation (51) Mach Numberoutlet = Np P1 Cv FL --------(51) Di2 P2 Note: The Cv is the actual at flowing conditions. When valve has attached fittings FL = FLP / FP (j) Calculate the A-weighted sound pressure level LpAe radiated at the outside of the pipe using equation (52). LpAe = 5 + Lpi + TL + Lg --------------(52)

(b) Calculate the downstream sonic velocity c2 c2 = (k R gc T2) 0.5 ----------------------(42) ( Mw ) (c) Calculate the Internal Sound Pressure Level Lpi using equation (43) Lpi = 10 log 10 (NL Wa 2 c2) -------------(43) ( D i2 ) Note the reference pressure Po used in (43) is 2 x 10 Pa. (d) Calculate the Transmission Loss TL fo at the coincidence frequency at the distance r, using equation (44). TL fo = 10 log 10 [NT (Di3 ) 1 Pa ] [ (r tp2) (P2 / Po + 1) Po ] Note: The fraction Pa / Po is the correction for the local barometric pressure. (e) Calculate the pipe coincidence frequency fo from equation (45) fo = NF 4 Di --------------------------------(45)

(f) Calculate the correction TL fp for the ratio of peak frequency and coincidence frequency.

Section B. B-1. Valves with Noise Reducing Trims. Three generic types of noise reducing trim are considered in the noise calculations. One is the example from the Severn Glocon range is the single stage concentric cage shown in figure 1. The second type is the single flow path, multistage pressure reducing type typified by figure 2, where concentric flow sleeves, without galleries, surround a central guide. The third type is the multipath multistage trims shown in figures 3 and 4. B-2. Single Stage Multiple Flow Passage Trims. The procedure already given in Section A is used except for the following modifications, to equation (9) for jet diameter Dj by replacing FL term with [0.9 0.06 (I/d)]. See Equation (54). In addition the expression for Dj has a minimum value of 0.66. The result of these changes is to increase to transmission loss in flow regimes I, II and III be upto 5dB. Dj =NJ Fd {Cv [0.9 0.06 (lw / d) ] }0.5 -----(54) Notes: (a) All flow passages shall have the same hydraulic diameter and the distance between them shall be sufficient to prevent jet interaction. (b) For pressure ratios P1/P2 > 4 equation (7) which is used to calculate Fd is only applicable when the wall distance between passages exceeds 0.7 d. It also looses its validity if the mach number at the valve outlet exceeds 0.3. B-3. Single Flow Path, Multistage Pressure Reduction Trims. The procedure already given in Section A is used, except for the following changes to equation (52) by including an additional term 10log 10 (P1/Pn) see equation (60). This term accounts for the sound pressure level caused by the pressure reductions of the other stages. In addition the values of Cv, P1 and 1 are replaced with the corresponding values for the last stage of pressure letdown suffixed n ie Cv n, Pn and n. The value used for Pn is conditional on the pressure loss conditions and is determined from either equation (55) (56) or (57) below. For the formulae to be applicable it is necessary for all the flow passages to have the same hydraulic diameter, and the distance between them sufficient to prevent jet interaction. (a) Determine pressure Pn the absolute stagnation pressure upstream of the last stage of a multistage valve. If P1/P2 >=2 and Pn/P2<2 Then equation (54) applies: Pn = { (P1 Cv )2 + P22 } 0.5 ----------------(55) { (N10 Cvn) } If P1/P2 >=2 and Pn/P2 >=2 then equation (56) applies: Pn = P1 (Cv ) (Cvn) ------------------------------(56)

If P1/P2 <2 then equation (57) applies: Pn ={ (Cv)2 (P12 P22) + P22} 0.5 -----------(57) { (Cvn) } (b) Calculate the density n for the last stage of pressure letdown using equation (58) n = 1 (Pn) -----------------------------(58) (P1) (b) Calculate the jet diameter Dj for the vena contracta for the last stage of the multistage valve using equation (59) Dj = N14 Fd (Cv n FL) 0.5 --------------------(59)

(c) Calculate the A weighted sound pressure level LpAe radiated at the outside surface of the pipe for the multistage valve using equation (60) LpAe = 5+Lpi+10log10(P1/Pn)+TL+Lg -------(60)

B-4. Multi-path, Multistage Pressure Reducing Trims. The procedure for this type of trim is that set down for single stage trims, given in Section A with the following exceptions. (a) Applicable only to linear travel valves. (b) All calculations are applicable to the last stage of pressure let down. (c) All flow passages shall have the same hydraulic diameter and the distance between them shall be sufficient to prevent jet interaction. (d) The flow area pf each stage shall increase between inlet and outlet. (e) The outlet pressure P2 shall be used in place of Pvc (f) The flow coefficient Cvn to be used in place of Cv. (g) The stagnation pressure Pn of the last stage shall be used in equations (550 (56) & (57) to replace P1. (h) The density n shall be used in equation (58) to replace 1 (j) Calculate the Jet Mach No, Mjn from equation (61) Mjn = Uvc --------------------------------(61) Cvc Where Uvc = last stage velocity calculated using equation (14) for Regime I subsonic flow, but modified to use n in place 1 and Pn in place if P1 (k) Calculate the peak frequency fp from equation (62) fp = 0.2 Mjn Cvc --------------------------(62) Dj Where Dj = jet diameter for the last stage calculated using equation (59) (l) Calculate the A weighted sound pressure level LpAe using equation (60) as below. LpAe =5+Lpi+10log10(P1/Pn)+TL/Lg -------(60) Note: The value determined for LpAe is not accurate if the Mach no at the valve outlet exceeds 0.2. At a Macn\h no. of 0.3 the errors may exceed 5 db.

Section C Aerodynamic Noise Calculation Example. A 4 ins Series 5000 Globe Valve fitted with a single stage CC cage trim, (Design Cv = 200), is installed within a 8in nominal bore pipeline (wall thickness 0.314 ins) with short pattern pipe reducers or expanders at the valve inlet and outlet. The linear characteristic trim, flow to open, is working at 70% (Cv 140). Line fluid is vapour Molecular Wt = 18 Specific heat ratio 1.33 Inlet temperature 350 oF Inlet pressure 145 lbf/in2 Absolute Outlet pressure 100 lbf/in2 Absolute Atmospheric pressure 14.696 lbf/in2 Absolute Inlet density 1 = 0.331 lbm / ft3 From SGT 10/4 Pressure Recovery Factors, Series 5000 Valve fitted with single stage CC trim at 70% opening. FL = 0.95 Kie = 0.95 mr = 1.17 xT = 0.88 from SGT 10/5 Pipework Connected to Valve. Fp = 0.9656 FLP = 0.9299 FLP/FP = 0.9630 From SGT 10/2 Control Calculated Flowrate w is :w = 28,356 lbm/hr (a) Determination of Pressure Ratios From Equation (1) Pvc = P1 (P1 P2) ----------------------(1) FL2 where P1 = 20,880 lbg/ft2 P2 = 14,400 lbf/ft2 FLP/FP = 0.9630 (because fittings are attached) Calculated Pvc = 13,892.5 lbf/ft2 From Equation (2) Pvcc = P1 (2) (k/k-1) ---------------------(2) (k+1) where P1 = 20,880 lbf/ft2 k = 1.33 Calculated Pvcc = 11,263.26 lbf/ft2 Valve Sizing

From Equation (3) P2C = P1 FL2 (P1-Pvcc) -----------------(3) where P1 = 20,880 lbf / ft3 FLP/FP = 0.9630 (because fittings are attached) Pvcc = 11,263.26 lbf / ft2 Calculated P2C = 11,961.73 lbf/ft
2

(A-3). Diameter of Jet Dj Equation (54) is used in place of equation (9) as the CC cage trim fitted is a Noise Reducing Trim classified as a Single Stage Multi-Flow passage trim. Dj = NJ Fd {Cv [0.9 0.06 (lw / d) ] }0.5 -----(54) Where :NJ Fd Cv lw d = 1.5 x 10-2 = 0.0956 = 140 = 0.02 ft = 0.02 ft

From Equation (4) = (P1/P2C) = Pvcc -----------------------(4) where Pvcc P2c = 11,263.26 lbf/ft2 = 11,961.73 lbf/ft2

Calculated = 0.9416 From Equation (5) P2B = P1 (1) (k/k-1) (k) where P1 k

Calculated Dj = 0.0155 ft Note : The equation (54) has a minimum limiting value of 0.66 for [ 0.9 0.06 (I/d) ]. (A-4) Mach Number Mj in a Freely Expanded Jet.

----------------------(5) From equation 10 MJ = {(2) [ (P1) (k-1/k) 1 ] }0.5 ----------------(10) { (k-1) [ ( P2) ]} where P1 k P2 = 0.9416 = 20,880 lbf / ft2 = 1.33 = 14,400 lbf / ft2

= 0.9416 = 20,880 lbf;ft2 = 1.33

Calculated P2B = 7026 lbf/ft2 From Equation (6) P2CE = P1 22

--------------------(6)

Calculated Mj = 0.8378 (A-5) Sound Power Generated Flow Regime I to V Flow Regime I applies as shown in equation 11 P1 > P2 >= P2C Where P1 P2 P2C ------------------------------(11) = 20,880 lbf / ft2 = 14,400 lbf / ft2 = 11,961.73 lbf / ft2

where = 0.9416 P1 = 20,880 lbf/ft2 Calculated P2CE = 1,007.9 lbf/ft2 (a-2) Determination of Valve Style Modifier From Equation (7) Fd = No0.5 ------------------------------(7) where No = 156 (see table 7) x 7-% (Valve Open) Calculated Fd = 0.0956

From Equation (12) Tvc = T1 (Pvc) (k-1/k) (P1) where :-T1 P1 Pvc k -----------------------(12)

= 810o R = 20,880 lbf / ft = 13,892.5 lbf / ft2 = 1.33

Calculated Tvc = 732.1o R

From Equation (13) Cvc = ( k R gc Tvc ) 0.5 ( Mw ) where k R gc Tvc Mw From Equation (19). -----------------(13) fp = 0.2 Uvc Dj Where Uvc Dj ---------------------------(19) = 1252.28 ft/sec = 0.0155 ft

= 1.33 = 1545 ft/lbf = 32.17 lbm-ft/lbf-s2 = 732.1o R = 18

Calculated fp = 16,155 Hz A-5.7 Noise Calculations From Equation (41) 2 = 1 (P2) (P1) where 1 P1 P2 ------------------------(41) = 0.331 lbm/ft3 = 20,880 lbf/ft2 = 14,400 lbf/ft2

Calculated Cvc = 1,639. ft/sec From Equation (14) Uvc = {2gc (k) [ 1-(Pvc) k-1/k ] P1 }0.5 -------(14) { (k-1) [ (P1) ] 1 } where:- k gc P1 Pvc 1 = 1.33 = 32.17 lbm-ft/lbf-s2 = 20,880 lbf/ft = 13,892.5 lbf/ft2 = 0.331 lb/ft3

Calculated 2 = 0.228 lbm/ft2 From Equation (42) C2 = (k R gc T2) 0.5 ( Mw ) where k R gc T2 Mw ----------------(42)

Calculated Uvc = 1,252.28 ft/sec From Equation (15) Wm = w (Uvc)2 2 gc where w Uvc gc -------------------------(15) = 7.877 lbm/sec = 1,252.28 lb/ft3 = 32.17 lbm-ft/lbf-s2

= 1.33 = 1545 ft-lbf = 32.17 lbm-ft/lbf-s2 = T1 = 810 oR = 18

Calculated Wm = 191,992 ft-lbf/sec From Equation (16) Mn = Uvc Cvc Where Uvc Cvc -----------------------------(16) = 1,252.28 ft/sec = 1,639.7 ft/sec

Calculated C2 = 1725 ft/sec From equation (43) Lpi = 10log 10 ( NL Wa 2 c2 ) ( D i2 ) where NL Wa c2 2 Di --------------(43)

Calculated Mn = 0.7637 From Equation (17) Wa = I Wm FL2 Where I Wm FLP/FP --------------------(17) = (1x10-4) (Mn3.6) = 0.0000379 = 191,992 ft-lbf/sec = 0.9630 (because fittings are attached)

= 5.7 x 1010 = 6.748 ft-lbf/sec = 1725 ft/sec = 0.228 lbm/ft3 = 0.614 ft

Calculated Lpi = 146.03 dB

Calculated Wa = 6.748 ft-lbf/sec

From Equation (44). TL fo = 10log10 [ NT (Di3) 1 Pa] ------(44) [ (r tp2) (P2/Po+1) Po ] where NT Di r tp P2 Pa Po = 1.1 x 10-7 = 0.614 ft = 3.6 ft = 0.026 ft = 14,400 lbf/ft2 = 2116 lbf/ft2 = 2116 lbf/ft2

From Equation (50) Lg = 16 log10 [ 1 ] -------------(50) [ 1- ( Np P1 Cv FL ) ] [ ( Di2 P2 )] where Np = 1.5 x 10-4 P1 = 20,880 lbf/ft2 P2 = 14,400 lbf/ft2 Cv = 140 FLP/FP = 0.9630 (because fittings are attached) Di = 0.614 ft Calculated Lg = 0.563 dB From Equation (51)

Calculated TL fo = -58.72 dB From Equation (45) fo = NF -------------------------------(45) 4 Di where NF Di = 1.6 x 104 = 0.614 ft

Mach Number outlet = Np P1 Cv FL ---------(51) Di2 P2 where Np = 1.5 x 10-4 P1 = 20,880 lbf/ft2 P2 = 14,400 lbf/ft2 Cv = 140 FLP/FP = 0.9630 (because fittings are attached) Di = 0.614 ft Calculated Mach Number outlet = 0.077 From equation (52). LpAe = 5 + Lpi + TL + Lg --------------(52) Where Lpi Lg TL = 146.03 dB = 0.563 dB = -79.3 dB

Calculated fo = 2,073.41 Hz As fp (16,155 Hz) is < fo (2073.41 Hz) then equation (48) applies. If fp > 4fo then TL fp = 20 log10 (fp) + 7.8 -------------(48) (fo) where fo fp = 2073.41 Hz = 16,155 Hz

Calculated TL fp = 13.6 dB From Equation (49) TL = TL fo - TL fp ------------------------(49) Where TL fo TL fp = -58.72 dB = 13.6 dB

Calculated LpAe = 79.3 dB (A) Note: This calculation is considered valid as the calculated Outlet Mach No. (equation 51) <0.3.

Calculated TL = 72.32 dB

Severn Glocon Technical Manual Fixed Area Attenuators. Contents Flow Path Noise Attenuation. Valve Seat Exit Diffusers. Baffle Plates. Absorption Silencers. MLT Vent Silencing. Pressure Recovery and Style Modifier Fd Values. Introduction. Most control valves are sized and selected on the basis of treating the noise at source, within the valve trim, thereby not allowing the produced noise to develop above acceptable levels. However, in applications where there are high operational pressure drop ratios, and produced noise problems at high flow rates a combination of noise treatment at source within the valve trim together with a downstream fixed area diffuser can prove very cost effective in minimizing noise. This combination also works well in keeping valve sizes down, by reducing the specific volumes in gas applications thereby controlling maximum velocities at the exit of the valve. Source treatment of noise concerns selecting the correct valve equipment for the duty, whether it is multi-stage trims, valves in series or maintaining velocities at acceptably low levels. Once the noise has been generated, path treatment involves eliminating the downstream acoustic energy transmission within the piping system. Increasing the wall thickness of the downstream pipework or application of acoustic lagging, can camouflage the immediate valve noise problems, however, the noise travels down the pipeline and will radiate from another location. Many contractors and end users fix an upper limit on source produced noise in order to prevent acoustic fatigue of the pipework. This limit varies with different valve types and their locations, but can be applied upwards of 112 dbA with the frequency spectrum produced from a low noise control valve having a dominant value at some 2000Hz. Systems which vent to atmosphere are potentially very noisy because of the highpressure drop ratios and high exit velocities involved. Dividing the total pressure drop within the vent system, by fitting a multi-path diffuser at the pipework exit in series with the upstream control valve, can significantly reduce the noise problem.

Technical Manual System SGT 10/9

SEVERN GLOCON

Flow Path Noise Attenuation. Treatment of the flow path noise may be used as an option where source treatment of the noise generated is considered too expensive. In addition it may be specified to augment the attenuation provided at source. This increasing of the resistance to noise propagation into the surroundings can take on many forms including thermal or acoustic pipework insulation, increasing the pipe wall thickness schedule, additional fixed area throttling plates and diffusers or silencers. Pipework thickness alterations and additional insulation can provide noise attenuation benefits local to the valve, however this masking only provides a localized respite from the noise, as the fluid stream will carry the noise for long distances within the downstream pipework. Valve Seat Exit Diffusers. This simple form of cylindrical fixed area flow restrictors is mounted within the valve immediately below the seat. It is often constructed integral with the seat and is manufactured in hardened materials to offset flow erosion. Similar to the concentric flow cage in construction, when used in flow over the head applications, such as liquids, multi-phase or flashing the seat exit diffuser not only supplements the pressure drop and noise attenuation capabilities of the fitted valve trim, it also protects the base of the globe valve from the erosive effects of the working fluids. Figure 2 illustrates a single stage cage valve with seat exit diffuser for use on flashing applications. Baffle Plates. Another type of fixed area restrictor is the baffle plate. These can be mounted both upstream and downstream of a control valve, when the baffle plate is able to reduce noise by up to 15dBA. Providing the application conditions are suitable, baffle plates are often used to supplement the noise attenuation capabilities of a control valve, at higher florets, thereby allowing a more cost effective solution using a smaller valve, with a reduced number of trim pressure letdown stages to be used. It is often convenient to mount a baffle plate within the control valve, thereby saving the expense of additional pipework and fittings. Figure 3 illustrates this arrangement for a flanged valve. Baffle plates can also be used with liquid flows to augment the performance of a control valve providing that the flow rates remain reasonably constant. As liquid flows have a constant specific volume, the restrictors can be mounted either upstream or downstream to reduce

pressure although care is needed in selection and positioning so as not to increase the valve size with which it is in series. Table 1 details the standard baffle plates available together with their rated flow Cv and style modifier values for calculation purposes. Figure 2. Single Cage Valve with Seat Exit Diffuser for Flashing Flow Applications.

Figure 3. Flanged Valve fitted with Integral Baffle Plate.

Absorption Silencers. This type of silencer reduces the produced noise by actually absorbing some of the acoustic energy. If it is fitted immediately downstream of the valve it will reduce the sound intensity produced at the valve and within the downstream pipeline. The internal construction of these in-line silencers, using perforated tubes and acoustic insulating materials, effectively dissipate the noise within the flowing medium and also attenuate the noise reaching the outside. Designed for reasonably constant and high mass flow rates these units can provide cost effective noise attenuation upto 35dbA. Similar in construction to the in-line absorption silencer, but with one end open to the environment, the open vent unit is sited at the termination point of pipework, and allows the fluid stream to vent out atmosphere. Capable of taking some pressure drop, which increases the back pressure on the vent valve, the combined unit of valve and vent silencer can provide in excess of 50dbA noise attenuation. MLT Vent Silencing. When free venting high pressure drop compressible flows through a conventional type of control valve, feeding into an unrestricted leg of pipework open to the environment, noise levels upto 140dbA can be heard. Without the ability to control the discharge velocities the flow from a valve will create turbulence and/or shock waves resulting in the creation of unwanted noise. The multi-stage pressure let down, and torturous flow path construction of the MultiLabyrinth Trim (MLT). Permits high line pressures to be vented into the environment without the production of excessive noise levels. This type of MLT vent silencing unit is suitable for fitting in a discharge stack downstream of a control valve. If there is wide flow rangeability required the MLT stack can form part of the valve trim, which is discharged directly to the environment. The valve plug is positioned to optimize the pressure drop ratios dependent upon the discharge flow rate. Pressure Recovery Factors. The fixed area restrictors or attenuators generally have higher pressure recovery characteristics that the cage valves, therefore care is needed in sizing so as not to drop excessive pressure across these elements thereby causing excessive noise or cavitation. Clearly the cavitation index is also changed. Values for FL, mr and

pressure drop ratio factor XT are given in Table 2. Table 1. Single Flat Plat Baffle Flow Characteristics.
Baffle Plate Identifier A1 A2 A3 B1 B2 B3 C1 C2 C3 D1 D2 D3 E1 E2 E3 F1 F2 F3 G1 G2 G3 H1 H2 H3 J1 J2 J3 K1 K2 K3 L1 L2 L3 M1 M2 M3 N1 N2 N3 P1 P2 P3 R1 R2 R3 S1 S2 S3 Minimum Pipe Dia ins 1 1 1 1.5 1.5 1.5 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 6 6 6 8 8 8 10 10 10 12 12 12 14 14 14 16 16 16 18 18 18 20 20 20 24 24 24 30 30 30 36 36 36 Baffle Flow Cv 7.3 9.7 12 16.5 22 27.5 29 39 49 66 88 110 117 156 195 265 350 440 470 625 780 730 980 1220 1050 1400 1760 1450 1910 2400 1870 2500 3150 2370 3160 3950 2950 3900 4870 4210 5610 7020 6580 8770 10,960 9,470 12,630 15,800 Style Modifier Fd 0.228 0.198 0.177 0.152 0.132 0.117 0.171 0.148 0.132 0.113 0.098 0.088 0.114 0.099 0.088 0.076 0.066 0.059 0.057 0.049 0.044 0.046 0.039 0.035 0.047 0.041 0.037 0.049 0.042 0.038 0.042 0.037 0.033 0.044 0.038 0.034 0.046 0.039 0.035 0.038 0.033 0.029 0.038 0.033 0.029 0.038 0.033 0.029

Table 2. Fixed Area Attenuators Pressure Recovery Factors Cavitation Index Values.
Attentuator Type Cylindrical Flat Baffle MLT Recovery Factor FL 0.94 0.91 0.98 Cavitation Index mr 1.25 1.34 1.08 Pressure Factor XT 0.86 0.83 0.97

Cv total = ( [1/Cv1]2 + [1/Cv2]2

---- [1/Cvn]2 )

Where :Cv1 = Flow Cv of first restrictor (or Valve). Cv2 = Flow Cv of second restrictor (or Valve) Cvn = Flow Cv of Nth restrictor (or Valve) Selection of Attenuators to work in Series with Valves. Care is required when selecting any attenuator which is to be fitted in series with valve equipment, as the wrong allocation of pressure drop (unit Cv) could result in the valve being oversized. For a simple baffle plate the optimum pressure ratio is approximately 2:1. Higher pressure ratios may be used up to some 4:1, however the resulting noise produced from the simple baffle (see Section 8 of this Manual) may be prohibitive. There is no minimum pressure ratio required, but in order to maintain effectiveness the flow rate needs to remain reasonably constant i.e. low rangeability requirements. Gas / Vapour Noise Level Prediction Technique for In-Line Attentuators. When performing calculations to determine the noise levels produced by valves with in-line attenuators, it is necessary to consider each pressure let down stage separately. It is therefore necessary to determine the pressure drop and capacity (Cv) of each restricting component, and determine the best allocation between the valve and attenuator. As this is an iterative process Severn Glocon have developed their own in-house computer program to produce the most cost effective solutions. Section 8 of this Manual shows how individual noise levels are predicted, together with how this is summated into an overall produced noise for the equipment.

Figure 4. Absorption Silencer. Determination of Flow Capacity Cv with Fixed Area Flow Restrictors in Series. Calculation of restrictor capacity and critical flow factor is carried out in a similar manner to that for a normal valve, (see Section 2 of this Manual) with the necessary attention being paid to cavitation coefficient allocated to the restrictor. When determining the effect of fitting restrictors these are added as resistors in series with the control valve.

Severn Glocon Technical Manual Valve Actuator Sizing Contents. Static Forces on Valve Trims. Seat Leakage Requirements. Allowances for Friction. Dynamic Forces on Valve Trims. Calculating Actuator Thrust Requirements. Actuator and Trim Dimensional Data. Introduction. There are three main types of actuator, which are used in-conjunction with control valves, these are pneumatic, electric and hydraulic powered versions. Clearly, these groups maybe sub-divided into different variants depending upon the type of control instrumentation fitted and the individual valve configuration e.g. Rotary or Linear. Irrespective of which type of actuation is selected, the method of calculating the valve trim unbalanced forces can be overcome by the actuator is identical. Both the static and dynamic forces acting on the valve trim are considered together with the additional forces required to overcome the internal valve sliding friction and trim seating forces necessary to provide the required valve shutoff class. During the flowing conditions the pressures effective at the valve plug are less than those normally given at the valve inlet and outlet. These differences are due to internal pressure losses within the valve body attributable to shape changes in section. As the overall pressure differentials between the valve inlet and outlet are the most extreme these are used in the calculations for sizing the actuator. Trim flow direction can result in the production of high transient forces acting on the valve plug, particularly if the plug is flowed over the head and is near its seating position. This condition known as bath plugging can produce oscillation of the plug and lead to flow disruptions and violent pulsations. The calculation methods given in this manual do not take into account these transient forces, however, experience has shown that avoiding the use of a low inherent stability actuator e.g. pneumatic diaphragm spring type, change of flow direction or fitting a snubber, can often eliminate these undesirable effects. The use of fixed area attenuators to supplement valve performance is discussed in SGT 10/9 of this Manual. Under maximum operating conditions this equipment can substantially reduce the trim out of balance pressures to be overcome by the actuator.

SEVERN GLOCON

Figure 1. Series N Numotor Pneumatic Piston Actuator.

Figure 2. Series P Linear Spring Cylinder Actuator. Static Forces Acting on Valve Trims.

An actuator has to be capable of overcoming both the static and dynamic forces associated with a valve. To achieve this it requires the necessary power, stiffness and frequency response to match the application. Static forces are considered to exist when pressure is applied to the valve but no resultant flow takes place. The summation of all the different static forces acting on the valve can demand a high degree of actuator force. These requirements result from the static force on the trim, which may / may not be internally balances, plus that from the stem which is subjected to the maximum pressure differential. Seat Leakage Requirements. Leakage class requirements from the valve also contribute significantly to the actuator size. This seating force varies from some 20lbs / inch of seat circumference to satisfy up to Class III leakage, with the value rising to some 80lbs for Class IV. Metal to metal seated. Class V valves require even higher loading which are dependent upon the pressure differential applied across the seat. Typically for ANSI 600 valve working up to maximum differential at shut-off the loading per inch of circumference can be in excess of 160lbs depending upon the materials of construction. Soft seated valves for typically Class VI leakage, still require an appreciable load from the actuator to maintain the bubbletight shutoff expected. This level depends upon the seat material selection, which may be peculiar to the application and working temperature. Typically for a TFE material, with a maximum working differential pressure up to some 500psi the expected loading is some 90lbs per inch of seat circumference. Allowances for Friction. With linear motion valves the greatest source of friction often originates in the valve packing, however the actual level depends upon the choice of packing. With the increasing awareness of environmental issues, low emission valve gland packing are now being offered with virtually zero leakage. However, some of these packing materials require additional allowances in order to overcome the increased stem friction. For most applications below 250oC the Teflon Chevron ring set will be specified. This type of packing generally gives low friction. Conversely at higher temperatures, where graphite is often specified, the highest friction levels need to be overcome. Friction values for different stem packing materials are given in this manual, together with those

attributable to piston seals in cage balanced valves, see Tables 1 and 2. Rotary Valves. With a symmetrical construction rotary types e.g. ball and plug valves, there is no unbalanced static forces. High friction exists between the seating and the rotary member at all positions. With eccentric or offset rotary valves static unbalance does exist as the valve moves away from its seating. The force required to operate the rotary valve is measured as a torque, and due allowance has to be made to cope with breakout friction as the rotary member commences movement. Stem friction is often reduced compared to linear sliding stem valves. However, in some designs there are two packing boxes, one for each end of the stem, in order to eliminate high levels of axial thrust associated with large stem diameters. Dynamic Forces. These forces are created by the flow of fluid through the valve, and with certain valve types can be quite complex and may cause instability, which manifests itself with oscillation at the actuator. Different types of actuator have more inherent stability and stiffness than others. In high duty applications e.g. surge control, if it is suspected that instability may become a problem then hydraulic or pneumatic spring piston actuators will provide the best solution. It is advisable to carry out a stability check when using a diaphragm spring unit, fitted to a valve having a solid unbalanced trim on control applications, particularly when a low rate spring is specified. This is to ensure that when the trim unbalanced force acts in the same direction as the valve fail action, that the actuator spring force is dominant rather than the force produced from the trim. An empirically derived formulae for checking the stability of a spring diaphragm spring unit, is given below. The value of the stability calculated should not be greater than 1.
Stability Check = Trim Loading x Travel x16 Spring Compressed Spring Extended
Where:Travel =Actuator Stroke ins. Spring Compressed =Maximum Spring Force lb Spring extended =Minimum Spring Force lb. Trim loading =0.1 P1xunbalanced area in2. and 0.1P1 is limited to 20psi max. If the calculated valve is greater than 1, then the following options should be considered to remove a potential control problem:1) Balance the trim. 2) Increase the actuator size. 3) Increase the assembly stiffness i.e. increase spring rate.

Actuator Fore Requirements Applicable to all Valve Trim Designs. These frictional and seating forces are additional to any other forces calculated for the actuator to overcome due to trim unbalance. Balance Seal Friction Bf If the valve has a balanced trim the balance seal will oppose trim movement, this additional friction force can be calculated as follows :Br = 1.98 Dpl x L x S x U Where:Dpl =Plug diameter ins (see table 6). L =Seal thickness ins (taken as 0.190). S =for PTFE seal is taken as the value for P1 in lb/in2g. S =for Graphite seal is taken as the constant value 2250. U =for PTFE seal is taken as the value 0.08. U =for Graphite seal is taken as the value 0.15. Stem Packing Friction Gf.
Table 1 Actuator Force required to overcome Stem Packing Friction. Stem Dia Valve Rating PTFE PTFE Ins mm Class Chevrons Braided lbf N lbf N 300 75 335 600 100 446 0.5 13 50 223 1500 125 558 2500 150 670 300 100 446 600 120 536 0.75 18 75 335 1500 130 580 2500 160 714 300 130 580 600 150 670 1.063 27 110 491 1500 190 848 2500 220 982 300 450 2009 600 490 2188 2.0 50 200 893 1500 500 2232 2500 550 2455

Low Emission lbf 125 170 190 230 190 250 270 295 285 340 355 375 640 680 730 750

Graphite N 558 759 848 1027 848 1116 1205 1317 1272 1518 1585 1674 2857 3036 3259 3348 lbf 305 412 509 620 510 725 1110 1410 705 990 1470 1750 1260 1980 2750 3300 N 1.358 1835 2267 2762 2272 3230 4945 6280 3140 4410 6550 7795 5610 8820 12250 14700

Valve Seating Forces PL1

Table 2. Actuator Force required to provide Seat Leakage Class PL1 Seat Leakage Valve Rating Resilient ANSI Class Class Seating lbf N 300 600 Class III 1500 2500 300 600 Class IV 1500 2500 300 70 313 600 90 402 Class V 1500 110 491 2500 130 580 300 135 603 600 150 670 Class VI 1500 180 804 2500 200 893

Metal to Metal lbf 20 30 45 60 80 95 125 145 230 260 350 390 N 89 134 201 268 357 424 558 647 1025 1160 1560 1740

Hard Faced Seating lbf N 30 134 45 201 60 268 80 357 150 670 180 804 195 871 240 1071 350 1560 390 1740 430 1910 450 2005

Note : Values given in Table 2 are in Force lbs required / inch of Seat Circumference.

Nomenclature A A1 A2 A3 Bf C1 F1 F2 F3 F4 Gf Pact P1 P2 P3 P4 PL1 SR1 SR2 Stem = Actuator Size =Area valve seat bore =Area of valve guide balance bore =Area of valve plug stem =Balance seal friction =Circumference of the seat bore =Unbalanced force with valve in closed position =Unbalanced force with valve in open position =Force required to open a shut valve =Force required to close and seat valve =Stem packing gland friction =Actuator operating fluid pressure =Inlet pressure with valve open =Outlet pressure with valve open =Inlet pressure with valve closed =Outlet pressure with valve closed =Seating force required to give leakage class =Spring rating in relaxed condition (i.e. 3psi on 3 to 15psi spring) =Spring rating in compressed condition (i.e. 3psi on 3 to 15psi spring) =Limiting valve stem design stress Imperial Units in2 in2 in2 in2 lbf ins lbf lbf lbf lbf lbf lbf/in2g lbf/in2g lbf/in2g lbf/in2g lbf/in2g lbf lbf/in2g lbf/in2g lbf/in2g Metric Units cm2 cm2 cm2 cm2 N cm N N N N N barg barg barg barg barg N barg barg barg

Sizing Procedure for Valves. a). Allocation of Pressure Drop. These are three possible options for the actuator sizing pressures, which are detailed as follows:1). Where the P Actuator sizing is not specified in which case use:P3 = P1 and P4 = 0. 2) Where the P actuator sizing is specified, and is lower than the inlet pressure in which case use:P3 = P1 and P4 = P1 - P actuator sizing. 3) Where the P actuator sizing is specified and is higher than the inlet pressure given, in which case use:P3 = P actuator sizing and P4 = 0. b). Calculation of Forces F1 and F2. Select the appropriate figure for the trim type being considered and by using the formulae applicable calculate forces F1 and F2. NOTE: A positive answer indicates an unbalanced force acting in an upwards direction, whereas a negative answer indicates a downward acting unbalanced force. c). Additional Actuator Forces Required. Gf, Bf & PL1. Using Tables 1 & 2 determine the additional actuator forces required to satisfy stem gland packing and balance seal friction plus the seat leakage class requirements. These are then used in the calculation of valve opening force F3 and valve closing and seating force F4. d). For Actuators fitted with Mechanical Springs. Calculate the maximum spring force requirement, this is dependent upon the valve

position required on instrument air failure, and is usually expressed in terms of spring rating x the selected actuator size (area ins2). 1). Air fail valve position closed i.e. spring relaxed. Force required to close and seat the valve F4. Where:- F4 = (F1 + Gf + Bf + C1PL1)/A ------(1) or F4 = (F2 + Gf + Bf + C1PL1)/A whichever is the greater. -------(2)

2). Select spring from table * which in its relaxed position has sufficient force to satisfy F4 requirements. 3). Calculate the minimum Actuator operating pressure required Pact. Where:- Pact = SR1 + (Gf + Bf F1) / A ------(3) or Pact = SR2 + (Gf + Bf F1) / A whichever is the greater. ----------(4)

4). Air fail position open. Force required to open the valve F3 Where:- F3 = (Gf + Bf F1) / A -------------(5) or F3 = (Gf + Bf F2) / A whichever is the greater. -------------------(6)

5). Select spring from Table 7 for the Series W Spring Diaphragm Actuator which in its relaxed position has sufficient force to satisfy F3 requirements.

6). Calculate the minimum Actuator operating pressure required Pact. Where:Pact = SR1 + (Gf + Bf + C1PL1 + F2)/A -------------(7) or Pact = SR2 + (Gf + Bf + C1PL1 + F1)/A ----- --(8) whichever is greater. Note 1: An allowance of 5psig above the minimum calculated actuator working pressure is normally made to allow for deterioration in supply pressures. Note 2: The minimum actuator working fluid pressure selected should be below the recommended maximums given in the Product Bulletins. Note 3: When spring less actuators are used SR1 and SR2 are deleted from the above formulae. e). Limiting Stem Stress Stem. On valve with large unbalanced forces it is necessary to check the valve stem stress using (9) Stem = Maximum unbalanced load / Valve stem area (A3) -----------------------------------------------(9) Consult material data sheet for limiting stress values. f). Sample Actuator Sizing Calculations. A 3ins contoured trim installed within a 6ins Series 5000 300lb rated body. Working temperature is 200oC and the packing fitted is PTFE Braided. Leakage requirements are ANSI/FCI 70-2-1991 Class III metal to metal seating. P1 P2 P3 P4 A1 A3 =80 psig (Inlet pressure with valve open) =20 psig (Outlet pressure with valve open) =100 psig (Inlet pressure with valve closed) =10 psig (Outlet pressure with valve closed) =4.909 ins2 (Area valve seat bore) =0.442 ins2 (Area of valve plug stem 0.75 dia)

Read off the stem gland packing friction Gf from table 1. Gf = 100 lbf ie PTFE Braided. Bf = 0 i.e. contoured trim therefore no seal rings are fitted. Read off the trim sealing force required PL1. from Table 2. PL1 = 20 lbf / in of seat circumference. C1 = 7.885 ins from Table 5. Series W Actuator Sizing (Air fail position closed.)

Figure 3. Series W Reverse Acting Spring Diaphragm Actuator. The stroke for a 6ins valve is 2 ins which is the standard travel for a Series W diaphragm spring opposed 150 in2 actuator. The spring pressure required in the valve closed position is:Force (Maximum) required to close and seat the valve is F4, in this case given from equation (1). Where:-F4 = (F1 - Gf + Bf + C1PL1)/A = (446.2 + 100 + 0 + 7.855(20) )/150 = 4.68 psig. This spring load can be achieved with a 6 - 30psig spring, which has 6 psig available in the valve closed (spring relaxed) position. Calculate the minimum Actuator operating pressure required Pact using equations (3) & (4). Where:- PactClosed = SR1 + (Gf + Bf F1) / A or PactOpen = SR2 + (Gf + Bf F2) / A whichever is the greater. PactClosed = 6 + ((100 + 0 446.2) / 150) = 6 2.3 = 3.7 psig. PactOpen = 30 + ((100 + 0 303.4) / 150) = 30 1.36 = 28.64 psig From Note 1. Section (d) an allowance of +5 psig is made, thus Minimum Air Pressure =33.64 psig

Flow is under the plug, therefore calculating the out of balance force in the plug closed position shown Figure 3. F1 =(P3 x A1) (P4 x (A1 A3) ) =(100 x 4.909) (10 (4.909 0.442) =446.2 lbf. (Acting upwards)

Out of balance force in the plug open position shown Figure 4. F2 =(P1 x A1) (P2 x (A1 A3) ) =(80 x 4.909) 20 (4.909 0.442) =303.4 lbf. (Acting upwards)

Air Fail Position Open. The calculations are carried out in exactly the same manner as for the air fail position closed, except that F3 is calculated from equation (5) & (6) in place of F4. Stem Stress. A check of the stem stress is required to ensure it is within acceptable values as per material data sheets. Stem = Maximum unbalanced load / Valve stem area (A3) = (F1 + Gf + Bf + C1PL1)/A3 = (446.2 + 100 + 0 + 7.855 (20) / 0.442 = 1,591 lbf/in2 Stability Check. As the Series W actuator is wholly reliant on the spring for operational stability then this check should be made:The value of the stability calculated from the following equation should not be greater than 1. Stability Check = Trim Loading x Travel x 16 Spring Compressed Spring Extended Where: Travel Spring Compressed Spring Extended Trim Loading =Actuator Stroke ins. =Maximum Spring Force lb. =Minimum Spring Forces lb. =0.1 P1 x unbalanced area in2. and 0.1 P1 is limited to 20psi max.

Step 1. Calculate F4 maximum force required to close and seat the valve, using equations ---(1) & (2). This force is then converted to spring pressure consistent with the size of actuator selected. Step 2. If it is decided some of the required spring force is to be produced from the air pressure acting above the cylinder piston. Then this force is subtracted from the total spring force requirements. Step 3. Calculate the minimum actuator operating pressure required using equations --------- (7) & (8). Step 4. Check stem stress. Air Fail position open. The actuator spring force is required to open the valve on air failure is calculated in the same manner as for the Series W actuator except F3 replaces F4. Utilise Step 2 from the above air to close routine if an air spring is to be used to augment the mechanical spring force.

Stability check = 8x2.25x16/(150x30)(150 x 6) Therefore as the Check shows the result to be 0.08 there should be no problem with valve

stabityi. Figure 4. Series P spring Cylinder Actuator. Series P Actuator Sizing Air Fail position closed. With this actuator the spring force required to close the valve is calculated in the same way as for the Series W Actuator. However, by fitting a 5 port solenoid valve or a positioner in series with the actuator it is possible to utilize some air pressure above the piston to augment the mechanical spring force, if required. See Step 2.

Figure 5. Series N Numotor Actuator. Series N Numotor Actuator Sizing air fail position closed. The force required to close the valve is calculated in exactly the same way as for the Series W and P actuators. With this actuator the mechanical spring is normally replaced by the pneumatic loading pressure acting on the upper area of the piston. The supply pressure less the loading pressure times the piston area is the opening thrust and this must be able to give an opening force sufficient to satisfy the calculated requirements for the valve. The option is available to set the loading pressure to suit different trim loads. Typically, by setting the loading pressure at half the supply pressure, the available force is equal in both directions. Air fail position open. When the Series N Numotor is required to operate in the air fail open mode, then only a mechanical spring is used to develop the air fail thrust required. This mechanical spring force is calculated in exactly the same manner except F3 replaces F4 as for the Series W and P actuators.

Forces Acting on Valve Trims.

Contoured (Flowed Over)

Contoured (Flowed Over)

F1 (Closed) F1 = (P4 x A1) (P3 x (A1 A3))

F2 (Cracked open) F2 = (P2 x A1) (P1 x (A1 A3)) F2 = (Open) F2 = P1 x A3 Contoured (Flowed Under)

Contoured (Flowed Under)

F1 (Closed) F1 = (P3 x A1) (P4 x (A1 A3))

F2 (Open) F2 = (P1 x A1) (P2 x (A1 A3))

Forces Acting on Valve Trims.

Cage Guided Nonbalanced (Flowed Over)

Cage Guided Nonbalanced (Flowed Over)

F1 (Closed) F1 = (P4 x A1)+(P3x(A2 A1))(P3x(A2 A3)) F1 = (P4 x A1) + (P3 x (A3 A1)) Cage Guided Nonbalanced (Flowed Under)

F2 (Open) F2 = (P2x A2) - (P1 x (A2 A3) ) Cage Style Nonbalanced (Flowed Under)

F1 (Closed) F1 = (P3 x A1)+(P4x(A2 A1))(P4x(A2 A3)) F1 = (P3 x A1) + (P4 x (A3 A1))

F2 (Open) F2 = (P1x A2) - (P2 x (A2 A3) )

Forces Acting on Valve Trims. Cage Guided Balanced (Flowed Over) Cage Guided Balanced (Flowed Over)

F1 (Closed) F1 = (P4 x A1)+(P3x(A2 A1))(P4x(A2 A3) ) F1 = (P4 (A1 A2 + A3) ) + (P3 x (A2 A1) ) Cage Guided Balanced (Flowed Under)

F2 (Open) F2 = (P1x A2) - (P1 x (A2 A3) ) F2 = P2 x A3 Cage Style Balanced (Flowed Under)

F1 (Closed) F1 = (P3 x A1)+(P4x(A2 A1))(P3x(A2 A3) ) F1 = (P3 (A1 A2 + A3) ) + (P4 x (A2 A1) )

F2 (Open) F2 = (P1x A2) - (P1 x (A2 A3) ) F2 = (P1 x A3)

Table 3. Series 2000 Stem Dimensions up to and including ANSI 600 (PN 110) Area (A3) Valve Body Size ins mm <=1 <=25 1 40 2 50 3 80 4 100 6 150 8 200 10 250 12 300
Valve Body Size ins <=1 1 1/2 2 3 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24

Stem Diameter ins mm 0.551 14.0 0.801 20.3 0.801 20.3 1.00 25.4 1.00 25.4 1.50 25.4 2.00 50.8 2.00 50.8 3.00 76.2
ANSI 900/1500 (PN 150/250) 3 Stem Diameter Area (A ) 2 2 cm ins mm ins 19 0.44 2.85 1 1/16 27 0.89 5.72 1 1/16 27 0.89 5.72 2 51 3.14 20.3 2 51 3.14 20.3 2 51 3.14 20.3 2 51 3.14 20.3 2 51 3.14 20.3 2 51 3.14 20.3 2 51 3.14 20.3 2 51 3.14 20.3 2 51 3.14 20.3 2 51 3.14 20.3 2 51 3.14 20.3

Stem Area (A3) ins mm 0.24 1.54 0.50 3.25 0.50 3.25 0.79 5.07 0.79 5.07 1.77 11.4 3.14 20.3 3.14 20.3 7.07 456
ANSI 2500 (PN 420) 3 Stem Diameter Area (A ) 2 2 cm ins mm ins 19 0.44 2.85 1 1/16 27 0.89 5.72 1 1/16 27 0.89 5.72 2 51 3.14 20.3 2 51 3.14 20.3 2 51 3.14 20.3 2 51 3.14 20.3 2 51 3.14 20.3 2 51 3.14 20.3 2 51 3.14 20.3 2 51 3.14 20.3 2 51 3.14 20.3 2 51 3.14 20.3 2 51 3.14 20.3

Table 4. Series 5000 Stem Dimensions Area (A3)

Up to and including ANSI 600 (PN 110) 3 Stem Diameter Area (A ) 2 2 cm ins mm ins 13 0.20 1.27 19 0.44 2.85 19 0.44 2.85 1 1/16 27 0.89 5.72 1 1/16 27 0.89 5.72 1 1/16 27 0.89 5.72 2 51 3.14 20.3 2 51 3.14 20.3 2 51 3.14 20.3 2 51 3.14 20.3 2 51 3.14 20.3 2 51 3.14 20.3 2 51 3.14 20.3 2 51 3.14 20.3

mm <=25 40 50 80 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 600

Table 5. Series 2000 Contoured Trims Seat Dimensions Area (A1) Circumference (C1)
Valve Body Size ins 1 1 2 3 4 6 mm 15 20 25 40 50 80 100 150 Trim Size Cv 2.5 4 4 7 7 15 20 30 30 50 75 110 110 195 275 400 ins 3/8 1 1 1 1 1 5/8 2 3 3 3 4 5 Seat Bore Diameter ins mm 0.407 10.3 0.500 12.7 0.500 12.7 0.625 15.8 0.625 15.8 0.812 20.6 1.125 28.6 1.250 31.8 1.250 31.8 1.625 41.3 2.000 50.8 2.625 66.7 2.625 66.7 3.500 88.9 4.187 106 5.000 127 Seat Circumference (C1) ins cm 1.28 3.25 1.57 3.99 1.57 3.99 1.96 4.99 1.96 4.99 2.55 6.48 3.53 8.98 3.93 9.98 3.93 9.98 5.11 12.97 6.28 15.96 8.25 20.95 8.25 20.95 10.99 27.93 13.15 33.41 15.71 39.90 Seat Area (A1) 2 2 cm ins 0.13 0.84 0.20 1.27 0.20 1.27 0.31 1.98 0.31 1.98 0.52 3.34 0.99 6.41 1.23 7.92 1.23 7.92 2.07 13.38 3.14 20.27 5.41 34.92 5.41 34.92 9.62 62.07 13.77 88.83 19.64 126.7

Table 6. Series 5000 Contoured Trims Seat Dimensions Area (A1) Circumference (C1)
Valve Body Size ins 1 1 2 3 4 6 8 10 mm 15 20 25 40 50 80 100 150 200 250 Trim Size Cv 2.5 4 6 9 12 15 20 25 30 46 50 75 110 110 200 275 400 500 650 1000 ins 3/8 9/16 7/8 1 1 1/8 1 1/4 1 1/2 1 5/8 1 3/4 2 3 3 3 1/2 4 1/4 5 5 1/2 6 1/2 10 Seat Bore Diameter ins mm 0.375 9.5 0.500 12.7 0.562 14.3 0.750 19.0 0.875 22.2 1.000 25.4 1.125 28.6 1.250 31.8 1.375 24.9 1.625 41.3 1.700 43.2 2.000 50.8 2.625 66.7 2.625 66.7 3.500 88.9 4.187 106 5.000 127 5.662 144 6.375 162 8.000 203 Seat Circumference (C1) ins cm 1.18 2.99 1.57 3.99 1.77 4.49 2.36 5.99 2.75 6.99 3.14 7.98 3.53 8.98 3.93 9.98 4.32 10.98 5.11 12.97 5.34 13.57 6.28 15.96 8.25 20.95 8.25 20.95 10.99 27.93 13.15 33.41 15.71 39.90 45.18 45.18 50.88 50.88 63.85 63.85 Seat Area (A1) 2 2 cm ins 0.11 0.71 0.20 1.27 0.24 1.60 0.44 2.85 0.60 3.88 0.79 5.07 0.99 6.41 1.23 7.92 1.48 9.58 2.07 13.38 2.27 14.65 3.14 20.27 5.41 34.92 5.41 34.92 9.62 62.07 13.77 88.83 19.64 126.7 25.18 162.4 31.92 205.9 50.27 324.3

Table 7. Series 5000 Cage Guided Trims Seat and Guide Dimensions (A1), (A2) & (C1)
Valve Body Size Ins mm 3 75 Trim Size Seat Bore Diameter Seat Circumference (C1) ins cm Seat Area (A1)

Seat Area (A2) cm

2

Cv 20 35 55 80 80 150 200 300 500 650 750 1000 1640 2500

ins 1 1/4 1 1/2 2 2 1/2 2 1/2 4 4 1/4 5 5 1/2 6 1/2 8 10 10 14

ins 1.25 1.625 2.000 2.625 2.625 3.500 4.187 5.000 5.662 6.375 7.750 8.875 10.25 13.50

mm 31.8 41.3 50.8 66.7 66.7 89 106 127 144 162 197 225 260 343

ins

cm

ins

4 6 8 10 12 16

100 150 200 250 300 400

3.93 5.11 6.28 8.25 8.25 10.99 13.15 15.71 17.79 20.03 24.35 27.88 32.20 42.44

9.98 12.97 15.96 20.95 20.95 27.93 33.41 39.90 45.18 50.88 61.84 70.82 81.79 107.8

1.23 2.07 3.14 5.41 5.41 9.62 13.77 19.64 25.18 31.92 47.17 61.86 82.52 143.1

7.92 13.38 20.27 34.92 34.92 62.10 88.80 126.7 162.4 205.9 304.3 399.1 532.4 923.2

1.48 2.41 3.55 5.94 5.94 10.32 14.61 20.63 26.30 33.18 48.70 63.62 85.56 145.8

9.58 15.5 22.9 38.3 38.3 66.6 94.2 133 170 214 314 410 552 941

Table 8. Series W Actuators Spring Diaphragm Forces

Actuator 2 Size in Max. Travel in 38 0.75 mm 20 Max. Pressure psig barg 60 4.1 Spring Range psig 3-15 6-18 6-30 8-32 3-15 6-18 6-30 8-32 3-15 6-18 6-30 8-32 3-15 6-18 6-30 8-32 barg 0.2-1.0 0.4-1.2 0.4-2.0 0.5-2.20 0.2-1.0 0.4-1.2 0.4-2.0 0.5-2.20 0.2-1.0 0.4-1.2 0.4-2.0 0.5-2.20 0.2-1.0 0.4-1.2 0.4-2.0 0.5-2.20 Gross Thrust lbf 2250 kgf 1021 Spring Compressed lbf kgf 1687 766 1575 715 1225 556 1050 476 3375 1531 3150 1429 2250 1021 2100 953 6750 3063 6300 2858 4500 2042 4200 1906 10500 4764 9600 4356 6000 2722 5400 2450 Spring Extended lbf kgf 113 51 225 102 225 102 300 136 225 102 450 204 450 204 600 272 450 204 900 408 900 408 1200 544 900 408 1800 817 1800 817 2400 1089

75

1.12

28

60

4.1

4500

2042

150

2.25

57

60

4.1

9000

4083

300

4.0

100

50

3.4

15000

6806

Table 9. Series N Actuators Air and Mechanical Spring Thrusts Available

Actuator Designation in2 12 25 50 100 200 400 600 Stroke in mm 0.75 20 1.0 25 2.5 65 1.5 40 4.0 100 2.5 65 4.0 100 6.0 150 7.0 175 4.0 100 6.0 150 6.0 150 Action on Air Failure Close Air Spring Only Gross Thrust lbf KN 1400 6.1 2800 12.3 4800 9700 18900 38500 58500 21 43 83 170 256 Nett lbf 750 1500 2500 5000 10000 20000 30000 Thrust KN 3.3 6.6 11 22 44 88 132 Mech. Spring Assistance lbf KN n/a n/a 75 0.33 n/a n/a 80 0.35 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Action on Air Failure-Open Mech. Spring Only Compressed lbf KN n/a n/a 214 0.93 154 0.67 172 0.75 172 0.75 433 1.93 n/a n/a 511 2.23 n/a n/a 511 2.23 n/a n/a n/a n/a Extended lbf KN n/a n/a 102 0.44 44 0.19 127 0.55 44 0.19 220 0.96 n/a n/a 250 1.09 n/a n/a 250 1.09 n/a n/a n/a n/a

Note: Gross thrust calculated with 100psig (6.8 barg) supply pressure and nett thrust with a loading pressure of 50 psig (3.4 barg)

Table 10. Series N Actuators Air Springs Only Loading Pressure Remaining after Air Failure Stroke.
Actuator Designation Size Stroke in2 in mm 12 0.75 20 25 1.0 25 2.5 65 50 1.5 40 4.0 100 100 2.5 65 4.0 100 200 6.0 150 7.0 175 400 4.0 100 6.0 150 600 6.0 150 Action on Air Failure To Close 30 psig (2.1barg) 40 psig (2.8barg) psig barg psig barg n/a n/a n/a n/a 10.40 0.72 16.00 1.10 9.30 0.64 14.70 1.01 8.70 0.60 13.90 0.96 0.1 0.00 3.40 0.23 10.40 0.72 16.00 1.10 7.90 0.54 12.90 0.89 8.40 0.58 13.50 0.93 * * 3.50 0.24 * * 5.30 0.37 * * 2.10 0.14 * * * *

20 psig psig n/a 4.80 4.00 3.50 n/a 4.80 2.90 3.20 * * * *

(1.4barg) barg n/a 0.33 0.28 0.24 n/a 0.33 0.20 0.22 * * * *

50psig psig n/a 21.60 20.10 20.00 6.70 21.60 17.90 18.70 6.70 8.90 5.10 *

(3.4barg) barg n/a 1.49 1.39 1.38 0.46 1.49 1.23 1.29 0.46 0.61 0.35 *

Note: A * indicates under these initial loading conditions that the actuator will not fail and an auxiliary air reservoir may be needed.

Table 11. Series P Actuators Cylinder Spring Data. Cylinder Dimensions Spring to Close Cylinder Stroke Spring Spring Spring Spring Size ins Design Rate Extend Retract Lb/in lbs lbs 25 0.75 Standard 180 315 450 25 0.75 Heavy 445 778 1112 25B 4.00 Standard 75 250 550 50 1.50 Standard 164 328 574 50 1.50 Medium 398 796 1393 50 1.50 Heavy 550 1100 1925 50B 4.00 Light 200 500 1300 50B 4.00 Standard 200 800 1600 100 2.50 Light 372 745 1675 100 2.50 Standard 550 1100 2475 100 2.50 Heavy 700 1400 3150 100B 4.00 Standard 400 800 2400 100B 4.00 Heavy 600 1200 3600 200 5.00 Multi-pak 260 1560 2860 200 5.00 Heavy 800 4800 8800 200 5.00 Intermediate 100 600 1100 200 5.00 Medium 90 540 990 200 5.00 Light 70 420 770 200B 5.00 Multi-pak 260 1560 2860

Spring to Open Spring Spring Retract Extend lbs lbs 450 315 1112 778 550 250 574 328 1393 796 1925 1100 N\A N\A N\A N\A 1675 745 2475 1100 3150 1400 2400 800 3600 1200 2860 1560 8800 4800 1100 600 990 540 770 420 N\A N\A

Note: Suffix B refers to Baseplate Actuators used to operate Butterfly Valves or similar. Table 12. Series P Actuator Maximum Available Seating Thrust Lbf.
Supply Pressure Psig 40 60 80 100 150 25 1428 1985 2540 3098 4490 Cylinder Actuator Size Standard Spring Air Fail Close 50 2780 3270 4250 5230 7680 100 5550 7780 10000 12230 17800 200 8320 12180 16040 19900 29550 25 663 1220 1776 2333 3724 Cylinder Actuator Size Standard Spring Air Fail Open 50 1387 2367 3348 4329 6780 100 1978 4205 6432 8659 14226 200 6620 10480 14340 18200 27850

Note: The air pressure is applied above the position in each case.

Notes

Care has been taken in the preparation of this manual, but all advise, analysis, calculations, information and recommendations are supplied for the assistance of the reader and are not to be relied on as authoritative or as in substitution for the exercise of judgment by the reader or any other person. Severn Glocon or any of its personnel engaged in the preparation of this manual shall have no liability whatsoever for any direct or consequential loss arising from use of this manual or its contents and give no warranty or representation (expressed or implied) as to the quality or fitness for purpose of any material or product referred to in the manual. The revision of products, pursuant to Severn Glocons policy of continual development as well as the further information, may necessitate revisions to parts or the entire manual. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means whether electronic, mechanical, photographic or otherwise, or stored in any retrieval systems of any nature without the written permission of Severn Glocon Ltd.