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THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL

FROM

THE

RHONE

TO

THE

ALPS.

BY

HENRY

LAWES

LONG,

ESQ.

LONDON:
J.

RODWELL,

46, NEW
1831.

BOND

STREET.

DGA47

LONDON
IBOrSON
AND

:
SAVOY

PALMliR,

PKINTERS,

STREET,

STRAND,

TO

HENRY

L.

WICKHAM,

ESQ.

ONE

OF

THE

AUTHORS

OF

THE

DISSERTATION

UPON

THE

MARCH
ALPS."

OF

HANNIBAL

ACROSS

THE

My

DEAR

WiCKHAM,
the result of
a

I made I

send
in

you

tour

recently

Dauphiny,
with

not

without
in

the

hope that,
you may

as

began
in

believing
with
me.

you,

end

agreeing

Most

truly

yours,

HENRY

LA

WES

LONG.

Lausanne,

June

1st, 1831.

E"m^

INTRODUCTION.

Among

the

many attention

sources

of in its

interest

which

engage

our

passing
economy,

through

foreign
and

country,

neither

political
its

domestic,
its

its natural

curiosities,
more

scenery,
attract

nor

field

sports,
than the the

powerfully
of

the in have

traveller,

sight

places

renowned
events

history
been have have which
arrest

as

scenes

where
The the
"

great

transacted. been been armies the of

plains
fortresses the
"

where

battles

fought

where
mountain
most

sieges
passes

undertaken
have

traversed,
for such of To district

cibly forform human stead inout

attention,
which
the

events

the

materials

annals

the

race

are

principally
a

composed.
identical
the the of

have,
laid

of before

map,
to
"

the

us

tread

upon up
to

very
same

ground
mountains

scribed de-

to
"

look

that

hung

over

the

heads

the

warriors
B

of

INTRODUCTION.

whom
to

we

read

"

all this adds the

immeasurably
and tries author

the

interest
test

of

story,
of
at

by
who

severe

the

accuracy

the

records dides
at

it.

Herodotus

Marathon,

Thucyread

Syracuse, and
the

Polybius throughout
the Aufidus,
we are

from Italy,

Alps

to

with

increased

pleasure when

find

the

face of nature,

of any itself incapable

material
of their
nu-

alteration, givingtestimony in favour


correctness.

The
and

taunts

of

"

Grsecorum have
that
;

gamenta"
thrown but satire

"Graecia
the

mendax"
of

been
;

upon

historians

country

is not

always
of

truth

and, with

the but
at

exception of
to

Julius

Caesar, whose
a

rapid
us

masterly sketches
once

country enable
Roman of authors the

recognizeit,the
are more

selves them-

deserving
his

reproach.
and digies, proligible unintel-

Livy, to
is in
a

say

nothing of geography

portents
and
even

notoriously defective
his
;

and

Tacitus,
aifords
us

writer

of

acknowledged lightto
of

accuracy,

insufficient
his

follow

Agricola through
any

conquest
The

Britain

with

degree

of

certainty.
madness
; but

of it is

mankind

still

indulges in
forced
to

warfare

to humiliating

be
are

confess, that
to

the

triumphs which
of

supposed
seldom
;

adorn

the any

page

history,have

produced

beneficial visibly

consequences

INTRODUCTION.

while

the horrors
a

that
at

accompanied them
least,have

must

always,for
at

time

occasioned Modern
tions, na-

incalculable mischief
the conclusion
in the
same

and of

misery.

hostilities, are

usually
to
a

left much

state at the

(except as

their
war.

finances) as they were


In

beginningof
was

ancient the

times, however, this


case.

not

so

quently frethe the


to

When
at

we

stand

upon where

barrow

of the Greeks

Marathon,

occasional
our

looseningof
the

the soil still exposes

view

fragmentsof
archers, we
were

the flint arrow-heads


are

of

the Persian
arrows

conscious

that

those

aimed
a

not

only againstthe
and

and rights

liberties of

free

independent
arts

people, but againstthe


and

cradle

of all the and the

sciences
that their

we

now

enjoy;
the

gallant
time of all

band
from
to

drove

back

tide

of barbarism
same

shores, preservedat the


and and
to
us

themselves
is useful

the

rudiments
to

that

honourable
of the

mankind.

Thus, too, the conquest


Roman
was

world
a

by
the

the

the

march

of civilization ; have unborn.


*'

check
dition con-

in its progress of ages

would

influenced The

yet

desperate
nomen

attack

of

Hannibal

ad

delendum
orbem

Romanum,
was

liberandumque
5 and to
as

terrarum,"

unsuccessful
us even

such, its consequences present


of
hour.
an

affect

the

It

left

Rome

the

sovereignmistress

undisputed
B

INTRODUCTION.

world, which
her
to
our own

she
;

was

allowed
as we are

to

fashion
not

after

taste
our

and,

disposed
which

objectto
derived

language, our
greater portion
her,
the have and

literature, or
of be she
we

laws, the

have
to

from

we

may

be

satisfied

with

course

presumed adopted.
upon

What
our

effect
domestic the

might
habits

been

produced
cannot

institutions, political
be

had

Carthaginian triumphed,
but it is very had

conjectured ;
of the should words

tinies certain, if the desso

world
in every

been

reversed,
we

we

not,
of

sentence

utter,
these

find cumstances cir-

Roman the

origin.

Under

Carthaginian expedition into importance independent by


the of

Italy acquires an
the interest
and upon feature
wars ever

excited of the is not


one

novelty,hardihood
march
most most

conduct

enterprise. Their only the


the helium

Rome
in

remarkable remarkable
omnium in proaching ap;

of
"

waged,
quse

maxime

memorabile

unquam

gesta sint," but,


feel
our own
as

tracing their steps, we


the crisis of

if

we

were

destinies and the

and

while
of the

we

acknowledge
African
the
common
a

the

courage is
on

genius
side of that

general, it
parent
of feeling

Rome,
we

of all

Europe,

lean To

with

filial anxiety. in picturing delight of distant ages

those, therefore, who


the

to

themselves

transactions

INTRODUCTION.

on

the

very of

spot

where
across

they occurred,
the

the

march fail in

Hannibal the

Alps
the

cannot

producing
scenes

most

interest. lively

In

the visiting" is

of this in

march,
two

traveller
"

unusually Savoy,
and unrivalled
a

fortunate

: particulars

he is led and

through the
some

rich scenery the


most

of

Dauphiny
historian
meet at
once

of has

picturesquein
an

Europe,
of with

he

for his In of

guide

merit.

Polybius we
which had every

distinctness the

detail

discovers

soldier, who
understood
"

thoroughly
manoeuvre

and investigated of the hostile

forces the

the

traveller, perfectly
in
"

acquainted
event

with

country

which the

the ful faith-

he and

describes

took

place

and

accomplished writer,
without

who

condensed
accuracy

the of

materials his

the affecting

narrative.
sent
to
an

Indeed,

had

the
to

original

despatches
come

by
we

Hannibal could
of the in
a

Carthage
found
of

down

us,

hardly have

in the and in in

them

account

leading events
more

campaign arranged
manner. interesting

intelligible
tells
us,

Gibbon
a

that

Polybiusthere
an

is

of fancy. sterility

This
a

historian but

cannot

surely be
true

deemed

fault ;

however

it

may bend

be, and
from is its

however
grave
no

little his
and

style may
his
art

flow, dignified
deficient
in the

narrative of

by

means

addressing

INTRODUCTION,

itself to

our are

imagination.
so

The

events

he

scribes de-

clearlyand
we seem

vividlydepicted,
almost in
to

that in the

in

reading him days


of the of

live of

the

Punic

war,

defiance

fine
"

lines

Lucretius, where

the

poet

exclaims
iii. 844.

Wi^m^
Ad

anteacto

nil tempore

sensimus

segri.
;

venientibus imdique Paenis confligendum


cum,

Omnia

belli

concussa trepido

tumultu,

Horrida,
111

contremuere

sub altis setheris auris; ad regna cadundum

dubioque fuere,utrorum
humanis

Omnibus

asset, terraque

marique. times
of

The which he
and

nearer

an

author the

lives to the
more

he

writes

the history,
into spirit his

likely
narrative,
to

is to enter
to

with

the

communicate

enthusiasm

his

readers.

Polybius
Hannibal been
had

lived
;

but
his

one

generation
were scenes

only
men

after who

authorities in the very

actors

he
"

describes, while
Virtus have

his

intimacy
the

with

the

Scipiadseet opened
historian
to

mitis him

sapientiaLseli,"
purest
sources

must

of information. in the the


even

It is
an

possible, perhaps,to
excusable
of
no

tect de-

wards topartiality

illustrious
is the

race

the

Scipios ; but,
during
yet
the
has

if this

case,

writer

lapse of nearly twenty


to

centuries

tured ven-

impugn

his

veracity ; while, of
has
to

all the
are

losses that

literature

lament,

none

INTRODUCTION.

7
defective

more

regrettedthan
It is well-known of Hannibal

the

portions of
whom
the

Polybius.
to

all
at

those
all
as

march
a

has

interested, that
to

great controversy

exists

the

precise
the
from thaginian Carthe tween be-

road

through
army

the
;

Alps
and

traversed

by

this has any

arisen

of producing impossibility

accordance
us

the
and

accounts

furnished time of

by Polybius
himself
the it
was

Livy.

In

the

Livy
and

alreadya subjectof debate,


confusion historian
our

additional
that
to

into

which

it

was

plunged by dispute down


the

has times.

continued
In

the

own
us

the

account

Polybius has Carthaginian


the

given
army
over

of

the

progress
to

of

from that the

Spain

Italy, he glances rapidly


it

portion
as

of

preceding
the mode
as

passage

of of

Rhone,

presenting no
;

events

worthy effecting
quent subse-

notice particular
passage of that and

but

of
as

the

river,

well

the

dangers
the of

difficulties

experienced by
the
a

Carthaginians until they


the

reached
with

plains daily
usual un-

Po,

are

described
to

precision
of
a

almost

amounting
The interest

the

minuteness

journal.
had

historian, who
upon
this

dwells
his

with

part of
the

narrative,

journeyed through
of the

track

the Alps upon himCarthaginian army, to satisfy

INTRODUCTION.

self

by

personal investigation of
to

the
was

ties, localithen
as

previous
considered, and
one

recounting- what
is still looked

back

upon,

of

the

most

extraordinary performances
As
a

ever

accomplished.
in

proof
held he
was

of

tion the estimaeven

which
and

Polybius was
how
to

by
whom

his

rival
an

Livy,

much other

preferred as
whose

authority
must
are now

all

writers, of
several

there
names

have

been

very

lost to us,

we

need he

only
is

remark

the the
to

servile Latin
be

manner

in which
"

copied by
It this

author else

in than

some

places so closelyas
translated.

little have

merely
but

would been
at

been

fortunate, perhaps, had


case

uniformly
a

the

Polybius wrote
the
court

least

century
for
a

before

Livy, and Livy

of

Augustus,
the

whom
more

undertook

his

work,
of
we

required
Greek

refined
;

style than
it is

that

author

accordingly,in Livy bius Polyand the of

discover certainly
dressed up,

but Polybius,

ornamented,
no

amplified ;
taste

very

well

suited,

doubt,

to

of

the

day, but
and

utterly destructive
the confusion has

the

simplicity places
;

of fidelity

original.
been
as

In thus the

many

inextricable
and in
no

produced
celebrated
nibal Han-

part

so

much passage

in

of description
;

the

of the

Alps by

for

no

more

favourable

opportunity

INTRODUCTION.

presenteditself
in its

of

indulginga

fertile

tion imagina-

to disposition exaggerate.^ We,


one

however,
narrative his

derive

advantage
that

from

Livy's
was

; it shows

Polybius alone
as

for authority
ours.

the from

account,

he

ought
all

to

be

It of

is

Polybius that
are

the

events

the

march

extracted the
same

ceed they suc-

each but with

other
are

in precisely

order loaded
neous extra-

they
many

immensely dilated,
unnecessary
;

and and

remarks

matter
names

above

all,by Livy'sgiving the tribes, through which


have

of affirms well
as

certain the

Gallic

he
as

Carthaginians to highest ridge (the


of

passed,
to

by positively declaring them


the the

have
the the

crossed

Alps by
be nei-

Saltus
narrative upon

Taurinus,
of
a

Mont

Genevre,)

Polybius is attempted to
line of

fastened

country

to

which

"

To

show

how

easilya hvely fancy may


a

unconsciously
need
an

fall into

exaggeration upon
a

subject of
a

this sort, I

only quote
ardent lover

sentence

from
:
"

justlyadmired
in

author,

of

truth

"

It

was

this

campaign
of

that he

(Bonaparte) proved
The energy which and artillery, which

himself
conducted

worthy
an

rival with

Hannibal. its

army,

cavalry,
paths, ciers gla-

across supplies,

the

Alps, by
and

untried amidst
an

only
and which

the chamois

hunter, born
had
most
as

bred

everlasting snows,
of all others
nature,
as

trodden, gave
desired
to

sion, impreshis

he well

to

spread,of

to superiority

human

"opposition.

Channing's

Character

of Bonaparte.

10

INTRODUCTION.

ther

time,
nor

nor

space,

nor

ter, geographicalcharaccan

common

sense,

unite possibly

it.

No

doubt

Livy imagined

himself

conducting

Hannibal
and that

by the road indicated by Polybius, he was by supplying the names,


amends
for had the

making
author the and

deficiencies

of

that

; but

he

not, like
ascertained
him
as
a

visited Polybius,
the

mountains
those

and take
names

distances ;
upon

who
of the

guide

the
soon

assurance

he furnishes,will
in
an

find

themselves

entangled
towards

inextricable

labyrinth.
The first

steps

attaining any thing


this march
were

like taken
most
to

rational

explanationof
Deluc,
of of
a

by by
and
a

M.

Geneva,*

who,

in

able illustration
the

theory made

known

him

late General the

Melville, founded

wholly
modern
to

solely upon

authorityof Polybius,
ancient
with

by

diligent comparison of
time
and

and topography, the

attending by carefully

distances

which

are

corded re-

with

sufficient

has precision,

at

last

pointedout the only true mode of clearing up the publicationwas question. M. Deluc's almost immediately followed by that of two of the University of Oxford,! who members
*

Histoire

du

Passage
the

des

Alpes

j^ar Annibal. "c.

Par

J.

A. Delue, fils de feu G. t Dissertation


on

A. Deluc, "c.

Geneve,

1818.

Passage of

the

Alps by

Hannibal.

INTRODUCTION.

1 1

had whole Po.


very

themselves

minutely investigated the


between

country
In

the

Rhone

and

the

this excellent

valuable

remarks

after some performance, the earlyhistory upon


of the

of the

Alps, the
to

claims

Little the

St. Bernard
road
so

the
are

distinction
set

of
in
we

being
a manner

of

Hannibal
and fact
so

forth

clear,
of the

that convincing,
we

feel

as

sure

as

do

of

the the

existence intention
to

of

Hannibal
author
a

himself.

It is not

of the

of the

following pages
march
"

touch, except in

very

slight degree, upon


of the

that

part

of the the

topography Alps
selves them-

which

belongs to
effected

the considering
to

above-mentioned

lications pubmuch
as

have
of the

nearly as
the
to

the

nature

or subject,

purposes

of

required. It history,
that neither
nor even

appears

him, however,
nor

General Oxford

Melville,
authors the the

M.

Deluc,

the

themselves, have
line foot of of
not

established satisfactorily
the
on

march
the been of

tween be-

Rhone

and

Alps ;
cessful suc-

the

contrary, that they have


in the assimilating the
route

narrative

Poly-

bius with

they have
these

adopted through
errors

Dauphiny,
affect their

and

that

materially during the


J. Cramer, don, Lon-

subsequent calculations
Wickham,
Ch.

By

Henry
1828.

L.

Esq., and
Oxford.

the

Rev.

late Students

of Ch.

Second

Edition.

12

INTRODUCTION.

passage after

of

the

Alps.
attention

Under

these

impressions,
word in the

close

to

every and

text

of

the

Greek

historian,
examination

aided

by
country,

an

additional

recent

of

the

he

now

offers

the

result

of

his

observations,

fully
shows

convinced

that

the

road

by
to

which
have

he

the

Carthaginian
army
to

general
entrance

ducted con-

his

the

of

the

valley
to

of

the

Little

St. with

Bernard
that

will described

be

admitted

correspond
to

by

Polybius,
character,

as

time,

distance,

and

geographical
and

in

manner

so

close

incontrovertible discussion

as

to

set

this

long

pending

at

rest

for

ever.

PuhHrhed/

hy

"

TA-

C.WaHiPr,

snap.

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL,

When

Hannibal
the

had

reached

the

foot the

of

the

^o\yh.
39,
40.

iii.

Pyrenees
between Po

on

Spanish
Carthage
;

side, half
and the

distance
of

New

plains remaining-

the

was

accomplished
in

but

the

tion, por-

point

of

difficulty,
He
of and had

was

by
before

much
him

the
the

most

considerable. obstacles and


the

formidable

the the

Pyrenees,
worst

the
of

Rhone,
the

Alps

parts
fierce

country
tribes latter into

were

occupied
the

by

the Celts.
is

and

fickle This

of

Transalpine
of

half
three

the

march

divided

by

Polybius
I. of

portions

"

From
in

Emporium
Catalonia)
the of

(Ampurias,
to

on

the

Bay

Rosas,
II.

the

Rhone.
commencement

From
ascent

Rhone the

to

the

of

the

Alps.

14

':*../

%THfi''yArRCH
,

OF

HANNIBAL.

"""
"
"

" "
. "

'"iHl''-Across''the'
Po. Of
these

Alps

to

the

Plains

of

the

divisions forms

it is the

second

pally princi-

subjectof the present investigation.The route from Spain to the is sufficiently Rhone evident ; and the passage
which the of the

Alps
to

has

been

alreadyproved
to

torily satisfacIt
to
a

be that

of the Little St. Bernard. be necessary

will,however,
certain order extent,
to connect

examine,

these them

portionsof
with the

the march, in extremities of

the intermediate few be any


that

section ; and
the passage

in

so

doing, a

remarks

upon

of the

Alps will

brought forward, tending to complete,if to complete, the proof thing is needed


the Little St. Bernard
was

the

road

of

Hannibal.

First, then, with


exact

view Rhone

to

determine where have


the the
to

the

point

upon

the

thaginian Cartake

passed that river, we


into consideration
and

the road

across

Pyrenees,

through Languedoc, by
to

which notices
for

they
of
our

vanced ad-

its banks.

The

this
pose, pur-

march, although quite sufficient


are

very
as

scanty.
under

Hannibal

is

sented repre-

at first

some

of apprehension

the
c.

Celts, on country

account
;

of the

difficult nature

of

41.

their the

while

Scipio calculated
would

upon

delayhis

enemies

experiencefrom

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL.

15

the

same

circumstance, and
barbarous

from

the These

tude multiwere

of those

tribes.

the Celts, elsewhere

described

by Polybius as
the

occupying
renees

all the

the

country between

Pytract

c.

sr

and

river

Narbo, (Aude,) a
the

with exactlycoinciding of Roussillon, the the

limits of the territory

modern

department

of

The remaining Pyrenees Orientales.* of the march, separated sentences descriptive from
tli"
"

of interruption

other

stand details,

as

follows

^E irapa^o^coQ, 'Avvij^ag rovg


rwv

Trkiaaq /j-lv 'y^py]fxaai


/Liera
eiri rwv

c.

41.

KfXrwv,

rovq

^"
to

^laaafjuvoq, riKe

^i^iove^wv ^vvajmecjv,
Tov

^ap^oviov ireXayogy

Ttjv

'Po^avou

^ia(5a"Jiv.

^", WpOCT/JLL^aQ *AvVt/3aC TOIQ


TOTTOiq,
TTiv

TTSpl

TOV

TTOTafLOV
KaTa

g.

43.

iroiua^ai tyiv ev^iiog kv^ykipu

^iaj3a(nv
o^ov

aTrXriv pvaiv

ayj^ovi^^spwv

TeTTapwv

airkyjav

^oXaTTYiQ. (TTpaTOTre^if) ttiq


"

But
There
of
some a

Hannibal
is another

having, beyond
passage
of

all expectathe
con-

Polybius existing in
in

Poiyb.

shape
tains

fragment,presented
curious

Athenseus, which
the

^^^\^^i^
Gallia,

relating to particulars
certain

Roussillon

country

; he

speaksof
the of in

fossil fish found in the


of
are

bourhood neigh-

of

modern divers
several

towns sorts

Elne

and in

Perpignan.
an osseous

Organic

remains

found

breccia,common
Mediterranean.
their way from

placesalong this
fish the

coast

of the made of

Polybiusimaginesthese
the rivers

to

have

(the Tetand
of the

Tech)

in search

their favourite

food, the

roots

Agrostis.

16

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL.

tion, persuaded some


and

of

the Celts

by presents,
with the Rhone,

compelled
the

others the

by force, advanced
passage
to the

his forces

towards

of

having
"

Sardinian upon

sea

right.
country
in

And

reaching
of
the

the

the

neighbourhood
prepared
stream, four To
to

river, he
passage,
at

immediately
at

make
his

the
army

the

single
of

having
these and

the

distance

days' journey from


materials
more

the sea."
must

be

added
:
"

vious, pre-

important extract
eiri

Kai
c.

svTEv^ev /Lirjv

tt^v

tov

'Po^avov
vvv

diaj3a(nvy

38.

nepi
Kcii

viXiovg e^a/cocriovc. ravra


Kara (JiiGrifxkiwTai

yap

p^pr]fxaTi(JTaiy
cia

(jraciovQ

oktio

Piofxaidjv

eTTijuieXCjg,
**

And
of

from the

thence

Rhone,

(Emporium) to the passage nearly 1,600 stadia,(200


has
now

for M.p.,)

this distance

been

carefully
every

measured

by

the

Romans,

and

marked

eightstadia."
From march
as

these materials
to

we

have
Rhone
no

to
;

trace

the far
our

the banks
we

of the

and

as

Nismes,

meet

with

obstacle
way the

to

progress,

for

the

great

Roman

is perfectly

well Nismes from


p. 230.

known
at

from
a

Itineraries. of 177 authors


m.p.

itself stands

distance
to

Emporium, according
*'

the

of

the

Dissertation."

The

remainder

of the distance

to

the Rhone

18 and

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL.

is noticed

by

Strabo. way
from

The

speaking of the Sextise (Aix.)


iv.
c.

geographeris Nismes to Aquae

3.

E/c
eig
TO.

Nf^avcrov^"

^la

Ouyt^vou

kul

Tapa(jK(i)vog

Seo^a
From

vcara

ra

^"C,Tia Ka\ov/j,Eva,

**

Nismes,
to the
warm

through Ugernum
waters

and

Tarasco,
And
iv.
c.

of Sextius."
road
"

again,speakingof
Kai

another
Kottlov.

3.

TtJv Sia OvoKOVTLijJV

tyiq

fi^XP*

1^^^
airo

Ovy^pvov,
That

Kai

TapaoKtovog

Koivrj

o^og

rj

^ejLLav(Tov"
**

through the
"

Vocontii
as same

and
as

the

tory terri-

of Cottius,
and

the road
is

far
as

Ugernum
that from

Tarasco,

the

Nismes/' No
to

other

Roman

way

leadingfrom
even

Nismes
it
or

the

Rhone,

exists

in
at

tradition ; Beaucaire
his from
are

follows,therefore,that either Aries, Hannibal


;

must
are

have
once

effected relieved

sage pasall
to

and
as

we

at

doubt

to which

of the two of

placeswe
at the

choose, by the words


c.

himself. Polybius
"

He

42.

says it where These

was

Kara

TTiv

airXriv pvaiv
*'

place

the river flowed words have


stream

part of the
those
an

stream." single been a thought to mean iminterruptedby any of


m a

islands with

which

the

Rhone
I
most cannot

abounds,
at

explanationin
for the words

which
are

all

concur,

certainly ap-

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL.

l9
at

to plied by Polybius

the passage
to

Beaiicaire,
passage of
at

in

contradistinction
;

the the

other

Aries Rhone and


rriv

for

at
"

Aries
at

bifurcation
are

the

begins,
the passage

Aries there

two

streams,
Kara

there would

have

been

^iirXnv pvaiv,
same

employsthe
Triv /JLEV yap

of Poljbius, Speaking expression,


twv

the Po,
"" c.

le.

irpujTrjv e/c

TTJ^ywv e'^ei
Kara

PY2IN 7rpo(T-

AFIAHN^

Bvo fxkpy] ^'eig c^i^erat


,

tovq

T piya(56\ovg ayopevofxhovg
*'

The

river flows from


at

its sources

in

single
two

stream

first,but

it is divided
the

into

branches

in the

country of

Trigaboli."
in the distance

It remains of Beaucaire

to be

shown, that

Emporium there is nothing the inconsistent with nearly 1,600 stadia (200 M.p.)" of Polybius. From Emporium to Nismes there are, as has been alreadystated,
from
"

about

177 Roman

miles ; if to

these the

we

add

15, the
sian
we

number,

according to
Nismes 192

Theodo-

Table, between get


a

and

Beaucaire,
falls short
:

total of

miles, which

of

the

Polybiandistance by eightmiles
considerable
"

this

is too

a on

defalcation this I have

out to pass withtwo

comment to offer.

and

remarks

First of the

"

The word

Greek
Trept,

historian
"

here makes
we are

use

;" nearly
an

not,
m.p.,

therefore,to expect

to find

e3:aGt 200
c

20

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL.

when as particularly commonly exceeds he number gives; distance the Po


From From

he

employs
real

this word in

he the

the
for

distance

instance,he
the

gives the

from
in

New
manner

Carthage to
"

plainsof

this

New

Carthage to
to

the Iberus
. . .

2,600
1,600
-4,200

the Iberus

Emporium
the

From From

Emporium
the Rhone the

to to

Rhone

1,600 1,400
1 ,200

the

Alps

Across

Alps to

the Plains of the Po

-4,200

8,400

a length of 8,400 stadia Making altogether yet in summing it up he speaksin round num-

numbers,
iii.c. 39.
WOT civai

it calling
Tovg Travraq

"

nearly 9jOOO
Kaivrjg

stadia :"
(TTaoiovg

"K

TToAewc

TTEpi

evvaKKT'^iXiovQ,
"

Secondly
p. 45.

If it should
to closely

still be the
in
200

required to
m.p.,
we

approach more
may

remark

that M.

Deluc,

the calculating

distance

between

Emporium
not

and

Juncaria, (la
main road

Junquera,) does
ancients had
some

follow thinks
and

the
it
more

through Figueras,but
through Peralada
forms
his
;

probablethe
direct line

shorter upon

which

he supposition

computation.
in

Thus, therefore,

Emporium,

there

is

point of distance from nothing in the situation of

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL.

21

Beaucaire

that militates

the against three data


"

account

givenby Polybius.The
the Roman

tance, the dis-

stream, road, and the single the

by which
passage,

we are

thus determine
of

placeof the sufficient; themselves, perhaps,


a

but

there

is

yet

fourth

"

the distance from


is stated

the foot of the


to

which Alps,

by Polybius
miles. have

be 1,400 stadia, or these

17*5 Roman
one

Out been

of

175

m.p.,

hundred

hitherto

to alwaysassigned

that part of that river

the march
and

above

between the Isere,


of the

the first ascent

to this

division of the
must

Alps. According the remaining distance,


be allotted to the

7*5

M.p.

of

course

march

between

the Isere. the Rhone

and the passage of the Rhone the place at which In this manner
was

crossed

becomes
we

since to
measure

find it

discoverable, easily have only to


from its

75

m.p.

down

the stream

"

M. Accordingly, Deluc fixes the spot at Roquemaure ; and in so doing he is aided by the support of all It is not, the subject.* other writers upon that all authorities should however, surprising because the agree so cordially upon this point, confluence with the Isere. absolute distance of 75 m.p., measured
author of of the
upon
"

from

The

anonymous
a

Hannibal's

Passageof
the

the

Alps. By
London,
passage.
"

Member
fixes

of Cambridge, University Tarascon


as

1830,"
Ed.

point of
^

^.^^-^

c-^^.^^^,

/^^"

'-^-^

-"---/^

22

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL.

the
at

Isere

southwards,
; and

Roquemaure
any of
or

disunion

of

always terminate nothing is left to produce this opinion. Whether


must

mode
one

computing the

distance is the correct


hereafter ; and

not, will be considered

it will be shown, that in the number between the

of miles

Tarascon, oppositeBeaucaire, and

foot of the

Alps,there
175 of

does violence

to the

nothingwhich Polybius.
which the determining of which passed,
5 it is derived

is

There
has been
at place
some

is still another

circumstance

called in to assist in which

the Rhone

was

notice the
is

ought
of

to

be

taken

from He

words

Polybiusalreadyquoted.
"

of speaking

Hannibal

TTjg
"

OaXarrrig,

Being

distant
a

with

his army

(or camp)

from

the sea,

distance of
has been

This from

distance
wstern

nearlyfour days." usuallymeasured


of the

the

mouth arrived

Rhone,

cause be-

Scipiohad
on

there with

his army,

his

voyage

towards
o^ov

TJiuiptDv TETTaptov

days march.
that the

But

as

Spain; and a'^edov four IS supposedto mean does not tell us Polybius
be reckoned
has
not

distance

is to

from

that

part

of the

sea-coast, and

that I know
a

of, assigneda
any

definite

anywhere, lengthfor
upon prove

day'smarch,

calculations founded
are

such

constructions

very

likelyto

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL.

23

erroneous.

In
uses

another the
same

part of his work


: expression

the he
is

historian

speaking of Clusium, Chiusi, in Tuscany.


three

the This

modern town,

town

of says,

he

days' journey
of Clusium

from

Rome." Rome is

Now

the

distance Roman
30
M.

nearly100 miles,which would give upwards of tance disfor a day's journey a common p. for a traveller riding the same horse,
"

from

but which march

cannot
a

be

understood What words


seem

as

of

does really

regular army. mean by these


It would rather

is

daily Polybius not quite

the

apparent.
with
coast

that great diffidence) of the Mediterranean had

some

(but I speak placeon the


his of
P.,

is

intended, which

Hannibal march from

him in left behind already Spain perhaps the Emporium


"

Narbonne,

which

is distant

about

110

m.

miles a-day, strabo. journey of thirty nearlyfour days' and sources which, from the importance of its rein early to have unlikely ages, is not detained had Hannibal from for the
a

short

time

after he
pied occu-

emerged

difficult
is the

country

by
which
sea
"

the

Celts ; that had been

point also

at

mention

made

of the Sardinian

that it layto his

as right

he

proceededon
us

his march. Be that


as

it may,

the

afforded light

by

24

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL.

Polybiusis quite enough to conduct us with sufficient certainty to Beaucaire, a placewell


suited
itineraire
ii. p.
"

to
uuc

the

encampment

of

large force.
la
ou

Sur

eminence

qui

commande

ville,

s'elevait le chateau 414.' fit batir, avant


son

de Beaucaire,

St. Louis

depart pour la Terre Le Sainte, une qu'on y voit encore. chapelle chateau qui n'existe deja plus, a remplace
celui de Romains

I'antique Ugernum,
; de cette

construit
on

par

les

hauteur

jouit d'une

perspective.Sur le bord du Rhone magnifique bord^e de longues vaste une prairie, regne allees d'ormes de et de platanes, qui servent

promenade."
Here carry
a over

Hannibal
his

lost

no

army,

and

to preparing here begins Polybius

time

in

is kept, which diaryof the operations, until the passage with but few interruptions, of the Alps is completed. The days and
sort

of

nights
in the Poiyb.iii.
C.42.

are

not

always specified ; but


text

when

they are,
The

the Greek

will be found
:
"

inserted

followingarrangement
FIRST

night is

to

be

reckoned

as

ceeding suc-

the upon
1st

day

of the

arrival

of the

army

the

Rhone.
"

day.
;

Preparations
boats

for

crossing are
are

commenced and
2.

of all sorts

collected,

rafts constructed.

Night.

26

XHE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL.

4.

Day.
*'

"

'E/cavryvfilv TTJv Yijuipav ^dfiHvav,


his men, remained after the

Hanno

and

position,
themselves gone.
c.

taking* up a strong quietfor the day,"resting hardships theyhad under-

after

43.
**

5.

Night.
"

FATnyevojulvrjg Trig Tr^mTriq

vvktoq,

The

set
VTTO

Hanno nightbeing the fifth," following the barbarians, out along the river towards about the morning "(i)9ivriv (^(pvXaKrjv^ TTjv
"

watch,"
5th

^=

that is,about
"

A.

m.

Hanno, as by day. As soon signalof smoke, had made

concerted pre-

known

his who

approach to Hannibal, the Carthaginians, the all prepared, dashed across were
in the

river Hanno

face

of

the in the

barbarians, while
rear.

fell upon

them

They

soon

took

and flight, accomplished. 6.


"

the passage

of the Rhone

was

C.44,

Night.' eKavrjv
Tarascon,
is
as

**

i^ev

tyiv

vvKTa,

That

night" Hannibal
river.

encamped by
surrounded
a

the side of the fertile meadows,


an

with

favourable

situation for

army

as

Beaucaire.
6.

Day.

"

Tri

The ^'eiravpiov,
"

next

morn-

Veget. Re
Mil.

The

ancients divided

the

night (from
autumnal

surinaeto

sunsi^;
the
as

iii. 8. jjj^q fQ^j. equal portionsor

watches.

Hannibal

crossed
"

B-hone the

about and

the time

of the of 3
a.

equinox when,

days

nights were
at

equal length,the morning


M.

watch

would

commence

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL.

27

of the ing" Hannibal, having intelligence Romans of the Rhone, being at the mouth to despatched500 of his Numidian cavalry make reconnaissance. a were Preparations made for getting the elephants.An as* over also held, at which semby of the troops was the chieftains from the of plains
means

the Po

were

introduced
boasted
cause

who,

by

of
to
"

interpreters,
common

of their

readiness

make

and extolled the againstthe Romans of Italy, to which grandeur and fertility they held
out

promisesof
the

safe and

speedymarch.
he
to

The
who

generalhimself
manifested

next

addressed the troops,

utmost

ardour, and

dismissed the
hold

after giving orders assembly, in readiness


wc "C rriv

themselves

to

march

the

following morning :
After ((To/mivrjg, driven Roman
sent out

avpiov

avaZvyrjg
were

this,the

500

Numidians
a

back into the camp


and Gaulish

by

detachment had

ofc

47.

horse,* who

been

to reconnoitre

by Scipio.
some

The

Gaulish
Some

horse

were

troops
appears

Scipiofound
to

at

Polyb. lib,

Marseilles.
a

allusion

to

them

he made the

in

^^^i^-

not fragment of Polybius,

to uninteresting

EnglishGeogr.
and

reader.
some

It

seems

that when

them Scipioquestioned

other Gauls from Narbonne

and other towns, virep ttjq


etj^e

BperraviKtjq," concerningBritain," ovdetq


o'v^eV fxvriiiYiQa^iov,"not
one

Xeyeiv

had

any

thingto

say worth

!" Polybius be speaking of Scipio remembering may perhaps

Africanus, as
father
"

he

calls him

calls "Scipio;" he usually

the

Publius."

28

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL.

7. 7*
*'

Night. ^^J'
was
"

^V

/^aTtt

TTo^ag Vf^'^^a rfJc kKK\r]aiaq,

The it

next

day

after the

assembly,"as

soon

Hannibal posted all his cavalry light, on guard on the side towards the sea, while The the infantry commenced their march. in number, were then elephants, thirty-seven and in the curious manner brought over,
as
c.

46.

which

this

was

contrived

is very

tially circumstan-

c.

47.

by Polybius.With these animals Hannibal and his cavalry, proceeded along the river, forming the rear guard of his army. It has been supposed that he was occupied a
detailed whole

day,or

even

two

in transporting the days,

is nothing There the Rhone. across elephants is it this conjecture, in Polybius to justify nor have permitted so likelythe general would

prolonged so cavalry,
then

of separation

his

forces.

The

remarkable

for their

and celerity,

fresh after several

whose elephants,
an

days' repose ; and the shuffle performs eightmiles


have overtaken the rest

hour, would

soon

of the army. Thus


we

have
the

Hannibal, with Rhone,


the and It
set
now

all his army, forth


on

across fairly

his
cessary ne-

march

towards
to

Alps.
the

becomes

examine

road

he took

to reach

those

mountains. roads

Three

leading across

the

Alps

into

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL.

29 quented fre-

from Italy, diverge

Tarascon
and

"

all of them
as

by the Romans,
the time
1.

known

as early

of

for Polybius,
of

he
a

speaksof

them

all.

One

them

takes the

through

rection, disouth-easterly of the Ligures, territory


"

by

the

maritime Monaco the which

Alp
to
verses

the Genoa. of

modern Tliis
one

Corniche
is

road

by
in

brated cele-

Virgilas

of the Csesar

roads

by

the

poured down
Descendens

upon

legionsof Italy
"

Julius

Aggeribus socer

Alpinisatque

arce

Monoeci

^neid.

vi,

; gener

adversis instructus Eols.

2.

The

second
and

bears
in

due
a

east

Tarascon,

then,

north

leaving tion direceasterly


upon ascends

by
Cottian

the

of the Durance, valley Mont Alp, the modern passes of the

the

Genevre. the

This, of all the


most
a

Alps, was
as

frequentedby
The

the Romans,
to

to leading

great part of Gaul,


new was

the Province, and


across

to

Spain.
this

and

road magnificent the last undertaken

mountain

by

Bonaparte.
3.

The

third

road

kept along
north from

the

left bank
as

of the far
as

Rhone,
the

due

Tarascon,

of the Allobroges territory ; after through them, it traversed the Graian passing into Italyby the valley Alp, and descended inhabited by the Salassi that is, in modern
"

geography,up

the Rhone

as

far

as

the

depart-

so
ment

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBaL,

of the and

Isere,then
into

to the Little

St. Bernard,

thence

Italyby

the

valleyof
had
to

Aosta.*

By
make

one

of these from
Tov

routes

Hannibal
to

Italy; and the words along the river,'* TTora^oi;, irapa in Polybius, which diately immeoccur frequently that it was discover by the road up the Rhone, towards the Graian Alp. Along this road, then, by the side of the
"

his way

Tarascon

river,we
Straho,
*

find Hannibal
who
informs

forward pressing
us

with

It is Strabo
one

that these three Rhoetian

passes,
tioned men-

with together

other
"

by

the
are

Alps, are

by Polybius
IloXv[3tOQ
Aiyvcjp ^eV, ti]v
Sid

his words

important.
Btd

Terrapaq ^' virep^daeiq dvofid'Cei juovoy


eyyiffra
rw

lira rr)v TreXqyei' Tvppiji^iKa


ti]v

iira c)irj\dev' Tavpiv(t)Vf r]v *Avvi(3aq

Sid ^dkaaaruiy'
are

T"rdprr]ySe, r^u hd
the words of the
of

^Fairwy.
are

If these
to

words

really
farther

and Polybius,

be

to preferred

the whole

we existinghistory,

may

spare ourselves any


across

trouble in because
he

seekingfor
is here

road for Hannibal


to

the

Alps ; by
the
;

decidedlystated
means

have

gone

country
and
we

of the Taurini, which


must

by
for
ever

the Cottian

Alp

be

content

to

remain

dissatisfied with which


is

the whole

narrative

of

the march
with

of Hannibal,
But

completelyat
that Strabo but the

variance

this road.

it is evident of

is not

quoting any

particular passage
roads

bius, Poly-

merely enumerating the only four

through

Alps mentioned by that author in dififerent parts of his of ^v ^Avvifiaq dirjXdey, therefore, The interpolation, history.
h
a comment, glossof Strabo's only a parenthetical and not to be considered as quotedfrom Polybius.

own,

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL.

SI

all

possible expedition;* "and "for marched," says Polybius,


succession, subsequent to
river, he
came

after four passage

having days in
of the

the

to

placecalled
1^t)Q eiri

the Island."

^e *Avvi(5ag

irofnaafxtvoQ

T^TTapag r]/uLepag
rrfV

c.

49.

rrjvTTopkav airo NritTOV. fiivrjv


The well

rfjcdiaj^aaecog, r}Ke irpog

koXov-

Island,! or
known,
and

"

Insula

AUobrogum,"

is

of description Polybius's
cVt

it

Ilpo^ye

TTopct

Toy

aVo QaXdrrriq' tjg Trorafidv


etc

rrjyeoj

c.

47.

iroiovfievoQ
"

Ti)yiropeiav wc

ttjp fxeaoyaiov
river away from into

Ttjq

EvjOwttj/c.
sea,
"

He

proceededalong the
first towards

the

thus
of

marching Europe."
Rhone,

the east, then


seen

the midland

I have

never

any

satisfactory explanation
up the the heart of

of this sentence.

Hannibal

marched unquestionably

that is, northwards, towards


"

Europe ;
the

but eVi T7}veo), I have

towards

the

east," seems
which

ligible. unintelutterly

placed the stop


after the sentence^to

usuallyfollows
if
in
we

word
the

TTora^oi/,
rest

6a\c/rrnQ; and
march

can

understand

of the

general quitefrom
to

Spain,
"

Hannibal
the

might safelybe
from the

said

advance and

first

towards

east," then,
away

the crossing
"

Rhone

turning
of of

along the

river

sea,

towards
to

the centre

Europe."
the Rhone

Some below

has been made objection


its confluence with

any

passage

the Durance,

thereby

of crossing that the necessity incurring


Durance in the autumn,
at sort

river also ; but the

which
of

time of the year Hannibal

reached

it,presents no
"

difficulty.
of

f The
almost

Insula"

is

composed

the first, second, and


of the

the whole
of the

of the third

arrondissement five
cantons

ment departfirst

with Isere, together of the

of the
j

aiTondissement

department of

the Drome

and the

32

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL.

which

to follows, is perfectly applicable

its

present
within called north the

condition. the

It

lies almost of the the


to

entirely
was

department
Island west, the

Isere, and
Rhone the
to

an

because Isere

the

and

south, and
to

mountains

of the

Grande

Chartreuse

the east, completely insulate it ; and have visited this beautiful of justness distance Roman
an

those who
can

country

vouch

for the The hundred may

the

appellation.
island is about
one

of

this

miles from
enormous

Tarascon,* which
to be traversed
so

appear the four

space
in

by
as

Carthaginianarmy days.

short per

time is

Twenty-fivemiles
severe

day
pace

a unquestionably perfectaccordance

march the
a

; but

it is in of

with

usual

Hannibal,
with Italy, the upon upon

who
a

fell like

thunderbolt
not

upon amazed him


him

that rapidity
at

only

fathers conscript the the


even

Rome,

who

found

Po

almost
;

before

they fancied
the
was

Ebro of

but

excited

ment astonishdis.

who Scipio,

himself

accordingto population,
366,000 souls.
met
*

recent

census,

amounts

to

about

Some

of the richest land in France

is to be

with The

in this district. distance between the


to

Isere
be

and

Roquemaure

is

stated between

by

the Oxford

authors

75 precisely
on

miles ; that

Roquemaure
"

and Tarascon, measured


M. p.

their map,

is about 25

100 making altogether

"i
The followed He each
some

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL.

arrival

of Hannibal
some

at

the

island

was

by
found

remarkable brothers
in

occurrences. arms

here

two

against
is not

of other, contending for the sovereignty

Celtic

tribe, the

name

of which

givenby Polybius. The Carthaginian general turned this quarrel to his own advantage ; for, by lending his assistance to the elder the younger, he so brother, and dispossessing far gained the good-will of the successful
chieftain,
some as

to

receive

from

him The

in

return

very

important
from

favours. the

Cartha^
a

giniansobtained
fresh and found of shoes

barbarian grateful
arms
"

and of provisions supply


;

which
use

of infinite

clothing latter equipment they when they reached the


;

of

higherpartsof
service while

the mountains

but the greatest

of all that he rendered

them,

was,

that

they were

towards looking with anxiety

the march
c

49.

called
^la
rvjv

through the country of the Gauls, ^laKei/ULhoig AllobrogeS evXa^tJg TTpog Trjv
"

FaXarajv KaXov/nevcov 'AXXoj3piy(i)V

Tropnav,

he
own

of the army with his protectedthe rear ing forces, coveringtheir march, and renderwhile their passage they neared secure,
ascent

the main

of the

Alps.

But,
''As
one

who bent

on

his

journey bates

at

noon,

Though

on

speed/'

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL.

35

SO

must

we

pause

awhile, and take into


Hannibal
were,

deration consi-

whereabouts and who these


so

had from

halted,
whom

barbarians

he received In from the

much

assistance. materials have


not
as

slender

yet extracted

we Polybius,

sufficient
but

lightto
we

elucidate
find

these two

pointsfully ;
assist
us

may

to something"

in the research.

Out

of the three
VICE

expressions,
k

Trpog
r)V

TT]v

Nriaov, aXov/Jiivriv

irpoQ

a^iKOfXEvoq,
avT^y to

and

kv KaToXafiCjv
seems

the last alone Hannibal the word which

indicate Even

the that

arrival

of

in the island.

might have
the

x^P^

understood

meaning
;

place

Hannibal
as

had

reached

but

if it must

be considered does not made any bear

applied to
the
in

the

stillit Nri(Toc, he had On


the

out

that conjecture that


not

progress

country.
transaction
as

contrary, that he had


may
the

advanced the

into it, we with

collect
barbarians

both

from

being

described

occurring
out withand

immediatelyafter
notice
from army of any

the four

days'march,
above
"
"

subsequentmovement, quoted
That

the sentence
was

the
the

under

great apprehensionsat

prospect
the

of the march

Gauls, called

through the country of the Allobroges." Now,


whole

Allobroges occupiedthe

Insula, which
D

36

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL.

bore the

name

if the army towards


the

Allobrogum ; and was looking forward with dismay march through the country of the

of the Insula

it does that not probable Allobroges, appear further advanced than the mere they were had just of that people. The confines army grounds for its apprehensions.We shall find^ of the eve on as we proceed,that they were entering a very difficult country, and the as mies eneAllobrogesare invariably represented usingevery effort to obstruct the march, until Hannibal completelyrouted them and sacked their city. Some writers have posed supthat these barbarians were a friendly

conciliated

nothing in
he
never

portionof the Allobrogiantribe : this conjecture warrants Polybius ;


so,
nor can

says

it

even

be inferred
not

from

any

of his

: expressions

if

they were

Allobroges, they must have been the distinct people who occupied the adjoiningcountry
on

the south

bank

of the

Isere,and these

were

the
*

Segalauni.*
The

have Segalamiimight,perhaps,
hank their of the natural

had

some

lands
seem

on

the north
to

Isere, althoughthat river would

form

of boundary: outlying possessions

similar tribes.

are description

recorded

as

belongingto by

other Gallic

Three

instances
:
"

mentioned

selves Csesar present them-

at this moment

I. The

Allobrogesoccupied certain
(b. g. i. 11.)

lands

on

the

right

bank

of the Rhone,

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL.

If

we

cast

our

eyes
once

on

any

map
name

of that part of Dautowns

of France

which

bore

the the

phiny, we
Valence,

perceive that

three

of

and Tain, (Valentia,) Romans, (Tegna,) form a nearly equilateral triangle ;

the Rhone

flows

on

its western

side, while

the mans, Ro-

Isere, running from


divides the

the

eastern

angle at
limits

into nearly equal porfigure tions. within


or

Somewhere

the

of this

triangle,at
above-mentioned have and

one

other, perhaps, of the


the
must Carthaginians

towns,

fallen in with

their
a

anonymous

friends ;

there, during
for

few

days' halt,prepared
and
more

themselves

ulterior

hazardous
are

operations.These
for the purpose

extended

limits

allowed of those

of

the allaying
the

alarms
ev

who, arguingfrom
Hannibal In my
own

words

avry,

require
Insula.

to

be

within positively
I

the
the

mind,

have
was

not

slightest
of these

doubt

but that Valence


distance

the

scene

operations. Its
the Rhone
was

from
is
m.

the

place where
almost it will be

passed

or exactly,

800 exactly,

stadia, 100
its

p., and

shown with

that the

positionequally well agrees distance assignedto the first ascent


had
some

II. Axona
III.

The

Rhemi

establishment

north

of tlie

(Aisne.) (b. g.
The

ii. 6.)
as represented having possessions

Menapii

are

beyond

the Rhine,

(b. g.

iv.

4.)

38

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL,

of

the

Alps.
are

Hannibal

is

with dealing* the

peoplewho
and
can

not evidently

Allobroges,
than the Se"

therefore whom

be

no

other
was

of g-alauni,

Valence

the

capital ; at
away from

Valence, too, the high-road turns


the river,and How far this leads towards directly positionagrees with
shall

the

Alps.
as

Hannibal's discover

subsequent proceedingswe
we

follow Hannibal

him has

on now

his march.
to

proceed on
who

his march,

and and
to

at

this

point,all

the

doubts, difficulties,
undertake

disputes of
trace

all writers

his progress,

have

their

origin.

The

Roman

historian, who
the
to

leads the

makes

after Carthaginians, the

host, literary tinually marching conturn

northward,
the the

now

sharply
pursue
this

round

towards
to

south-east,

and

their way
is followed

Cottian

Alp.

In

he

by

several
to

less authors, who, in fruitbetween

attempts
him

and south

produce harmony Hannibal Polybius,conduct


side
or

along
Mont

the

of the

the

Isere

to

the

Genevre,

to

Mont

Cenis. almost

Others,

again,abandoning Livy,have
from
a

proved,
marched above
its

Polybiusalone,
way

that

Hannibal Rhone

considerable with

along the

confluence the
"

the Isere ; and


and

then, crossing
form Les

Insula,"

the mountains, which

its eastern

side, in the

neighbourhoodof

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL.

39

Echelles, found
Little St. Bernard the ancient historian
on copiously

his way

to

the

valleyof
of

the

by

the town

Chambery,
all,the
has
dite eru-

Lemincum.
of the have

Above
who

Manchester,

written all

question, has
considered

astonished

those

who

the

boldly carrying Hannibal


route, to
and

the

foot

of

the

by an Alps

by subject, inexplicable

at

Martigny,
could
from

thence The

across

the Great

St. Bernard. Hannibal Cottian of


"

only

roads

by
the

which the

possibly have
his and
near position

gained

Alp
the

confluence

Isere

the I. The

Rhone,
road

are

the

following:

by

which
one

Livy
which

conducts
any Roman

the

Carthaginians,was
traveller in the have chosen.

days
It led

of

Livy
from

would Valence the

probably
up the

valleyof
into the the

the Druna,

(Drome,)
the

country of

the Vocontii, and

thence

valleyof
The
now

by Vapincum, (Gap,) Durance, occupied by


or

Caturiges.
of the
at the

Saltus Taurinus,

Alpis
the
we

Cottia,
sources

the

Mont

Genevre,

is at road

Durance. head

By

this

CaesarB.o.i. Tacit.

find Csesar from

of five the

46. legionshurrying Hist. *i.

to Italy

oppose

Helvetii,* and

Fa-

xiv.

bins Valens
*

from

the Rhine

leading a
the

division

Caesar

was

opposed by
"

the Centrones,
of the

Garoceli, and
the

the

Caturiges

the inhabitants and the

of high valleys

Isere, the

Arc,

Durance.

These

mountaineers

40

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL.

of Vitellius's

army his way

against Otho.
to

Constan-

tine, too,

on

seize the the world.

empire, and
It
seems

change
to

the condition become the

of
most

have the

frequented passage
side had

of

mountains, after the Emilian


roads
on

other
more

the Italian

Way and opened a

direct

communication

with

the Cottian

Alp.
There Valence
is
no

road the

of any south

magnitude
of the of

from

along
to

bank

Isere,
the

owing
II. into

the

nature impracticable

country.

But,

Upon
the the

reaching

the

Drac,

which

falls

Isere

leads up

Grenoble, a road just below valleyof that river, formerlythe


so

country of the Tricorii,to Gap, and


Cottian III. from

to

the

Alp.
From
this

road,

another up the

the banks

of the Drac

diverges, of a valley anciently


the

river,called tributary
inhabited
is

the Romanche,
;

by

the

Uceni

and

this

road, which

given

in the Theodosian

Table, reaches

would between

have easily

communicated
and and

by
; and

the Col

de la Vanoise
de Galibier
were

the Isere the Arc

the Arc
the
wars

by

the Col

between

Durance. in the

Both

these Cols
the time

frequented duringthe
XIV. Caesar

Alps, in

of Louis

(See
treats
"

the Memoires the attacks of

of

Marshall

Berwick, vol. ii.)


with ference, great indif-

these

people

his pulsis etc. praeliis,'' Compluribus

4}i

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL.

writers
the

who

have

adopted

his

duct opinion,con-

and so ablyhas this Carthaginians ; that to disputeit may theory been supported, less, like presumption. Neverthealmost appear

after it

having*been
a

completeconvert
of time,
some

to

myself for
upon
was

length
the
not

recent
me

reflection

has subject

allowed

to

perceiveit
added
to

without

difficulties, which,
examination of the

some

further
me

country, has led

to

its

abandonment,
new

and,

to the adoption of a finally, I now which bring forward

line of march, with The


a

thorough
which

conviction appears II. A and


to

of
me

its accuracy.
to be

road

the

rightone

is,

road

from

Valence, short, obvious,

of the Isere, crossing direct,up the valley


into

that river at Romans

the

country of the Grenoble, the


ancient the

Allobroges ;
ancient

and

thence, by

and Gratianopolis,
to

still more

Cularo,

the

entrance at Mont

of the

valleyof

Little St. Bernard


in perhaps,

Meillan.

It may, this road,


of

limine
not

be open is not
are we

objectedto
in the mentioned
to

that

it

was

time

the their
so so

Romans,

for

it

in

Itineraries ; ostensible
a

but line

imagine

that

of

communication,

along

magnificenta
and find

containing so antique valley, in which and celebrated we now a city, could a origin, great road of unknown

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL.

43

ever

have

been
in

destitute the

of

way ?

up It

and
tainly cer-

down

it, even
seems

earliest ages
that
no

strange

Roman Valence Cottian the

road
municated com-

through
while reached Chat. been Meillan
some

it is upon

record

5 but

with Vienna the No wanted


;

Italy by
and

the

Alps,
north,
du

Graian

Lyons, on Alp by the


Valence adduce
one

Mont

post road, therefore, would


between I shall and

have Mont

but
of
c.

sort
B.

road
**
"

existed Consule

there

proof that as early as


terials ma-

about

40

Planco,'' the
from the

of which

are

collected

10th

and

11th

books

of Cicero's

Letters.
at

Lucius army
in

Munatius

Plancus,
a

the

head

of

an

Gaul,
He up

dates
was

letter to

Cicero

from

Cularo.* both
on

there down thrown with

cating evidentlycommunithe
a

and

because valley, the


on

the west

he had
its union
was

bridge across
; and

Isere, near
the
east

the Rhone be

he

to expecting

joined by
at

the

forces
was

of Decimus
at

Brutus, who,
in
to

that

time,
and

Eporedia, Ivrea consequently intending Alp. Up


*

Piedmont,
pass the

Graian

the
true

valleyof
that this

the
is

Isere, by way

of Gre"

It is
ex

date

commonly written,
is
a clearly

Civa.for

rone,
"

finibus

which Allobrogum,"

mistake

Culaxone"

44

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL.

road noble, (thestraightest

towards have

the

Alps,)
from

I the

conceive

Hannibal

to ;

marched

cityof
or

Valence
not
now,

whether

along a

Roman
for

highway
we
are

is of little consequence,
as we

not

were,

between
"

the
a

Pyrenees and
measured
and

the Rhone, marked


resumes

restricted to the Romans."


the
"

road

by

thus Polybius
c.

narrative

"

50.

^lica ^'ev 7]fJii^aiq *Avvif3ag


TTOTa/uLOv

7ro^^v%uq irapa

rov

elg OKTaKoaiovq

ara^iovQ, r]^^aro ti]q

tt^oq

rag' AXtthq
"

avapoXrjg,
ten

Hannibal, after
Rhone
to

days,having marched
of 800

along the began


The distance

the distance the

stadia,

the ascent historian

towards here
sums

Alps."
up the time and

the banks of on passedby Hannibal to his striking from the Rhone previous away the Alps. The 800 that river towards stadia, the distance between 100 M. or p., is exactly Tarascon
seem

and be

Valence

and

the

ten

days
may

to

composed
added the

of the
to

four

days'march
we

from

Tarascon,

six

which his

as assign safely

period of
the other

stay among
of

the

barbarians. friendly
common

In

with

readers

bius, Polythat

had

believed always,until lately, of


800

this distance

stadia
north

along the Rhone,


of its confluence
no

ought
with

to

be measured

for the Isere, apparently

better

reason

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL.

45

than

because
of

it

happens to

be mentioned

after Insula.

the notice But such there


a

Hannibal's

arrival at the

is

nothing in Polybiusthat supports


;

notion

and

two

reasons

out ;

of

many-

will be sufficient to after deemed I. In done. rational


M. p.

allege againstit
second

perhaps
may be

the

first is stated, the

superfluous.
the There first is
to

place,the thing
no

cannot

he
any
100

with possibility,
a

result,
the

produce
Those Cottian
as

march

of

along
the

river, afterHannibal's
who carry
and

arrival the thaginians Car-

upon

Isere.
to

the

Alp,
the from
;

explain
dently eviof

Trapa

tov

TrorajuLov

meaning
or

the

Isere, the
are

Drac,

the

Romanche,

Arc,
the

forcinga meaning
which

words,
those

they

will

not

admit Graian

while

who selves them-

point towards

the

Alp,

allow

great latitude,in measuring

the distance
turn

along the river, for they make


away
from above it
at

Hannibal

Vienne, Isere, and


at

about
are

forty miles
satisfied
near

only
his

the

with the

approaching it again
Mont
100

Aouste,

foot of the II.

du
M.

Chat.
p.
"

If the

along

the river"
at

are

measured

after Hannibal's
because

arrival the

the

sula, In-

wherever
to

they terminate,
75
m.

Alps ought

begin ;

p.

having already

46

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL.

been

calculated

between

Roquemaure
of

and
m.

the

Isere, the whole


between the would

Polybian distance (175


the Rhone But and

p.)
the
of

passage be the

Alps
and

completed. Alps, we
of
a

instead
a

meeting with
the

meet

with which

battle,
pletely com-

capture
at variance

town,

is

with

who Polybius,
of two

places

these
from

events

at

the interval of the


one

days'march
we

the foot
a

Alps.
at

For

shall find

that and

halt
a

of

day
the

the of

capturedtown,
two

subsequent
among the said town

march

days,

are

reckoned

eighteendays counted
and

tween be;

the

plainsof

the Po

out

of

which
to the

eighteen days, fifteen* only are


passage
the

allotted

of the

Alps.
the
was

It follows,

therefore, that
and

fight with
march

Allobroges,
at the

the capture of their town,


of
two

tance dismencement com-

days'
of the

before

the

Alps.
100
m. p.

I miles

might add,
a

that
"

in ten

days
"

ten

day only
slow

would

have and
so

been

narily extraordi-

marching,

utterlyunlike
ought
to

p. 115.

The

Oxford

authors
of

are

of

opinion that

we

read
Tit ^^^-

eighteeninstead
the

fifteen

days,in Polyhius;
the But

because

Liv.

^^^^ them of the


here

with fight

the

and Allobroges,
events.

first ascent

Alps, are
translates die

contemporaneous

Livy,

who

Polybius, supports

the

reading, "Quinto

decimo

superatis.'' alpibus

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL.

#7

the

rest

of

Hannibal's

itself it is sufficient to of
an erroneous

that of proceedings, create some suspicion

interpretation.
the

It is,then, from the


of vicinity

banks

of the

Rhone,
the

in

its confluence
"

with

Isere,

that Hannibal,

after ten
to

ed days,having march-

along
the

the

river

the
irpog
rwv

distance

of
''

800 wards to-

stadia,"began the

ascent
"

Tag'^AXireig
'AXttewv
*'

Alps"
the

not

of the
ried car-

Alps"
"

the first
to

day'smarch
banks the

would

have

him hostile

of the

Isere, and

the

of territory

by

the stream
now

of that become

Allobroges, separated river only, laybefore him.


necessary
to

It will progress

watch
to

his serve ob-

with

increased

and vigilance,
nature

in what

degree the

of the country

correspondswith
bius. found If treated
too

the events the


in

recorded march

by Polyshould
must

this part of much the

be be

detail,it

as topography is new with Hannibal's connected having operations, never yet been compared with the description the author, convinced given in history ; while

remembered

that

of the truth of justness

of his

to theory, pleadsguilty

the

the remark,

"

To We

observations
grow
more

we

ourselves

do make.

for partial

the observer's sake."

The

town

of

Valence, situated

close upon

48
the

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL.

left bank

of
remote

the

Rhone,
as

laysclahn
any
scarce

to

an

antiquityas
France,
but

almost

town
a

in

it has

preserved

single

relic of its with


in
were

inhabitants ; all that I met original bas-reliefs inserted two insignificant


of of the
convent

the
:

walls
one

of

the

Soeurs
a

Grises

these

marbles, probably
male and

memorial, represents a sepulchral female figure,together with two


In the other under which
in the

children.

fragment
stand
''

an

arch
men
"

is
one

discoverable,
clad apparently other
an

two

weeds

of

peace^" the
war:

in joining ad-

the

"

paludamentum"
arch
is
seen

of the

under
a

figure of

soldier

seated, and
No
name Notice

his shield. on leaning forward which the might have recorded inscription of the Segalauniwas to be heard of; but

de as

D'Auvillc
chez

obscrvcs,
les

"

Ptolemee
entre

indiquant
Vienne
ne

590^^^'^' T^alentia
des
aucun

Segalauni,
les

Allohroges et
doute
sur

Tricastin%

laisse
de
ce

I'emplacement
Valence the
from
100
m.

peuple."
The agrees distance
so

of

Tarascon
p.
"

with closely

the river," of
on

that

Polybins, that no be ground can possibly


"

along to it objection
raised
;

while

its the and

in front of the Insula," being position last town before arrivingin that country,
distant
not

five miles

from

the

Port

de

50

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL.

traverses

continued

plain, only interrupted

by two curious winding hollows in its surface, resemblingthe deserted beds of rivers. The soil of this plain is a gravelly taining conclay, upper largeboulders, of which the old battlemented constructed.
but

walls The

and

turrets

of

Valence

are

country
At
of

is far from

ful, beauti-

well

cultivated,and
silk.
town

of quantities

the

produces great Peage de Pizan9on,


the road
comes

oppositethe
upon the

Romans,

Isere, rolling a very


between alluvium. these
"

considerable

body

of water and

deep

and

steep banks

of sand

Between
us

two
we

roads, both
have of
"

to

the

Insula,"
The
tov

no

conducting in difficulty
stadia,
the
100

deciding.
M.

distance
-irorafxov

800

p.,

Tra^a

along
we

river,"
at

having expired at Valence,


town turn

must

that

away

from the road

the

Rhone,

and,

quently, conse-

take which

not

leading towards only quitsthe banks


us as

mans, Roof the


most

river,but encourages
obvious The about
and

presentinga
the
and

direct

approach towards
Valence Hannibal

Alps.
is

distance
ten

between

Romans

miles. the

would, therefore,

reach easily
in
cost
a

Peage

de

Pizan9on from
;

lence Va-

short

day's march
to

and

it

probably
over

him

but

little time The

carry

his army 140

the

Isere.

river is here

about

yards

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL.

51

across.

Plancus, in
than
once

his
of

letters his

to

Cicero,

more

boasts

expedition in
Ep. ad

the Isere in a single throwing a bridge across maximo, cic. day. Itaque in Isara, flumine die quod in finibus est Allobrogum,ponte uno
"

l-'^i*.

facto, exercitum
traduxi." which
at
season

a. was

d.

quartum
of this

Idus
of river

Maii
at

This

in the month

May,
are

the waters

^"^

their greatest
us

height. Polybiusdoes
means

not

inform

by
to

what

the

Carthaginians
:

contrived
argue
no

effect their passage his silence that reached the

but

we

may

from

they

encountered of

obstacle,and
"

shore opposite

the

Insula"
was

in

safety.
therefore,that Hannibal
of territory the Al'*

It

at

Romans,

entered

upon

the dreaded

jam Tit. lobroges"gens,'* as Livy calls them, xxi, ferior infama inde nulla gallica aut gente opibus mitted ;" from whom, when they at last subto

Li

v.

31.

the
the did

Roman
time
not

arms,

one

hundred
a

years

after

of

Hannibal,
to

Fabius the

Maximus honourable
must

disdain

receive

of Allobrogicus.They appellation

either

have have

been
from
to

remarkable the

for

their

or ferocity,

beginning declared
Hannibal, for
of apprehensions

their

determination

oppose

his army them


even

began
had

to

entertain
it entered

before
now

their territories. the


E
"

Hannibal

invaded fairly

Insula.^
2

52

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL.

Polyb.in.

j^^^ (Tvv"J3rj fuLeyiaroig


"

avrov

rrepiireaeiv

kiv^vvoiq.

And

it

happened

that

very

great dangers

befell him." But


to not

for Polybiusgoes immediately,


us

on

inform
ecog

that,
Iv
ot Kara

fiev

yap

roig

ETrtTrcooic

vcjav,

airUyovro
tCjv

TTavreQ

avrCjv
TO.

jjLQpog -nyejULOveg

AXXo^e
rovg

f^jiyijjv,/idv Tovg
TrapaTTc/HTrovTag
*'

linreig^e^ioreg, ra

(5apf3apovg.
as were they (the Carthaginians)

As

long

in the

plains,all

the

chieftains aloof

of

the

Allo-

in succession, kept broges,


some

from

them,

who

the cavalry, others fearing accompanied the army."


some

the barbarians

For

time, therefore,
meet

we

are

not
we

to

expect
observe

to

any

mountains far
an

5 and

shall

in the

sequelhow

open

country
found
to

will answering that description extend.

be

Leaving
Romans

the

old
us,

walls
we

and

battlements
to
a

of vated ele-

behind

ascend the

wide

plain,across
direct,and
and

which
on

road,

broad,

lined

each

side with
for

mulberry
seven

walnut
as

trees,

stretches
an arrow

about

miles
of Les the

as straight

towards

the Poste

Fauris.

On

looking back, by
the

the

view

to

westward

is bounded

distant

hazy
;
on

hills of the
our
on right,

Viverais the

beyond the oppositeside of

Rhone

the Isere, a

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL.

53

fine
course

range
from

of

limestone

mountains
to

takes We

south-west

north-east. the

see

their low

sides, which country


the in

form

boundary of
and

the

that

direction, riven
and of

splitinto
gorges,
en

most

fantastic
one

picturesque
at

and chasms, cliffs,


a

which,

Pont

Royans, is
A
a

favourite
range

resort

of the Parisian

artists.

low

of

undulating sand-hills,
from

forming
Les north. have
a

semicircular

sweep the

Romans towards
the

to

Fauris, bounds
These

plain

the

hills, compared with

plain,
in in

sterile aspect ;

they are, nevertheless,


the vine sides. range, thrives
are,

cultivated,and extensively places along their many fact,a part of the


western
same

They
which,

at

its

after

Tain, upon the Rhone, near extremity, undergoing a change of soil,produces


Vin de

the famous
acre

I'Ermitage ;
for
a

and

there

an

of its

slopesells
the
to

thousand
on

guineas.

These

hills confine

the view Isere descend


at

the north, and

by approaching obligethe
and
to

Les

Fauris, they
to

road

close

the river, cliffs

continue

under
it emerges

their

sandstone

and

until slopes

after passing again,

the stream

of the

Furand.

We

pass
mere

this torrent,

which, although generally a


is sometimes
a

rivulet,
a

considerable years
ago,

river, by
carried

ford.
a

Its waters,
stone

some

away

which bridge,

has not

yet been

replaced.

54

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL.

The

ruins

of the

an

ancient

chateau, which
are seen

once

defended

passage,

upon

the

heightsto
forts
are

the left. scattered

Many
over

such this and

old

dilapidated
once

country
turbulent
and

tenanted
of
no

by

the

powerful

neurs Seigbably pro-

Dauphiny, the successors, bad representatives, of the


of bed upon
once

AllobroHannibal.
we

gian

chieftains
the

the

days

of

Risingfrom
ourselves last ; the left ; houses

of the
a

Furand,

find the the

again

plain similar
more

to to

sand-hills
are now

retire and

they
are

more

wooded,
their

many

visible

on

sides.

On

the

the plainthrough which right, in a bed too deep to admit of reaches mountains
to

the Isere flows,


its

being visible, begin


an

the of

foot

of

the

lofty limestone
we

Sassenage,which
are

to

perceivewe
direction.

approaching in
road

oblique
in
a

The

again
for
some

continues

line straight perfectly reaches the the little town

males, until it

of St. Marcellin, where another circular semiwith


on

sand-hills,having formed
sweep,

again come
above

in contact

it.
the

From

the terrace
near

St. Marcellin, of Bellevue,


"

north,
a

the chateau

we

mand com-

magnificent prospect
the town, and traversed
east.

plainon
our

each

side
to

of

by
front

road, lies

the west rich

In

is

expanded
us

all the

valley intermediate

between

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL.

55

and
so

the
near

Sassenagemountains
that

these

are

now
are

all their

romantic

crevices

and are distinguishable, lighted up perfectly The to great advantage by an evening sun.
most

remarkable before
to

are,

one

towards
and

Pont another

en

Royans

mentioned,
the east.
see

at

Iseron, further

Between

the two,
of

overhanging
ancient Castle of the old the the infant

ravine, we
of

the ruins

the

Beauvoir,

once

the residence

Dauphins ; where,
heir of Humbert
to
some

in 1385,

Andre,
last of
and
timely un-

II., the
doubtful of

Dauphins, came
end.

The

little inn

St. Marcellin, of

Le

petitParis, enjoysthe by
de

distinction
en

being
:"

noticed the

the old

**

Hermite

Provence

talkative

landlord, Vhistorien
to

des been

vignes good
mine

Vlsere^ appears gatheredunto his fathers,but


cheer survive makes of her
in

have

his cellar and

great perfection ; and


amends mansion beds.
for

hostess exterior

the

mising unpro-

by supplying
After
versing tra-

her

guests with
another
we

excellent

plain upon
meet

St. quitting

cellin, Marare

again
to

the Isere

sand-hills,and
to
see :

near
a

enough
mixture

the
at

it

deep

channel of

their base

their

flowing in slopes are

cultivation We

and

Spanish

chesnut.
\ the

descend

coppices of again at the


a

mill of Tesche

plainnow

assumes

very

56

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL.

luxuriant north

aspect, and
with
of

is well

protectedon
are

the
pletely com-

by

the sand-hills, which


a

here

covered In the
the

middle

the

of vines. clothing plain stands Vinay, at

rich

We now commence extremityLalbenc. the hills, which ascent an winding between undulate with agreeably, and are covered brushwood.

plain,

the

Among them, in a little elevated is prettily village of Chantese Ascending again,we


the

situated.

find ourselves and


on

above considerably Connected


are,
our

Isere

its which

plain.
we

with
at
we no

the

sand-hills
on

and

great distance
may observe several
from

the

right of
of limestone

road,

low

blocks

appearing in
as

remarkable places, massive


ranere range

beino'
'to

detached
on

the

of

that

rock
we

the

other

side of the Isere. descent


an

Just

before and

commence a

the of

of these

hills,

about

quarter

hour

before
we

ing reachcome

Tullins, at the inn


upon
a
a

of

Morette, monde,"

fine bold

"boutdu

presenting
dinary extraor-

magnificentprospect.
lies fertility below
stand

plain of
us

the

hills

on

which
to

we

forming
the fine

semicircular
at

bend

the

north,

are

connected

their eastern
mountains of

extremity with
the Grande
in front

craggy

Chartreuse,
of
our us

which

rise

diately immeThose

to the

eastward.
nearer

of

Sassenage on

rightare

and

more

58

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL.

d'usage
town

d'ecrire

Moirenc."

This

is the

first

since Roman No
road

Valence leaving*

that is noticed
of

by

any

writer,

or

in any
can

the

Itinera-

ries. of
a

doubt, however,

be

entertained the earliest travel. of mans, Roand

having- existed kept the


are

from line the


we

and periods,

very

now

Along

this line St.

seated

towns

Marcellin,
have wrecks
so

Vinay, Lalbenc,
existed
numerous

Tullins,
while destined

and

immemorially ;
old

the

of

castles,
of the of

for

the

defence this
as

or

plunder

country, point out


communication. At of the find Moirans
we

the

line principal

are

almost
an

at the

extremity
from
an

plains.
ourselves

In less than

hour

it we

immediately under
the Isere
to

abrupt
ing extend-

escarpment
from upon the
on

of limestone upon

rocks, which

Voreppe
Rhone,
the well
east

St. Genix the


"

completelyshut
with
a

up wall

sula" In-

natural

of precipices,

described
Kai

by Polybiusas
Kai cvat/j,poXay

iii. 49.

^9V

^vcnrpoaoca
hard
one

c^eoov,

tog

kireiVf aTTpoGira,
**

Mountains

of

approach
say,
in

and

ascent,

and

almost,
are

might
the

inaccessible."
the

These

mountains,

heart

of

which, rocks,

at

great

elevation,
waterfalls

encircled of the

by
most

forests^ and

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL.

59

terrific

grandeur, stands
Chartreuse.
Brunon rigido

the famous

monastery

of the Grande
"

Del

segreta stanza."

Those

awful

mountain

solitudes the

where haunt

the of

imaginationof Gray
the
*'

discovered

of Spirit

the Fell."

"

Non

leve

Nativa
Numen

nam

certe

fluenta

habet, veteresque sylvas,


et

Prsesentiorem
Per

Deum conspicimus

invias rupes, fera per

juga,
noctem."

Clivosque preeruptos,sonantes
Inter aquas,

nemorumque

At such end. the

the foot
as

of

these

mountains, the plains, them,


come

have
were

described the

to

an

These

plains traversed
the
must escort

by
the
at

Carthaginiansunder barbarians. It friendly


Moirans that this

of been

have

nibal people took leave of Hanhim farther ; by venturing to accompany into the narrow valley of the Isere, they of their might have compromised the security march homewards. Moirans may
"

be

about

Romans two thirty-two miles from easy St. Marcellin, which march. is exactly days' half-way,was perhaps the spot, then some halted the army at which Allobrogian village, during the night.

60
The
**

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL.

chieftains*
in

of

the

Allobroges
offered
no

Kara

^"^oc,

detail,"had
to

hitherto
of the

terrupt in-

the march find them

Carthaginians ;
combined
at
a

but

we

now

collecting together a
a projecting

sufficient attack upon

force, and Hannibal,


road

to

be made
on,

certain

part

of

the

farther

where

the nature

of the

ground

afforded

them

tages. advanpeculiar

50.

^'^Keivoi kurelSri /ulIv H"


^"
irepi
Tov

ttjv

oiKciav

aTnyXXayijcav^
oi

AvvijSav rip^avTO Eig rag Trpoayeiv rCjv AWofSpiyMv SvcT'^wpiag, (Tvva^poiG^hrcg


Tore ol

rjyeij.ovegy Kaipovg
Kar
"

Ikuvov

ro

kv TrXiiSfoc, 7rpoKarcXa(5ovro rovg


wv "0"i

roTTOvg,

oi

rovg

Tr^pi

rov

Avvipav

avayKtjv

Troieicr^ai ri}vavaj3o\riv.

But

when back
to

they (the friendlybarbarians)


their
own

turned

country,

and

nibal's Han-

people began

to

approach

the difficult

the chieftains of the Allobroges, then places, collecting togethera sufficient number, pre-

Polyb. ii.

These

Allobrogianchieftains
clans.
on

were

probablythe they could


and

heads

^'
15.

of separate themselves
*

We

find

the

CisalpineGauls
in

prided
retain,

the
same

number
of the

of followers
Gauls of

ch!xi'ii. CJsesar
in like

tells the
manner

general ;

Tacitus
in all

describes This nations.


state

the sort of is

that clanship

existed
to

Germany.
barbarous
*'

is, in fact, common society

It

justlyremarked
derived
from

by Gibbon,
an

that

many
the

of those feudal

refeiTed by institutions,
are

easy

solution

to

system,

the

Celtic

barians.' bar-

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL.

6l

through occupied the advantageous positions,


which
it
men was

absolutely necessary
to

for

nibal's Han-

make

passage."
as we

We these found
to

shall

discover,

proceed,
TOTToi

where
to

and ^ucr^wjotat
;

^vKaipoi

are

be

in the that

mean

time,
words

it is
kut

only

necessary

remark,
one

the

dvajKr^v imply
which alone This the would
the

but

singlepass,
could the the

through
if

march

possiblybe
case an

effected. army the had

be clearly

got into
side

valley of
the
**

Isere,

on

southern
;

of

Insula," by Voreppe
at

whereas,

from

St. Genix, mountainous

the range,

northern

extremityof
Mont the alike
du

the

the

Chat, the

Montague
each offer

de

I'Epine,and
much

Aiguebellette,
in

roads

point
the
words
one

of

and practicability,
Kar

consequently
to inapplicable

are dvayKTiv

any

of

them. To the

proceed
"

Polybius informs kept


but,
their

us,

that had secret,

enemy
must

but

intentions

they

have infallibly army


;
as

thaginian destroyed the Cartheir design became


did

apparent, although they


Hannibal, they suffered
in return. TvovQ
yap
o

great injury to
selves themseverely

no

less

dTpaTi^yog

rtjv

Kap-^rjdoviwv,
on

irpOKare^ovaiv

ot

(5ap(5apoi rovg

tvKaipovg

roTrovg,

62

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL.

avTog

/LLev

fcaracTTparoTre^eutrac irpog tcllq vireppoXaig,


the
that

"7r"/X"V".
"

But

general
the

of

the

Carthaginians,
were

knowing pying
himself
It is in the

barbarians

pre-occu-

advantageous positions,remained
in front of the

encamped

heights."
for
of
a ment mo-

quite impossibleto perceiving that


wpog

hesitate

this
raig

place

bal's Hanniat
so

encampment, Moirans,
or

was vTrepf^oXaig,

in its immediate front

vicinity. It heights"
ostensible
of the
no a

is

in clearly ''just

of the
and
so

of

the

Grande
for in
can

Chartreuse,
a

tion situaenemy

halt, while
were

the

plans
the

advance

that investigated,
upon

doubt

be entertained
too
come
**

subject.Voreppe
entrance

is almost

much

within the

the

of of

the
npog

valleyto
Tuig

under

definition
"

in v7rep(3o\aigy

front stands

of," or
upon
uncommon a

before

the
rounded sur-

heights."
with and of
an

Moirans
a

knoll,

by
a

plain of
of water

fertility,
its side, the for

stream

flowing by

presents every
army.

convenience

stay

Hannibal,
at
c.

therefore, remained

himself

camped en-

Moirans.
rivag
twv

50.

^e 7r^O"7r"^i//"

Ka^rjyov/uievtJV avToig
tljv vir^vav

raXarwv, X^P^^^^^
tI(i)Vkirivoiav, kcli
ttjv

KaTa(TKe\pa(T^ai ttiv
oXrjv vTro^eaiv,

"

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL.

63

"

But

he sent
as

forward

some

of the

Gauls,
of and

who

acted

their

guides,for
of

the purpose

the discovering the

resolution

the enemy,

whole These

design."
were

the

Gauls

from the

the
army,
sane

of plains ^
and
are

Tit- ^^^'
XXI.

32.

the

Po, who

accompanied
as
"

described

by Livy

baud es."

multum

lingua moribusque
have

abhorrent
of

They

must

had with

some

means

selves themingratiating it appears their

the

for Allobroges,

mission
wv

succeeded.
to o

TTpa^avTUJV avvra'^evy kiriyvovq


OTi

arpa-

Polyb.

iii.

TTfyogy
Kai

rag

/iikv irapevraKTOvai rj/uLepag fTrt^eXwc


Toirovg
oi

Ttipovcn
Tiva

Tovg

^e TToXejULioiy rag aTraXXarrovrat'

vvKvag

Hg

7rapaKHfxavr}v Trjv

iroXiv

npog

TavTr}v

VTTo^etnv

(TvveaTricFaro apfxoCofiivog^

TToa^ivTOiavTrjv.
''

These

men

having

executed

what

was

that the enjoined,the general, informed the guarded and watched carefully enemy day, but retired every night to positions every
an

adjacent town,
of action." army

arranging his plans to


upon the

meet

this mode

design, determined
in

following

Putting his
**

motion,

7rpor)yev efKjtavwg^

he advanced Soon after

openly." leaving Moirans,


which
we

we

come

in

face of the
to
a

valley, up

gain an

insight
and

considerable

distance.

The

detached

64

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL.

abrupt mountain
of La of

which
a

overhangs the village


mile
last

Buiserade, about
forms

from
most

the gates

Grenoble,

the the

and

cuous conspi-

object on
richness mountains. with
in

left.

At
all

valley is entered, lying in


between We arid
pass

Voreppe the its beauty and


of

walls

precipitous

the

of Fontanils, village of

its

enormous

masses

limestone, fallen
We
of
a

former up the

ages

from

the

cliffs above.

look

ravine
;

formed

by

the torrent rises


in

the Tenaison mountain


most

in the middle
a

of which

peaked with
manner

pinnacleof
;

rock

remarkable ascends
the

through
the

this opening

road

to

the

of Sapey, village

one

of the We

approaches to
now

Grande

treuse. Charunder

arrive

immediately
the mountain the
in round
meet

the La this

of towering precipice Buiserade.

above
foot

Winding
we so

of the

stupendous crag,
the road very
to

both
a

country and
as

remarkable

change
The

demand lies

particularnotice.
the

plain now leftbank


the Grande

on entirely

the opposite, it turns the

of the

Isere, which, while

angle formed
Chartreuse

by

the southern

point of
flows

mountains,
A

diately imme-

at their base.

composed steep talus,


of the
on

of the

wreck
from
on

and

rubbish

rocks

above,

extends Trorche

La

Buiserade

the west, to La About the

the east

of Grenoble.

66

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL.

across

Mont
and

Rachais, daily guarded by the Alin

lobroges;
we

Grenoble, the ancient Cularo,

find, beyond all doubt, tlie


to which to
"

town"

they retired
to

adjacent during the night.


"

But Moirans
c.

return

Hannibal,

who

from

advanced
raig

openly.'* Sutr^wptatc,jxaK^av
ov T(ov

50.

J^^^ (TVVEyyL"jag

TToXe/uicov KarecTTpaTOTre^evae,
"

And

having

drawn
at
no

near

to

the difficult

he encamped places, the

great distance from

enemy."
Whatever
in

security

we

may Moirans
is

have
as

rienced expe-

fixingupon
certaintywith
a

of his last encampment, with him La La the

place nothing compared


we now see

the

which La

taking up
Buiserade Buiserade
**

at position

Buiserade.

At

"the
is
"

difficult places" begin,and


at
no

great

distance"

from

either
town

the or advantageouspositions," We derive additiona occupiedby the enemy. from evidence the succeeding sentence the
:
"

c.

50.

Tiic ^"
Kaieiv,
TO

vvKTog

avvTo^ag kiriyzvofikvriq,
nXeiov
juiapog
Trig

ra

irvpa
avTOV

jLiev
Tovg
aT^va

dvva/metog

KaTeXiTTE*

S* ETTiTrj^uoTciTOvg kv^LJVovg TTOiYiijagy


tyjv
vvktu,
Kai

^iriX^e TO.

TOvg KaTE(T")(B

viro

tu)V

7rpoKaTaXri(j)^lvTag Tro\mi(i)V Toirovg, aTTO/ce^w^r^/corwv


tu)V
"

j3apf3ap(t)v t^v dwri^Eiavug rrjvttoXiv,


/car
a

But

the

followingnight,having

com-

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL.

67
left the

manded

the

fires to
his

be

he lighted, there ; and


to
arm

greater part of
caused the most

forces
men

having

proper

themselves

he passed through the narrow lightly, places and seized the positions serted deduringthe night, by the enemy ; the barbarians having, to custom, retired to the city." according From these words it would appear that the

not to have descended were Allobroges likely from the heights until after they had observed the fires burning in Hannibal's and camp, were were persuadedthe Carthaginians quietly settled for the night. The positionof the

encampment
from the
these

must

therefore

have La the

been

visible
is

heights. Now,
situation upon

Buiserade

only

along
"the

without

being
Isere

which, valley, difficult places"


"

that is,upon and from the the

the

slopebetween
described Mont La that
"

the mountains is discernible

above

heights of

Rachais.

Every

before arriving at thing, concealed

Buiserade, is completely

by
as

lofty mountain,
that
to

already mentioned
No
exact

overhanging
can

lage. vilthe from with

doubt, then,

exist It

as was

spot of this encampment. Buiserade, therefore,that


choice

La
some

Hannibal

armed, troops lightly


narrow

passing
it
now

along the road,


became,

and

difficult as

ascended

Mont

Rachais,
F

and
2

took

68

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL.

while of the heightsof the Bastille, possession in their the Allobroges were sleeping securely
town

below.
was

Where

this town
in

The

exact

position

of Grenoble, when the


name

its earliest
never

days it bore

of Cularo, has It is very bank


of

been
that

positively
it stood and

ascertained.
on

certain the
town
mere

the

right
of

Isere ;
still on

the

quarter

the modern

that side

of the river,althougha looked the upon


as

suburb,
ancient of
one

the

most

always portion of
street

is

city.

It is

composed
and
name

long

between
one

the

river

the

rock, bearing at

the extremity that


**

of St. Laurent, at the


5

other is the

of

La

Perri^re
de
a

between

the two

Montee

Montis,) by which
of Mont
so

road It is

Rachais.
and
one

(Scala the heights ascended that scarcely possible


a

Chalemont,"

confined

inconvenient

situation,
the other and the
a

pressedon by
*'

side

by

the river, on
to

the rock, and

exposed
could

inundations have La
a

eboulemens,"

ever

been

scite of the little further

ancient

Cularo.

Tronche,
much
more

eastward, presents

there probableposition. At La Tronche risingground, agreeablyplaced between

is

the

plainand the talus of the mountains, chosen for the situation by the citizens of Grenoble
of their villas
:

here, too, is

stream,

and

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL.

69
the

here

is

the

"

Peage

de

la Tronche,"*
has

ferryacross
the the

the

Isere,which
The

existed from

earliest times.

modern
and

city,with
La

exceptionof
It

St. Laurent the

Perriere,
of

is situated

entirelyon
was

left bank
that

the

river.
the

first

enlarged on
and
to

side

by

Emperors
road from

Diocletian
Rome

Maximian.

The

through the town, hj the Emperors


upon Jovian
DD.

and
over

the the upon

passed inscriptions placed


gateways
the
"

Vienne

are

still
or

record.

That

Roman,

gate, was
NN. IMP.

thus worded
C^S. FELIX. CAIVS.

AVRELIVS.
AVG.

DIOET.

CLETIANVS.
IMP. C^S. FELIX.

PIVS.
MARCVS. INVICTVS. CVM. SVA.

INVICTVS.

AVRELIVS. AVG.

MAXIMIANVS.
MVRIS. CVLARO-

PIVS.
NENSIBVS.

INTERIORIBVS.

^DIFICIIS.

PRO-

VIDENTIA.
PORTAM. IIVNT.
*
"

INSTITVTIS.

ATQVE.
lOVIAM.
VOCARI.

PERFECTIS. IVSSE-

ROMANAM.

Ce

peage

ancienneinent appartenait
un

L'Emlenipire. 16 Fevrier
mit trans-

pereur

Henri, par
a

acte

date

de de

Genes, du

1312, le ceda
a

Hiigues,Baron
II. fit cession

Faucigny,qui le
dota de la Troncbe.

Humbert

Lorsque Humbert
du
peage

le convent

de
Je

il lui Montfleury, raconterai traiterent Martin de tous


a ce

sujet qu'en 1351,


un

les dames fer de

de

Montfleury
nomme

avec

marcband

de

Moirans,
et
ses

Roux. droits de
un

Elles

lui decbarg^rent
a

successeurs

peage, livre de

condition
un

qu'on leur
livre de

donnerait

cbaque annee
"

poivreet
M.

gingembre."

Hisioire

de

Grenoble, par

Pilot, p. 282.

70
The

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL.

over inscription

tlie
same
"

Vienne,

or

culean Her-

gate, was
J^iennensem The Porta

the

substituting* only
loviam. the
was

Herculeam

for Homanam

Romana,

which

long

retained

of corrupt appellation

Porte

Traine,

in 1591, when the city was larged enpulled down by the famous Constable Lesdiguieres, the hero of Dauphiny. The Porta Viennensis that the year 1804, when existed as lately as also was sacrificed. The road from Rome by

the Mont Porta

Genevre
;

entered
that

Grenoble

at

the

Romana
we

from

Vienne, the road


since

by
of

which

have

travelled

leaving
in

Moirans, descendingMont
the
convent

Rachais

front

of

Sainte

Marie-d'en-haut,
near

crossed Pont Porta de

the

Isere somewhere entered At

the
town

present

Bois, and

the

by the
the

Viennensis.

the close of the fourth Gratian that


of

century the
name

Emperor
into
seat

altered

of made

Cularo it the
seem

of
a

and would the

Gratianopolis, It bishoprick.
circumstance
of

almost

from

the

bishoprick being established on the right of Diocletian bank of the Isere,as if the city than a mere looked upon as nothing more was suburb.* But the most important benefits
*
"

La

de paroisse

St.

Laurent, comme
du

la

plusancienne piimaute.
sur

de
Son

anciennement la ville, jouissait


avant clerge autres

droit de
encore

la revolution
"

avait

le pas

celui des

Id. eglises."

p. 13.

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL.

71
hands brated cele-

received of the

by
man

Grenoble

Constable first

through the Lesdiguieres.This


were

provided for the defence of the cityby building the fort of the Bastille, below with the town he connected which by
two

walls ;
in
a

these, divergingfrom

the

fort,
of

descend Mont

zigzag direction
to

on

each

side

Rachais

the of
a

river Greek

"

of style old

the walls
now

exactly in the acropolis.An


admitted
was

gateway,
road
;

blocked

up,

the

Vienne

but

this entrance

watched

by

fort strong guard placedin the adjoining Near may


worn

of Rabot.*

this

fort,at the edge of the


where the rocks
was

cliffs, we
have been

still observe smooth


on

by

the traffic that this road.


to

formerly
would
an

carried

along

It

be tedious

and

unnecessary works its

attempt
of diguieres Les-

enumeration
at

of the various
in

Grenoble, and
of
our

hood. neighbourare

Two
to
not

them,

however,

of

portance im-

present inquiry,and

to

be

omitted. from
man. an

Grenoble than
a even

The the

ought Lesdiguieres protected more dangerous enemy cityhad been frequently


dreadful inundations. and the close the town,

victim

to

most

The

Isere,which

traverses

impetuous Drac,
*

which

rolled anciently
of

Fort

Rabot
1532.

was

erected before the time

Lesdiguieres,

iu the year

7^
under several
verse

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL,

the

western

ramparts, committed,
recorded such
in by history

on

occasions prose,
to the

both
as

and

tremendous

havoc

to

give rise
**

prophecy of
Draco devorabunt

Serpenset
of

urbem,"

translation

which, in the patoisof the


"

country, is still current


"

Lo

Serpeinet
Grenoblo

lo

Dragon
en

Mettron

savon.''

The quays, hundred and


art

Isere
and

is

now
more

confined
than

by

handsome
one

is not

ninety or
Time,

yards
had
in

in

breadth. the

labour,
of Les-

vain, before

days
the

fury of he who effectually It was the Drac. completed this great undertaking,and by carryingthe in a new torrent channel, fortified by powerful attempted to diguieres,
dams, threw
town, that it
now

controul

it to such

distance

from

the

falls harmless His the

into the Isere, other work


was

oppositeLa opening
Rachais.
**

Buiserade. road under

the
'*

cliffs of

Mont

II y avait," says M.
ce

Pilot,p. 218,

dans appelle les actes Malum au passetum, qui appartenait La de Saint Martin. grande route chapitre traversait encore a cette 6poque la hauteur de Du de la Tronche, il n'y avait cote Rabot.
au

pied de

rocher

un

passage

74

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL.

I. Cularo

stood

on

the
near,

bank riglit La
to

of

the

Isere, probably at,


II. erade That led the main

or

Tronche.
La

road

it from

Buis-

along

the

above declivity Rachais


near

the

Isere, Rabot,
Marie-

passed along*Mont
descended
near

Fort Sainte the


"

the convent continued side


as

of

d'en-haut, and
on

along
as

declivity
de la

the

other

far

the

Peage
of the
as

Tronche." III. and That the united


currents

Isere
were

the Drac, then

unrestrained
and

they
of

afterwards existence Malum IV.

by
of

dams safe

quays,

prevented
even

the the

any

path, perhaps
Mont
of the

passetum^ below
That the state
two

Rachais.

plainat
streams
on

the

fluence con-

of these have the Mont V. frustrated

furious

would

any

attempt
turn

the

part of

Carthaginians to
Rachais
we Lastly,

the

positionsof
tille the Bas-

by crossingthe
find the

rivers.

position of

considered, both
Marshal
as

by Lesdiguieresand
of the utmost

by

Soult,

one

importance,

commanding
We

the passage.
in

left Hannibal

possessionof
army
at

vantageo this adBuisethe

position ;
rade
at
one

his
"

La

end
at

of the

difficult
near

j" places

Allobroges
It is now

the

other

La of

Tronche.

time to take up the words

Polybius.

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL.

75
51. kTn-y"vojxivnQy
oi
c

Ov

rrjc Kai (TUjUjSavroc,


to

viuepag

(Tw^eaaainevoi yeyovogy ^apf^apoi


aTrt"Trr\(jav
*^

rag

julv o-pyag

Tr]q

kiri^oXriQ.

This
on,

being done,
the

come

day having what had barbarians, discovering

and

the

happened,refrained at first from an attack." have been very The town" must adjacent for the the near advantageous positions,"
*' "

AUobroges to have gone well without as difficulty, of their discerningfrom took that place
Such The
is La

to
as

it and
to

from allowed
rences occur-

it

have any the

below upon

heights.

Tronche

in relation to the Bastille.

elevation

of this fort above feet ; the


ascent

the Isere may


to

be about be of

1,200

it would

in accomplished easily

half

an

hour.

One
du

the
or

to objections principal to any

the

Mont

Chat,
*'

other

pass

in

that

part of the
town,
ther whe-

Insula,"

is the distance

of the

Chamb^ry, (Lemincum,)or Bourget,from of the pass. The the summit AUobroges could in from their positions have got down scarcely
the

evening,before
to

it would in the

have

been

time

for them
Mcra

re-ascend
TCLvray
Tovg

morning.
to twv

^i

^ewpovvrsgy

v7rotvyi(i)V c^ 51.
tov

ttXtj^oc Kai
juaKpwg
vovTog,
*'

linrEigdva'^epi^g Kai eK/nr^pvofJiivovg


vwo

Tag

e^eKXri'^rjcrav ^va'ywpiag,

(TVfxpai-

eQaTTTfcrSfai Tr\g Tropeiag,


After

this, perceiving the

numerous

76
beasts
of

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL.

burden the

and

throug-h

difficult

cavalry defiling places arduously and


tbe the

they were encouraged by protractedly, to attack the line of march.'* opportunity broke When the Carthaginianarmy
from

up

the

encampment
to

at

La
**

Buiserade, they
with the
toilsome

would march

first have their

wind

long array" along


across

shaggy
Rabot.

steep of the side of St. Martin-le-Vinoux, and


then
to pass

the

heights by
towards

Fort

They would broges in


The

first have
a a

appeared to
La line of

the AlloTronche.

descent

of sight
and

weak

extended

baggage-

along a narrow struggling feet on of 150 200 or path,with a precipice offered too their right, tempting an opportunity
mules,
horses,
to

be have

resisted been

by

the

Allobroges. They encouraged by


rushed down
not

might
the

farther

ceiving perfrom

that

if Hannibal attack
own

heightsto
towards

them, he could

avoid

falling upon
also
soon

his

and urging them people,

the

precipices ;

and

we

shall for

find that this consideration the


the

withheld

awhile
to
5^^

generalfrom Carthaginian
assistance of his
/cat

ing hasten-

men.

TovTOV
TTiGovruiv

^l
rtjv

jEVOimivov, f^apj^apwv ov^


,

Kara

ttXhcj
vtto

fisprj wpoatwv

oi"ra"c

av^ptov'
Kap^t}'

vjg

VTTO

ru)V

tottwv^

rwv irokvq iyiyvero (ji^opog

^ovliov, Kai

twv /j^uXiara

'tTrTrwv

Kai

rwv

virotvyiwv'

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL.

77
ttjq

ovarjQ

yap

ov

fiovov
Kai

(TTtvrjQ

Kai

Tpa-^aag
airo

irpotj-

aWa j3oXrjQ,
KCLi

Kpr^imviodovg,iravroq
Kara e(j)epeTO tljv

Kivyifxaroq

iracrrig

rapay^tg

Kprjfxvwv ofnocre

Toig
"

TToXXa (fiOpTLOig,

rwv

vrroZvyuov.
attack upon the

This

being done, (the


the barbarians

march,) and
many

having charged in
of the
and
on

a great destruction places, of horses particularly

thaginians, Car-

beasts of
account

burden, took
of the
enemy,

place ;
as

not

so

much

from
was

the
not

nature

of
narrow

the

ground,
and

for the

road

only

that upon so rough, but also precipitous, of and each disturbance, many agitation every with their loads, the beasts of burden, together
were

carried

down

the
Kara

precipices.'^
TrXetw
was we ia,^pv9 are

If,by the words


understand

to

that the attack the


same

made

in

many

placesat
that the themselves
;

time,

it becomes

apparent
extended ginians Cartha-

Allobroges along
that
; and

must

have of the

the

left

is, between

the

Carthaginians
in many

and

Hannibal

by charging them
force them
account
(rreva
"

they would places, precipice.In the


find the
"

all towards of this


"

the
we
"

pass

words

ra

(JTSvrig ^vcr^Mpiai

"c., Kpv/uLvtj^ovgy Tpa-^elag

all

scriptive deperfectly La Buiserade culties diffiand

of the country between and La Tronche. attendant


on

Nothing impliesthe
any arduous
ascent

73
descent. would mountain with

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL.

Now have for


had

in

the
to

Mont

du
as

Chat
severe

they
a

encounter
as

its elevation

anj

to

be met
us

in the

tells high Alps. Polybius


horses

that

the wounded
to greatly
c,

upon

this

occasion

added

the confusion.
kul

51.
ovce

Etc

CL

jSXettwv Avvif3ag,
ota^uyoudi rov

(rvWoyi^Ofjievog, wr;
e(JTi

Toig

kivcvvov

(T(OTr]pia,tov irpoKara

avaXaj3wvrovg ^ia(j)^apivTogy "TKSvo(l"opiK6v


(F^ovrag
Tr]v
vvKTa

rag

v7r"pj3o\ag, lopfxrjcreTrapa-

j3or]^r)(T(jtjv TrpoajSaXXovaiv, Toig rp iropiia


"

Hannibal
even

observing this,
be

that there

for those
no

would

reflecting who escaped the danger should the riel' matesafety


'

and

who taking the men during perish, rushed night had seized upon the heights, the assistance of those who
were

the
to

prosecuting

the march." From


must

that

Hannibal heightsof the Bastille, of every thing have been an eye-witness well placed to prepassed ; but although vent the the enemy from of
no

gaining a commanding
use

he was position, the height of at them.


to
c.

to

his

own

men

at

least

thousand

feet above
him

It

was

necessary, the hill.


/i"V

therefore, for

charge down
Oif

51.

iroXXol yevofiivov,
TO

rwv

aTTwXiroK^fxiMv
tov

\vvTO, ^la

iroieia^ai rrjv

f" vTrep^i^itov ""j)0^ov


twv

ikaTTOvg 8f ovK *Avvij3av,

Kai

i^lwv* o yap

fcara

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL.

79

rriv

TTOpeiav

e^ a/i^oiv rjv^fro^la Tijvtwv ^6pv(5oQ


Kai
,

avfXirXoKriV wpoeipviuivMV Kpavyriv of the Which being done, many


"

enemy

indeed the of

owing to HannibaVs perished, from the high ground, but onset


own men

making
not

fewer

his

also

"

for
on

the

tumult sides

along

the march shouts and

was

increased shock of

both

by

the

the

above-mentioned

troops."
of a the brink on partiesscuffling sufferers both likely to be equally are precipice Two from ever impulseof a third party, with whatit might be meant wards tointention friendly is one only. The whole of this scene of the the nature in perfect keeping with Rachais. ground upon Mont 'Ettci ^" TOVQ tHjv AWofSplyojv 51. iJ,ev irXUffTovg the
c.

cnreKreivs,

tovq

^e
oiKuav'

Xoiirovg
tots,

TpEipa/uLevog rjvayKacre
^rj to
julev
stl

kg ij"vy^iv
TTOfievov
Kai

ttiv

TrepiXei
fxoXig
ce

irXri'^og rwv

Kcii tCjv VTro^vyiiov

nnrwv

^irivveTag TaXaiTTuypiog

AvTog ^va^^wpiag,
tov

(Tvva^poKJag ocrovg

TrXeiaTovg ek r^^vvaTO
Trjv

kiv^vvov,
ttiv

7rpo"TEJ3aXe TTpog
opfxr\v
"

iroXiv,"$

v^

fTTOirjo-avro

oiiroXEfjiioi,
when he had killed the greaterpart of rest,
pelled com-

But

the

and, routing the Allobroges, to them fly into their own


remainder of the

country,
beasts of

then, indeed, the


burden and

and horses, painfully

laboriously

80

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL.

through the difficult places; but general himself, gettingtogetheras many


got
as

the
men

he

could the

after
towm

the from

battle,pushed forward
which the enemy
had

towards made
c.

their

sally."
^"

51.

KaraXa|3wv
"KK\r]^r)vai npOQ
TroXeivg. ek
avT(v,

^id (Tj^e^ov eprijULOV,

to

Travrag

rag

w^fXtiac eyKpaTrjgEjevero rf;c


iroWd
napov

^e
te

tovtov

(tweJ^t}
twv Kai

^pr/al^wv
to

Trpog

to

wpog

jlieXXov.
Kai

TrapavTiKa
f

jjlIv yap
Kai twv

EKOfxioaTO afxa
TovTOig
Kai

7r\r]^og'iTnrwv

virotvyiiov
Eig

EaXioKOTiiiv av^ptjv'
(TITOV Kai

""

TO

JHeWoV

Ca-^E p.EV

^pEjUfHaTlO
^E
(TVVE^OV,

ETTl

^VoIlV Kcil TpKTLV

7]fXEpaiC EVTTOpiav'

TO

"j"6f3ov EipyaaaTO
avaj3oXaig.

TOig

Eirjg, irpog
rwv

to

prj ToXfxavclvtm
Tcng

pa^iiogEyyEip^iv
"

jurjcEva

wapaKEipEViov

Having found it nearlyempty, owing to cour, having been ordered forth for sucevery man
he and from made himself
master

of the useful

town

this circumstance
both

many
for

things

fell into his hands, the

the

present and
a

future, for he
of

immediately recovered
and beasts
of

number of
men

horses had
for
corn

burden, and

who
;

been future
and

capturedtogetherwith
use,

them

and,
of

he

obtained
or

an

abundance

cattle for two

three

days'consumption;
terror
none

above

all,he struck such thenceforward,


about
the
that

into of

the

natives who

those

dwelt

ascent

82:

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL.

turies after Hannibal, of Grenoble the


in

settingabout
a

the

ture capto

manner

so

similar

general, planadoptedby the Carthaginian be unpardonableto pass it by that it would


unnoticed.

Grenoble,
was

at

the time

when

this

occurred, 1589,
of the

League.

Pilot, p.
204.

opposed to that at Voiron, near some meeting of Royalists douze cents Moirans, S'y rendit avec sous hommes, pretexte d'y maintenir le bon
**

by the partisans occupied then who was Lesdiguieres, faction, availinghimself of

ordre

"

son

dessein

etait de La

tenter

ensuite
24
au

un

sur entreprise

Grenoble.

nuit du
la

f25

Novembre il envoy
a

s'etant avanc6

a jusqu'

Buiserade,
de St. Les

le

Bar capitaine

du

Cote

Martin, troupes
seulement

et
ne

lui-meme

le suivit de

pr^s.
tour

rencontrerent
en

point d'obstacles,
la de paterreur

approchant de
saisies d'une

Rabot, elles furent

et nique, cependant elles reprirent courage, arriverent etre au sans pied de la aper9ues maison les attendait I'ami du geolier," ou (the who had been bribed,) Concierge des prisons,
*'

elles descendirent

dans

la

rue

St. Laurent

par

le moyen We the

"c. d'echelles,"

here

find

Lesdiguieres advancing from


to La

of vicinity

Moirans

Buiserade

then

and halting,

unknown to the duringthe night, along the Cote de St. Martin, passing enemy, Mont Fort Rabot. and ascending Rachais, near

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL.

B$

similar to the All this is perfectly Hannibal


;

of proceedings the Racliais, the


on heights

but when
to

upon
turn

Mont up

had Carthaginians while the left, the cliffson the

French

general descended
the

help of ladders, admitted into the town and was by a traitor. of Lesdiguieres The details of this enterprise add blance might possibly something to the resemin the : they might be found, perhaps, of his lifeby his secretaryVidel ; but in history
default of any
not

the

rightby

extract

from

that
account

book, which
of the

is

the attainable, easily


not

old

author, Mezerai, may


"

be
a

uninteresting.
fin de le mieux noble Gre-

Le

dessein
et

reconnu,

couvrir,
sans

de

pouvoir s'approcherde
de la

donner de la

il convoque deffiance,
a

les
mesme

Estats

province
toutes

Voyron,
cens

et

au a

temps fait venir douze


Comme

hommes
sont
avi

Moyranc.
pour

choses

prestes
fort de
em-

il s'avance le soir I'execution, saisit tous d'en

Cornillon,

les passages
avoir

pour

pescher Grenoble
a sa

le veut, ordonne terre, et


a ses

cavalerie de mettre

pied a

troupes de filerdoucement Enfin,


gens il conduit si bien
sans

par dessus

le costau.
ces

Tentreprises que
apperceus
de

ayant passe
le costau,

etre

par

le

de corps-de-guarde
sur

la tour

Rabot, qui est

six plantent

echelles par la maison la rue," "c.


G

descendent designee,

dans

34

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL.

Polybiusgivesus days
halt
Trjv

no

regularaccount
of

of tlie

between army
among

the

departure
the

ginian tlie Cartha-

from the
in

of its six days' position tribe of Gauls, irpog friendly front of the

Nr)(rov,"

island,"and

the it

capture of the
may be

town

of the

Allobroges ;

but

in

the

cupied presumed that this interval ocfairly about eightdays ; and an arrangement perfectly following manner appears

consistent and

with
:
"

the

distance

between

Valence

Grenoble

Time.

Days.
1
.

M.

p.

The

army

moves

from
.

Valence
.

to

the
.

Peage
.

de
.

^
"

Pizan(^on
2. 3.
4.

11

Passage of
Advance
Advance launi
to to

the Isere.

"

The

"

Insula
.

'^

is entered
.

"

)
.15

St. Marcellin

Morginnmn (Moirans.)
leave of
.

Here

the

Segareturn

take

the

and Carthaginians,
. . .

to Valence*

15

5 and

6.

Hannibal

halts
sent

at

Moirans,
to

while

ish his Gaulthe

guidesare
7. Advance

forward the
"

reconnoitre

of and designs position


to

Allobroges

La

Buiserade

duringthe nightHanthe Bastille of their

14

nibal seizes the


8.

of heights

Fight with
town
"

the
"

Allobroges and capture


La

Cularo

Tronche,

near

Grenoble

56

It is

that possible
with

the

Scgalauni,to

avoid

any

hostile
home-

rencontre

the

Allobrogesduring

their

march

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL.

85

We march
are

are

now

to

enter

upon

portionof

tlie

in

which

the

days, with

their events,

enumerated. They will distinctly from the capbe found to amount to eighteen, ture of the town of the Allobroges to the the plains arrival of the Carthaginians of on very the Po. Out
of

the

eighteen, fifteen
We from

are

to assignedby Polybius especially

the passage therefore, still,

of

the

Alps themselves. three days distant


"

are

the

ava(5o\ri
rwv

'AXTTfwv, the
out to
a

first ascent

of the

Alps ;"

and

of

these three
repose
avTov

days, the
in the
Troirjaauevog

first was

allotted

halt and
aev ovv

capturedtown.
rriv

Tote
KCLi

f.^^J^' TrapeupoXriv,
111. c.

52.

jLiiav eTTijiXHvag
*'

av^ig wpjua, rjjLiEpaVy

Then,
and

indeed,
remained

having
one

there

made

his
set

camp, forth.'' While may be

day, he again
at

the worth

halt Carthaginians while of


to

Cularo,

it

take

into

tion consideraThe view

the

situation

Grenoble.*

wards, might have

got

across

the

Isere

near

Moirans

; and

beingunencumbered might
*

with

and horses, baggage, elephants, they


to

have

made

their way the

Valence

alongthe

left bank

of the Isere,under Grenoble


and

Sassenage mountains.
present many
The
town
museum

its environs

and interesting
contains
a

to delightful objects

the traveller.

fine

of 55,000 volumes, library

and

good

of natural

history. The

neighbourhood abounds

in

and picturesque

S6
from

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL,

the

heightsof
visited

the

Bastille

is

singularly
Maude,

magnificent. My
v^ho had declared
seen

companion,
every

Mr.

part

of

Switzerland,

it unrivalled that

by

any Three

thing he

had

in

country.

verge valleyscon-

at this

point; for
from
a

the

Isere, by changing
westerly north-

its

course

to a south-easterly

direction,may
while
a

be

said

to

form

two,

the Drac,
in front

coming
of us,

from

the south, opens for the

third

remarkable

curious appearance

of the insulated

eminences,
that

the relics of mountains


from its

washed

away,

rise
on

plain.

The

Sassenage heights grandeur,


Isere
on

the
every

west, in

undiminished between
;

occupy left
a

thing

the while

and

the

bank

of the Drac

the

south-east
ern south-

long snowy
from the

sierra of

^Ips, forming the


of the Drac

side of the

above Grenoble, valley

extends until it

right bank
in

luxuriant
such found
as

and landscapes,

various and

objects of curiosity,
animals of all sorts,

minerals, birds, plants,


the

in and

Alps.

The
or
"

monastery

of the Grande

treuse Chartremely ex-

the

Caves,

are Cuves," of Sassenage,

well worth
as one

The visiting.

which latter,

are

reckoned

of the

"

seven

of Dauphiny," are sights of reproach the


taut

curious. really
"

The

other six deser\'e the


"'

epigram
de bien ;

Merveilles
Soit dans Vous
etes
a

du pays, les vers,


un

dont

on

dlt

soit dans

la prose

peu

plusque rien,
n'etes

Mais,

dire

vrai,vous

pas

grande chose

I"

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL.

87
the Mont

seems

to

unite

with
at the

the

of glaciers
of

Blanc, which,
fillsup form. The side of view

distance the

thirty leagues,
its

the head

of

valleywith

solitary

of the

Alpine
it

range

on

the south

the vale

of Gresivaudan

is

particularly

because interesting,
at

what completelyexplains

first is not

very
not

apparent

namely, why
rwv

does Polybius
*'

placethe ava(3oXr}
or
"

''AXttsmv,

the entrance,"

first ascent
we

of

the

Alps,"
among

at

Voreppe.
mountains,

At

Voreppe,
and
enter

plunge
narrow

the

the conduct

valley
to

of the the very


in vain

Isere, which
summit
for among
a

will the
to

us

almost seek

of

Alps.
the

We

may
"

guide
the march

avaf3o\rj, first ascent,"


authors

various
of

who
no

have
two

written works

on

the

Hannibal, for

are

agreed upon being


be

the

subject. The
to

culty diffiarise

in

determining this placeappears


no

from the

there

precise spot
the

on

this side of its


as

Alps,which,

from

self-evidence

can position,

immediately recognized
"

the commencement, mountains. the very


and
roots
seems

the first ascent," of those

The
banks far

whole

country, from

almost

of the
and

RhSie,

is

mountainous,
the

wide Even the

little else than the Jura mountains

of the
as

Alps.

nected conitself,

it is with

of

the

88

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL.

Grande be

Chartreuse,
a

can

without

impropriety

as designated

portionof
"

The the

tract

Of

homd
out

mountains, which

shiningAlps

Branch

stupendous into
chaos
we

distant lands :"

and

amid
at

this which of

of hills, the may be


is

ment precisemocommence

said
not

to

the

ascent

the

Alps

immediately
to

distinguishable.
The their
**

Alps
name

"

which the
*'

are

supposed
" "

derive Rhetic
"

from

Celtic

Alp," or

Alv,"

signifying Albus,"
snowy
of its various

white,''' are,

the properlyspeaking,

range

depende initself,

ramifications.
from

This

range

we

clearlydiscern
on

the of
us,

Bastille,
as we

stretchingalong
ascend The
mass

the the

right
Isere

the

valleyof

from

Grenoble.
on

of the Grande and up


of
not

Chartreuse,
distinct the the vale
snowy in

the the

detached left,is totally real

from

Alps.
but
and also

We

travel
the

of Gresitains moun-

vaudan
;

along
as

base

yet have

turned

among

them,
know

commenced
from
was

their

ascent. at

We

Polybius, that
the town

Grenoble
bal) Hanni-

Grenoble (if
we are

capturedby
advanced

still two
we

days' march
have

from

the

ava(5o\ri ; and, when

that dis-

90 the very
foot

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL.

of

the

heights of

Fort

Barraux

"

remarkahle

accompanied position, geographical pect by such changes in the state and asof the country, as to require particular

attention. the vale


"

We

are

now

almost Here and


a

at the
we

end

of

of Gresivaudan.

ter encoun-

the first ascent Meillan range,


is
a

little farther, at the

Mont snowy

valleyleadingthrough Alps
to be

the real
ceases

themselves.

The

Isere hereabouts
man seems

to

have

navigable.Even acknowledged a line of


by
nature, and
for here
are merous nu-

demarcation the marches old

drawn
of

France

Savoy.
from

The

fortresses

assembled other of
are

here,

once

frowning
are

defiance
not

at each

all quarters,

unworthy
Meillan

remark.
now a

Saint

Joire
ruins.

and

Mont

heap
a

of

Les

Marches,
a

in risingfinely

bold

is become position,

residence. private
et

Belle-

combe,

once

the

"clavis

custodia Barraux

regni
alone,
is still side
mains re-

is dismantled. Delphini," for won by Lesdiguieres

Fort Henri

IV.,
the

kept

up

and

garrisoned. On
at

other
see

of the

Isere,
of

Pontcharra,
a

we

the

Avalon,
the

hunting
the

seat

of the

old

Dauphins,

of Hugh birthplace

de Wells, of

Bishop
John of

of

Lincoln,

chancellor

King

England.

Above of the

all,Grignan, the
"

residence patrimonial

Chevalier

sans

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL.

91 visit for the if not

peur sake

et

sans

deserves reproche,"

of

the fine

prospect it commands,
the

for the sake the

of its hero.

Fortune, by casting
upon

nativityof Bayard here,


to

very

frontiers of France, seemed


him from his

have
of

destined
honour.

cradle
is

for

the

post

His

memory
but

worshipped throughout
has

Daunot

phiny ;
been universal
room,

the respect it commands preserve


his

sufficient to

castle from

the The

destruction

of the Revolution. he the is said


to

however,
born

in which

have

been
the

still exists, and shows


the it to be
a

pencillingon
few lines Amefell at the

walls

place of pilgrimage.
there,
a

Among
traced dee

memoranda

by the hand de Bourmont,


not

of the who

unfortunate
soon

after

are Algiers,

without

interest.

From

terrace

of
a

the old

courtyard of Grignan, we
at

have lower
near

splendidprospect, beginning
extremity of
the vale
across

the

of Gresivaudan the thence cliffs of

Grenoble,
to

sweeping
Barraux,

the Isere the

Fort

and

along

valleytowards
is laid down

Chambery.
in
some

It is there

that singular,
a

of the best maps


some

of road, apparently

magnitude,from La it would lan, passing, close along the


such

Buissiere
seem,

to

Mont Fort Isere.

Meilraux BarNo the

under of the
more

bank

road,

or

at

least

nothing

than

92

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL.

merest

lane, exists
it that
one

in that
was

direction

stillless
ages, and
runs

is likely

there
was

in former

before drained

the
as

low
much
as

country
it
now

cleared The Isere Fort

is.

immediatelyunder
raux,

the

heights of
the hills Meillan
the
'*

Bar-

which

it forms
at
once

into cliffs, compelling the


near

road
and

to ascend to

the

Fort,
of
we

approach Mont Chapereillan.This is


encountered
in the
;

by

way

first ascent" with

have

and

associated

the
and
two

changes

country above

mentioned,
to

its distance,which

begins
Grenoble,

be

about

days' march
induce
near us

from

it is sufficient to
we

to

that conjecture

must

be at
is

or cessary ne-

the
to

ava(3oXr}.To
have
recourse

ascertain
to

this,it

the distances
is the

given

by Polybius.
it

If La

Buissiere

avajSoX^,
Taras-

ought to

be

I. First, 1400
con.

stadia,175

m.

p.

from

II. from

nearly1200 Secondly,
the of plains by these Buissiere the Po.

stadia,150

m.

p.

Tried La
as

tests, and
may

not

found

ing. want-

be

set reasonably

down

the spot I. 1400

sought for.
stadia,or
Out been
of

1^5

Roman

miles, from
hundred between

Tarascon. miles
have

this distance, one

already exhausted
:

Tarascon

and

Valence

the distance therefore

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL.

93

ought to be 75 miles. of computing distances Two modes in this country : one by the prevail established by government ; the posts, as
other,
We
more

between

Valence

and

La

Biiissiere

common,

by
both. between

"

lieues du

pays."
"

will try them

First,there

are

Valence
at

and
common

Cha-

pereillan161 postes,
rate

which

the

of 5

m.

p.

to the

poste,will give 82|


La have

m.

p.

is 4 J miles beyond Chapereillan siere ; deducting that distance,we


M. p.

But

Buis-

7^

left,and
three
the

may

safelyrefer
to the

the

abundant superrating over-

miles

of practice

post distances.
are
*'

Secondly, there
Fort
"

between
du
;
"

Valence

and These

Barraux
are

SI

lieues
vague

pays."
sometimes

lieues"
*'

rather

they
made
du
"

are

fortes," sometimes

petites." I
a

constant

inquiriesas
and
"

to

what three

"lieue

pays" was,
that it
that it
was was

received

explanations
de

"

plusforte qu'une lieue a peu pr6strois milles


as

poste ;" ;"


walk

d' Italic

and
in
an

that

it

was

much

as

man

could

hour.

messenger

on

foot, despatched

by

some

gentlemen at
to

Crest
told

(Drome)
me

with

commission the

Grenoble,

he had
and

formed perSt.
four

distance

between
du

Romans pays,

Marcellin, four
hours.

lieues walked

in easily

Having

by

the

side

of

this

94 for

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL.

man

some

time, I
exceed
other

am

certain

his

ordinaryper hour.

pace
From

did not
and this,

3|

Englishmiles
in

observations

ing accomplishbe taken At


this

the distances, 3h
as a

English miles
a

may

fair average

for

lieue du pays

pays.

rate, the 21
and

lieues

du

between

Valence

Fort

Barraux,

would mile

give 7^1 English


between
La
5

miles ;

deducting
Fort

the

Buis-

siere and the

Barraux, and

adding
to convert
m.

miles,
them

necessary

augmentation
miles, we
have

into Roman but differs, bian

77J

p.,

which

not

very

from materially,

the

Poly-

distance. Whatever
as

II.

uncertainty we
the

may
ou

rience expe-

to

ava(5oXrj
the Graian the

Th)v

''AXttcwv

the

Gallic under

side
none

of
as

Alp,
of
near

we

labour of

to

commencement

the

plainson
The rock

the of

Italian

side

the

mountains.
of village

Donas, very
the

the

St. Martin, at which the Dissertation


is plains, in of
one

authors ingenious

of

fix the commencement of

of the

the

most

remarkable

the

whole

march.

At

Donas,
so

the

places valley
that
a

the Doria

Baltea

contracts

much,
to

the river passage

must originally

have

had
and

force

for have

itself.

Ancient

modern

tentates po-

contributed
road for

their efforts to form


man.

and

enlarge a

We

have

an

opportunity of comparing

the

works

of Au-

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL.

95 of

gustus with
The who rium arch work rock have
has

those been

of
cut

the
away

Duke

Savoy.
a

by

the Romans, milliaan

shaped a portionof
form of
a

it into

in the

and pilaster,

into Roman

extendingacross
smooth of

the road. the


a

The

is finished off with


as

and chisel,

left
dern mo-

uprightand
system
a

wall ; but

the

with gunpowder gives blasting unfinished

shaggy

and

aspect

to

the from

more

recent

improvements.
pass,
we seem

Emerging
at
once

this

remarkable from the

extricated
the

Alps,and
town

enter

upon

of plains

Italy. The
distance
a

of

Ivrea, anciently Eporeno

dia,stands in the plains ; but being at


from

great
as our

Donas,

and

place noticed
suit
it
a

station
to

in the
commence

it may Itineraries,

purpose
the

from

calculation of the

of

distance towards Barraux

the ascent

heights
M. P.

of Fort

at La

Buissiere.

Eporedia(Ivrea)to Vitriciura (Veires) Augusta prsetoria (Aosta) Arebrigium (Pre St. Didier)
From Artolica

21
25 25

(La Tuille)
St. Bernard) (Little

6 6 83

AlpisGraia

Bergintrum (St.Maurice) Axima (Ayme)


.

11
.

9 10 16 16 62

Darantasia Ad

(Salins)

Publicanos

(L'Hopital)
?)

Mantala(

145

96
We

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL.

have Ivrea

here
and
at
or m.

distance

of

145

m.

p.

tween be-

Mantala, which
near p.

is

supposed
the add tance disthat is

to

have

been

St. Pierre
mnst

d'Albigny:
and

from

these

145

we

deduct

between between somewhat


M. p.

Ivrea
and

and

Donas,

Mantala

La

Buissiere, which

greater, thus
La Buissiere

making
to

146

or

147

from

the

of Italy. plains

The
and

difference between

these measurements

the

Polyhi an

distances
and

is, an

excess

tween bea

Tarascon

La

Buissiere,and
Buissiere
and

de-

falcationbetween
Such
a

La may

Donas.

result
the

we

from the

in expectjustified ing, expressionsof Polybius. Of

be

first distance
"

he

speakspositivelyyikioi
"

T"rpaK6(noi 1,400 stadia,or


the
IIEFI 150
M.

175

miles,
next

ing mean-

distance J'ull

but
"

of the

he

says,

^laKOGiovQ y^iXiovg
p.

nearly 1,200
we

stadia,

; and

in

this

need

not

expect

the whole
are

distance.

Thus, then, the

ments measure-

letter of

within completed sufficiently the law of Polybius.

the

M.

p.

From

Tarascon

to

La

Buissiere,under

Fort 175

Barraux

full.

From

La

Buissiere

to

Donas
. .

.150

nearly.

With with

these

distances

thus

determined, and
we

the

undeviatingconcurrence

have

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL.

March Po
at

of

Hannibal

from

Grenoble
in

to

the

of plains
the text

the

Donas, arranged

days accordingto

of

Polybius.

Time.

Day.
L

Distance.

paV
avdiQ

"halting for TJfie'pav, einiieivuQ


at

one

day"
2.

Grenoble.
"he
set

Cularo

(Grenoble)
forth

ojpjLia,
to

again."
the

vances Ad-

to

La

Buis-

Lumbin,

where
now

ing post, divid-

'siere,
M. P.

the distance, is
3. Advance
to

established.

22

Chapereillan.
of the

(The
4.

ascent

Alps

is begun.)
in

For but

some

time

he

led his army

safety ,*n

^Sr} he Teraprdioq lau,dvdig TrapeyeVero fxeydXavQ.


"

etc

KivhvyovQ

But

now

on

the

fourth day, he
'*

again irepl

approached great dangers.


TTjv

6i yap

hiodoy dwelt
"

oiKovvreq.

"

For the

the

people
"

who

round

about

pass"

the
out

La

Buisad

siere

Centrones
to meet

came plotting treachery,

Publicanos

him

under

the

semblance

of/J"j^'^"P
32

friendship.
Halt
5.
at

Freterive. ad Publicanos
"

Advance
short

to

L'Hopital
"

day'smarch.
The

Halt

and

parleywith
divided
river

the Centrones.

territories of the Alwere

lobrogesand
Conflans,
TToXvV
or

Centrones

at

by the L'Hopital,
-xpovov

Arly.
"He

fxev
a

rjvXaPeLTO.

hesitated

long while."

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL, Distance.

99
M. P.

Day

Brought forward
6. After

32

that he could gain nothing reflecting he accepted and continued hostages, by delay,
the march
as

in company

with
"/.

some
~

of the Centrones

guides.

Advance

to B

ul.Maui'i"i" orgintrum,

1^

7. TTpoTTopevofjievMv ^'dvru)v eirl dvo


"

Having nrpceeded for

two

r\p,epai";. days," on^^lns,


.w

the secotiaaay,
8.

theyreach Aiiimtt; Ay
kcll

/t

6i ffvyaOpOLfrdeyrec Tzpocipi^^evoi,

avc,

52.

paKoXovdi'jtTayreQf eiriTidevTat, ^dpayya


Tira kcll hvajf^aToy Kprj^voihr} nepatovfxevwv

dvTwv.
"

The

above-mentioned

ing collectpeople,

ginians,) and pursuing, together, (theCarthaset them, as they were upon and pregoing through a certain difficult cipitous ravine/' Here
^'^
*

they narrowly escapedtotal


A battle ensued
:

struction. de-

Hannibal,
scale
c.

with half his forces, was the rocks, and

to obliged

while keep guard, the

the rest

53.

of the troops and all

baggage, marching
rdvTa

night, passedthe
oXi]Ty
T^Q
vvKTt TO

defile.

iv hiiiQ
pij"xa
"

jioXiq e^ejjirj-

^(apadpaQ.
the

While

that part of

army,

during

the

whole

night, with
ravine."

difficulty got

throughthe
9.

VTvepfioXdg Tzpoqrdc T^ B i'7ravptov....7rporj'Ye


A\'ir"ii)v rdiQ dviordTU) T(jiv"

^l^vvaTaioq

c.

53.

Ze ^lavvaaq
"

eic

tuq

vTrepjooXdc.
he reached the of the very

The

next

day

highestpart
"

of the passage summit

Alps
tle Lit78
H

havinggainedthe
St.
*

(of the

Bernard) on the ninth day.


See

Note,

p. 109.

100

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL.

Day.

Distance.
M. P.

Brought forward
c.

78
....

53.

10 "

11.

dvTov

Bvo kul KaT"(rrpaT07reBeva"f

yfiepuQ
"

Trpoaefietve.

He

there

encamped, and
was

remained

for

two

There days."^^^*
of
snow

a good already

deal
c.

upon
ti]v

the

higher parts,^id
"
"

54.

rd avvdiTTeiv it
was

HXeid^og Bvaip ttjq


of the

as

ahout

the time

of the setting

Pleiades."
c.

^'^^

54.

12.

ry

avai^ev^aq, ev^p\eTO rrjq ^'eiravpiov


the

Kara^dtreioQ.
"

The

next

day, breaking up
he commenced

campment, en-

the descent."

Proceed
an

to

ArtoUca, (la Tuille,)where


the road
.

impedimentin
^^^

prevented any
. .

further advance
g^

55^

rtjvpd')(Lv. izepl iffTparoTrehevffe


*'

He

encamped

near

the

precipice."
on

13.

Repairsof enough
of
a

the road

carried
one

actively
"

was

effected in
the army

part of

day to admit to Aredescending


toiq

brigium(Pre St. Didier.)


^

gg^

rote

ftev Zvv

Kat viro'CvyioiQ

''nnrotq

"7roiri"T". iKavrjv
*'

In

one

day
the

he

made

passage and

cient suffithe

for

beasts

of burden

horses."
14.
15.

Repairs of Repairs
of

the road the

continue.

road
to

completed the
"

phants eleSt.
"

descend

Arebrigium (Pre
. "

% 6

Didier)

90
*

See Notes, page

110, "c.

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL.

101
Distance.
M. P.

Day.

Brought forward
rd drjpla.

90
....

C.55.

yaye
"

With
a

in difficuUy

three

days,having
the

suffered

good deal,he got

elephants
irdaav
C.56.

^^^* through.

16.

'Aw//3ac ^e, (Twadpoiaan

ofxov

rrjv

Kare/Satve. hvvafXLV,
"

But

Hannibal,

having got
the

all

his
"

forces from
17. 18.

continued together, St.

descent"

Arebrigium, (Pre
continued.
ctTTO

Didier.)

March

TpiTOLiOQ

T(t)V

TrpoetprjjJieviov Kprjfxvujy

c.

56.

riav Biavvffag, ijxparo


"

cTriTre^wy.
after the La

57

On

the

third

day

above-

mentioned

(at precipices,
passage,

Tuille,)
he touched

having completedthe
the

plains."
c.56.

r?)v tIov"AXirewv Having accomplished

v7r"p(3oXrjy i^fxepaig
main pass

irevre

kcli

^efca,

of the

Alps mffteen days.


147

And ITaoov
*'

now

Kari^^i^
Kai
to

ac roX^i^pwc

ra

Trspi

tov

^*

^^*

irecia,

tCjv

i^^voq, 'laofi^pwv
the

He

descended the

into fearlessly

plains
Insu-

about

Po,

and

the

nation

of the

brians." With these words


:

Polybiuscloses
and
page

the
of

count ac-

of the march
*

the mention
112.

the

See

Note,

102

THE

MARCIf

OF

HANNIBAL.

Insubrian

Gauls

is

advanced justly Hannibal the

as

one

of the the the

that the strongest proofs

crossed

Graian

Alp, and
that the Po

descended

of valley into

Salassi, for
of plains

valley debouches
that

in the identical country

pied occu-

formerlyby valleysof
and Susa
"

the

Cottian

people; whereas, the Alp those of Perosa


"

descend Some

upon

the

country of the
may be

Taurini. from
so

fresh evidence

gleaned
wed la,

the other

words,

rd

t6v Trspl

Ua^ov

in

the part mentioned as frequently which the Carthaginians were

of

Italy
to

first

arrive. in describing the Polybius,


course

of the
it

Po, says it
ii.
c.

turns
"

towards

the

east, when

16.

reaches
roTTOuc,
"
"

the

d'eig plains a"piK6fxevoQ rovg

cttitteSouc

EKKXlvag rw
the

pLvfxari npog

eu),

di avrtLv (piperai

reaching
If
that

it plains,
its stream

flows

through
the
to

with them, inclining east."

towards
are

by

these

words has
an

we

stand underat

the

river

not

arrived

the

until plains,
is clear

it takes the

direction,it easterly

the

in Polybius's estimation, plains, tian not anywhere at the foot of the Cotare the foot of Alp, but that they are near Graian ceiving Alp, because a little before re-

that

the that

Dora Po

Baltea, which

flows
to

from
ward. east-

Alp, the
The

begins

to

turn

the

rises at Po, accordingto Polybius,

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL.

103

he likens the to which triangle,* Italy that is,it rises at shape of Northern of the Alps and the Apennines. the junction the apex of the
"

"

Thence,"

he

says,

"

it flows
as are

down

towards the
"

the

taking its plains,


These
most

course

if towards

south.''

words

astounding
"

cause be-

the certainly towards the


,

Po

rolls its infant

stream" of
Ljg
"17 1

north.

Surely,instead
to

we OUght fxzar]fx^Qiav

read,

wc

CLTTO

although lj,E(Trjlj,(5piag ;
would
not

even

this

alteration

convey

satisfactory perfectly
route

meaning.

complete development of the Hannibal, a geographical problem


The years
was standing,

of

of

2,000

for ages

considered

less. hope-

The

component
roads,

parts of the rivers,


and

puzzle,

time,
seemed

space,

mountains,

fusion. conjumbled together in inexplicable the narrative was Latin guide, In our

at

variance In
Pure
our

with Greek

its

authorities

and

with

itself.
"

guide,
the

held description

placeof
a

names."

But
The

within

these few

years
in the all Po

line of march
the

apex

of this

is figure

of neighbourhood

Col
have the

d'Argentiere.Pliny,and
the assigned

subsequent geographers,
to

birth

of the

Monte

Viso, selecting
ing follow-

mountain highest
the stream

for that pui-pose.


has

by Polybius,
the

which
most

the

longestcourse,

Maira, is

perhapsthe

correct.

104

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL.

has

been

pointed
and
in

out,

supported
accordance and almost

by
with

sound

reasoning,
tale
as

perfect
faithful

the

told

by

its

porary contem-

historian. such the

If,
of

in

adding
passage
of

any of

new

matter, the Rhone "the the

as

place
the
"

the

at

Tarascon* stadia of of

propriety
the

measuring previous
of
to

800

along
the Isere

river,"
the march the

passage

the of

"

army that

by
town

way

Cularo,

and if

capture

and,
"

lastly,

by
to

thus the

obtaining Polybian

closer

approximation
and
a

tances, diswith

complete
the

correspondence
march,
at

time be

throughout
considered the
as

this all

treatise
in

may
ravelling un-

having
the

assisted of its

mystery,

object

author

is

accomplished.

The

author
in

has

evidently
page
21.
"

not

seen

the

little

work

alluded

to

the

note

Ed.

106

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL.

that of Cremona,* The

both

eager

for

the

fight.
across.

Roman,
a

upon

structed reaching the Ticinus, con-

The

bridgeand carried battle took place after


a

his

army

both

partieshad

advanced
c.

littlefarther,
tov

65.

Trporlyov a/mcporepoi wapa


raq' AXttuq

TTOTafxoVy

eK

tov

irpoq

oi '^yovr^q fxkpovq, ev^jw/ixov fxkv

Pwjuatot,

^e^iov^"
*

TOV

povv
no

01

Kap^r/Soviot.
as

We

have

information
him

to

where

Scipiocrossed
he

the

Po.

Livy
from

makes

land of the

at

Genoa, when
upon

hastened

back

the mouth
was

Rhone towards

that discovering

Hannibal

in full march

the Graian
at

Alp.

In But

this case, he would


our Polybius, once

have

crossed the Po

Placentia.
us more

best

informs expressly authority,


at

than thence

that

he

landed

Pisa, and

passed
the

from

"through Tyrrhenia,"or
which
at
was

"through Italy." In
of
or

this case,

for the purpose

takingup
Modena,
from
to

troops stationed
in

Ariminum

(Rimini)
would the
a

engaged
Pisa
to

watching

the

Boii, he
across

have

gone

Arezzo, and

thence
Tit. Liv.

Apennines
road
near

Rimini, through the Salsources

piniantribe,by
Arno,
then
not

the

of the the

Tyber
and

and
He mona; Crewas

^^" 2i^"c^*

used by unfrequently
to cross

Romans.

would

have

the

Po

between

Modena and

for the country between


at

Modena

Placentia
account

that
"

time

considered

on impracticable

of its

marshes
army
most

the marshes

through which
this
an

Hannibal
Dr.

carried his
has the

the

to ensuing spring, according

Cramer, who
his work upon
to

elucidated satisfactorily
ancient But

pointin
invaluable

geogTaphy of
lian traveller.
or

Italy
"

book

the 1 taat

whether

Scipiocrossed
; in

the Po

mona Crehe

Placentia been

is of little moment

either case, the

would the

have

advancing straight upon


Pavia.

Ticinus, in

neighbourhoodof

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL.

107

"

They

both

advanced the

along the river,upon Alps, the


Romans ing hav-

the parts towards the stream with The


it
on on

the their left,

Carthaginians
words
;

their

right."
from

arises difficulty

these

being
tainly, cer-

usually applied to

the
a

Ticinus

which

althoughat
been the with
**

considerable mentioned. of
a

interval,had
We
are

last river the the


at
a

fused conas

side

river the from

described

towards
course

Alps," while
right angle
side towards
at

in river itself,

the

Alps, presents
;

neither and
and from
we are

those

mountains

surprised
had the and
now

discovering Scipio

Hannibal, who
the
east

been other

approachingone
from the west,
north situations

along the Po,


and

suddenly in
other understand nobler

south if
we

of

each

upon
irapa
"

the
t6v
to

Ticinus,

But
as

might
the

HoTa^ov,
Po*
"

appliedto

river,
had
is

the

of which

frequent
with

mention

been

made

already,whereas
to

the Ticinus

in connexion

only alluded its bridge,which by being stopped


Hannibal mists

broken in his

down,

afterwards

then the pursuitof Scipio, the prospect brightens.

pear, disap-

Just

as

the Rhone
had been

is called

Trorafxoy

c. 50.) (ill.

though al-

the Isere

the river last named.

108

THE

MARCH

OF

HANNIBAL.

Adspice
Mortales

! namqiie hebetat

omnem, visus

quae

nunc

obducta
circum

tuenti

et humida tibi,

nubem Caligat,

ereptam.

We Po

now

discover clearly the side towards with

the

armies the

along the
The their

"on

Alps."
on

Romans,
left
" "

of course,

the

stream

the

with Carthaginians the


most

it to road

their

right
in

along

direct
to
a

by which,

their mutual have naturally The but above

eagerness

engage,

they would satisfactory ;


he refers to of the

sought
it may

meeting.
be

explanationseems only occasion


not
"

in addition
on

observed, that Polywhere


"

bius,

the

this action, does

call it the Battle


near

Battle

Ticinus," but
Polyb. Keliq. X.
rriV
,

the

the Po."
ITTTTO-

TTEpl

TOV

IIAAON

KoXoVfXEVOV TTOTa/ULOV

Such followed
in 1820.

at
a

least

were

the

conclusions

which

of this country hasty examination Should the political of Italy state


at

(which
threaten

seems

present almost
an

disposed to
rather than

the

traveller with
modern

opportunityof

witnessing some allowing him


of

warfare,

the topography peaceablyto investigate of any future admit ancient battles,)


of

examination
a more

the

country,

it is

that possible
to
some

attentive remarks.

inspection may

lead

better

NOTE

S.

yj^
The
St.

Note

1, page

99.

valley

between

Ay

me

and and

the

foot
;

of

the

Little

Bernard

becomes
with
set

confined pass

rugged by

and

con-esponds
where
so rowly nar-

completely
Hannibal
was

the upon

described
the

Polybius,
and is the

by

mountaineers, Here,
too, been

escaped
XevKoTrerpov,

total upon Greek

destruction.
which
so

famous The
ri

much

has
not

built. that

genius

of

the

language
be

does

require
"

irept
a

XevKOTTCTpov
rock."
a

should

translated
"

absolutely
silice in its

upon
"

white
"

It

might equally signify


"

nuda,''

upon
"

bare
to

rock,"
find
at

without

the

necessity of

being

white."
"

But

white
near

gypsum the
very

rock, really called


spot where
a

the

roche of

blanche,"
a

or

Polybius speaks
to

XevKOTrerpov, is
a

too

tempting
and
even

coincidence
to

be

resigned
upon it

without

struggle;
inhuman.

throw

doubt

might
that
to to must
some

appear
TL

It

must

be does

acknowledged
seem

also,
allude order

TTcpl
07ie

XevKOTrerpoy

oxvpov

really to
rock." army, In

particular

"

commanding
passage the
of of

bare the
on

protect effectuallythe
have either taken the

Hannibal sides which


of

occupied

rocks
some one

both
rock the
to

the

defile, or
commanded have
the
"

possession
pass, and

alone

from him.

which

enemy have
to

might occupied

particularlyharassed
roche blanche"

Now,
seem

by itself,would
each side

have

been there

scarcely sufiicient, because

of

the

valley

^^^^

y^^-^ ^-^^

-^

'^I^

^^
-

110

NOTES.

presents
about

an

of equal facility

attack. and

But

there is
a

rock
markable re-

between half-way
one,

Aynie

St. Maurice,

very the

into descendingperjjendicularly

road small

from

the north

side of the

from valley, march

which

very

body

of

men

the might interrupt

of

whole

army.

Note
*

2, fage

100. of

The

circumstance picturesque of the

Hannibal

standing
of plains

upon

the summit the

Alps,

and

animatingthe drooping
the the remarkable

of spirits has Italy, feature in

by showing them Carthaginians


dwelt
upon
as

long been
the whole

most

story, and

triumphant argument
which the

againstthe Italy are


that
even

Little St. Bernard, from discernible.


not

plainsof

not

We

have

been
any
a

sured asrepeatedly

they are
the

visible from

alpinepass,
much traveller

not

from

Grand

St.

Bernard,

at

vation greater ele-

than
one,

its minor who

namesake.

To

every

cepting (ex-

blessed with

vision. poetic
the storm's career. hundred realms
he

And Looks
this is

on high,above placed

downward, where

an

appear,)
knows
the

because intelligible, perfectly and Alpine valleys,


mountain

well

sinuosities of the

how

the uniformly
a

highestpart

of

any

pass, is
But

only

gorge

rounded sur-

by higher summits.
not

the words

of

Polybiusdo
saw or

convey the

any

assertion positive

that Hannibal
We
are

either

showed

of plains

the Po.

his told,that finding cheer

troops
C.54.

he discouraged,

endeavoured

to

them

by

means

of
"

one

Ti\v rrjq'IraXiaq ivdpyeLav, the '^evidence,"or thing,


adds
it so Polybius, lies

of Italy." For, certainty positive the them of

under upon
sort

mountains, that crvvdewpovjuevujv "looking diicpoiv,


both

the together,"
the rd whole
rov

mountains of Wdcov

appear

to

be

acropolisto

Italy. Whereupon,
ireZia, indicating
"

avroLq ev^eiKvvfievoQ

Trepi

NOTES.

Ill

to

them

the

plainsof

the

Po," remindingthem
Gauls

of the perfectly

of the disposition fiiendly


at the
"

who

dwelt there ; and


"i* vTrodeiKvvojy,
^-

same

dvrfJQ tottov time, rdy rrJQ'Pw'p/c


them the situation of Rome
courage.

^^'

to describing

he itself,"

ceeded suc-

in

their reviving

There
a

is

nothingmore
his
of

in

this,then, than Hannibal


to

made

speechto
the
nature

plaining troops, ex-

them

in

general way
as

Italy; upon placed.


habited them, inRome
on

the He

of which, acropolis

it were,

they were
the
New

then

described

first the

of plains

the Po, then

just below

by
itself. In

their allies ;
the

and

of position

speechesat previous
had used in the
same

and Cai-thage,

the Rhone, he
bius

ai'guments, which
manner.

Poly-

records

much

the

same

It is been

worthyof
necessary

had of Italy that if a sight remark, perhaps,


to

revive

the

of spirits

the

army,

and

the have

plainsof the Po
been
no

had

been really
to

there visible,

would

occasion
must

for Hannibal have

call

an

and assembly, the eyes of every

pointout
man

what

been

apparent

to

in the army.

Note

3, page

100.

Absconduntur

autem

altero (Vergilise)

et

die trigessimo
nono

post autumnale
Octobris." The
the and
"

quod equinoctium,
in the time

fere conficitur

Cal.

Columel, ii. 8.
of the

difference

achronical Hannibal
or

of setting

Pleiades

between

the

period of
not

Polybius,

that of Columella,

would

be considerable.

Note

4, page
of curious In

100. this and the

The road

situation and
form in
one

nature

impediment
convincing
extract

in

the

of the most

stances circumDe

the
so

whole

march.

from

Saussure,
historian

brought forward by opportunely Alps


uses

M.

Deluc, the
of the

of the

almost

the

very

words

historian of Hannibal

; and

yet it is

probablethat nothing

1 IS

NOTES.

was

farther from

the mind

of the

than philosopher

the work

of

Polybius.

Note

5, page
been
teeth

101.

Some

importancehas
and

attached

to

the

circumstance
in
some

of
the

bones elephants'

having been
The the

found

of

alpine streams;

but

the

of discovery

these

remains of the fossils

seems

very unauthenticated. renders

nature geological

mountains SQiTounding
of this sort not, among

of discovery

any

the

higherAlps
from

very

unlikely. It
any

does

however, appear

Polybiusthat
of

of Hannibal's

elephantsperished in crossing the


suffered much

Alps,although they
The
to

from

want one,

browse.

death

of

the in time the

all except elephants,

is recorded
snow-storm

have

occurred

consequence
iii. c. 74.

of the

severe

and

frost at

the

of the battle of the Trebia.


came

The

elephants employed by
"

Carthaginians iii^'c 46.


Reliq.
C. V, 1. c

from

India
of The

so, at

least, we
or

may

infer

xi.

from

the

circumstance

their

cornacks,

attendants,
the

having been fighter.In


pater, a
African
a

Indians.

Indian

elephantwas
and

best

battle between

Antiochus

Ptolemy
a

Philoof

party of Indian
which elephants,

elephants overthrew
could
not

body

endure

the

smell, the
adversaries

of their Asiatic and the strength sound, the size, These


two

distinct

seem speciesof elephants

to

have

escaped
nized recog-

the

discrimination

of

Linnaeus, but
the
names

they have
of the

been

by
and natives of

Cuvier

under

Elephas Indicus, elephantsbeen degree


with of

Elephas Capensis.
Africa,and
have
as

Had

Hannibal's

any

of their

been discovered, grinders


some tainty; cer-

they might
but would
stand

been

identified with
of the

being
chance

Indian

breed, their

grinders
of

of

being confounded

those of the
lineaments wavy

fossil elephant. For the


crown

in the fossil

the elephant

of

the

are grinders

by distinguished

lines,

formed

laminse, which perpendicular by parallel

is also the

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