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28 ................................................................... (Main Page Branch) <K "&2K " , (1-1-4-3
29 ............................................................................... (Difinition Branch)I ($ " , (2-1-4-3
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75 ............................................................................................................. O 5 W OC (2-1-4-5
75 .................................................................................................. O 5 8 a [ M Q (3-1-4-5
75 ............................................................................................................................. O 5 i C (2-4-5
75 .................................................................................................................. Computation (1-2-4-5
76 ..............................................................................................................................Branch (2-2-4-5
78 ............................................................................................................................. Fortran (3-2-4-5
79 ............................................................................................................................. DSDYN (4-2-4-5
79 ............................................................................................................................. DSOUT (5-2-4-5
79 ............................................................................................................................. Checks (6-2-4-5
80 .................................................................................................................................. Help (7-2-4-5
80 ...................................................................................................................... Comments (8-2-4-5
80 ................................................................................................................................. FlyBy (9-2-4-5
82 ................................................................................................................... Transformer (10-2-4-5
82 ..................................................................................................................... Model-Data (11-2-4-5
82 ............................................................................................................................. T-Lines (12-2-4-5
83 ........................................................................................................................ Matrix-Fill (13-2-4-5
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111 ............................................................................................................................ #FUNCTION (3-3-7
112 ...................................................................................................................... #SUBROUTINE (4-3-7
112 ................................................................................................................................ #OUTPUT (5-3-7
113 ................................................................................................................ #TRANSFORMERS (6-3-7
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I b = 1.2 I L
I b = 0.3kA
TSM A = 0.05
tA =
0.14
If
TSM A
0.02
tA =
Ib
0.14
6.3
0.3
0.05 = 0.11
0.02
:B >
. #[ u# O a
") '
5 A ") ; %
I L = 0.5kA
I f = 6.3kA
I b = 1.2 I L
I b = 0.6kA
t B = 0.5 + t A
t B = 0.61
tB =
0.14
If
Ib
TSM B
0.02
0.61 =
0.14
6.3
0.6
TSM B
0.02
TSM B = 0.2
. #[ "7 &
89
;% *
")
6<O_ a
I L = 0.5kA
I f = 13kA
I b = 1.2 I L
I b = 0.6kA
TSM B = 0.2
tB =
0.14
TSM B
0.02
If
tB =
Ib
0.14
13
0.6
0.2 = 0.44
0.02
:C >
C
. #[ u# O a
5 B ") ; %
") '
I L = 0.75kA
I f = 13kA
I b = 1 .2 I L
I b = 0.9kA
t C = t B + 0 .5
t C = 0.94
tC =
0.14
If
") ; % *
tC =
0.14
If
'
")
TSM C
0.02
(5 '
tC =
Ib
'
0.94 =
Ib
TSM C
0.02
Q V#Q 8O[ '
0.14
13
0 .9
TSM C
0.02
6<O_ a
0.14
13
0.9
TSM C = 0.4
C0
TSM
a [ S;) "
. #[ "7 &
'
t C = 1.03
0.4
0.02
% "
, "7 &
. ,
90
20
")
0 Q 3
. #[ / Z#$ 1-6
;6, ~ * A ") / Z#$ a #_ "
U :0C
")
Internal output variables
6<O_ '
"0
5 ZC
+ ")
0
. #[ M Q
;&
*
Q V#Q
" 7, v ;75
#0
< E ; 4 0& ' [
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a #[
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(1-3-1-6
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.
/
N i/
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! (,
! (,
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:d&d
91
@.
Enter Coordinates
of the Centre As
Configuration
Radius of the Mho

Circle
Configuration
,B= Q ? Enter Coordinates of the Centre As | (X,Y) 7 Z
!=:(
J :( U7 S c
.B=
( '( 5&g7 X (R)
:d&d
:d&d
! (
( '( 5&g7 Y (X)
! (
X
Coordinate of the
Centre
X
Coordinate of the
Centre
,B= Q ? Enter Coordinates of the Centre As | (Z,theta) 7 Z
!=:(
X-Y
Coordinates
of the Centre
X-Y
Coordinates
of the Centre
J :( U7 S c
.B=
( BR( L 9G ) 7(
! (,
(x
:d&d
Z Coordinate of the
Centre
:d&d
Theta Coordinate
of the Centre
( '(:X&g7
!X
! (,
L)
( '(:X&g7
m/O
' ' + * n :9$

"[ ,
lC 0
'1a
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C Q / y
C
. #,
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BJ ,B77 f <(
&
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?( . `!
`!
k&'G
:d&d
B'(
`Hb Y (X) X (R) 1 ? (

.B7 :( f <( :X&g7 &
No of Points in the
Polygon
Main Data
X and Y Data
Points
No of Points
in the
Polygon
' ' + * n :9$

"[ ,
lC 0
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92
(2-3-1-6
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+ #[ 8 X '
2K 4 G# v
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3' 8
''
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.
$ +
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Z-Theta
Coordinates
of the Centre
Z-Theta
Coordinates
of the Centre
(3-3-1-6
i C ") p
+ #[ 8
X'
2K 4 G# v
$ X ' R 3'
3' 8
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.
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:d&d
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:d&d
:d&d
:d&d
:d&d
(1 ? (
:RO_ 1 ? (
(1 ? (
Y
(1 ? (
:RO_ 1 ? (
0=
Coordinates of the
centres
Configuration
Radius of the
circles C1 C2
X-Y
Coordinate of the
Centre
Z - Theta
Coordinate of the
Centre
X-Y
Coordinate of the
Centre
Z - Theta
Coordinate of the
Centre
Configuration
N i/
]&>
,
,
,
@.
Coordinates of the
centres
Configuration
` J=
:d&d
Radius of the
circles C1 C2
Configuration
(1 ? (
:d&d
Coordinates of
Circle C1
:d&d
:d&d
:d&d
X-Y
Coordinate of the
Centre
Z - Theta
Coordinate of the
Centre
X-Y
Coordinate of the
Centre
Z - Theta
Coordinate of the
Centre
(1 ? (
(1 ? (
XY
Coordinates
of Circle C2
:RO_ 1 ? (
i
Coordinates
of Circle C2
! (,
XY
i/
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Coordinates
of Circle C1
(4-3-1-6
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.
:. (;#
Coordinates
of Circle C1
(1 ? (
:RO_ 1 ? (
93
Coordinates of
Circle C1
Coordinates of
Circle C2
Coordinates of
Circle C2
(Out of Step) V ! V ! f& <

a $ a C ;%
p 7_ a
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a p "6 $ K
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. , "(
V ! V ! f& < >
7>
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! ( >
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l!Z
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E"
7E
:|A|
a E " ' :l_A
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94
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b E " ' :l_B
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c E " ' :l_C
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Q ?
:!
'
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S
@.
Input Phase
Angles are in
Configuration
Output Phase
Angles are in
Configuration
:!
:3 0
j Bm( R '( G 7E (6-1-6

lC o
. #
% G#_ ' p . C , 3 \ lC 0
") T $
% ' [
S
5
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p
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(1-6-1-6
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K
V B 5?]&
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\Z
Q V#Q + #[ 8 <[
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:d&d
Q ?
]&>
K Constant for
Ground Impedance
Phase Angles are
Given In
Main Data
Main Data
:d&d
Initialization Time
Initialization
Output R During
Initialization
Output X During
nitialization
Initialization
c? Z g
e 1 R '(
g'>
Bd(
:3 0
:d&d
g'>
Bd(
:3 0
:d&d
'
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b Ea
"#
b Ea
"'
96
:VM1
:VP1
:IM1
:IP1
:VM2
:VP2
:IM2
:IP2
Initialization
Q p 4 eD . ,
3
V B 5?]&
X
\Z
a OC
N i/
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'
.
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S
@.
Phase Angles are

Given In
Main Data
:d&d
Initialization Time
Initialization
Output R During
Initialization
Output X During
nitialization
Initialization
c? Z g
e 1 R '(
:(
g'>
Bd(
:3 0
:d&d
g'>
Bd(
:3 0
:d&d
! (
8
Q V#Q + #[ 8 <[
Q ?
: (L 1B(
>
h "G:9
lC 0
.
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<( j ?]
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diff.psc
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p
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. #[ 3 \ ;6, ~ *
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(. #0 C
Initialization
;[ lC o
\
1Km B [ : T
:T
iC
; %0 %) p0E S ZC
PI
" <[ :
%
25MVar ' 100MW
$ iC
) . #0 8 $ 0 i C
:
iC
L,A,B,C B C
y h : y
($
.
, n:9 ;6, ' ") ;&
97
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a O) 8
+T I<0:
a6
.
"[
#[
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d$ T
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["
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L'R
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L ' R i OV
a O)
CSMF W:
"[ .
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lC 0
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<K "C : 0[ M < p :" E M <

' P 0)' " ' ' "# a [
98
d$
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2K ' 2# + 7
p lC o
T " T lC o
6<O_ x_
E"
E' + E8$ i C
99
S CM<
S CM<
lC 0 ") '
* "6 $ K :OR 8
. , ")
" +p
lC o
Zone
C M< "
lC 0
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T " T lC o
:
/ Z#$
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0O0)' '
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V#Q
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PT ' CT a
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PT ' CT a #_
Zone 5&g7
?( . R '(
. #[ / Z#$ " 45 '

~ * lC 0 ")
0
100
") " '

Q "7 &
Z L1 = R + j (2 f L ) = 1 + j10 = 10.05 84.28

Z 1 = 0.8 Z L1
Zone1
Z r1 =
Z 1 = 0.8 (10.05 84.28) = 8.04 84.28

Z1
Cos (
Z r1 =
8.04
Cos (84.28 45)
= 10.387
: > 5&g7
E ) . #[ 3 \
"G:9 ;6, 0 + h "G:9 ") 6<O_ ' & / Z#$

& D[
"G:9 a y O
(" 45 / Z#$ " ' '
X
Z r1
1-6 ;6,
: #[ / Z#$ ")
Q V#Q
. #[ / Z#$ Z,theta '

. #[ p ($ 1-6 ;6, " " $
101
, "7 &
"'
h ")
''i C i (, -
r=
10.387
= 5.19
2
. #[ / Z#$ (0.785 rad) " 45 '

. #[ n:9
& D[
r=
"G:9 D[ " ' h

D[ "<K E -
10.387
= 5.19
2
i C ' ;&
d$
C $
. #[ v
. #[
" 7,
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102
> (7-1-6
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:IS2 y / Z#$ j K :K2 -
7E
"67, ") k \ 8 a
"67, ") k \ 8 a
"67, ") ] k \ a
"67, ") ] k \ a
"#
"'
"#
"'
:I1M
:I1P
:I2M
:I2P
CASE1 :
I bias p I s 2
I diff f K 1 I bias + I s1
If
ThenTrip
(2-6 O
CASE 2 :
I bias
I s2
If
I diff f K 2 I bias
* a C
5 a
0
( K 2 K1) I s 2 + I s1
' ,
5 2-6 "* T , '
Q p 4 eD . ,
3
>
a OC
6 "[ , 1 05' '

. , Hold Time $ Cj \
Q V#Q + #[ 8 <[ ' ") ' S
.
N i/
i/
@.
Is1 V
:d&d
K1
:d&d
Is2 V
:d&d
K2
:d&d
g? V (L
:d&d
Input Angles are

Given In
Differential
Current Threshold
Lower Percentage
Bias Setting
Bias Current
Threshold Setting
Higher percentage
bias setting
Hold Time
:3 0
:d&d
Differential current
:3 0
:d&d
Bias current
L V 7&X;
ThenTrip
Q ?
]&>
Main
Internal
Output
Variables
Internal
Main
Main
Main
Main
Main
O0
,B77
XE V 3 :3 0
(:9b @ )
i
V 3 :3 0
103
Output
Variables
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U 0[ O CD diff.psc B C P' Q ; E
$ [ G$ ; %
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(. #0 C
$ iC
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:
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ZC
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ATAN(x)
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SINH(x)
Hyperbolic sine function
COSH(x)
Hyperbolic cosine function
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Hyperbolic tangent function
LOG(x)
Natural logarithm
EXP(x)
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Base 10 logarithm
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Real part of complex number
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Imaginary part of complex number
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MOD function
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1 ......................................................................................................................................

20 ................................................................................... (Main Toolbar) <K D C (1-2-3-3

40 .................................................................................................................. PSCAD DE B C c' (7-4

58 ............................................................................................... (Design Editor) 3 \ ]9 ' (1-5

71 ...................................................................... :0C "7( 8 4 G:9

84 ............................................................................................................................................ ") i C (1-6

107 ............................................................................. (THE PRE-PROCESSOR) p 9 Q # E (1-7

121 .............................................................................................................. Ternary "C S "

123................................................................................................. DEBUGGING : D&E

Power System Cad

! "#$ PSCAD (1-1

7 Electromagnetic Transients Program

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[1] EMTP Theory Book by Hermann W Dommel 1986

Windows 98, NT 4.0, ME, 2000 or XP

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