AL- FATIHAH

THERMAL PROCESSING OF METAL

ENGINEERING MATERIALS/ MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING MME 2501/ MME 2503

Garden of Knowledge & Virtue

Dr Zahurin Halim Sem 2 1112

AS SABAK ( ) Surah 34 Verse 10

And indeed We bestowed grace on Daud from Us: O mountains, glorify with him Allahs purity repeatedly - and you too O birds! And We made the iron soft for him.
[Dan demi sesungguhnya, Kami telah memberikan kepada Nabi Daud limpah
kurnia dari Kami (sambil Kami berfirman): "Hai gunung-ganang, ulang-ulangilah mengucap tasbih bersama-sama dengan Nabi Daud, dan wahai burung-burung (bertasbihlah bersama-sama dengannya)!" Dan juga telah melembutkan besi baginya]
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LEARNING OBJECTIVE

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AFTER STUDYING THIS CHAPTER YOU MUST BE ABLE TO:

State the purpose of the heat treatments. Describe briefly the following heat treatment: Annealing Normalizing Quenching Tempering
Describe the microstructure difference with the difference in heat treatment.
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HEAT TREATMENTINTRODUCTION
Modern demands of good quality products have made heat treatment an important process for most engineering applications. Heat treatment involves the improvement of properties of metals and alloys by changing their microstructure.
Thermal processing of metals is a metallurgy process that involves heating or cooling

Heat treatment: heating and cooling procedure to manipulate structural changes in most metal
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HEAT TREATMENT OBJECTIVE

Heat treatment can be done to accomplish any number of objectives:
To diffuse carbon and alloying elements To soften the materials To improve machineability To harden the material To increase the toughness To increase wear resistance To relief the stress

Materials undergo heat treatment with the objective of:

Before shaping - To softening a metal before forming After forming- To relief strain hardening Final finish - To achieve final strength and hardness

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HEAT TREATMENT -TYPES

Annealing
Normalizing

Quenching Tempering
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HEAT TREATMENT OF STEEL

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PROCESS
Annealing

PURPOSE
To soften

PROCEDURE PHASE(s)
Slow cool from -stable range + cementite (PEARLITE)

Quenching

To harden

Quench to miss Martensite I-T curves

Normalizing

To refine the grain Slow cool from -stable range structure

To reduces brittleness of martensite and to reduces internal stress caused by quenching Quench, followed by annealing

+ cementite (BAINITE)
Tempered martensite

Tempering

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SUMMARY: PROCESSING OPTIONS

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ANNEALING
The iron-carbon phase diagram in the vicinity of the eutectoid, indicating heat treating temperature ranges for plain carbon steels

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ANNEALING
Annealing: Heat to Tanneal, then cool slowly.
1. Full Annealing Types of Steel heated to a high temperature (10-38C)above the Annealing: upper transformation temperature. Full annealing Upon reaching this temperature the steel changes to austenite and Process becomes face centered cubic. annealing Material then is cooled in the Cooling rate 100F per hour. Spheroidizing oven. A temperature (10-38C) above the upper transformation temperature is normally sufficient to produce austenite without generating large grain size.
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1. 2. 3.

ANNEALING
2. Process Annealing: Part is heated above 700C. Process annealing is frequently used an intermediate heat treating step.In process annealing part is not softening as full annealing but time required is considerable less. No phase transformation occurs because the temperature is below A1 3 . Spherodizing: Spheroidizing is a quick annealing method identical to process annealing. Parts are heated to a temperature below or near the lower transfoRmation temperature and then cooled slowly. The name spheroidizing comes microscopic appearance of the steel.

A photomicrograph of a pearlite steel has partially transformed to spheroidize

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EFFECT AND PURPOSE OF ANNEALING

Purpose of Annealing The material is easier to machine, after most of machining is completed the part is hardened by heating and quenching To provide a material that is easier to form To relieve internal stresses To refine the crystal structure

Effect of Annealing : o More soften o Make a material less hard o Make a material less brittle & more ductile o Reduce the amount of internal stresses o Reduce tendency to distort and crack
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NORMALIZING
Process involves heating the material above the upper critical temperature and then cooling it slowly at room temperature, when the material is removed from the furnace it is set out to cool slowly on a bench or a floor. Effect materials on normalizing is same with annealing except for a finer grain size.
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QUENCHING
Quenching is a controlled cooling process which causes metals to harden. Material heated to a high temperature and plunged quickly into the quenching medium and submerged until they are cool.

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QUENCHING MEDIA
Water quenching Most commonly used, inexpensive, convenient to use, provides very rapid cooling Can cause internal stresses distortion or cracking Water quenching should be about room temperature for best result. Oil quenching Is more gentle than water as a quenching media It is used for more critical parts, such as parts which have thin sections or sharp edges ex: razor blades and knife. Less change of internal stresses, distortion, or cracking but does not produce as hard or strong of steel as water does.
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QUENCHING MEDIA
Air quenching Less drastic than either oil or water. Air does not cool as rapidly as either oil or water. Because of slower rate of cooling, there is less change of internal stresses, distortion and cracking. Generally used only on steels which have high alloy content. Special alloys such as chromium and molybdenum are selected because they are known to cause the material to harden even though a slower quenching method is used. Brine quenching Brine itself is salt water(5-10%) salt in water. Brine will cool the material slightly faster than water.
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HARDENABILITY--STEELS
Ability to form martensite Jominy end quench test to measure hardenability.

1 specimen (heated to phase field) 24C water flat ground 4

Adapted from Fig. 11.10, Callister 6e. (Fig. 11.10 adapted from A.G. Guy,

Essentials of Materials Science, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1978.)

Hardness versus distance from the quenched end.

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WHY HARDNESS CHANGES WITH POSITION

The cooling rate varies with position.

Adapted from Fig. 11.12, Callister 6e . (Fig. 11.12 adapted from H. Boyer (Ed.)

Atlas of Isothermal Transformation and Cooling Transformation Diagrams , American Society for Metals, 1977, p. 376.)

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HARDENABILITY VS ALLOY CONTENT

Jominy end quench results, C = 0.4wt%C

Adapted from Fig. 11.13, Callister 6e . (Fig. 11.13 adapted from figure furnished courtesy Republic Steel Corporation.)

"Alloy Steels"

(4140, 4340, 5140, 8640) --contain Ni, Cr, Mo (0.2 to 2wt%) --these elements shift the "nose". --martensite is easier to form.
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QUENCHING MEDIUM & GEOMETRY

Effect of quenching medium:
Medium air oil water
Severity of Quench small moderate large Hardness small moderate large

Effect of geometry: When surface-to-volume ratio increases: --cooling rate increases --hardness increases Position center surface Cooling rate small large Hardness small large

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THANK YOU

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