COM 201 Media and Culture Chapter 8: Newspapers I. Evolution of American Newspapers A.

. Colonial Newspapers and Partisan Press 1. partisan press political papers t!at pus!ed plan of particular political "roup t!at su#sidi$ed paper a. editorial pa"es 2. commercial press served leaders of commerce% w!o were interested in economic issues a. #usiness section &. Penn' Press Era Newspapers &ecome Mass Media 1. penny papers c!eaper paper com#ined w( increased literac' a. innovative first to assi"n reporters to cover crime 2. human-interest stories news accounts t!at focus on dail' trials and triump!s of !uman condition))ordinar' individuals facin" e*traordinar' c!allen"es +. wire services #e"an as commercial or"ani$ations t!at rela'ed news stories and info around countr' and world usin" tele"rap! lines and% later% radio waves and di"ital transmissions a. ena#led news to travel rapidl' from coast to coast and set sta"e for modern ,ournalism C. A"e of -ellow .ournalism /ensationalism and Investi"ation 1. yellow journalism late 1000s development t!at emp!asi$ed profita#le papers t!at carried e*citin" !uman1interest stories% crime news% lar"e !eadlines% and more reada#le cop' a. a"e of sensationalism 2. Pulit$er and New York World +. 2earst and New York Journal II. Competin" Models of Modern Print .ournalism A. 3O#,ectivit'4 in Modern .ournalism 1. Oc!s and New York Times 2. 3.ust t!e 5acts% Please4 a. objective journalism distin"uis!es factual reports from opinion columns i. modern reporters strive to maintain a neutral attitude toward issues(events #. inverted-pyramid style writin" and representation of o#,ective ,ournalism i. answer w!o% w!at% w!ere% w!en% w!' and !ow 6uestions at top of stor' and t!en narrow down to less si"nificant details &. Interpretive .ournalism Provides E*planation 1. 7imits of O#,ectivit' in .ournalism a. interpretive journalism e*plain 8e' issues(events and place t!em in a #roader !istorical(social conte*t 2. Press19adio :ar a. w( rise of radio in 1;+0s% newspaper industr' #ecame increasin"l' anno'ed #' #roadcasters w!o too8 t!eir news directl' from papers and wire services #. a ma,or #attle developed #(n radio ,ournalism and esta#lis!ed power of print C. 7iterar' 5orms of .ournalism

1. Attac8 on O#,ectivit' a. advocacy journalism reporter activel' promotes a particular cause(viewpoint #. precision journalism pus! news more in direction of science i. ar"ued t!at onl' #' appl'in" ri"orous social science met!ods <usin" poll surve's and 6uestionnaires= could t!e' ac!ieve a valid portrait of social realit' 2. .ournalism as an Art 5orm a. literary journalism ,ournalism>s ties to stor'tellin". A8a new journalism. Adapted fictional stor'tellin" tec!ni6ues to non1fictional material and in1dept! reportin" ?. Contemporar' .ournalism in @A and Online A"e 1. computeri$ed news services 2. traditional role of newspapers are #ein" c!allen"ed and c!an"ed w( new a"e III. Cate"ori$in" News and B./. Newspapers A. Consensus v. Conflict Newspapers Pla' ?ifferent 9oles 1. consensus-oriented journalism carr'in" articles on local sc!ools% social events% town "ov>t% propert' crimes% and $onin" issues a. small advertisin" #ase #. careful not to offend local advertisers w!o provide financial underpinnin"s for man' of t!ese papers c. foster a sense of communit' d. downside ma' overloo8(downpla' discord and pro#lems 2. conflict-oriented journalism practiced #' national and metro dailies. 5ront1pa"e news is defined primaril' as events% issues% or e*periences t!at deviate from social norms a. ,ournalists see t!eir role not merel' as neutral fact1"at!erers #ut as o#servers w!o monitor t!eir cit'>s institutions and pro#lems #. papers offer competin" perspectives on issues c. turns comple* and controversial topics into 21dimensional stories% pittin" one idea(person a"ainst anot!er <3tellin" #ot! sides of t!e stor'4= &. Et!nic% Minorit'% and Oppositional Newspapers 1. Immi"rant and Et!nic Press a. et!nic papers !elp readers #ot! ad,ust to forei"n surroundin"s and retain ties to t!eir traditional !erita"e 2. African American% /panis!17an"ua"e% and Native American Newspapers +. Bnder"round Press a. 6uestioned mainstream political policies and conventional values. Aoiced radical viewpoints IA. Newspaper Operations Economic ?emands v. Editorial ?uties A. &usiness and Advertisin" ?ecisions 1. newshole space left over after ads are placed. Accounts for remainin" +C1C0D of content of dail' newspapers &. News and Editorial 9esponsi#ilities C. :ire /ervices and 5eature /'ndication 1. feature syndicates commercial outlets t!at contract w( newspapers to provide wor8 from nation>s #est political writers% editorial cartoonists% comic1strip artists% and self1 !elp columnists

A. Owners!ip% Economics% @ec!nolo"'% and Innovation A. Circulation /uffers as 9eaders!ip ?eclines 1. rise in networ8 @A viewin" and competition from su#ur#an wee8lies intensified decline in dail' readers!ip 2. could no lon"er count on core readers!ip "roup #(c increasin" num#er of women wor8in" full1time outside !ome &. .oint Operatin" A"reements and ?eclinin" Competition 1. joint operating agreement (J !" 2 competin" papers 8eep separate news divisions w!ile mer"in" #usiness and production operations for a period of 'rs C. Newspaper C!ains Invest in @A 1. newspaper chains companies t!at own several papers t!rou"!out countr' ?. Incorporatin" Electronic and ?i"ital @ec!nolo"' to /urvive 1. not as e*pensive cost of newsprint is industr'>s lar"est e*pense))now papers can #e online% so not as muc! printin" 2. online newspapers are ta8in" advanta"e of fle*i#ilit' Internet offers #(c space isn>t an issue))newspapers can post stories and reader letters online t!at t!e' weren>t a#le to print in paper edition E. Alternative Aoices 1. street papers a. proceeds of purc!asin" t!ese papers "o to !omeless. Cover suc! topics as political and economic factors t!at contri#ute to !omelessness% includin" availa#ilit' of ine*pensive dru"s% loss of ur#an manufacturin" ,o#s% downsi$in" of mental !ospitals% and "entrification of downtown areas AI. Newspapers and ?emocrac' A. of all mass media% newspapers !ave pla'ed lon"est and stron"est role in sustainin" democrac' 1. venue for e*pression of ideas and dist>n of info 2. 8eeps readers informed of issues and events in t!eir communit'% nation% and t!eir world