Introduccion A La Mecanica Cuantica

The wavefunction The wavefunction
dx dx x P
2
) ( dx dx x P ) ( =
P b bilit
Wave function
Probability
Universidad Nacional de Colombia Departamento de Fsica Pgina 1 de 1
Fsica de semiconductores - 2016500 http://www.cmg-unal.net/semiconductores/
The wavefunction The wavefunction
d d
2
) ( dx dx x P
2
) ( =
b
}
=
b
ab
dx P
2
}
a
2
}
1
2
=
}
dx
}
*

}

+ + dx x f x f ) ( ) (
*

Quatum mechanics postulates Quatum mechanics postulates
1. Associated with any particle moving in a
conservative field of force is a wave function which
determines everything that can be known about the system.
2 With every physical observable q there is associated 2. With every physical observable q there is associated
an operator Q, which when operating upon the wavefunction
associated with a definite value of that observable will yield
that value times the wavefunction.
3. The set of eigenfunctions of operator Q will form a
complete set of linearly independent functions complete set of linearly independent functions.
4. For a system described by a given wavefunction, the
expectation value of any property q can be found by p y p p y q y
performing the expectation value integral with respect to that
wavefunction.
5 Th ti l ti f th f ti i i b 5. The time evolution of the wavefunction is given by
the time dependent Schrdinger equation.
Operators in Quantum Mechanics Operators in Quantum Mechanics
Associated with each measurable parameter in a physical
system is a quantum mechanical operator Such operators system is a quantum mechanical operator. Such operators
arise because in quantum mechanics you are describing
nature with waves (the wavefunction) rather than with
di t ti l h ti d d i b discrete particles whose motion and dymamics can be
described with the deterministic equations of Newtonian
physics. physics.
Part of the development of quantum mechanics is the
establishment of the operators associated with the
parameters needed to describe the system.
Operators in Quantum Mechanics Operators in Quantum Mechanics
The Hamiltonian The Hamiltonian
Associated with each measurable parameter in a physical Associated with each measurable parameter in a physical
system is a quantum mechanical operator, and the
operator associated with the system energy is called the
H ilt i Th H ilt i t i th ti Hamiltonian. The Hamiltonian contains the operations
associated with the kinetic and potential energies and for a
particle in one dimension can be written:
Operating on the wavefunction with the Hamiltonian
produces the Schrdinger equation. In the time
independent Schrdinger equation the operation may independent Schrdinger equation, the operation may
produce specific values for the energy called energy
eigenvalues. This situation can be shown in the form
+ = + E H + = + E H
where the specific values of energy are called energy
eigenvalues and the functions are called eigenfunctions.
In addition to its role in determining system energies, the
Hamiltonian operator generates the time evolution of the
wavefunction in the form wavefunction in the form
c
+
c
c
= +
t
i H
The full role of the Hamiltonian is shown in the time
ct
The full role of the Hamiltonian is shown in the time
dependent Shrodinger equation where both its spatial and
time operations manifest themselves.
Schrdinger equation Schrdinger equation
The Schrdinger equation plays the role of Newton's The Schrdinger equation plays the role of Newton s
laws and conservation of energy in classical mechanics
- i.e., it predicts the future behavior of a dynamic
t It i ti i t f th system. It is a wave equation in terms of the
wavefunction which predicts the probability of events or
outcome. The detailed outcome is not strictly
determined, but given a large number of events, the
Schrdinger equation will predict the distribution of
results. results.
The kinetic and potential energies are transformed into The kinetic and potential energies are transformed into
the Hamiltonian which acts upon the wavefunction to
generate the evolution of the wavefunction in time and
Th S h di ti i th ti d space. The Schrdinger equation gives the quantized
energies of the system and gives the form of the
wavefunction so that other properties may be
calculated.
The time dependent Schrdinger equation
for one spatial dimension
t x
i U
t x + c c ) , (
) ( ) (
) , (
2 2

t
t x
i t x x U
x
t x
m c
c
= +
c
c
) , (
) , ( ) (
) , (
2
2


The time dependent Schrdinger equation
for one spatial dimension
t x t x + c c ) ( ) (
2 2

t
t x
i t x x U
x
t x
m c
+ c
= +
c
c
) , (
) , ( ) (
) , (
2
2

F f ti l h U( ) 0 th f ti l ti For a free particle where U(x) =0 the wavefunction solution

can be put in the form of a plane wave
t i ikx
Ae t x
e

= ) , (
For other problems, the potential U(x) serves to set
boundary conditions on the spatial part of the boundary conditions on the spatial part of the
wavefunction and it is helpful to separate the equation into
the time-independent Schrdinger equation and the
relationship for time evolution of the wavefunction relationship for time evolution of the wavefunction
The Schrdinger equation for one spatial
dimension
t x
i U
t x + c c ) , (
) ( ) (
) , (
2 2

t
i t x x U
x m c
= +
c
) , (
) , ( ) (
) , (
2
2

) ( ) ( ) (
) (
2 2
E U
x
+
c
i H
c
) ( ) ( ) (
) (
2
2
x E x x U
x m

= +
c
Ti
t
i H
c
=

Time
evolution
Time independent equation
EcuacindeSchrdingerindependientedeltiempo

E V
dx
d
m
= +
2
2
2
dx m 2
E i R d lf J f Al d ErwinRudolfJosefAlexander
Schrdinger(n.12deagostode1887,
enErdberg,Viena,Imperioaustro
hngaro 4 de enero de 1961) fue un hngaro 4deenerode1961)fueun
fsicoaustraco,nacionalizado
irlands,querealizimportantes
contribuciones en los campos de la contribucionesenloscamposdela
mecnicacunticayla
termodinmica.RecibielPremio
Nobel de Fsica en 1933 por haber NobeldeFsicaen1933porhaber
desarrolladolaecuacinde
Schrdinger.
d
2
E V
dx
d
m
= +
2
2
2
H d i i Hayestadosestacionarios
Hay estados especficos de energa total Hayestadosespecficosdeenergatotal
Lasolucingeneralesunacombinacinlinealdesoluciones
separables
Estadosestacionarios
d
2
E V
dx
d
m
= +
2
2
2
H d i i Hayestadosestacionarios
Hay estados especficos de energa total Hayestadosespecficosdeenergatotal
separables
Hayestadosestacionarios
Hayestadosespecficosdeenergatotal
Lasolucingeneralesunacombinacinlinealdesolucionesseparables
Lasolucingeneralesunacombinacinlinealdesolucionesseparables g p
separables

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The wavefunction The wavefunction

Universidad Nacional de Colombia Departamento de Fsica Pgina 1 de 2

Universidad Nacional de Colombia Departamento de Fsica Pgina 1 de 12

F f ti l h U( ) 0 th f ti l ti For a free particle where U(x) =0 the wavefunction solution

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