THE

CITIES

AND

CEMETERIES

ETRURIA.

BY

GEORGE

DENNIS.

Parva

Tyrrhenuui per

aequor

Vela

darem.

Horat.

IN

TWO
VOL.

VOLUMES.
II.

LONDON

JOHN

MURRAY,

ALBEMARLE
1848.

STREET.

Status

intereunt

tempestate,

vi,

vetustate;

sepulcrorum

autem

sanctitas

in

ipso

solo

est
;

quod

nulla

vi

moveri neque

deleri

potest.

Atque

ut

cetera

extinguuntur,

sic

sepulcra

fiunt

sanctiora

vetustate.

Cicbro,

Philip,

ix.

G.

CONTENTS

OF

VOL.

II.

CHAPTER
CIVITA

XXX.

VECCHIA"

CENTUM

CELL^E.
PAGE

Ancient

and Tombs

modern in the

condition

of

this

port
Road

Etruscan
"

relics

at

Civita

Vecchia 1

"

neighbourhood

"

to

Corneto

CHAPTER
SANTA

XXXI.
PUNICVM.

MARINELLA"

Road

from its

Civita Remains
"

Vecchia of

to

Rome
"

Castrum Puntone
"

Novum del Castrato

Sta.
"

Marinella of

and the
as

bay

Punicum

Excavations
"

Duchess
to

of
name

Sermoneta
"

Discovery

of

an

Etruscan

town

"

Speculations

its

CHAPTER

XXXII.

SANTA

SEVERA"

PYROI.

Fortress
A

of castle the

Sta. and site

"

Severa
"

Polygonal
Its

walls of

of

Pyrgi
"

The
"

town

was

Pelasgic
Remains
"

"

port

"

temple

Uithyia

Historical

notices

on

Sepulchres

11

CHAPTER

XXXIII.
A GYLLA CJBRE.

CERVETRI"

or

The

Vaccina,
and its

and

its

ancient

honours
"

Scenes and

of of

Virgil's Agylla
site
"

pictures Change
"

"

Cervetri of
name

accommodation
"

Antiquity
Present

origin
of

"

History

of

Caere
"

desolation The
"

the

Vestiges

of

the

ancient A
"

city
true

"

Picturesque
of the

charms dead"
"

Banditaccia
"

Singular
Tumuli"
"

cemetery
Tomba Tomb
"

"city
"

Plans Sedia
"

of

the Ann-chair

tombs of

l'ccently opened

Grotta

della

rock

of

vi

CONTENTS.

the Seats Lamentable the

and

Shields

"

Grotta

del
"

Triclinio Roman Grotta

"

Paintings on inscription
"

its walls Late

"

"

decay
"

"

pretty pair

date

of

paintings
"

Another

painted tomb"
Alcova
tue
"

de'

Sarcofagi
to
a

Singular
"

sarcophagi
of Rome Galassi
"
"

Grotta
"

dell' Tomb
of

Resemblance
"

temple

tectural Archi-

interest
"

Tarquins
"

Probably
"

of the Grotta
"

royal blood
Regulini-

Numerous Peculiar

niches inscriptionsSepulchral construction of this

"

sepulchre
The

High
or

antiquity
Princess's

The

warrior's
and
"

chamber, and

its furniture
"

Priest's
"

chamber,
this

its wonderful

jewellery
Monte
della
"

Side-chambers

Sad
on

neglect of
pot
"

sepulchre
of the

Pelasgic alphabetand
"

primer, inscribed
Abatone
"

Other
"

relics

Pelasgic tongue
furniture Grotta
" "

Grotta

Campana d'Oro and

"

Its

and decorations, of rock

"

Grotta

Sedia, Monte
entrance

chair Arm"

Torlonia of La

Singular
"

vestibule of Caere

Crumbling
Artena Appendix.

dead

Tombs

Zambra

Ancient

Pottery
Junones

"

17 Shields
as

decorations sepulchral

"

Genii

and

64

CHAPTER
PALO" Alsium
was

XXXIV.
ALSIUM.

of

Pelasgic antiquity
"

Local

vestiges
" "

Tuniuli and its

of Monteroni

"

cavations" Ex-

Curious
scenes"

shafts and
"

passages

Palo

hostelry
"

Sea-shore
69

Selva

la Rocca

Fregense

........

CHAPTER
LUNL" Luua
an

XXXV.
LUNA.
"

Etruscan

town
"

"

Its

glorious port
"

Site of Luna

and

vestigesof

Luna

"

Historical

records

Its

produce

Marble

78

CHAPTER
PISA"

XXXVI.
PIS^E. Historical Santo notices
"

Leghorn

"

High antiquityof
"

Pisse
in the

"

Very

few

ancient
85

remains

Etruscan

urns

Campo

CHAPTER
FIRENZE"

XXXVII.
FLORENTIA
.

Florence, not
urns
"

an

Etruscan

site
"

Museum

of the
"

Uffizj
"

Etruscan
"

Various
vases
"
"

subjects in the
Painted Bronze-room
vases
"

reliefs
"

The
ware

vase-room

The
"

Cinerary King of Canopi

"

Etruscan Varieties

Black

from
"

Chiusi
"

The
"

The

Chimsera

The

Orator Etruscan

Various

struments in!
"

Tuscwiiica

Signa
"

Etruscan

warriors"

Compass

CONTENTS.

vii

PAGE

Warrior Monte

in

the
"

Palazzo Lake
"

Bonarroti full of

"

of Singular discovery
"

bronzes
"

on

Falterona

antiquitiesVotive
"

offerings Mystery
at

of the lake Etruscan Appendix.

explained Style of
Francois Vase

the bronzes

tomb Singular

Figline
"

relics in the The

neighbourhood of

Florence

92

115

CHAPTER
FIESOLE" Interest of Fiesole
"

XXXVIII.
FjESULJB.
"

The
sewers

Etruscan
"

walls
"

Character Roman

of the masonry
"

"

Ancient

pavement, and
walls
"

Fascinum
a

Gateway
"

Extent of

of the
"

city-

Faesulae
"

not

first-rate
"

city
"

The
"

top

Fesole" ancient
"

Roman reservoir Badia

"

Theatre
"

The

Fairies' Dens open

.

Fonte Fiesole
.
"

Sotterra

Another

No

tombs

around
.

History

of.Feesulse

La

Inghiranii

118
.

CHAPTER
SIENA"

XXXIX.
SENA.
tombs in this
"

Siena, not tomb,

an

Etruscan Colle
"

site
"

Etruscan

district Tomb
.
.

"

Alphabetical
of the Cilnii
"

near

Pelasgicalphabetand
and wine
.

horn-book
.

Montalcino, its tombs

"

"

.135

CHAPTER
VOLTERRA" The VOLA City. and Callai
"

XL.
TERRJE.

Commanding
"

positionof
Is Etruscan

Volterra
"

"

Size

importance
Modern heads
" "

of the

ancient
"

city
all'
"

History
Arco Walls Extent
"

of Volaterrae
"

Locanda

Volterra

Porta Portcullis

Three

mysterious
di Diana The domed
"

Masonry

"

of the ancient

city
" "

Porta

Fragments
"

of the

walls city"

"

of the ancient Csecinse

" "

city
or

necropolis
Buche

Grotta
"

de' Marmini
"

Tombs
"

of

the

Tholi,

Baths

Sceneryaround
............

Volterra

sepulchres Amphitheatre Piscina, de' Saracini Mysteriouspassages

"

in the rock

141

CHAPTER
VOLTERRA" The The Museum of of the of
woman

XLI.
VOLA Museum.
"

TERR^E.

and Volterra, in Etruria

war
" "

its treasures

Ash-chests
"

of Volterra of Thebes
"

"

tion Condi"

Trojan
"

Mythological urns Myths of Ulysses,and

"

Myths
Orestes
"

Myths
marina

Etruscan of

divinities

Scylla
"

Glaucus

Echidna

"

Typhon
"

Monsters
"

the

sea,

and earth,

air

"

Scenes

of Etruscan

life

Boar-hunts

Games

of the circus

vm

CONTENTS.

"

Judicial
"

processions Triumphal
"

processions
"

Sacrifices passage
cars
"

"

Schools
"

"

Banquets
and evil

Death-bed demons" character and of

a
"

scenes

"

Last farewells

"

The

of souls

Good
"

Funeral of these Flavii

"

processions
"

Etruscan

Sarcophagi
"

Touching
the
urns

scenes

"

Urns

of the Csecina
urns

family

Urns

of

Gracchi
"

Antiquityof the
"

of Volterra"

Terra-cotta

Relief
"

warrior

Marble
. .

statue
.

"

Etruscan
. .

pottery of Volterra
. . .

"

Bronzes

Coins

Jewellery

.167 206

Appendix.

The

Charun

of the Etruscans

CHAPTER
THE Attractions
"

XLII.
MAREMMA.

of the Maremma
"

"

Road

from

Volterra
"

"

The

Cecina

"

Pomarance

Castelnuovo Massa
"

Hill of
"

Bernardi Castiglion di Vetreta

"
"

Pretended of the

site of Vetulonia Maremma of the

"
" "

"

Marittima Maremma and

"

Poggio

View

Fol-

lonica in

wilderness modern

Population and
"
"

climate Maremma of

Maremma Caldane
" "

ancient

times Dini
"

Roba

di ruins

account

Campiglia questioned
"

Locanda

Pretended remains
near

Vetulonia
"

Alberti's of the 210

Etruscan

Campiglia

Panorama

Maremma
Appendix.

Alberti's

of description

the

pretended ruins

of Vetulonia
.

232

CHAPTER
POPULONIA" Road
to

XLIII.
POPULONIA.

Populonia
"

Ancient

port

"

The

castle and

its

lords hospitable
"

"

Area
"

of the Local
"

ancient remains Coins

"
"

city
"

Its

antiquityand
"

importance
Etruscan

Historical tombs

notices of

The

specularmount

walls and

lonia Popu233

Gorgonion

CHAPTER
ROSELLE" Road from ancient Follonica walls di
" "

XLIV.
RUSELL^E. Palandri
"

Grosseto of the
"

"

Locanda

Site
"

of

Rusellae ancient

"

Its
"

Area

city
"

Modern tombs

defences around the

The
"

Arx

Lago

Castiglione Paucity of
"

one city Rusellse,

of 245

the Twelve

Historical

notices

"

Utter

desolation

CHAPTER
TEL The
"

XLV.
E"TELA MON.
to travellers
"

AMON
"

Ombrone

"

of Village and
"

Telamone

Caution
"

Ancient

remains
"

Legendary
and

historical Ferries

notices

The

port

"

Road

to Orbetello

The 257

Osa

Albegna

CONTENTS.

IX

CHAPTER
ORBETELLO.

XLVI.

PAGE

Orbetello
"

and

its fortifications the site

"

"

The

Antiquityof

The

Etruscan lagoon Polygonal walls modern and its hostelry town

"
"

tombs
. .

263

CHAPTER
ANSEDONI Site of Cosa
"

XLVII.
A"

COSA

Advice of the

to visitors

"

Walls
"

of

polygonalmasonry
within
"

"

Towers
"

"

liarities PecuArx
"

walls

"

Gateways
"

Ruins

the

walls

The
"

View these

from

the ramparts
"

walls ?

type
Historical

"

Bagni Regina of the polyAntiquity of polygonal masonry Peculiarity gonal It must of be Pelasgic High antiquity Cosa and its walls
" "

della

Lack

of tombs

Who

built

"

notices

269

CHAPTER
VETULONIA.

XLVIII.

Magliano
"

Discoveryof city
"

an

Etruscan discovered Relation

in city
on

its

neighbourhood
"
"

Site and

extent

of this
"

Remains tombs"

the site the

Sepulchresand
"

their furniture
was

Painted

to

port of Telamon
of Vetulonia
"

What

the with
"

name

of this ancient site

"

city?
"

Notices of

Its accordance

this

Maritime

character

Vetulonia

"

Monumental

evidence

Speculations

291

CHAPTER
SATURNI Roads
to

XLIX.
A" SA TURNIA
.
"

Saturnia

"

Scansano
"

"

Travellingdifficulties
"

Site of Saturnia

"

The

modern

village
masonry"

wise resolve of

Area

of the ancient
"

city
"

Walls of the

of

gonal poly"

Relics

other it
"

days

Natural

beauties
"

site

Sepulchralremains
"

around
"

Fare
"

at the Fattoria

Advice

to travellers
"

Piano

di Palma
"

monuments

Singular tombs on Speculations

Manciano

Resemblance

to

cromlechs

gous Analoare race

their
?
"

origin
"

The

cityand
proper
town

its walls
to
.

Pelasgic
" "

Who Merano

constructed
"

the tombs
"

The
an

type

not

one

Monte

Discovery of

Etruscan

305

CHAPTER
CHIUSI" The Citta la Pieve Other Archaic
"

L.
GLUSIUM. City.

and Clusium, its antiquity, history,

"

decay
"

Ancient
"

walls

"

lions

Subterranean
"

passages

"

Museo
"

Casuccini
urns

Statue-urn
"

"

cippi
urns
"

sarcophagus Interesting
Ancient black
ware

Cinerary
"

Varieties

"

Terra-cotta

of Clusium

The

described focolari

CONTENTS.

"

Painted Anubis-vase

vases
"

"

Bronzes

"

Palazzo
"

Casuccini

"

The
"

Paris-

vase

"

The
"

Museo
"

Paolozzi The

Interesting cippi
"

Cinerary
"

urns

Canopi
"

"

Bronzes Private

"Gabinetto"
.........

Curious

monument

Ottieri

lection col325

Museums

CHAPTER
CHIUSI" The The CZ

LI.
USIUM.

Cemetery.
del

necropolisof
door
"

Clusium
"

"

To.mba

Colle
"

Casuccini A Date

"

Ancient
"

Etruscan Etruscan
"

Chariot-races
"

Palsestric of these games

"

games
"

symposium,

An

butler
sito

Peculiarities
"

paintings Banquets
" "

of their execution
delle
"

Depo"

de' Dei
"

Funeral

Deposito del
del
"

Monache The
"

Its

furniture Field vault

" "

Discovery
"

of this tomb of Chiusi

della
"

Tomba Deposito
"

Postino Gran Dwarfs

"

Jewellers' An arched
"

Scarabaei The
urns"

Lake Tomba

Duca and

Scimia
scenes
"

Games

monkeys

Mediaeval shaft Appendix.

"

character d'Orfeo

of these
e

Inner Festive

chamber
scenes
"

Singular well Poggio del

or

Tomba

d'Euridice
names

"

Vescovo

360 384

Etruscan

family

CHAPTER
CHIUSI" POGGIO The tomb
"

LII.
CL USIUM. GAJELLA. fable
"

of Lars

Porsena
in

"

Not

mere

Analogiesin
of

extant

monuments
"

The

Labyinnth
"

Porsena's couches
can
"

tomb

"

Tumulus

Poggio Gajella
"

Tiers

of tombs

Rock-hewn
"

in the rock monument

What

Sepulchral furniture Labyrinthine passages ? of mean Porsena's they Analogies Reality

"

"

vindicated

..........

385

CHAPTER
CETONA Etruscan sites around
"

LIII.
SARTEANO. Museo Terrosi
" "

AND Cetona"

Chiusi
urns

"

Painted

ash-chests collections

"

Sarteano Dr.

Etruscan and

in the Museo
"

Bargagli

Etruscan and

of

Borselli

Signor Lunghini

Tombs

of Sarteano

Castiglioncel
401

del Trinoro

CHAPTER
CHIANCIANO Scenic beauties
"

LIV.
MONTEPULCIANO. collection The Manna

AND
"

Chianciano

The

Casuccini Buccelli" cattle

"

"

Montepulciano
of

"

Etruscan Val

relics in the Palazzo

"

Montepulciano
" . .

ili Chiana

Royal

farms

and

Etruscan

tombs

.410

CONTENTS.

xi

CHAPTER
AREZZO" Glories of Arezzo
"

LV.
ARRETIUM.
PAGE

"

Arretium,
"

its

importance
pottery
"

and Its

history
"

Ancient
"

walls

of

brick
"

Amphitheatre
Pubblico site ?
" "

Ancient

Museo peculiarities
"

Bacci the

Museo

The

three Roman ancient

. .

colonies of Arretium walls at S. Cornelio

.
. . "

Is Arezzo Arezzo

Etruscan
be

Discovery of
Arretium

cannot
,

the Etruscan

.417

CHAPTER
CORTONA" Venerable ancient

LVI.
CORTONA.
to

antiquityof

Cortona
"

"

Hints
at
"

travellers
"

"

Modern of

Cortona Cortona
" "

"

The

fortifications
"

Cortona notices

sun-rise

Origin
within

Early
in The

importance
the Casa wonderful construction
"

Historical
"

Local

remains
"

the walls

Vault
"

Cecchetti

Museum

of the of Cortona tombs

"

Academy
"

Pottery and
of

bronzes
"

lamp
"

"

Tombs

The Grotta
"

Cave

Cromlech-like

Pythagoras Sergardi Peculiar

"

Singular
tion construc.

The

Melon

tumulus, and its furniture

Great

interest of Cortona

432

CHAPTER
PERUGIA" The

LVII.
PERUSIA City. lake
"

Travellingincidents
nano
"

"

The

Thrasymene
waters
"

The and

celebrated

battle
"

"

Passigof the Arch

"

Inflammable

Magione,
interest
"

its attractions walls and

"

Vale
"

Caina

"

Perugia" "

Its modern Marzia

"

Ancient
"

gates

of

Augustus
Celebrated
"

Porta Etruscan

The
"

Museum
"

inscription Vases
"

Bronzes

Cippi Cinerary urns Singular sarcophagus

"

Antiquityof

Perusia

History

454

CHAPTER
PERUGIA" The Tomb of the Volumnii
urn,
"

LVIII.
PERUSIA Cemetery.
"

with
"

Dantesque Banquet of the dead bilingual inscription Gorgons' heads

" "

monument

"

Templeof the of the

Decorations interest

tomb

The

Velimnas
"

Family Ipogeo

"

Date

of the Etruscan
"

tomb

"

Great
"

Grotta
"

de' Volunni de' Cesi de'

"

Sepulchres of
de' Fari
an

families de'

Painted
"

ash-chests

Ipogeo
Acsi
"

Vezi

Ipogeo
"

Petroni di
.

Ipogeo degli
San
.

Ipogeo

"

Palazzone

Baglioni Tempio
. . .

Manno
.

"

Etruscan

vault with

inscription

.471

xu

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER

LIX.

ROME.
I'AGK

The

Etruscan Museum
"

antiquities
Visitors' of of Room
"

in

Rome
"

Museo Vestibule
" "

Gregoriano
"

Origin Cinerary

of

the Urns

difficulties the

Chamber from First

"

of the

the

Chamber
"

Sarcophagus
The
"

Hut-urns
"

Alban

Mount
"

Chamber Vase-

Terra-Cottas

Adonis-urn Vase-Room

Vase-Room
"

Second Vase-Room
"

Quadrant,
Bronzes Armour
"

or

Third Candelabra
"

Fourth
"

Cylices
Mirrors

Statues
" "

Caskets
"

Varieties
"

"

"

Clogs

"

Jewellery
of the

Gold
"

ornaments
"

Coronse of the Tomb

"

Etruscse
"

Silver Campana Private

490

bowls
"

Chamber

Paintings
Gold
"

Chamber
"

Museo Other
"

Terra-cottas
" "

Vases in Rome.

and

Jewellery

Bronzes
"

collections

LIST

OF

ILLUSTRATIONS

IN

VOLUME

II.

PAGE

the

farewell

of

admetus

and

alcestis.

From

tracing.

Frontispiece.
G. D. 17 32
35 44

TOMB

OF

THE

TARQU1NS,
tomb at cervetri

CERVETRI

plan

of

Monumenti
. .

Inediti Mon.

dell' Ined.

Instituto Instit. G. G. D. D.

tomb

of

the

seats

and

shields,
of the

cervetri
. . .

inscription

in

the

tomb

tarquins
tomb
.

mouth

of

the

regulini-galassi

46
54

pelasgic

alphabet

and

primer
....

Annali

dell'

Instituto G. D.

ETRUSCAN

FUMIGATOR
.

58

ARCHAIC

BLACK

VASE

FROM

CHIUSI

Micali Micali Museo

....

92 101 117 138 D. D. D. 139

141

canopus, tazza,
pelasgic with

from

chiusi

fury

and

two

fauns

"Gregoriano Dempster

ALPHiBET

on

the
"

walls

of

tomb
.

"

INSCRIPTION

CVENLES

G. G.
"

ETRUSCAN

WALLS

OF

VOLTERRA

"

INSCRIPTION

VELATHRI

G. Micali G.

144

ETRUSCAN

MARINE

DEITY

167
D. D. 199 200 204 233
244 245

INSCRIPTION

"auceicna"
"
"

INSCRIPTION

CRACNA

G. Museo

etruscan

candelabrum

Gregoriano
S. J.

etruscan

walls

of

populonia
. . . .
. .

Ainsley
Micali

etruscan

gorgonion

etruscan

walls

of

rusell^e

S.
of cosa

J.

Ainsley
G. G. D. D.

ancient

gate

and

walls

269 305
325 340

ancient

tomb,
"

saturnia

focolare

black

ware

of

chiusi

Micali Micali Museo Museo

....

etruscan

warrior,

museo

casuccini

the

anubis-vase,
canopus,
of an etruscan

chiusi

Chiusino Chiusino G. D.

352 356 360

366

etruscan

museo

paolozzi

DOOR

TOMB,

CHIUSI

simpulum

Museo
or trumpet
....

Gregoriano
Gregoriano
Gl'Unei*

etruscan

lituus,
OF PART OF

Museo
GAJELLA

380
394

PLAN

THE

PQGGIO

xiv

LIST

OF

ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE

etroscan

sphinx

Gruner Museo
.......

395 426 D. 432

465

etbuscan

strigil

Gregoriano
G. Micali

ANCIENT

WALLS

OF

CORTONA

four-winged

deity

.........

BILINGUAL

inscription

G. Gruner
........

D.

475 490
495

calpis,
hut-urn

or

water-jar

from

the

alban

mount
......

Visconti Micali Museo

CYATHUS,

OR

DRINK

ING-BOWL

507 513 514 517

518

bronze

visor
........

Gregoriano Gregoriano Gregoriano Gregoriano

Gregoriano

etruscan

candelabra
.......

Museo Museo
. ......

fire-

rake

bronze

ewer
.

Museo Museo

etruscan

jointed

clogs

522

LIST

OF

MAPS

IN

VOLUME

II.

plan

of

cere

and

its

necropolis
. . .

Adapted
and modern

from

Canina Micali

28 150 268 434 557

plan

of

tolterra,
cosa

ancient

plan

of

Adapted Adapted
From

from from and

Micali Micali others

plan

of

cortona

map

of

etruria

Segato

THE

CITIES

AND

CEMETERIES

ETRURIA.

CHAPTER

XXX.

CI

VITA

VECCHIA."

CENTUM

CELLM.

Ad

Centumcellas

forti puppes

deflexinius in statione

Austro sedent.

Tranquilla
Molibus
sequoreum

concluditur aditus insula

amphitheatrum,
facta

Angustosque
Attollit

tegit ;

geminas

tuiTes,

bifidoque meatu, pandit utrumque

navalia ventilet latus.

Faucibus Nee

arctatis satis laxo vel

tutas

posuisse
Ne vaga medias

portu,
aura

rates.

Interior

sinus fixis

invitatus
aera

in aedes

Instabilem

nescit

aquis.
Rutiucs.

Whoever
must

has the
1400

approached
of fidelity years

the the

Eternal above is it mouth it

;

City from
picture.
now.

the

sea

admit
was

As

Civita

Vecchia

since, so
at to

The of the

artificial

island, with

its twin-towers

the
meet

port

the

long

moles

stretching out
almost
to
a

the

double
;

passage,

narrowed of

closing

of

the

jaws
the
"

the

theatre amphiof
at

water

within,
from

overhung
every
to

by
wind

houses be

the
once

town,

and

sheltered It would it
was

will

recognised.
quo
VOL.

seem

have

remained Yet the

B

in

statu

ever
II.

since

built

by Trajan.

original

CIVITA

VECCHIA.

xxx. [chap.

town

was

almost

utterly destroyed by
; but

the

Saracens

in the ninth

century

when

of rebuilt,the disposition

the

port
on

was

the moles, by raising preserved,

fortress beneath It is
world
own

the ancient

foundations,which

are

quay, and stillvisible

them.1
in possible,

ancient

times, when
retreat, and

the
adorned

ruler of the
it with his

made

it his chosen

tum simplegraces of his court, that Cenhave been, as Pliny found it, a right Cellse may locus perjucundus.'1 Now, it is a paradise place pleasant but facchini and doganieri. What wearisome to none more of Civita Vecchia % and what than the dull, dirtytown traveller does not pray for a speedy deliverance from this of whom den of thieves, though most renowned, Gasperoni, % Civita is like is not the most love,war, accomplished and hunting," accordingto the proverb it is more easy to
virtues and

the

"

"

"

"

"

find the way whether your

on

in, than
the land
or

the way

out.

You

enter
even
a

the gates, demand for

without sea-side,

passport; but
of
a score

to leave

them, you

must
"

pass
a

through

the hands
which

of custom-house
to

officers

fingering

to nor brighten the countenance This is owing to Civita being a the temper. smooth free port a privilege which, in conjunctionwith steamin the Papal renders it the only thrivingtown traffic,

tends

neither

"

sun State, pre-eminently tillthe quickening

"

of Pius

IX.

rose

upon it the land of It does not appear that

"

stagnation.
an

Etruscan

site. Yet

relics of that

are antiquity

occupiedthis preservedhere,some
town
now

There
town

are on

other

remains

of

the the

arm

in

bronze

in the

Gregorian
of in

Roman

the shore

without

Museum,

which, though of the time

"

walls ; and the town

the

aqueduct
the

which

supplies
of that

Trajan, is said to beauty

with
all ancient
we

surpass works
in

perhaps

with water

is said to be erected, ruins On the

this metal

for the most constructed

at

part, on

which

are

acquainted."Bull,
31.

by Trajan.
discovered

shore,

Inst. 1837, p. 5.
2

this spot, was

that colossal

Plin.

Epist.VI.

chap,

xxx.]

ETRUSCAN

RELICS

AT

CIVITA

VECCHIA.

in the

Town-hall, mostlyfrom Corneto,3 and

of
an SignorGuglielmi,

some

in the

house
in the

extensive
a

of proprietor

land

Roman

Maremma,4
other

besides

collection of

vases,

bronzes, and

articles in the shop of Signor portable for recommend I can Bucci, in the Piazza, whom highly and moderate his uprightness charges. Three
at
a

miles from

Civita

Vecchia,on the road

Etruscan Scaglia,

to

Corneto,
have

spot called Cava

della

tombs

been

Roman the

which seem to the neighto have belonged bouring opened,5 though that placeis known to us onlyas a Alga?, station.6 Its site is marked by Torre Nuova, on

sea

shore, three miles from Civita.7

on

The

versed country tra-

the way with heath, overrun

to

Corneto

is

desert of

undulating
"

and dwarf cork-trees lentiscus, myrtle,

placed here only since 1843 ; and consist of sarcophagi the of wnfro with recumbent on figures
3

These

have

been

Etruscan

characters

around is
a

him.

In the head of
set

opposite tympanum
in
a

human

flower

and
on

the

angles
tav. LIX.

the

found lids, recently and half

a

in

the Montarozzi heads

pediments rest
Mou.
5

lions' heads.

Micali,

dozen

female of

in stone, very

Ined. pp. Excavations

403"7,
were

painted in Egyptian
there
are

imitation

life,and
Besides

made

here in 1830
no

in character.

these,
and will be Csehas

by Signor Bucci, but with

His attention
was

great
to

cess. suc-

sundry
names

Roman

cippi
which

drawn

the

monumental found sennius

been

tablets, among
of of families

spot by

Figaro of Civita Vecchia, who,

had previous, found there he had esteemed

the
"

Pompeius and as Tarquinii,

(Vol.
answers

fifteen years
a

shoe of bronze, which

no

already
"

shown

I.

pp. 307,
to

of

his value, till a foreigner entering it and carried it off, of the

368)
Velthur

Veturius, which
in the
"

the

shop, seized upon

astonished
6

Grotta and

delle Iscrizioni

leavinga napoleon in
barber. Mentioned

the

palm

(Vol.I. p. 340) probably of

4

several milestones, Aurelia. of

the Via

in the Maritime

Itinerary.
of

The

collection in the house

Signor

Ut supra, Vol. I. p. 388.

7

Guglielmi is composed
upon his
own

of articles found One

an

Three

miles
on

to

the

north-east

lands.

of the most of

Civita Vecchia,

the road

to the Allu-

remarkable found
near

objectsis
of
a

urn

nenfro,
It is in
on

miere,
the the

are

the

Bagni
Tauri,

di Ferrata, the hot

Montalto, in

1840.

springslauded
Thermas
"

by Rutilius
and

(I. 249)

as

the form

littletemple, supported
a

identical with

Ionic-like columns, with

at
one

moulded

way door-

Aquenses
of has

end, and

male

in figure,

mentioned

relief, holdinga wand and patera, at other probably representing the

"

the ceased, which dein

to

cognomine Taurini," logue 8) in his cataby Pliny (III. Colonies in Etruria, Roman referred been inconsiderately
Vol. I. p. 501.

whose

name

is

inscribed

Acquapendente. See

b2

CIVITA

VECCHIA.

[rHAP. XXX.

the

haunt

of the
the

wild

boar

and

roe-buck.8

Corneto
Vecchia
enters

is

so

easy
so

of access,

thirteen

miles
the

from

Civita

are

that rapidlyaccomplished, State

traveller who make

a

the

Papal
the
him

by
and of

that

port, should
of the

point

of

visiting
open
to

painted
clearer

tombs

Montarozzi, which
views
on

will

more

comprehensive
he
can

of the any other

early
site,
of

civilization

Italythan
an

derive

and

which
art

form

excellent

introduction

to

the works

ancient

in Rome.

About

half-way,or
a

before

reaching
road,
where

are

said

to be

tombs
;

and
I

fragments
have had

of
no

Le is
a

Mole,
spot

little called

to

the

right of the d'Organo,

ancient

walling

but

Piano

opportunity of verifyingthis report.

APPENDIX

TO

CHAPTER

XXX.

The thus

ancient

sites

on

this coast, between

Rome

and
:
"

Centum

Cella?,are

given, with

their

distances, by tbe Itineraries

fi

SANTA

MARINELLA.

xxxi. [chap.

unattractive, more

and bleak,dreary, with acquaintance

desolate

; and

to

one

just making
and
can

an

that land

of famed

lity ferti-

be

beauty,as so many do at Civita Vecchia, nothing more disappointing.Moreover, it is the road to

is therefore to be hurried
vettura.
over

Rome, and
road that full of

with all

possible
on

or speed of diligence

Yet

are

there

spots

this

both for their history, associated with interest, and for the relics

they yet contain of the has been somewhat past ; and the traveller whose curiosity look from the ImperialCity to and who can allayed, around her, will find along this desert sandy shore, objects
of Rome,
or

among

the low
a

bleak

hills

inland, sites where

in

he may
"

lingermany
wrecks Two
of

hour delightful

of contemplation

the

days departed."
a

miles and
near
a

half from called

a

Civita
Prima

Vecchia, by the Torre,

a are

side, road-

tower

two

large

barrows, which, from

are

excavation slight
valuable

few

years since,

thought to givepromise of
About five miles marks from

furniture. sepulchral
tower solitary
a

Civita Vecchia, the

of Chiaruccia station
was a on

the site of Castrum Aurelia. All

we

Novum,

Roman

the Via

know

of it is that it

colony1 on
was

this coast,2 and

that, with other neighbouring

its
563

furnished it reluctantly colonies, fleet which

quota

to the

despatched in

the

year

(b.c. 191)3
figure of Inuus
on

Liv. XXXVI.

3 ; Plin. III. 8 ; Ptol.

mention
over
a

of

an

ancient
at

Geog.
2 3

p. 68, ed. Bert. II. 4. loc. cit. VI. The Castrum

was

gate

Castrum have
was or

this

coast,

Mela. Liv.

that the Inui of

on

god

may

been
a

worshipped
Serp. 35) Sta

at

both sites.

Inuus

pastoral deity,

Virgil(/En.
coast

776), which
seems

the been

equivalentto Pan,
vius. and Mannert

Faunus, says
p.

of

Latium,

to

have

Holstenius(Annot.ad Cluver

confounded Rutilius Novum of great

by Servius (ad loc.)and by (I. 232) with this Castrum in Etruria the former a place
"

(Geog.

375) Novum,

took

Mariuella Cluver cated

to be

for Castrum

though

indi(II. p. 488) had previously the ruins

"

the antiquity, Roman

times.

latter But

probably
Muller Rutilius'

at
an

Torre

di Chiaruccia is
now

only

of

the site

opinion which
to be

(Etrusk. III. 3, 7) thinks from

admitted universally

correct.

chap,

xxxi.]

THE

SITE

OF

PUNICUM.

Antiochus against
was

the Great.
"

In

the time

of Rutilius it

et tempore.* absumptumfluctuque the half beyond, the road crosses miles and Two a shoulder of a low headland, on which stand a few buildings. This promontory half embraces a tiny bay, with some A few fishingbreakwater. mole ruins of a Roman or drawn boats are tawny up on the beach ; the half-draped beneath their shade, mending their fishermen are sitting

in utter

ruin

nets

and

two

or

three
snow over

similar
in

with their latteen craft,

sails

like glistening
motion

the

sunbeams,

are

gliding
hamlet the site

with swan-like
is called Santa

the blue waters.

is

The mark

and Marinella, station

on

supposedto
Aurelia.5

of Punicum,

the Via

A few

furlongs

beyond, in

by the road-side, are many traces of Roman habitation, probablymarking the site of a villa. in of ancient bridges Here on the shore are a couple standing ruin near the road, and marking the course picturesque have Excavations of the Via Aurelia along the coast. been of late years in this neighbourhoodby the made
a

field

Duchess

of

Sermoneta,
been

and

many

remains

of

Roman

have magnificence Were Marinella

cross

brought to light.6
now

the

traveller
a

to retrace

his

steps from

Sta

for about

mile

towards

Civita Vecchia, and the

range

the

heath

to

the

extremityof

of hills

4 6

Rutil. I. 227. Punicum is mentioned

with

the

Panapio

of the Maritime

Itine-

Peutingerian Table.
di

only by the Nibby (Dintorni

it must
have

rary.
G

In

the winter

of 1837,

on

the shores remains of

Roma,
its

II. p. 313) thinks

name

of the littlebay, were baths and other

found

taken

from

some

pomegranate
flourished here, device
more

{malum punicum)
or

which

pavements, column, and

with mosaic buildings, with a together singular

a

from

some

heraldic but it is the

of

tins

beautiful Museum

statue

of MeBerlin, For

character have the Lanzi Cluver

likelyto
of

leager,
Mon. further

now

in the

of

arisen

from the

association

Ined. Inst. III. tav. LVIII.

see notices,

place

with

Carthaginians,as
p.

Bull. Inst. 1838, p. 1 ; Ann. Inst.

(Saggio, II. (II. p. 497)

61)

suggests.

thinks

it identical

1839, p. 85 ; 1840, p. 115; 1843, p. 237, ct seq.

SANTA

MARINELLA.

xxxi. [chap.

which remains
and
town
"

here

rise from

the

coast, he

would

find

some

of far

to priorantiquity

those at Santa

Marinella,
for the

which
or

prove the existence of a this spot. fortress on del

a

Etruscan long-forgotten Let

.

him

ask

Puntone

or Castrato,"

"

Sito della

and he Guardiola,"

may

obtain

guide at
what

the littleosteria of Santa the Duchess

Marinella.
to

I know
commence are over now

not

induced
on

of Sermoneta
of

excavations visible. More

this site. No than

once

traces

sepulchres
long-

have

I wandered

heathy crag-strewn ground at the foot of these of a necropolis. It is certain, hills, vestiges vainly seeking
however, that here have
a

the

been

discovered

many

tombs

of

remarkable

character,unlike any I have

in hollowed being rude chambers and roofed in either by rough slabs,

yet described ; the rock, lined with

a

by two slabs wise extremelysimilar,as far as I can learn from the There is to be seen at Saturnia. to those still description, and yet some analogyalso to the tombs of Magna Grrecia,
stone,
"

or

single largecovereach other, gableresting against

more

to

the cromlechs
and

of

our

own

land, and other parts of

Europe

of the East.

furniture
7

they contained
were

Egyptian character of the confirms their high antiquity.7

this site. Over every Abeken says
was
a

The

These

tombs

found them

in

1840.
some

tomb
saw

rose

The

slabs which

lined

were,

tumulus, of which
no

few the

or

calcareous,some

partlyrough, but
as

volcanic, partlyhewn, so always put together

even tolerably

traces

; but

he

that

most

remarkable passage,
one

feature
lined

cuniculus,or
he thinks space it of

to

present

surface. of
a

with tombs

slabs, surrounding
; and

massive single

slab

often lined each of the tomb, and

of these
to

the three

side-walls

served the
or

separate the sacred

the tomb

fourth, leaningagainstthe front,closed

the
two
as
or a

sepulchrefrom
to

surroundingsoil,
from

doorway.
vestibule.

Sometimes
outer

the tombs of which

had

prevent
another.

one

interfering
round Vol. the I.

chambers, the

served

with

It bears
cut at

great analogy
rock

They

contained rock.

benches,
Abeken

to the trench

in the Bieda.

couches, of sepulchral
that these their resemblance have
name

conical

tomb

See

thinks from inay the

gable-roofedtombs, to guard-houses,
to

Among p. 271. found an was

the

furniture sepulchral with Inst. hiero-

alabastrum
Bull.

suggested

the

peasantry
on

glyphics. Abeken,
p. 113, et seq.; Ann.

1840,

of LaGuardiola,

confeiTed

Inst. 1841, p. 31 ;

chap,

xxxi.] Abeken

DISCOVERY

OF

AN

ETRUSCAN

TOWN.

speaksof

huge tumulus

in rising
to

the midst

of

these

tombs.

Tins, however, I found

of the range

be

nothingbut
here sink to

the termination the coast

;

of hills which
a

and
I

what

he took for

vast

inclosed sepulchre

by

masonry,

town, marked
level with the

of an ancient to be the arx perceived of foundations,almost out by a quadrangle soil ; and what he regarded as an outer his
town

circuit of walls to fortifications of the way

were

tumulus, I discovered
of the with

to

be

the

itself, extendinga considerable

tilltheir vestiges hill, which the

inland,along the brow

the
crags

lost among Traces strewn.

in
more

and

than

ground is of several gates also I clearly observed ; one spot remains of polygonal masonry.8
To this within the upper
a

Mittelitalien,pp. 239, 267.

quadrangle has
about

been

descriptionby Abeken,
Ined. p. 356)
on

Micali the of

(Mon.
corpses

excavated, and
has been

sepulchral chamber
14 feet below

adds

that slabs

discovered

always lay
Tombs
as

large

nenfro.
he
siders con-

lined ground, originally

with The

masonry,
to

of this

simple character
ancient in

but

now

much

ruined.

entrance

the most in

but style,
as

this tomb
was
or

is not

distinguishable ; but
with
a

it

not must

always
have

construction,
in
went
use

they
among

probably connected
passage
at

corridor

continued
never

for ages,
out

above

hollowed it,

in the

rock,
clear

and the

probably
peasantry.

bent
as

and rightangles, discovered.

full of human It
seems a

He

describes

some

bones
to
me

when

built up and

of many

blocks,regularlycut
but without
cement

that the whole

formed

cemetery,
served

smoothed,

and
to

perhaps

the

walls inclosing

(p. 386, tav. LV.). 8 I have given notices

Bull. summit Inst.

above rising support different stories, chamber sepulchral the Romans and of in
;
a

of this site in
"

the

plan adopted
Mausolea and of in the Bull.

On the 1847, pp. 51,93. of the mound or tumulus," says "is

a

by

the

Abeken,
of and

quadrangular inclosure
150

Augustus Septizoniumof
p. 242. Abeken

Hadrian,
; and

Severus."

Abeken,

wall, about
1 80

palms
about

one

way,

Inst. 1840, pp. 113"5

Mittelitalien,

the

other, and

palms
of
a

high,of nenfro.
of the somewhat
measures

calcareous
a

blocks,uncemented, parapet

elsewhere

(Ann. Inst. 1841,

topt with

battlemented this

p. 34) suggests that the inner and

higher
marked of the in

Within

quadranglerises though
it has

quadrangleof
the
area

masonry
a

may

have that

at the very summit second, still higher,

of

temple, like

mound of

; and

lost

Capitol. If
the passage,
not

so, the presence

even

of bones

its

in parts 8 walls bear

originalheight, still 9 palms high. or

of red
stucco.

supposing(which does
to be

appear
was a

to

me

necessary) that
the between

The The

traces

this

is explainedby sepulchre, connection

ground

between

the two breccia.

inclosures The space

well-known and tombs.

temples

is paved with marine

10

SANTA

MABINELLA.

xxxi. [chap.

Here,
Duchess
name

then, stood
of Sermoneta
We have
coast not
no

the made

town

in

whose

cemetery

the

excavations.

What authors Centum this

was

its any

?
on

mention between been

by

ancient and

of

town

this

Alsium

Cella?,
was

whose very
Roman

site has ancient

determined.
be
as as

That from

of

date, may
as

inferred

the

silence of of the

writers,

well

from

the

character

remains, which

mark

it

Etruscan. the Torre

name

Now,
di

on

the

coast

immediately below
Castrum Xovum

it stands of

Chiaruccia, the

a antiquity;

which

manifestly
be

the implies

existence

of

more

Castrum ancient fortress, a

Yetus, doubt,

in the is the

neighbourhood; which, place

This

there

can

little

whose may

remains have
or

occupy

the

Puntone

del Castrato.9

fallen into
it may when chosen

decay
been

before the

domination

of the Romans,
at

have
a on

destroyed
to

by

them

the

conquest, and
site
was

colony was
the
coast

be

fresh established, a

below,

probably for convenience entire population of the

new,

sake old

; or
was

it may

be, that the

to the

town

transferred the

for the

same

reasons

that led to

formation

of

the

cities duplicate

of Falerii and

Yolsinii.10

This the

of conjecture
name

mine

is confirmed

when
10

those Cramer

maps

were

executed. p. 203)

by

actual

of the

site,as
184
mere

Dr.
"

(Ancient Italy,I.
Veins Novum Latin

Braun

Inst. suggests (Bull.

7,p. 94)

supposes

that the Castrum

was

implied by
(ad

Castrato

being,probably,
name.

corrupindebted

in the Castrum

the Castruiu

tion of the ancient

to

am

Inui

of the

coast, mentioned
Servius
on

the
a

Cav.
mosaic
at

Canina

for the information

a

Virgil(.^u. VI. 770), which

loe.)and hand,
Novum. Paterculus
commencement
seem

that since

discovered

few

years

Rutilius
to A

(I.232),

the other Castrum

Sta of

Marinella, bore
a

the repre-

confound

with

sentation he

town

on

height,which
this
on

Castrum

is mentioned
as

by
at

suggests may

have

been
In

the

(I. 14)

colonised Punic

the War
con-

Puntone maps
some

del Castrato. in the

are name

the old fresco the

of the First

of galleries indicated is site

was on

Vatican,

(cf.Liv.
text

ruins
no

this

height,
This
as

XI.) ; but from epit. be gathered that the it may

is here referred
to.

the

Castrum

though
shows ancient

attached.

iu Picenum

Cramer,

that
at

the

recognised
1 6th

p. 285.

the close of the

century,

CHAPTER

XXXII.

SANTA

SEVERA."

YRGI.

Pyrgi
Grandia

veteres.

Virgil.
"

consumpsit

mcenia

tempus

edax.
"

Rutilius.

Six Santa from

one

miles

beyond

Santa
on

Marinella the
a

is

the about

fortress
a

of

Severa,
the

standing

shore,

furlong keep
at

high-road.
and
a

It is

square tower, To
from be
seen

castle, with
with the
other

angle,

lofty round
in

machicolated casual

tlements, batit

rising
has
but

the

centre.

observer,

nothing
if examined

to

distinguish

it will

mediaeval
its walls

forts;
on

closely, it
Vecchia

that
on

the far

side earlier

of

Civita

are

based

foundations

of

date, formed
fitted walls
towns
a

of massive, without

irregular, polygonal
cement,1
"

blocks,
similar other
in
"

neatly
to

together
of

precisely
Alatri,
and

the

Cora,
in

Segni, Palestrina,
Latin and

ancient

the

Sabine what is

Mountains called its

short,
masonry. often from with
sea
"

genuine
This level

specimen
wall
with

of
be

Pelasgic

may the
at
a

traced
a

by

foundations,
distance

almost the the

sea,

soil, for

considerable

till it turns

right angles, running

while,

parallel
the

shore,

and,
a

after

again

turns

towards times

enclosing
Under the The the walls

quadrangular
of the

space

several

larger
block 1 is ft.

fortress,
in
not

tion,
9 9

as

at

Orbetcllo.
3

One in.

however,
mortar.

blocks traveller which

are

imbedded
must

ft. 6 in.

in.

long,

ft. 9

liigh, and

be addi-

thick,

misled

by this,

is

modern

12

SANTA

SEVERA.

[chap,xxxii.

than

and the present fort,

extensive sufficiently
"

for

small

town.2

This is the site of the

the ancient

3 Pyrgi."

the Puntone del on slightremains Castrato, are the only specimensof polygonalmasonry in this part of Etruria, though such is found on three

These, and

other

sites further

north. and

The
east
an

strict

to similarity

the
to

walling of

cities south

of the

Tiber, seems

imply

common

Moreover, the
raised above Etruscan well
as

and origin, of this position the level

origin not
in the

Etruscan.

sites,which
art, and
the

plain, scarcely of the sea, is so unlike any purely are always strong by nature as
town

materials

of its walls

"

limestone,
"

travertine, crag, sandstone, all aqueous

them
ancient from sites in the southern

formations

so

tinguish dis-

the volcanic fortificationsof the other districtof Etruria,that that it was built
we
a

are

led

to the irresistibly
race,
or

conclusion

by
we

ferent dif-

in

different age.

Now, though
writers

have

no
was

express
of

assertion in ancient

know that we origin, Pelasgic and that built by that people, was founded Agylla or Caere4 which was
2

Pyrgi itself its templeof Ilithyia

it
or was

that

the

port of
the

occupied by
since it

Canina

(Ann.

Instit. 1840.
as

pp. 39,

0f little consequence, the

tween
4

occupies
it be-

40) givesthe dimensions

Greek 600 feet. ft. Abeken

850

by

C50

relative Alsiuni

position assignedto
and Castrum Novum.

calls it 750

by

(Mittelitalien, p. 138),

which

nearly agrees with my measurement. 3 Strabo (V. p. 226) says Pyrgi

littleless than and 260 from 180 stadia from Ostia. it The
as

Strabo, V. p. 226 ; Diod. Sic. XV. ed. Rhod. 337, Pyrgi can hardly p.
nave

is

been

founded

as originally

the port

Graviscae,
miles from

0f Crere, for it was distant from which that

50

stadia

(6} miles)
p. 226), the
sea

of Itinerary
34

city(Strabo, V.
4

Antoninus

describes is the

lay only

miles
can

from beno been

Rome,
8

which from

true

distance,and
Novum. it 34 The miles

miles

Castrum

III. 8) ; and (Plin. sjte should a why for is in

a

there
not

reason

have the

chosen there it

Maritime from
16

Itinerary makes
and
8

port much

nearer

as city,

Portus, at the mouth

from

of the Tiber, from Castrum calls

nothing in this spot to recommend preferenceto

any other the harbour

Alsium,
The

part of the
it

Novum.

Peutingerian Table
Alsium, which
from Castrum

neighbouringcoast, and
once

it 10 miles

from
14

is.corNovum.
are

possessedmust
the

have

been
more on

entirely
probable
this site

rect, but
These

artificial. I think itmuch that earliest structure

iu discrepancies

the distances

14

SANTA

SEVERA.

XXXII. [chap.

place of

importance as a port, naval station, renowned and the commercial as emporium,1 and it was who of those hordes of pirates, long made head-quarters
considerable
as Tyrrhenians

the
and

dreaded the

Greece,2
times. of the

as

throughoutthe corsairs of Barbary

seas

of

Italy
in

have

been

modern
Much

importanceof Pyrgi must have arisen from its temple of Ilithyia Lucina, the goddess of childbirth,3 or with gold and silver,and endowed a shrine so richly of Etruscan the opima spolia piracy,as to gifts, costly
"

of Syracuse, of Dionysius who, tempt the cupidity

in the

year
1

of Rome

370

(b.c. 384), fitted

out

fleet of

sixty
(Gott-

Pyrgi was

also

afishing-town (Athen.
seems
a port, sea-

(Lucret.V. 655)
heiten
an

; and

Gerhard

VI. cap. 1, p. 224, ed. Casaub.). It

to

der Etrusker, pp. 9, 25) suggests

have

suffered the usual evils of

"
"

analogy between
the Etruscan "Thescm."

Ilithyia-Leucothea,
was

that mutatio

quaedam corruptela
"
"

ac

deit

and

Aurora, who
Etrusk. natural

ed calltaf.

morum

as

Cicero

terms

Spiegel,I.
and the

(de Rep.
Ma. X.

II.

4)

; for Lucilius

(ap. Serv.
"

LXXVI. the

The

relation between

184)

mentions

the

"scoi'ta

goddess of the dawn

goddess
evident.

Pyrgentia."
2

of births is
"
"

understood easily

; that with
so

Serv.

loc. cit. fuit

eo

Hoc

castellum quo

no-

goddess of the sea, is not

Leucothea
was

bihssimum

tempore,
;
nam

Thusci

As

deemed

powerful in
was

piraticam
Miiller

exercuerunt

illic metropolis

from pi-eserving

shipwreck,and

the

fuit."

The

small

size of

Pyrgi,as
no

of sailors, it is an patron-deity hi her favour shrine sacred in this instance.

to

argument
Were
seem

remarks

(Etrusk.I. 4, 8) is
renowned

this
to

proof againstits importance times, seeing that the once

ports
of
Greece

in ancient

her, it would

astonish

the

modern

traveller
3

by

their confined

dimensions.

Rite maturos Lenis

aperirepartus
matres

tuere Ilithyia,

prior to the imply that the port was On the other it may be hand, temple. said,that Ilithyia being but one form of the Juno, great goddessof Argos (Hesych. the Pelasgic El\r)6vias), colonymay well
have raised did the
as temple to her honour sius Argive colony,called by Dionya
"

Sive tu Lucina

probas vocari
Seu Genitalis Carm.
! "c.

Hor. Aristotle

Scec. 1 3. and Po-

(I. pp.
at Falerii.

1 6, 1 7)

which Pelasgic,

settled the

(G^conomic.II. 20)
Niebuhr and

She

is sometimes

called

lyrenus also (V. goddess

478,
Leucothea.

this cap. II. 21) call

daughter
XL

of Juno

(Paus.

I. 18 ; Iliad.

(II.

pp.

271).

Homer, however, elsewhere,

493,

Engl, trans.)
identified

Miiller

(Etrusk. III. 3, 4) call her

tuta, who
with
was

Mater

Ma-

in the For
name,

XIX. 119) speaks of this goddess (Iliad. So also Hesychius. number. plural
a new

by

the Romans But Aurora

view Ann.

of the derivation Inst.

of the p.
95

the Leucothea

of the Greeks. Eos

or

vid.

1842,

Matuta

also is allied with

(Henzen.).

chap,

xxxn.]

ANCIENT

TEMPLE

OF

ILITHYIA.

15

triremes, and

for the sake of Pyrgi,ostensibly his exhausted but really its piracies, to replenish repressing which was the place, very scantily treasury. He surprised the templeof not less than a thousand spoiled garrisoned, dred of five hunand carried off booty to the amount talents, to its of Caere, who came the men defeating more, and laying their territory.4 waste rescue, of Pyrgi in the days of Etruscan This is all we know be independence. Her historymust in great measure

attacked

identical with

that

of Csere, on We
find her

which

she

was as a

so

mately inti-

dependent.

mentioned

Roman

colony in
under

191).5 It is evident that (b.c. year 563 of her former domination she lost much the Roman
the
find

We importance.6
or

nothing more
dwindled

than

mere

statements

hints

of her

till in the existence,7

fifth

century after
condition of
we

Christ she is said to have

a
no

from

the

small town
more

to that of
as

of her
as

largevilla.8 Pyrgi,but find her

a

After that mentioned

hear
in
a.d.

1068,
Of

the Castle of Sta Severa.9

the celebrated determine

temple
even

there

are

no

nothingto
may
must

the

site it

existing ; occupied. Canina

traces

suggests that, from

have have been resembled
on

the

periodin

which

it

was

it built,
so, it

in the most the

ancient Doric

style.1If

like them
4

ing great templesof Psestum, standits massive capitals the shore,and rearing
that she had implies with her piracies.
'

Diodorus X. 184.

Sic. XV.

p. 337 ; Serv. ad Aristot. CEcon.

;

lost her

impoi*tance
II. 71 ;

^En.

See also

II. 20 ; Strab. V.

V.p.226

Polyam.

Strat. Hist.

Liv. XXV.

3 ; Cic. de Orat.

cap. II. 21 ; cf. ^Elian. Var.

1.20.
5

P. Mela, II. 4 ; Plin. III. 8 ; Ptol. p. 68, XII. epig.2; Strab. ed. Bert. ; Mart. loc. cit. ; Serv. loc. cit.
s

Liv.

XXXVI.

3.

When

with

Fre-

gense, Castrum colonies

to add

Novum,

and the maritime

was

Rutilius

224 ), (I. speakingof

"

Alsium

of Latium, she

compelled
out fitting

and

her

quota

to the fleet

Pyrgi,says "Nuncvillsegrandes,oppidaparvaprius."
9

Antiochus, king of Syria. against 6 Servius (loc. cit.) speaksof Pyrgi as

"

Nibby,
Annal.

Dintorni

di

Roma,

III.

p. 94.
'

nobilissimum

"

in

early times,

and

Inst. 1840, p. 42.

16

SANTA

SEVERA.

[chap, xxxii. and

to

and

entablature

high

above
once

the towers
a

battlements

of

the
a

enclosing walls, at
to

beacon

the mariner, and

stimulus The

his devotion. show the walls of

foundations

Pyrgi to

have be

been
pected ex-

in

parts of great thickness, implying what

from its

might

exposed

situation

in the

plain,that
loftiness.2

its

fortifications were The which

to

of unusual

strengthand
have been

must said, port,as already

seems

whollyartificial,
the
term

indeed

to

be

expressedin
Nothing

applied
it

it

by

ancient

writers.3

remains

to determine

the

shape

of the
two

harbour, but Cav. moles, each

front of the

Canina

thinks
a

was

formed with
a

by

curved
in

terminatingin

tower,

third

mole

opening between
Sta Severa, not of the

them,

like the island at Civita Vecchia.

There
are on no

tombs

visible around

even

tumulus rise

but at the foot plain, been inland, sepulchreshave the

heightswhich
On
one

discovered.

spot, called Pian

and
2

Sultano, the Duchess

were

of Sermoneta

has

excavated, and the tombs

similar to those
The of
towers
are no

of very Selva

simple character,

of Palo
the

and

la Rocca.4

name
"

Pyrgi
"

denotes

ex-

ancient
8 to
3

walls

seem

to

have

varied

from

istence of

in the ancient
traces

walls,
now

12, and
Cav.

16

feet in thickness,

yet

there

of

any
not

Canina

pointsout
use

that

Strabo

visible.

It is evident

they did
Canina,
so

project
and
re-

and

Dionysius both
of \i^v, in
term

the term

eiriveiov,
"

beyond
stored

the line of walls,as Cav.

at

Cosa
in

instead the

describing Pyrgi
an or

Falleri, though
Plan
for

his

former

implying
with
a

artificial breakharbour This view he says

of

Pyrgi,has
face

represented
for

port, constructed
waters
"

moles natural

them,

the outer

of the foundaa

the

latter

tions is in parts siderable

towers
on

definable clearly
are

con-

only. Ann.
is favoured that Mi/eiov
4

Inst. 1840, p. 43.

distance; nor

there traces
rose

of

by Hesychius
is smaller Mon. Ined. Abeken

when

within.

Perhaps they

only huge

than

\ifx.7)v.

the side towards

the sea, where

Micali,
tombs

pp.

375,

385.

masses

of ruin, the wTecks

of the fortress

The

which

(Mittelitalien,
as

and the
are

port,
waves

now

he

on

the shore,

fretting
There

pp. 239, 242, 267) describes

to

belonging
on

into

foam. everlasting work

on

Pyrgi,
are

or

to

villagedependent
the Puntone

traces

of Roman and

this

side,
The

her,

those

at

del Cas-

of opus

incertum

reticulatum.

trato, treated

of in the last

chapter.

roMR

of

t;if:

tarquins,

cervktri.

CHAPTER

XXXIII.

CERVETRl."

AG

YLLA

or

CJZRK

"

saxo

fundata
; ubi

vetusto

Urbis

Agylliuaosedes

Lydia quondam
"

Gens, bcllo prseclara, jugiainsedit Etruscis.

Buried For What Where he

Virgil.

lay,where
of years

thousands
were

before
on

thousands of them

inhumed

the shore.

is left to tell how

they lie,and

they

fell ?
"

Bvron.

Soon

after

Santa Severa, on leaving

the way
a

to the

Holy

the City,
one

traveller will espy before him

small

with village

in prominent building sparkling

the sun, at the foot of When he has

himself

the hills which

rise inland,dark

with wood.

for seven journeyed onward between this village and a called Torre
VOL.

miles, he

will find
on

tower solitary
cross a

the

coast,

Flavia.

Here

he will

rivulet known
c

by

II.

18

CERVETRI.

[chap.xxxm.

the

homely name
as

of La Vaccina, or the Cow-stream. may

nificant Insig-

this turbid brook the

moment

on

honour of the

of

bridgeand being sung by Virgil. It

whose

appear, let him pause a bethink him that it has had the
is the Cceritis amnis and

JEneid,1on

banks

Tarcho

his Etruscans

their camps, and iEneas received from his divine pitched and his god-wroughtarms the prophetic shield mother of Rome, of the future glories eloquent
clypeinon
Illic res Fecerat enarrabile textum.

Italas, Romanorumque Ignipotens. up

triumphos,

The

eye wanders

the

shrub-fringed stream,

over

bare

lata of ancient song, to the hills downs, the arva undulating into peaksand girt with a broad belt of olive and swelling ilex. There frowned the dark grove
of

of dread Silvanus,
"

red cliffs the "ancient and there, on antiquity, yon heights of Virgil sat the once opulentand powerfulcity in of Agylla, the Caere of the Etruscans, now represented, of Cervetri. and site alone, by the miserable village name All this is hallowed ground religione patrum late sacer creeds, nor hallowed, not by the traditions of evanescent of the site, so much as by the even by the hoary antiquity homage the heart ever pays to the undying creations of the
"
" " "

fathers of song. the wide

The
are

hillocks which
so

rise here and

there

on

of princesand sepulchres of heroes of old,coeval,it may be, with those on the plains tional Troy ; and if not, like them, the standingrecords of tradimemorials of a prior events, at least the mysterious

downs,

many

age, which
verse.

led the

poet to select this spot as

which colliswhence iEneas

fitscene

for his

The

largemound
No warlike

rises close to the

bridge

may

be the eels us

gazed on
now

the Etruscan disturb the

amnis."

camp.2
1

sightsor

sounds

JEn. VIII.

.5.07.

Pliny (N. H.
2

III. 8) calls

"Cseretanus it,

JEn. VIII., G04.

chap,

xxxiii.]

THE

MODERN

VILLAGE.

19

rural

quietof
ear

the

scene.

Sword

and

spear

are

exchanged

for crook and catch the

or

the

to the only sound likely ploughshare ; and the bayingof sheepis the lowingof cattle, dogs, at the head as he marches cry of the pecorajo to follow him to their fold
or

of his fresh

and calls them flock,

to

"the pastures.3Silvanus,
in the land.4
a

god

of fields and

cattle,"

has still dominion

If the traveller be in

he vehicle,

must

leave the
a

high

road track
must

little before
crosses

the Vaccina,where reaching

to Cervetri.

countrytrack he

the downs

This

same

pursue should he approach Cervetri from the side of Palo. there is another, For the pedestrian horseman or but

justbefore reachinga longerpath,

name

second

streamlet,

by the ominous he will carriage-track

known

By the Sanguinara.5 ford the Vaccina at the chapel of and presently finds himself between Sta Maria de' Canneti, of the ancient city. the walls of Cervetri and the heights is a miserable of Agylla, Cervetri, the representative void of and is utterly with 100 or 200 inhabitants, village, of the fourteenth interest. It is surrounded by fortifications and stands just without the line of and fifteenth centuries,
of La the ancient

walls,so

that it is annexed

to, rather than

the

the occupies,
:i

site of the

and original city.The village,

or 1241) speaksof the valleys

This scene,

of

shepherd,attracted
meets

their sheep following often his voice, by the traveller in the

to

glens of

Agylla, abounding in flocks.

"

the
; and

eye J

of

,.

A7UAA7JS

,_,

a, ai

vavai. iroA\vpp7]voi

.,#,,

East it in Oxen
even

beautiful allusion is made Writ

Holy
and

(John X., 3, et seq.).

Livy (XXII. 1,)relates that,in

"

the

mingledwith blood." Cf.Val. Max. I. 6,5. here mentioned, are The Aquse Cseretes, herdsman, the as his trumpet. Polybius (XII. pp. 6.54, supposedto be the same generally who records this fact, "ep^a KaipeTava of Strabo (V. p. 220), 655, ed. Casaub.), called the Bagni del Sasso, four now of remarks that while the swineherds
follow their
at the sound

goats also, in Corsica, and of old, used to swine, in Italy,

year 537,

the

waters

of Caere

flowed

of

behind, those of Italy their herds. preceded, invariably 4 This regionwas famed for its cattle in the olden time. Lycophron (Cass.
walked

Greece

miles above

west

of Cervetri.

tradition be

May not the in the name preserved

of this stream?

20

CERVETR1.

xxxiii. [chap,

land for

sonic

miles

round

it, are
a

the

property of Prince
the

whose Ruspoli,
scene.

palaceforms
be

conspicuousobjectin
excavations

This noble seldom

to

makes
on

but himself,

who are of a by his friends, It is to the turn of mind. or more philarchaic speculative of the Cavaliere Campana, of General Galassi, enterprise of Cervetri, Don Alessandro and of the reverend arch-priest the numerous and remarkable objects that we owe Regulini, here of Etruscan that have been broughtto light antiquity allows them of late years. The cicerone would
see

carried

of whose

the tombs

tobacconist,Flavio

keys the visitor who avail himself, must is a good-tempered in his shop in to be found Passegieri,
services and travellers will find it sufficient to from excursion day's there is
a

the little piazza. Most lionize the site in miles would

a

Palo,four
inn ; but

or

five
as

where distant, devote

more

decent

such

than

hurried

day to

the

of antiquities

C?ere, and
to

to avoid

the transit to and from

Palo,are willing
a

put

up

with

accommodation, village
in the house

will find

clean bed

and
one

refreshment of the
most

of

Pacifico Rosati, vetturino, hosts it has been also dress

must
a

lot to need

encounter

attentive obliging, in Italy. He will

my

meal, if expect,

be, for the

excursionist,who
which

not
was

however, the
of old.6

delicacies for

Caere

renowned

boasts days of the Etruscans, this city It was called Agylla, and a far prior originally antiquity. the primitivetowns is classed by Dionysiusamong of which were either built by the united Pelasgi Central Italy, from the Siculi, taken by them the and Aborigines, or Remote
as are

the

earliest possessors
6

of the land, ages before the foundation

of Caere
to

Martial

relished

the pemce

(de

Re

Rust.

III.

3)

testifies to

the

(XIII. 54), and

those of Setia

compared (XIII. 124).

her wines

abundance

of her grapes,

Columella

oo

(KKVETRI.

[chap,

xxxin.

It would
name

appear

that at its conquest

by the

Etruscans

its

was we

changedinto Caere,but
know not, unless tells us
about
we

the

reason

of this alteration

choose to attach that when the

credit

to

the

old

which legend,

colonists
and
not

were

to

attack the

can Lydian or Etrusthey hailed it city,

with language, replied bail ! salutation which as a a xaVe they receiving to it as its good omen, on the capture of the cityapplied name.1 But of the etymologies of the this,like most savours ancients, of,what Pliny terms, the perversa strongly subtilitasof the grammarians. In the time of iEneas, the city is represented by Virgil under the sway of Mezentius, a cruel and as impious expelledby his subjectsand fled to tyrant, who was Turnus, king of the Rutuli ; while the liberated Agyllans the ranks of the Trojan prince.2 joined In very early times, Caere is said to have cultivated the here arts ; for Plinyasserts, that in his day paintings were
or
"

its name ; whereon, a inquired understandingtheir motives

"
" "

soldier from the

ramparts,

extant, which Rome

;

had he

been

executed
as

before the foundation the

of

and

cites them

examples of
it

rapidprogress
to
as

this art had made, been

in practised

seeingthat

the

days of

appearednot Troy.3 Caere,even

of the Etruscan. p. 25), who of
"

have

early
Antica

Strabo, loc. cit. Steph. Byzaut. v.

Servius the
same

Canina
or

(Cere

Agylla.
relates

(ad

/En.

VIII.
on

597)
the

is of the old

literal school that

story, but

historic

thinks interpretation, of name, and the the

Itaauthority of Hyginus (de Urbibus blunder Romans. to the refers this licis)
Miiller

the

of the
vaders
ten

change Agyllans with

can

mingling
infirst while

Etruscan in the

(Etrusk.einl. 2, 7, n.
name
was

40) thinks
"

be

established

the and JEn.

Etruscan original cites Verrius X. 183.

Cisra,"

years

after the fall of

on

Troy

"

Flaccus

(ap. Interp.

Veron.) in confirmation.

(I.p. 127, cf. p. 385), will not allow it to have been

made 220
'; even as

Niebuhr,

the other

hand

Lepsius(dieTyrrhen. Pelasg. p. 28) rewhich gards Caere as the original name,

came a

late

as

the year

of Rome

(B. C

534).
VII.
C48 ;

second

time into
not

use

; andtbinks
con-

Virg.JEn.

VIII.

481, ct

it was

Umbrian,
his

Etruscan, iu

scq.
3

with formity
race

theory of the Umbrian

the foundation

Plin. N. H. XXXV.

G.

and

languagebeing

.hap.

xx.mii]

HISTORY

OF

CtERE.

23

the time of the firstTarquin, is represented as among cities of Etruria ; 4 and most and populous flourishing
as was one undoubtedly

the she

of the Twelve

of the Confederation.5
was,

But

Caere what, above all, distinguished

that she

alone,
no

of all the cities of

from Etruria,abstained from piracy,

of power but solely from natural advantages, or inferiority her sense of justice; honoured wherefore the Greeks greatly her for her moral courage in resisting this temptation.6 The firstmention in Roman of this city that it is, history maintained a war Priscus.7 It also joined with Tarquinius Veii and Tarquinii in the twenty years' with his sucwar cessor, Servius Tullius, and
in consequence
at the re-establishment

of peace,
it
was

of the

prominent part it had taken,

with

monarch punished by the Roman of its territory.8 a portion

the forfeiture of

At

the

same

the (534 B.C.),

Carthage on
who

an

220 about the year of Rome or period, Cserites joined their fleet with that of of Phocteans, a colony against expedition
on

had

seized

Alalia

in

Corsica, and

after

severe

taken combat, all the prisoners

to

by

the allieswere
In

brought
of

Crcre and

there

stoned

to

death.
was city

consequence

with a punished plague; men, herds, and flocks whatever animal passed the spot where the bodies of the Phocseans lay, became near afflictedwith distortion, mutilation,or paralysis ; whereon the Caerites sent to Delphi to consult the oracle how they ordered to perforin might atone for their crime, and were and to institute games of gymnastic solemn expiatory rites,
massacre,
"

this cold-blooded

the

Dion. This

Hal. III. p. 1 93. may of be learned from the

represents Caere
Etruria.
6

as

powerful city of

passages

and Diouysius
as

Strabo the

cited, as
part the
Veii
course

well

from

already prominent

Strabo, V. p. 220.
Dion. Hal. III. p. l!)3. then have

Nibby (I changed
cf. Li v.

citytook,in
and Tarquinii,

with conjunction the

p. 347) thinks it may its name

8

and

independent
with also

from Hal.

Agylla to Caere.
IV. p. 231
;

she
to

followed subsequently Rome.

Dion.

regard

Livy (I. 2)

I. 42.

24

CERVETRI.

[chap,xxxiii. honour

exercises and

in horse-racing

of the slain

which

they continued to observe in the time of Herodotus.1 of Tarquinius On the expulsion Superbus from Home, he and his two sons took refugein Caere,2probably account on of his familyconnections there ; but it is not recorded that this citytook part in Porsenna's expeditionto reinstate and other the exiled prince. Unlike Veii,Fidenae, Falerii, cities in this part of Etruria,Caere,though but twentyseven

miles from

Rome,
that

seems

to

have

been

for ages

on

terms friendly

with

city.3 When,

in the year

365,

Rome

was

attacked

by

the

refugeto the in safety and eventually restored them to their Virgins, home.4 Nay, we are told that the Caerites attacked the Gauls, laden with the spoilof Rome, routed retreating all the booty they were them, and recovered bearing away.5 For these services the senate decreed that the receive Capites should the hospitium publicum,or be
gave

and

Gauls, Caere opened her gates and Flamen Vestal Quirinalis,

admitted

into the most in

intimate

relations with the Roman the

full

people6
"

fact, they received

the

Roman

citizens, save
I. 166, 167.

The suffrage.7

of privileges originof our

Herod.

more

or

less

pure

to

late

period.
Val. Flor. the

Liv. I. 60.

Dionysius (IV.
asserts

pp. 276,
was was

Cf.
4

Millingen,Ann.
Liv. V. 40. I. i. 10. See

Tnst. 1834, p. 43.

279) however,
Gabii

that
son

it

to

Straho, V. p. 220.
Cf. Plut. Camil. ;
an

he fled, where

his it
was

Sextus Sextus

Max. I. 13.

king.
who
3

Livy

says

alone

also

in inscription
p.

went

to Gabii.

Vatican, given by Gruter,

intimate
to
con-

492, 7, and

This

and fraternity
were

Muratori,p. 172, 4.
.

nection

probably owing
of

the
sequent con-

VIDERENT VESTALES

CAPITOLIVM CAERE SOLLEMNES CVRAI SACRA SIBI ET DEDVXIT NE HABVIT VIRGINES

Pelasgicorigin of Caere, and

want
a

the

complete sympathy
Niebuhr
to

QVI
RENTVR

RITVS

with

the
was

Etruscans.
even was a

386)

inclined
mere

the

(I. p. opinion
Crere
"

VENERATA EXIT

that Rome
an

colonyof
had at

opinion which
afterwards
p.

he

first held,

Strabo,loc.
Liv. V. 50. This what

cit.

but

modified.

Lcpsius (Ann. preserved

Strabo,loc.
became been originally

cit.

Inst., 1836,

203) thinks that the PcCare

was

"

condition had

proverbial,
conferred

of lassie population

and

chap,

xxxiii.] ceremony

HISTORY

OF

CMRE.

25

word

"

ccerimouia

"

has

been

ascribed

to

tins

event.8

by the Gauls, the Caere was engaged with another enemy, Dionysius, tyrant of Syracuse,who, in 362, attacked Pyrgi, and its celebrated temple of Ilithyia. As this was the spoiled rushed to port of Caere,the inhabitants of the latter city the rescue, but, being probably unprepared for war, not expecting an attack, they were easilyrouted by the
A year
or

two

before the

capture of Rome

Sicilians.9 allied Caere, though closely her

to

Rome, continued

tain to main-

probablethat this was "the alone threatened, otherwise sympathy of blood" would hardly have induced her, in the year 401 (B.C to assist Tarquinii to take up arms againstRome, 353), associated with the when she had been for ages intimately when Republic. She must have received some provocation into the Roman and laid it she sent an territory, army of the Tiber. Ere long, waste however, up to the mouth conscious of her unequalstrength, she repentedof this step, and besought pardon and peace, reminding the Romans of independence ;
the services she had rendered referred her their ambassadors
to

but

it is

in their distress. The

senate

the

people,who,
of

moved

by

and touchingappeal
honour
was

the remembrance

past services,

as

an

made

of significant
cera

franchise
8

as

condition, disgraceful loc. cit.

disgrace ;
Cceritis Roman of the VI.
62.
came

for tabuloe Ccerites and

to

Val. Max. The

imply

the

condition

of

monia.

Festus,v. Cseriof the ancients, etymologies rarelyto

has
be

who citizens,

had

been

deprived
I. ep.

however, are
Niebuhr very
to
was me

trusted

; but

right of
Aul. Niebuhr

suffrage.

Hor.

(I.p. 386) thinks this derivation

been

Gell. XVI.

13, 7. Strabo,
Festus

plausible.It
that the first
not

suggested
the word

loc. cit.

(II.pp. 60, 67) is of

of syllable

from the classification of opinion, was (v. Municipium), that Care

really rank of citizendegradedfrom the highest ship,in consecpience of her conduct in

the year the
401 ; and

Curi,i.c.
is
two

Cieri,but Coeri (for originally monia Cura) which, at least,

" "

expressiveof the
are

meaning;
sometimes

and

the

thus he accounts
to the

for

diphthongs changeable,
"

inter-

proverbialreference

Cseritan

Sec

the last

chapter, page

15.

26

CERVETRI.

XXX11I. [CHAP.

then urged, listened to their by the excuse for a hundred It years.10 prayer and grantedthem a truce that the Cserites paid the penalty of is highly probable for we have their error by the loss of their independence, record of any further conquest of them by the Romans no ; hear of Caere as a Roman next indeed, we dependency, for the fleet of Scipio, and other provisions corn providing in the Second in the year 549,1 and otherwise assisting rather

than

Punic At

War.2 the commencement

of the

and Empire this "splendid had sunk into utter insignificance, illustriouscity" retaining of past greatness, being even mere vestiges surpassedin by the Thermae Crcretanaj the hot baths in the population which the Romans for health's frequented neighbourhood, It again revived, however, as appears from monusake.3 ments found on the spot,and became and inscriptions a municipium.* Nor was it at any period wholly blotted
"

"
1

Liv. VII.

19, 20.
45. 474. Now
a

Vada."

Gell

(v. Agylla) mistakes

station the Via

the

Liv. XXVIII.
Sil. Ital. VIII.

Careite of the
is the evidently

for Caere ; but it Itinerary

on

Clodia,

V. p. 220. Strabo, called the

the

Bagni bouring neigh-

now

called Galera.
ANTONINE

See Vol. I. p. 77.

PEUTINGERIAN TABLE.

del Sasso, so
bare

from

remarkable

crag

on

summit

of the
4

ITINERARY.

mountain.
west

It is about

miles
from

of road

Cervetri, and
between

is visible and

Roma Careias XV.

Roma Lorio Bebiana XII"

the

Sta Severa p.
at

Palo.

Mannert

(Geog.

379) places the

Ceri. with Cluver the road the

Aquas ApolTarquinios

linaris
XVI
III.

Aquae Caeretanse
p. 493) confounds

(II.

Turres

"

them

Aqua:
from

XII.

Aquas Apol-

linaris
VIII.

the upper on Apollinaris, Rome to Tarquinii,now di

Bagni
4

Tarquinis
Festus
1 ;
v.

XII.

favours his Stigliano ; and the Table view. Westphal (Rbm. Kamp. p. 160)

Municipium. Gruter,pp.
5 ; cf.

215,

485,
Bull.

235,

9.

Cluver, II.
5"8."
on

also But

regards these
Holstenius

names

as

identical.

p. 493.

Inst., 1840, pp.

made
some city,

(Annot. ad Cluv. p. 35)

Canina.

In excavations

in 1 840

the two between distinguishes the at one Stigliano, placing

Aquae,
other
at

the site of the

statues

beautiful marble

of Tiberius,Drusus, Germanicus,

Bagni

del Sasso.

Cluver refers to the

name

thinks
the

that

and with
names

.Martial

(VI. 42)

Aquae
Phcebi

Agrippina were discovered,together the that singularbas-relief with

and emblems of three Etruscan

under Apollinaris

of

"

chap,

xxxin.]

DESOLATION

OF

THE

SITE.

27

from
name,

the map,

but continued

to

and with its ancient exist,

at the beginning of the thirteenth century,part till, of its inhabitants removed to a site about three miles off,
on

and the old town name, they bestowed the same was distinguished by the title of Vetus, or Csere Vetere, of which has been corrupted into its present appellation of Ceri. the name town still retaining Cervetri, the new This has misled antiquarians, the Etruscan who have sought its to bear cityon the site which seemed more clearly found at Cervetri have name,5 but inscriptions recently established its identity with Caere beyond a doubt.6 Of the ancient city extant there are but few vestiges ; denned, not so much yet the outline of its walls is clearly racter for there are few remaining,as by the chaby fragments, of the ground which the cityoccupied. This is a in steep cliffsabove the plain heightor table-land,rising which of the coast, except
on

the northern

side where

it is united

by
now

neck marked

to

the

thus

off

rises above
"

high land adjoining. Within the space by nature, not a ruin of the ancient city ground. Temples,towers, halls, palaces,
to

theatres have

have

all gone
are

dust

the very ruins of Caere

soil ;

or perished,

overheaped with
the letters cut darker
stone.
seen

and

the

and Vulci,of cities, Tarquinii, Vetulonia, which mention has been I. p. 404. made in
a

in marble These

and

inlaid

on

former

thingsare

perhaps
in

Vol. chapter. there

"

To the references

stillto be
5

at the Convent,

given,add
the chief

Bull. Inst. 1843, p. 174.

monuments
are now

bull

of

Gregory IX.,
these ccclesias

1236,
towns,

Cavedoni.

These

between distinguishes

two

among Museum

ornaments

of the In the

new

specifying
Nova,"
finibus and

"

plebeset

in Cere
et

of the Lateran.

season

also, " in Cere

Dintorni

Vetere di Roma

of 1845-6, the vetri discovered with torsi,

Augustine monks
many
more

of Cerand

ejus."Nibby,

statues

I. p. 355.
6

beautiful altars, bas-reliefs, other architectural

Bull. Inst., 1840, pp. 5

But ago Gruter

"

8 ; ;

1846,

cornices, and
ments

fragof

p. 129. had

(pp. 214
some were

652, 8)

of

theatre, coloured
numerous

tiles and

long

given

inscriptions
found
been at

antefixw, and
Latin

fragments
one

to Csere, which referring

with inscriptions, which is

in

Etruscan,
in

Cervetri.

Canina

claims to have

the

"Cusiach,"

unique

having

first to indicate the true

site of this

city.

PLAN

OF

C^ERE
(ADAPTED

AND
FROM

ITS

NECROPOLIS,

CANINA).

30

CERVETEI.

xxxm. [chap.

If he be

an

lover of the picturesque, artist, or takingno

interest in the abundance of

of antiquities
matter to

the

place,he

will still find

his eye or delight employ his with its widethe site of the cityitself, pencil ; either on sweeping prospect of plainand sea on the one hand, and in the the other, or of the dark many-peaked hills on

ravines
rock

around, where wood, such

The
as

he

will meet

with

combinations
are

of

and

for form

cliffs of the

from spring

the

forms, with
of naturally

there slope, of huge masses

passed. surrarely here rising at one city, boldly broken away into many angular

and

colour

rock scattered at their

can

are feet,

the liveliestred that tufo

bv
or more
"

assume,

yet
into

are

brightened still further

warmest

encrusting lichens
are

the liant brilsional occa-

orange
"

or

amber,
out

with gilt

the most
an

yellow thrown sombring of

feathers and
"

prominentlyby
the dark

grey

while

ilex, or

oak,

crests
And This
Run

the whole,
the

overhead

wandering ivy and vine in many and that, a wild festoon, way the gnarledboughs riot, garlanding
bunch and

With

berry and

flower."

The

chief interest of

Caere, however,

lies in its tombs.

Though
of the local masonry, constructive believe
one

has

the Pelasgic rectangular cleavage, of the could

not

city limestone,at usingit except by fetching

founders

avoid
a

composed of enormous I acknowledge the

materials do not
on

masses.

influence

the

style of
to
a

great expense
tains

of labour,from
;

the

moun-

think it amounts

inland

and, using the tufo, they

necessity; and

hew it into forms most naturally and arranged, worked as they did easily would in the

Pelasgimay
masonry and that that
a

have

though I employed

the

of style

at

Cosa, another
at

at

Cortona,
admit

tomb, and Regulini-Galassi

other

third

Agylla, I
no

cannot

of Csere,whose earlysepulchres authorise The the the

us

contents

they
any

exercised other

or preference,

to

regard them

as

Pelasgic.

people
have

with

the

same

to to assignsuch an origin objection of the citywalls,lies not in remains of the blocks,but in rectangularity

materials

would

arrived

at the very

which peculiar style have which

name.

they seem always to and practicable, followed,where

is For

their ancient ranted

small

size ; seeing that

we

all

the
war-

generally called
further remarks

after
on

their

fortifications
in

are

best

this sub-

are ascribing to the Pelasgi,

ject,see

chap. XLVII.

chap,

xxxm.]
are

THE

BANDITACCIA.

31

These
the

found

on

all sides of the the north,

now

but particularly on city,

highground to
a

called La

Banditaccia.
a name

Let not the traveller conceive vain fears from

ominous
was

of

so

sound, and which, his Guide-book

the number of bandits who

will tell him,

once

derived from

infested

the

spot.8The
of the

name

is simplyindicative of the
once

ship proprietorcommie,
or

land, which

belongingto
terra

the
"

of Cervetri, was corporation

bandita

"set

apart;"
nation termi-

and,

as

it was

uncultivated its

and

broken

the ground, added

"

of descriptive It retains the Prince

name,

was ugliness

banditaccia.
the hands of

though it has passedinto

Ruspoli. To reach it from Cervetri,you cross the narrow glen to the north. Here in the cliffsoppositeis hollowed all greatly a long range of sepulchres, injured
within and This
warren,

without.9
is
a

Banditaccia studded
had

singularplace
"

with mole-hills.
at

It confirmed and other

Brobdignag the impression

received of the
of their

Bieda
were

sites,that the

cemeteries

Etruscans
cities.

often intentional representations

were

Here

ranges

of tombs

hollowed
not

in low

cliffs, rarelymore
as as

than

fifteen feet
on

high,
same

alleys.In one surrounded or piazza, by tombs instead of houses. None of these sepulchres, it is true, had architectural facades remaining,but the cliffs were hewn into smooth, upright faces, and here and there
or
8

piledone on another level, facing each other off laterally into branching part was a spacious square

at

Bieda, but

the

in

streets, and

sometimes

smaller lanes

Mrs.

Gray,

from

whose

account

swarming
suggest such
9

with
an

that of the be excused

Hand-book

is derived, may fallen had into this

might caverns, appellation,

has
a

well

having
the
same

One

of them

small

pilaster

error, when

been

stated

against its inner

abacus

and wall, with capital

by
in

the

authorities highestarchaeological Cere

quite Doric, and

base.

shaft,also,of

Rome.

Antica, p.
In

.51.

Bull.
so

early Doric
on a

proportions, though resting

Inst., 1838, p. 171.

a truth, spot

square

32

CERVKTKI.

[CHAr.XXXUI. cornice.

were

tombs

fragments of an the analogy was

ornamental served. pre-

Within

the

Many
central of smaller size

had

large
others

chamber, with
windows

openingupon
served the
as

it,

lighted by

in the wall the

of rock, which

partition. (See

annexed

ber This central chamwoodcut.1) the atrium of represented Etruscan

was

houses,2 whence

it
;

borrowed the

by the

Romans

and the

chambers

around had three

the

it
a

for each triclinia, of rock round

which

bench
its

of

sides, on

dead

had
at
a

in effigy, as lain,reclining
PLAN OF A TOMB

AT

CERVETR1.

banquet.

The

of ceilings

all the chambers

had

the

usual

beams

and

rafters hewn

in

The

above

and

Shield

plan is that of the Seat Tomb, presently to be followingis

the

each sometimes

chamber with
a

are

here

indicated

described.
:
"

The

a.

Rock-hewn the tomb.

steps leading down

round
planation ex-

raised, ornamental

head-piece.
The the

shaded

part of the
in which

plan

sents repreis

to

rock

the

tomb

hollowed.
2

h. c. c,

The

vestibule.
on

Described

by
V.

Vitruvius

(VI. 3)j
Festus

Chambers
entrance.

each

side

of

the

Varro

(L.

L.

161), and
in

(v.
was

Atrium).
not
a

The

atrium

this

case

d.
e.

Doorway to the tomb. chamber, or Principal

chambers,
to to
or

true

not being cavcediwm, had

open

to

atrium.

the

sky

; but

it been, the purpose have been deemed

a

of

f,f,f.Inner
//. /;, Windows

trie!in in.

concealment Indeed
to

would

defeated.
sary neces-

Entrances ;/,!/,!/"

the inner the same,

chambers.
cut

it

was

sometimes

in the

support the ceiling by

rock. and

massive

rock.

of pillar and hewn foot-stools,

was as

Yet
was

that

i,i.

Arm-chairs from

intended,
is possible,

analogy preservedas far

the windows
to light

the

the rock.
in the wall. in the rock.

evident suppose from Plan.

from the

I.

Niche Windows

recessed
cut

around, which
been
sur-

have

k. 1c, The

received

the centra!

chamber.

sepulchralbenches

which

See the above

chap,

xxxni.]

TOMBS

RECENTLY

OPENED.

33

the rock
in
at

and in

one

instance walls

was

the

same

fan-like
in
a

ment orna-

and relief,

as panelled, similarly

tomb

Vulci ;3 whence
were

at

one

tions it may be inferred that such decoraperiodfashionable in Etruscan houses. of the Banditaccia
are are

Many
by
the than at

of the tombs Indeed

surmounted here

tumuli.

tumuli

less numerous scarcely

are

Tarquinii.Some entrance beingbelow

opens
in the

of them

stillunexcavated, others the doorway

the surface

; in

basement, which
and cornice, which

is often of
more

rock,hewn

into

mouldings and
cone

The

of earth
cases

of masonry. rarely these surmounted originally

tumuli is in most of the soil. As

broken

down

almost

to

the level

there are architectural no Tarquinii, in this necropolis internal. ; the decoration is chiefly facades than a single Nor could I perceive instance of inscripmore tions the exterior of tombs ; and that was no on longer legible. tombs of great interest were Some opened on this spot The first you reach is a large in the winter of 1845-6. in the centre, and a row of tomb, with two square pillars long niches for bodies recessed in the walls ; beside which the chamber is surrounded by a deep bench, separated into not in arranged, compartments for corpses, which were lines parallel with the niches,but at rightangles, with their feet pointing of the tomb. to the centre There is nothing further remarkable in this sepulchre beyond an
at

Etruscan
corner

word

"

cvethn

"

cut in the rock

over

one

of the

recesses.4
408.

3 4

See Vol. I. page This word, from of

an

word in position
to

its

the the

corner

the

tomb,
have

seems

be

inscription given by (Sagg. II. p. 509 ; cf. Vermigl. Iscriz. Perug. I. p. 140). See Bull,
another Lanzi This tomb, in size, Inst., 1847, p. 55. form, and arrangements, is very like that of the

of

first of

never inscription

It appears the the

near

to

some

completed. analogy with

Cethen.

celebrated

Suthi, which commences of S. Manno, inscription and also with the initial Perugia,
II.

Tarquins,which
wood-cut
at

is repreof

sented this

in the

the head

chapter.
I)

VOL.

34

CERVETRI.

xxxin. [chap,

GrROTTA Hard -with two which

are

DELLA

SEDIA. the those of Bieda,

wall of

by

is

small
cut
a

plan of chambers, separatedby a

on sepulchre,

rock, in

door and

two

little windows,

surrounded

rod-moulding.But the marvel of the tomb is an arm-chair, cut from the living rock, standing by the of the two side of one couches in the outer sepulchral chamber, as though it were an easy-chair by the bed-side, seat for the doctor visiting his patient! But why or as a placed in a tomb % Was it merely to carry out still further the analogy to a house % Or was it,as Visconti for the use of the relatives who came suggests, yearlyto by
hold

the usual

solemn of the

festivals at the tomb deceased

l5

Or

was

it for the

shade

himself,as
his

restless to
must

be his

satisfied with

too though he were but banqueting-couch,

also to repose easy-chair it was wanderings.6Or, as Micali opines,

have

him
to

after his

intimate the

life on which his spirit had blissful repose of the new Or it not entered. 7 rather a curule chair, the was

of insigne
him

the rank
been
a

or

condition
or

of the

deceased, showing

to have

ruler

magnate in the land ?8

Some in the

or twenty eighteen

which Banditaccia,
a

opened years since a tomb was of these chairs, contained two

a

each

with

foot-stool attached, and

''

shield

suspended

Antichi he

Monumenti

di Ceri,p. 31
a

"

Micali, Mon.
The form

Ined. p. 152. similar rock

-

where tomb.
fi

of givesa description

similar

of this and tombs

hewn

seats

in other

of Cervetri

is

It may
urn

have
;

been for the support of

very

like

that

of the

beautiful

marble Palazzo
be

funeral

for in the tombs in the form

of Chiusi, of human

chair, with

in the bas-reliefs, which is

canopi,or
busts,which
of the

vases

Corsini at Rome,

thoughtto

were,

the probably, ashes

deceased been

whose found

tained,have
of

effigies they conplacedon seats

1843, p.
68.

Etruscan, and
It will be borne

genuine

sella curulis.

in mind

that the curule

chair of

was

one

of the Etruscan and thence

this form.

Bull.
have

Inst.

authority ;

insignia adoptedby the

Such
at

canopi

also been

discovered Ined. p. 18.5.

Romans.

See Vol. I. pp. 26, 376, 377.

Caere,says Micali,Mon.

CHAP.

XXXIII.]

TOMB

OF

THE

SEATS

AND

SHIELDS.

35

againstthe
The annexed

wall above

it,all carved

in

the

rock. living

woodcut, which

givesa

section of the tomb,

shows the seats,

between placed ner the doors of in-

chambers.9 The tomb

is but

stillopen, my
to

endeavours
TOMB OF THE SEATS AND SHIELDS.

discover

it

among have At other

the thousand

and

one

of sepulchres

the Banditaccia

provedfruitless.1
the further side of the Banditaccia
is

tombs, which recently-discovered under lock and key by the Cavaliere Campana. One these, opened in the springof 1846, is a painted tomb
which
I shall

group of four have been placed

a

of
"

designate
Grotta
del

Triclinio.

consists It,

of but

surrounded sixteen, dead

lies
a

feet by singlechamber, twenty-four by deep benches of rock,on which the

a

were

and laid,

at the

head

of each

compartment

still

whose skull,

uniform

grinstartlesthe
the
a

the

Just sepulchre.
on one

within

door

are

eye on entering bas-reliefs a

"

wild-boar the other.

side, and
the

But

its prey on panther tearing ? It requires close and a paintings

"

careful examination

to

them, distinguish
The the the This
1

so

much

have

Compare
were

the Plan of

at page

32.

Mr.

Ainsley,however,in
more was

quent subse-

shields

large size, like

like that
on

has been visit,

in fortunate,

and Argolic shields, tomb

tomb at Norchia

(Vol.I.
described

p. 252). and

at the

in with a person who falling opening of the tomb, itssite. He

present
bered remem-

and

has been

delineated

represents the principal

asc

in Bull. Instit., 1834, p. 99. Ann. Inst., 1835, p. 184. Mon. Ined. Inst. II. tav. XIX. For further the remarks
to
on

chamber, indicated
at

in the Plan, with

ten
or

page

32,

as

the

twelve

of these

being hung carved shields,

in the

see shields,

Appendix

this Chapter,

rock, in relief.

Note

I.

36

CERVETRI.

xxxih. [chap,

they

suffered from

the

damp

; and

if

unaware

of their

existence, you
on figures are

might visit the

The
been

tomb

without perceiving the

on

its walls.

white stucco

which

the

scenes

paintedhas
as

changed by
In
a

the

dark

the native rock.

few

damp to a hue places onlywhere it

retained itsdistinctness. painting the heads of a man On the left-hand wall you perceive who are reclining and woman, at a banquet together ; and beautiful heads they are, with features of Greek symmetry, and in the designthan are more mastery and delicacy of Etruria. paintings commonly found in the sepulchral He is garlanded with laurel and wears a short beard ; and his flesh is of the usual deep red,the conventional colour of beatification of gods and heroes ; but hers is of the white He pledges her in a phial hue of the stucco. of a, or bowl wine, to which she replies by an approvinglook,turning Her him. face and her head towards expressionare and a full skull-cap, extremelypretty,and a variegated has remained
"

dry has

the

rich tress at the side of her face add

wears

to

her charms.

She

also

on resting

torque of gold. A round table, stands by them, with meats, three deer-legs,
necklace and
a

fruits, ; and eggs, and goblets

on

largeround
man.

shield is

pended sus-

the wall behind had

the laid

You
armour

might fancyit

Pericles,who
the pledging

just

his

by,

and

was

fair Aspasia.
ed ella maraviglia egli gagliardo, e bella. Quanto si possa dir,leggiadra
A

It is from these heads tomb

;

for
"

the walls

judge of the rest in this is repeatedagain and again on the same scene recline on the festive couch, eightother couples
we

must

each with

by their side, and tripod-table

But
here

shield

pended sus-

above.2
2

the females have

is,
that the revellers continuous

lost the fairness of

are on depicted reclining as
a

singularfeature
a

instead of

separate leclus for each pair

couch, which,

it occupies

38

CERVETRI.

[chai\xxxm. been laid in

The
not

colours in this tomb

have

on

distemper,
as

al

fresco. The
some

freedom

of the

as design,

far

it is

the Greek discernible,

full faces of
"

character

and of the features, clear

the

of a late proofs of rather than prior to the period date a date subsequent domination ; and this is confirmed by the presence Roman of the Latin inscription.6 for this tomb at Cervetri has peculiar A painted interest, have historical record is the onlysite in Etruria where we of the existence of ancient paintings. Pliny speaks of believed to in his day,which were extant some vulgarly Those have been executed prior to the foundation of Rome.7 in this tomb can lay claim to a purelyEtruscan scarcely discovered however, was antiquity.Another sepulchre, of men some twenty years since,which contained figures in their singular and animals in a very archaic style, bearing character much resemblance to those in the parti-coloured is still open, but Grotta Campana at Veii.8 The tomb of the males, are
when

last at

Cervetri its site.9

could

find

no

one

who

was

with acquainted
work
similar
on

Lydia
well
or

and

Phrygia,there
sunk

is

beard,and
at
a

close vest, shooting an

a

arrow

shaft

hi the middle

of

a
6

chamber. sepulchral For notices of this tomb

see

Bull.

Inst., 1847, pp. 61, 97.

"

devouring stag, while second lion, a squatting by, looked on ram a flyingfrom another lion and fragments of other animals, and of a
stag
"

lion

"

"

Plin. XXXV.

6.
"

second

man

with

bow.

There

was

s 9

See Vol. I. pp. 50 Mr.

52.

much
in

truth and

expression in the beasts, parti-colourin this tomb hues used

Ainsley has
it. He archaic than

subsequentlyreat

of spite The

their unnatural

discovered
as more

describes its paintings

ing.

only

Tarquinii. are black,white, and red. The face and any A description of them has been givenby painted white legsof the archer were that was Kramer Inst. 1834, pp. 97 theconas fact, (Bull. 101), a very singular
" "

who

represents them

as

of the

rudest

ventional

hue
wTas

of

females.

The

doorin

character, painted on the bare porous tufo,which has undergone no preparasmoothed, to receive tion,not beingeven and them. The tomb was nearlyelliptical, had an upper and lower band of figures ;
those in the lower but above, there
was were

moulding Egyptian
and black.

as stripeddiagonally,

with architecture,

red, white,

Many

of the

above

figures,
now

accordingto Mr. appeared, and

taken
soon

have Ainsley, unless

some

disare

means

almost
a man

effaced ;

to

preserve

them, the
Ann.

rest

will

with pointed

perish.Cf.

Inst. 1835, p. 1 83.

chap,

xxxm.]

TOMB

OF

THE

SARCOPHAGI.

39

Gkotta Close
to

de' Sarcofagi.

which I shall designate sepulchre from its containing the Tomb of the Sarcophagi, three of which are those large monuments, very rarelyfound at Caere,the dead being in general laid out on their rocky biers,without other covering than their robes or armour. The sarcophagi here of alabaster not that from Volare terra, but another kind from the Circeian Promontory.1 Two have the draped figure of a man the lid, not resting, on his left side. usual, on his elbow, but reclining as on They are in a very archaic style. The hair of one is arranged in the small stiffcurls which are seen in the most ancient Etruscan bronzes, as well as in the earlymonuments the last is a
"

of

the

East, and

are

shown

in

the

reliefs from

Nineveh, recently brought to this country. The same and holds a patera, of leaves, and he wears a chaplet figure
has
two

small lions of the most

art quaintand primitive

at

His eyes are the rest of the monument

his feet.

and paintedblack, is uncoloured.

;

his The with

red lips other

but

figure
Gaul.

is remarkable and He
a

for his fine features his

and

mustachios,
a

torque about
is

neck, he much
on

resembles
at

has four similar lions

a

his

couch, one
about
seen

each

angle.
lids of

There

air primitive peculiarly I have in

these
on

figures ;

they are unlike any where, sarcophagi,

archaic in character. The third
now

elsewhere

the

truth,they have
of

generally nothing
from

is sarcophagus in the

like that temple-form,

Bomarzo,

British

Museum, but without

is scratched

tured sculp-

decorations. On the wall which of this tomb

in Roman
an

Etruscan
v: apucus:

scription inac.

letters would

be

Bull. Inst.

1847,p.

97.

40

CERVETRI.

[chap,xxxin. I cippus, read

and
vcuia,

on

slab which

served

as

larthi

ap.

in Etruscan

characters.
a

Thence

it appears

that the

was sepulchre

that of

The

front of the

familynamed Apucus (Apicius 1) couches is painted with sea-monsters,

other

and lions, dolphins,

and
on

animals, on
is

a a

stuccoed band

surface

the inner

wall of the tomb

of the usual

wave-pattern.
Grotta Another call the chamber There
one are
"

dell' Alcova. discovered

I shall sepulchres, recessed a singular,
a

of these Tomb
in the of

newly
the

Alcove," from wall,like

of these
a

further

chapelin
but

cathedral. the central of

in fact three
most

recesses,

is the

and spacious,

is

the post obviously

most

of the honour, the last resting-place

here interred. cushion and
a

illustrious dead

In it is

and
low

at pillows

couch, with a sepulchral its head, ornamented legsin relief,

a

massive

stool,or
It may

scamnum

in front

"

all hewn

from

the

rock. living

representa thalamus or nuptial-couch, for it is double, rather than the usual festive kAiV/ or lectus,
must

and
his

have

been

occupied by

some a

noble Etruscan
memento

and
the

wife, whose

skulls stillserve
a

as

mori

to

visitor, though
This
in its tomb

confused

that is left of their bears

"

heap of dust on the bodies and integuments. resemblance to a striking

its division into three

couch

is all

spaciousness in
dark
on

temple aisles by the

a
"
"

which and pilasters pillars in the

support the rafter-carved roof

and the
in the altar-like

shrine at the upper

a

end, like the cella of the

mass

god, raised
of the which
seem

of steps flight
"

couch
strew to

within.

Nor

are

many

large amphora
;

furniture the floor, unpriestly

hint at forth
on

copiouslibations
the occasion of

to

though they certain jollygod,

poured

the

annual

sepulchral

festivals.

chap,

xxxni.] But this tomb

TOMB

OF

THE

ALCOVE.

41

has other features of interest.

The

two

which support the roof, and the pilasters pillars and of capitals againstthe inner wall,present specimens that on of a peculiar character,and throw light mouldings little-understood subject the architecture of the Etruscans. rich in this respect more so Casre,indeed, is particularly than any other Etruscan site. Most of the newly-found beautiful architectural features ; have singular tombs or character are now lost sight of,or and others of the same in particular, from its spaciousreclosed with earth ; one ness had acquired and the abundance of such decoration,

fluted

"

"

the

name

of II Palazzo. who

tecture Of the students of ancient archito

"

yearlyflock
of Cervetri I have

Rome,
and
to
none

none

should

omit

to

visitthe tombs The

would

regretit.2

recently of all. opened in the Banditaccia,is the most interesting that has been In truth it is by far the most interesting brated of the celesince the discovery found in this necropolis, It must be called Grotta Regulini-Galassi.
last tomb Grotta
or,

describe

of those

de'

Tarquinj,
"
"

the

"

Tomb

of the

the firsttime in
been family

! Yes, reader Tarquins of that Etruria has a sepulchre The

name

here for celebrated

discovered.
urns,

had

been met
never

with,a
in any

few times,on

and funeral furniture,3 but

The

pitwhich
The

forms

the entrance with

to

construction. The

Bull. Inst. 1845, p. 224. of in the passages

each

of these

tombs

is lined

tufo
; in

frequent traces
been vaulted

masonry.

is not uniform style I have

having

by

the

gradual
courses,

this instance

it is what

termed

convergence

of the horizontal

the walls precisely resembling emplecton, of Sutri, Falleri, and Nepi, but here of rather smaller

dimensions, the
inches masonry

courses
re-

being only 1 9
marks these
on

high.

Canina

the

at the mouth

of

to as prior high antiquity, of the arch, the invention or practice 3 On at a sphericalcippus, found Chiusi,was inscribed tarcnal," (PasAcheront. seri, p. 66, ap. Gori, III.)
" "
"

establish their

tombs
even

being always opus quadracan

tarchnas near

"

on

cornelian scarabcem, Iscriz. (Vcrmiglioli,

"

tum,

in those which be

with most ancient

found

Piscille

confidence

pronounced of most

rerug.

I. p. 81, tav. V. 2)

"iarchi,"

42

CERVETRI.

[chap,xxxiii.

abundance.
name

Nor

are

we

yet assured

that it was

common

in Etruria.
a

been
can

numerous

only know that there must of Tarquinssettled at Caere. family

We
of the
same race
as

have But

this have

been %

the

celebrated

dynasty of
that when of his
sons,
"

probable. We know Nothing more the royal the king and two was family expelled, Titus and Aruns, took refuge at Caere ; Sextus,
Rome
"

the elder

the false

Tarquin shame,"
"

Who

wrought the deed he

was

of

to Gabii, where retiring

more

soon

after slain.4

What
was

then likely in
a

than

that the

familyhere
the

interred

descended

direct line from

last of the Roman slain

at
soon

kings1
after in Arsian

Though Aruns, one singlecombat with

have

of the the

was princes,

consul

Brutus,

the

Wood,5 he may

left his

and at Caere, family

his father and of

brother still survived to

perpetuatethe

name

However Tarquin.6

it be, let the visitor to this

sepulchre

on

column

in

the
"

Museo

Oddi

at
on

or

nas

"

Tarchnas

(Tarquinius),Tarchnai
termination
sa

I. Perugia (id.
one

p. 148)

"tarchis,"
Grotta
on

(Tarquinia). The
is indicative
or

or

isa

of

the
at

urns

in the
"
"

de' Voan

of connection be

lunui
urn

Perugia.

tarchisa,"
of Florence
"

Tarchisa
an

may

in

the Museum p. 417).

(Lanzi,
on a

"

Etruscan

by marriage, to Tarquitia equivalent for its familyrenowned

Plin. N. H. I. lib.II.

Saggio,II.
black the
same

tarchu," Chiusi, now

name on

skill in divination. Macrob. Marcell. II.

4

cinerary pot

from
The

in the I
"

Sat. III. 7 ; cf. II. 16 ; Amm. XXV.

2 ; J.

collection.

Lydus

de Ostent.

sphericaldisc at Toscauella, which been thought to have tarchnas,

"

Liv. I. 60.

Dionysiussays
Sextus
was

the

(See Vol.
mann

I. p. 448), is said

by

Keller-

fled to and vain up

Gabii, where

king king,

(Bull. Inst.
to

1833, p. 61, and

Tarsalus." and Tarchi forms of Lanzi
were

after

Suppl. 47),
fancied the
name,

be

"

time there some staying hope of inducingthe Latins

in the to take

that

Tarchu

his cause,

he

removed

to

the

cityof

original Etruscan
and
"

the form it is of

Etruria, whence
come

his mother's

familyhad

Tarchun," the Greek

the Romans.
to

; i. e.
no

Tarquinii (V. pp. 276, 279) ;

is made of Ctere.

adopted by

But any
no

but
s
6

mention

quite unnecessary
these to the Greek. the

refer
was

one

Liv. II. 6.

Livy (II.G, 9) says the elder Tarwent form, with the inflexion of primitive quin and his son Titus subsequently to the and from this raise to or V eii, Tarch-/-M, Clusium, adjective Tarquinii, un;
was

Tarch

doubt

formed

by

the

usual

addition

of

va

the cities of Etruria

in their cause, and

chap,

xxxiii.] in mind

TOMB

OF

THE

TARQUINS.

43

bear

the

to say possibility,

the

least,that the
may them a be those
crown
"

skulls he handles,and the dust he gazes of that

on,

proud race, whose perhapsthe Empire of the

The first chamber
contains

tyranny
World.
enter

cost

you

is surrounded

by

benches

of rock, and
opens
a

nothingof

interest ; but in the floor

but much
"

which lead down, not directly, of steps, longflight chamber of to a lower by a bend at right angles, larger size.7 It is called by the peasantry the

Tomb

name

the

and well does it merit the Inscriptions," as on legend, ; for it has not merelya single lengthy of the Pompey-Tomb at Corneto, nor a name pillar
as there,

of the

here and

in the Grotta delle Iscrizioni of the is vocal with

"

same

place ;

epigraphs every niche, of the walls speaks Etruscan, every bench, every portion and echoes the name of Tarquin. This chamber is a square, or nearlyso, of thirty-five with two massive pillars in the centre, and a row of feet, for corpses, in the walls ; while below is a long recesses
double tier of rock-hewn for the dead.8 all The

but the tomb

benches, which

also served

as

biers

walls, niches, are benches,and pillars,

the
are inscriptions paintedin

stuccoed,and
in
some

red

or

or black,
on

instances
stucco.

merelymarked

with the

finger

the

damp

Observe

these scratched

epigraphs.

They are remarkable for the wonderful freshness of the impression. The stucco or mortar has hardened in prominent as it was displaced ridges ; and you might precisely had been written but one day, suppose the inscription
when the

campaign
Tusculum,
of them

of

Porsenna
at

had

Tusculura.

The

existence the

of this tomb

failed to reinstate them retired to Mamilius hear their

no
more

Rome, they

at least establishes

Etruscan Niebuhr

origin
has

to

their relative

of

the

Tarquins, which

Octavius, (Liv.II. 15). We

at

called into
'

Csere,yet from

The

question (I.pp. 37G, 511). depth of the floor below the

"

be very considerable choosing that city as their first surface must it is highly hardlyless than 50 feet, placeof refugein their exile, 8 See the wood-cut at page 17. probable that theyhad relatives residing and there,as well as at Gabii, Tarquinii,

44

CERVETRI.

xxxiii. [chap,

instead of
even

more

than two

the

one effacing

years. of Time, has touched

many centuries

thousand

No

not finger,

since that of it, recorded the

the Etruscan, who

name

so

ago

of his I

Were

friend. justdeparted of this tomb, to insert allthe inscriptions the reader.9 of the
name

I should

heartily weary
Etruscan
form

Let

one

suffice to show

the

of

Tarquin,

Which

in Roman
AYLE

letters would
"

be
"

TARCHNAS

LARTHAL

"

CLAN

The fewer

name,

either in

Etruscan
!

or

Latin,1

occurs

no was

than

times thirty-five

How

much

oftener it

in parts where repeated, have become inscriptions

the

but should think that not

name

painthas run or faded, or I cannot otherwise illegible, less than fifty with epitaphs

the
say,

this

inscribed in this tomb. originally One fact I noticed, which seems the probato strengthen bility that this family of the royal was race namely,that it appears to have keptitself in great measure distinct by and to have intermarriages, mingled little with other Etruscan families at least when compared with similar this sepulchre will be tombs, those of Perugiafor instance, found to contain very few other family-names introduced in the epitaphs as matronymics.2
must

have

been

"

"

,J

I have

remain

that givenall the inscriptions whether Etruscan or legible,

56
"

Latin, in Bull. Inst. 1847, pp.

5.9.

these epigraphs to the referring Roman of domination. Moreperiod the though in Latin letters, over, even
out
name

Compare
of them

Dr. Mommsen's

version of some differs from mine, instance

sometimes
"
"

retains
"
"

its Etruscan is quite novel, of

(p.63) which
cannot

form and
-

tarcna

which

though I
so 1

think in every

presumptive evidence
more

correct.

In

than

antiquity, I fortyinscriptions,
names

in inscriptions i ndicate a necessarily date ; if the family were of blood of Rome, the occasional do
not

The

Latin

this tomb very late the

use

could

find

only eleven
of these and

of other

and families, Etruscan the

were
name

seven

onlywere
connected other

in with four

royal
of the

characters

of Tarchnas

; the

Latin character

may

be

withexplained,

in

and quite distinct. Latin,

46

CERVETRI.

XXXIII. [chap.

walls.

It is said
was

to

have

been its

inclosed

in

tumulus, but
so

the mound

so

and large,

top has been

broken

excavations, and frequent

of the leveilings
now

soil for

by cultural agriof

purposes, that its existence is

mere

matter

history. The sepulchre opens

field.
The of its

in

low bank

in the middle

of

liarity pecustruction con-

is evident
at
a a

glance.

It is
at-

rude

attempt

an

arch, formed

by
of

the convergence horizontal hewn

to
a

strata,
smooth

and slightly surface,

curved, so
a

as

to

semble re-

Gothic
MOUTH OF THE REGULINI-GALASSI TOMB.

arch.

This

is not, up
to
a a

however, carried
square

channel,covered
is the index

by
to

point, but largeblock

whole

terminates
of

in

nenfro.

The
is
a

doorway
mere

the

tomb, which

sixty feet long,constructed on the and lined with masonry.4 This passage same principle, is divided into two parts or chambers, communicating by Gothic form, with a truncated top.5 a doorway of the same
passage,

about

The

masonry

is of

blocks rectangular chamber from about

12
to
more

of

in the outer nenfro,

18 15

inches inches massive

5

long, in deep
; but

courses

in the inner, of

narrowing upward to 1 foot at the top. Similar passage-tombshave been found in this necropolis, elsewhere in especially Zambra Inst. that part called (Bull.
1840, p. 133),
as

dimensions.
outer

well

as

at

Palo

and

The

chamber

is 33

the feet, of

Selva

la Rocca.

inner the

24" feet long,and the thickness

; inner
at

Tombs of evident

3 feet partition-wall, feet. The length60"

tire making the endoorway

passage-formare generally high antiquity. These bear an

relation and
to

of this

the

Treasuries and
to

of the

is Q\ feet

high and 4$

wide

the bottom,

Mycenae

Orchomenos,

chap,

xxxm.] The

HIGH

ANTIQUITY

OF

THIS

TOMB.

47

of the structure to the Cyclopeangallery similarity it is true, is far less at Tiryns is striking ; the masonry, is identical, massive, but the style showinga rude attempt of which had yet to be discovered. at an arch, the true principle It is generally admitted, not only that such a of the of construction must be prior to the discovery mode perfectarch, but that every extant specimen of it must the knowledge of the correct principle. It have preceded is a mode not peculiar to one to one race, or age, or the class of materials, result of a particular but is the expedient naturally adopted in the formation of arches, vaults,and domes, by those who are ignorant of the cuneiform principle
;

and of

it is therefore to

be

found

in

the

earliest
of the

structures

and Egypt, Greece, Italy,

other

parts

Old "World, as the known New.6

well The

as

in those of the semi-civilised

races

of

Cloaca of the

Maxima,

which
in

is the

earliest from the

instance

arch perfect

dates Italy,

days of
as

of

days of City.7
Nurhags
the
as or

Tarquins; this tomb then must be considered remoter period,coeval at least with the earliest Rome it may be, to the foundation of the prior,
"

the

Nuraghe
the roofed

of

Sardinia
as

and far

and

terminate

not

in

Talajotsof

Balearics,in
in
on

square

head, formed
; the

point,but in a by the imposition

a

same they are principle. And they are probablyof not inferior antiquity. Like the Nuraghe

the

of flat blocks
in

consists peculiarity often almost

at

the

courses

being
the

right angleswith showing

form
"

line of the
to

arch,
cunei-

they may
as

with

good
of the

reason

be

regarded
our

the

work

Tyrrhene Pelasgi.
of contain
own

approach principle.
a near

the

The

Druidical

barrows

Cavalier

Canina

(Cere Antica, p. 80)

to the
or Pelasgi,

country
formed
6

sometimes

passage-

refers its construction earliest inhabitants

to it and

like these of Cervetri. sepulchres Stephens'Yucatan, I. p. 429, et seq. traveller's show

of

aud Agylla,
an

its contents
3000

assigns of not antiquity

it coeval
can

This

descriptionand
the remarkable American of arch ancient
are

illusana-

less than with the

years,

making
He the

trations

Trojan war.
that

says it

be

logy
The

between and

these those

pseudoEurope.
to
a

determined

in precisely

reign of
was

vaults

Tarquinius Priscus, the change in the

mode of

sides

of the

hewn in the
at

constructing the

arch

smooth lini tomb

curved

as surface,

Regu46),

effected in Rome, the

for Tarquin introduced

(see the woodcut

page

stylefrom

Tarquinii. But

though

48

CERVETRI.

XXXIII. [chap.

The from

of great antiquity
were

this tomb

may

be

deduced

also

its contents, which

of the most

archaic, like Egyptiannone

character.8
was

Scarcelyany
; but
numerous so

pottery, and
articles of
so

figured,

found

here

bronze, silver,
that beautiful,

and it is

gold,so
no verily

abundant,

and singular,

little more
in the tomb.

I shall here do easy task to describe them. the position which they occupied than specify

In the outer

chamber,
of
narrow

at

the further

end, lay a bier of

an

bronze, formed
for the head.9

with cross-bars, had

a

elevated
on

The

corpse which

lain

had it,

place longthe

since fallen to dust.

car,
or

By

its side stood

a

small four-wheeled

tray, of bronze, with

basin-like
form

cavity in
size, a

centre, the whole

resemblance way
to
a

bearing,in

and

strong

that would

in a dripping-pan ; though ornamented that homely instrument. hardly become

we

were

certain absolutely

that

Tarquin
no thority au-

Lydians,another
size
was

tumulus

of much

larger
second cling encirseveral the of the those of the

built the Cloaca for

true

Maxima,
erected for

we

have

constructed
a

about

it,of which
a

determining when
was

the

first The

it formed tumulus

part ; traces
been

of such
in

arch

in Rome.

having

found

an

principle may,
been known

aught we

know, have
a

basement chambers

of masonry

and

and
At

practisedat
any
been

much

hollowed
"

in the rock below

earlier

period.
time

rate, it is
known

highly
of

tomb, original
the
means

and that the the

piling up
was

probablethat
ria
some

ithad before

in Etru-

earth of

around

latter

the construction and if at

preservingit iutact from

past rifled the
This has been
"

the Cloaca
whence

Caere, a
the all
same

are

to be a by a most able critic, sagacious Bull. Inst. 1838, p. 172. analysis.1' people? As regards this tomb 8 no mean on its on Lepsius, authority tian Egypagreed very high antiquity.
sees

Tarquinii Tarquin migrated,why not at neighbouring citybelonging to

Maxima,

who

in ages

rest

sepulchre.

pronounced

Even
more

Micali, who
modern

everything in
most

matters, remarks
of
p

the evident

tion imita-

light than
that the

of

his

Egyptian forms

(Ann. Inst. 1836,

would
on

admits fellows, shows of Rome

of style

ture architec-

187). The ordinaryobserver

the

not
some

it to be

priorto

the foundation

hesitate to pronounce of the vessels to be

9

figures

(Mon.

Ined. p. 350). Grin, how-

purely Egyptian.
suggests that this
be

Inst. 1843, p. 4 (5) ever,andCavedoni(Bull. refer it to the third century of the City. Canina is of

learned
bier

friend may

reticulated
an

regarded
Aexos

as

opinionthat

the tomb
a

in its

illustration of the (VTprjTov and Helen.

"f

was by tumulus, but that after the arrival of the

state original

surmounted

small

Taris

Iliad III. 448.

chap,

xxxni.]

THE

WARRIOR'S

CHAMBER.

49

little or forty laysome thirty the Lares of the deceased, earthenware figures ; probably had not selected his divinities for their beauty. At who On the other side of the bier the head
a

and

foot of the bier stood

small iron altar

do

on

which may tripod, household gods. At

of

have

served

to

the foot of the bier

;

homage to these also lay a bundle

shields rested

darts,and

shield

and

several All
were

more

wall. againstthe opposite round like the Greek

ornament

of bronze, large and

but

and aa-rrls,

embossed, beautifully
was

for apparently
to

alone,as the metal

field.

too thin

have
a

been

of service in the
car,

Nearer

the

door

stood seemed

four-wheeled
to have

which, from

its size and

form,

sepulchre. And just within the entrance stood, on iron tripods, a coupleof in cauldrons,with a number of curious handles terminating with a singular vessel heads, together a griffons' pair of bell-shaped vases, united by a coupleof spheres.10Besides
"

borne

the bier to the

these

articles of

bronze, there
nails from

was

series of vessels
recess

pended sus-

by
roof.1 The

bronze

each

side of the

in the

and cauldrons, dripping-pan,

bellare vessel,

gating to have contained perfumes, or incense,for fumisupposed the sepulchre. contained the body of a warrior ; This tomb had evidently had the inner chamber but to whom belonged% The intervening doorway was closed with masonry to half its and in it stood two more pots of bronze, and height,

10 1

Much The

like that shown nails thus

at page

58.

Thesaurus,
the them. But blocks

but

that

certain

nodules

in for

supportingcrockery
tombs, throw

have

been

mistaken
"

or

bronzes

in Etruscan

Bull. Inst. 1836, p. 58

Wolff,

the use of them in the so-called on light of Atreus, at Mycense, where Treasury they have long been supposed to have fastened it was has the of bronze plates with which It
no

admitting that
more

there

were

nails,it is far
served chral
to

probable that
a

really they

support pottery or other sepul-

furniture,than
so-called
no

been

lined. imagined the walls were suggested,however, that existed

II.

seeingit is now
the
were

liningof metal, admitted that generally

of Greece tombs.
E

"Treasuries" than

nails
VOL.

ever

in

that

celebrated

other

50

CERVETRI.

[chap,xxxiii.

hung againsteach door-post

were no urns

vessel of pure

silver.
was

There

in this

chamber, but the vault

were

hung with
side the

bronze

and others vessels, Further

in the
on no

suspendedon
two
:

each

entrance.
as

in, stood

bronze
and

outer

chamber

for fumes, perthen, at the end of

on

cauldrons

the tomb,
a

couch, bier,or

rude

bench
"

of

rock, but

on

not even sarcophagus, the bare ground,2 lay

"

corpse ? number a

no, for it had

of

gold

ages since returned to dust,but showed most ornaments, whose position

a that, when placedin the tomb, they were clearly upon and abundance of these human beauty, body. The richness, all of pure gold, were amazing such a collection, articles, in the shop of a not be found it has been said, would There were, head-dress of well-furnished goldsmith."3 a character embossed, a large beautifully breastjDlate, singular twisted such as was worn by Egyptian priests a finely of great chain, and a necklace of very longjoints earrings filagreelength a pair of massive bracelets of exquisite less than work or brooches, one of fibulce no eighteen and fragments of remarkable size and beauty sundryrings, that there gold fringesand lamince, in such quantities, entire garment of pure gold. It seemed to have been an crushed and is said that the fragments of this metal
"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

bruised, were

alone sufficient to fill more

inner

than

one

basket.4

Against
in figures This

the

wall

lay

two

vessels of silver, with

relief.
of ornament

abundance

has

led to the
was a

conclusion female of

that the

occupant of this inner chamber

(Cere Ant.
p. 75) states that corpse, in both
stones
3

Canina floor
was
"

Bull. Inst. 1836, p. 60. Bull. Inst.

the

under

the with

1836, p. 60.
vague,

Though
the

tombs,

together
notice
mote

sclci

paved in collegati
with

cemented calce
"

this is somewhat

it conveys

an

idea of the great abundance It

was

of this metal,
a

unique feature,and worthy

in

of the

particular
very
re-

found

crashed

beneath

mass

of

connection

fallen masonry,

of antiquity

the tomb.

chap,

xxxm.]
a

THE

PRIEST'S

OR

PRINCESS'S

CHAMBER.

51

rank

"

view confirmed But

tomb.5

may % The probability than

worn
a

found in the inscriptions with equal it not have been a priest like a sacerdotal is far more breastplate

by

the

feminine
a

decoration
would

and

the other ornaments,

if

simplymark an oriental character,6 and would be consistent enough with the strong Egyptian observable in many of the contents of this sepulchre.7 style
by
man,

On domed

each

side of the outer

in the

passage

was

small circular,
urn

chamber, hewn

rock, one

an containing

Canina,Cere Aiitica, p. 76. Bull. Inst. 1843, p. 46. doni,

5
were on

CaveThe

might be

cited in support of the

scriptions inMicali

(Mon.
been

Ined. p. 60) is

legend. surprised
should

several of the silver vessels,

that the ornaments

ever

in this tomb
to

and
name
"

consisted

merely
or
"

of the female

Larthia,"

Mi

Larthia,"
was jectured con-

in

Etruscan
to

characters.

This

the proprietor of signify

these also

vessels, who, it was

the the it is
6

concluded, was

belong to a supposed for the breastplate and fibulae, priest, he from their fragility, were evidently, decorations ; and mere thinks, sepulchral the bracelets show a funereal subject
"

have

feminine

Larthia is occupant of the tomb. of Lar, Lars, or Larth, as written. variously

woman

by
of

two
as

and rescued by lions, prets which he interwinged genii attacked

"

the soul freed from

the power of

The

necklace

appears

too

massive

evil

spirits by
is that

the

intervention

and

would

clumsy for a female's neck ; fibula good. be applicable to either sex rings earof this ; considei'ed not were inappropriate (Leg.
in the
now

It may tomb

be remarked

that the form

to

males

East,

any

more

than
; and

Greek
a

prescribedby Plato XII. Steph.) for p. 947, ed. priests a grave under ground,
"
"

they arc
old
common

bracelets

Europe gold,we are taughtby to regard as legend of Tarpeia,

of
ornaments

in southern

the the

and

vault of choice stones, hard lengthened and having parallel imperishable, of rock." The benches alone

couches
are

of Sabine

soldiers in

here
7

wanting.
(Mon. Ined. p. 62) remarks
in give,
most
or

very

earlytimes. And though Niebuhr (I.p. 226) has pronounced these golden
decorations of the Sabines in the
to

Micali

that the silver vessels

the

design

have

had

of their adornments, the imitations of the Asiatic

no

of imagination the discoveries the poet who sang the lay, in Etrusmade can since his day,especially
save existence,

and that a style, displayedin the

on

perfect Egyptian further analogy is also pressed symbols exreligious

;

tombs, prove
ornaments

the abundance

of

gold
also
as

them

the yet, with all this,

in very

and earlytimes,

is so strongly marked, stamp of nationality

to

their warlike

application ; so there be in the story, improbability arises merely from its inconsistency with the simple, of the Sabines. hardy manners Yet even here,the analogyof the golden
that whatever

them distinguish

from altogether

purelyEgyptian works.
Isis-tomb
monuments
as

This, and
the

the

of Vulci, contain of Etruscan

earliest

itexisted before it had influence.

been

primitiveart, subjected

torques of the rude

and

warlike

Gauls

to Hellenic

e2

52

CERVETRI.

[chap,xxxiii. of terra-cotta idols ; the

with

burnt

bones, and

number

other, pottery, and

seem

vessels of bronze. Canina

was

These
is of

chambers

of later formation. inner chamber

indeed

opinionthat
;

the

alone

the

tomb original
was

that the

outer, then
used
as a

servingas a mere and burial place,

were

passage,

that, at

subsequently stilllater period, religiously served, preit, not

on

the side-chambers
All this

constructed.8
rare,

roba,so rich and

would
see

has

been seek

but he who

must it,

the
the

spot where

it had

lain for

so

Museum in Rome, of the Gregorian chief glories. That revolving cabinet of jewellery, whose of exquisite treasures workmanship excite the enthusiastic is occupiedalmost wholly admiration of all fair travellers, with the produce of this tomb. The depositary which has contains nought but mud, slime, yieldedthis wealth, now and serpents the geniiof the spot. It has been gutted take its fate. of its long-hoarded treasure, and may now is there to give it a thought 1 None the peasant, Who save who will ere long find its blocks handy for the construction he has already of his hovel,or the fence of his vineyard, as of materials in neighbouring tumuli ; and found a quarry which have greetedthe the sepulchre, may eyes of iEneas
"

centuries,but many of which it forms one

at

himself, will leave

not

wreck

behind.

Much

of

the

of the inner chamber has been masonry and the whole threatens a speedy fall.

removed, already Surelya specimen of architecture, ancient and rare has public of a most st}rle for protection, well as the works of the early claims as of bronze, clay, the figures or or stone, which are painters, in museums of their as specimens of the infancy preserved its position such as to render Were it arts. respective be some for neglect, difficultto preserve, there would excuse

Cere

Ant. pp. 75, 78.

54

CERVETRI.

[CHAP. be

XXXIII.

Ti, Ta, Tu, Te."

Now,
found

it must in
an

observed, that this tomb, is

not

though inscription,

Etruscan

in and

that character,but in

Greek,

of very

archaic

4 style ;

\?A

TirKr

kmKB"\z
PELASGIC ALPHABET AND

m
PRIMER.

"

P^PvTr-r^T
earliest duced intro-

there

is every

reason

to

believe it

a are

relic of the said to have

who possessors of Caere,the Pelasgi, From letters into Latium.5

is
4

the

this paleography,
extant

the indubitably
The the difference between

most
this
one,

ancient

monument

winch

alphabet
found
on

is the letter effaced), N, H, O, n, Q (kop-

and
a

genuine Etruscan

pa), P, 2, T, Y, X, *,
that the
same

y.

It will be

marked re-

at vase Bomarzo, is very apparent. See the fac-simile in Vol. I. p. 225. That

force has not

been

to certain of these letters where assigned in the

has but
and

this twenty-five, they occur twenty letters, in their form wide and collocation That has the from this
"

both
are

will be

ready
break

to
a

primer,and disputemy
is my of

the reader accuracy. sor Profes-

there

differences.

Let him

lance then with

Etruscan

of running peculiai'ity left.

In be

Lepsius,who
who

right

to

Greek thus

letters

giveshis

views

and authority, in this inscription

alphabet would
A, B, T, A, E, F

expressed:
M

the Ann.
5

Inst. 1836, pp. 186"203.

(the digamma),

Z, H

Solinus,Polyhist. cap. VIII.

(the ancient aspirate), 0, I, K, A,

(this

chap,

xxxni.]
us

RELICS

OF

THE

PELASGIC

TONGUE.

55

and its authentic early Greek alphabet, relic has now arrangement.6 This singular past from the of General hands its original Galassi, possessor, into the of the Vatican. Museum Gregorian Another small black pot, found by Gen. Galassi in the scratched same excavations, has an similarly inscription which Professor around and then filled in with red paint, it, not Lepsius also determines to be in the Pelasgic, the Etruscan, character and language. The letters are not separated into words, but run in a continuous line round the pot. Lepsius thus divides them teaches the
"

Mi

ni

kethu erai sie

ma

mi epana

mathu mdjethu

maram

lisiai nastav

thipurenai

Ethe

helephu,

and them Greek

remarks
as

that

"

he who

two

hexameter

inclined may after the manner lines,

so

is

read easily of the old

inscriptions." dedicatory Though he pronounces, that in this inscription of the very rare we possess one relics of the Pelasgic tongue, he regards the date of it as of Caere uncertain, as he conceives that the population remained to a late period.7 Pelasgic
6

The

letters here forms

are

of
some

the of

most

doubtful. them cussed tion.

I have

given that assignedto

archaic

known,

them
; and

resemblingthe Phoenician strongly

the presence and the
want

who has eruditely disby Lepsius, of this inscripthe palaeography its Greek Notwithstanding
are

of the of

vau

and
eta

the and

Jcoppa,
omega,

or

Pe-

the

character,there lasgic
which
seem

circumstances itwas scratched of the

establish There
are

the
some

of high anticmity

the

pot.
to be

to

betraythat
hand.

features singular

by

an

Etruscan

For

evidences
to

remarked. letters in the

The

arrangement
not

of

the

this, I refer the curious

said article

reader

alphabet does
that

corre-

spond with that in the

it differs from The
an

primer,and in both generallyreceived.

are

by Professor Lepsius, merely that this b ears a mentioning inscription to an alphabetand primer strong affinity
inscribed tomb
at
on

vowels order variance is

a

in the

primer
that of

placed in
which is

the

walls of
near

an

Etruscan

novel, ;and entirely

with curious the of instance

Colle,

Volterra.

(See

at

alphabet. pentimento
Some
new

Chapter XXXIX.)
~"See

There
or

the above-cited Inst.

article
"

by Lepsius.
203, where

alteration in the fourth

line. have

of and

Ann.

1836, pp. 186

the

characters, moreover,

the

is inscription

given
more

in its proper remarks

strange forms, and

their force

appears

characters; and his

recent

56

CERVETRI.

[cHAK XXXIII.
of

The side
of

high ground
the

to

the

east

Caere,on

the

opposite
This,

Vaccina, is called

Monte

Abatone. of

regardsas the site of the described by Virgil,9 and thinks

from have
the fir-trees
"

Canina8

sacred grove that its

are name

Silvanus,
to

is derived

abietes
"

which

said

by

that

poet

surrounded Ceres
driven

the

visible.
and has

has
Pan

grove.1 None, however, are now usurped the greater part of the hill,

to its further

extremity.
is not

The

interest of Monte
a

Abatone

its doubtful

claim

to the site of

tombs

of very

but its positive of sylvanshrine, possession singularcharacter. About a mile to the

in his

chen where

pamphlet, Ueber die TyrrhenisPelasgerin Etrurien," pp. 39 42,

"
"

Inclusere abiete Silvano

cavi,

et

nigra

nemus

cingunt.
fama
est veteros
sacrasse

he

lucidlypoints out the both in the language and

liarities pecuracters cha-

which from the

Pelasgos. this inscription Livy (XXI. 62) distinguish it as Caere. Etruscan, and mark
He states

mentions

an

oracle at

Pelasgic.
with it his

that Miiller this Franz

p.

agreed

Cavaliere

P. E. Visconti
p.
a

(Ant. Mo17) would

spot sacred,

opinion on

point,though (Elementa 24),

who the

num.

Sepolc, di. Ceri,

it from
be

was disputed by Epigraphices Greecte,

derive
not

frfiarov
" "

to
was

trodden the
name

on

the

ground
the

that Rho-

admitted, however,
was

that

language
So also

this

appliedby they had

view.
to

not
8

Etruscan. Ant. p. 53.

dians to the edifice the from But

statue

raised round conceal it

Canina, Cere

of

Artemisia

Abeken, Mittelitalien, p. 37. Gell (Topog.

of Rome, the hills
I.
on

the Cav.
on

public
Canina
account

Vitruv.

II. 8.

p. 1) the

placesthe

grove of

on

opposite side
seems

the have Ctere

of

Vaccina.

But

Virgil
on

to

being on
were

the

tion, rejects this derivathe necropolisof in the oppositeside, of Etruscan

to any
one

placed it rather
stream

the

banks

of

the

Banditaccia.
towns

Yet the cemeteries

not
one

than

on

hill of any consider between

sort, and
it to have

confined

should

therefore

side,though
to interment

spot might, for

more

nience conve-

stood Monte
cam

in the ravine

the
case

cityand
the colles the

sake, be

devoted especially hi this

case

Abatone, in which
would
be

; and

in particular

aptlyrepresentedby
into tombs, and
are

the

was city

surrounded completely
two

cliffshollowed
at

the with

slopes
wood,

by tombs.
are

When
a

Roman

knights
shall the fir?

whose

foot

still dark

breaking
to

lance

who together, them Yet

though not
9

of fir-trees. VIII.

venture

step between
in

Virg. .En.

597"
lucus prope

seems probability

favour

of the

Est

iugens gelidum
late

trees

; unless, indeed, the word

some
on

is derived ages

Caeritis aninem,

from
sacer
: un-

Abbey

that in the middle

Religione patrum dique colics

stood

the spot.

chap,

xxxni.]

GROTTA

CAMPANA.

57

east

of the

the Vaccina, after crossing Regulinisepulchre,

pointof the up to the southermost you find a pathleading the city, Monte. Here, at the very edge of the cliff, facing
a

opened in May, 1845, which may be seen with Flavio Passegiere found. all its furniture, just as it was keeps the key. The traveller is again indebted, for the to the good taste of the conservation of this monument, Cavaliere Campana whose zealous exertions a gentleman,
tomb
was
"

in the field of Etruscan

research, and

in the advancement

of
to

science in general, too well recognised are archaeological laudation from me. This tomb is,or should be, require

known

by

the

name

of
GrROTTA

CAMPANA. that of the

same

It bears

considerable
"

to similarity
so

at Veii appellation

not

much

in itselfas

in its contents.

It lies beneath There

is but
a

tumulus, girt with masonry.2 chamber, but it is divided, single sepulchral

a

crumbled

by

Doric-like
a a

into pilasters,

three

compartments.
on

The

firsthas exists in

fan-like ornament tomb

in

in relief

its

ceiling, justas
in

the

Banditaccia, and

another

at

Vulci,3and which beinghere found in connection

archaic

furniture,raises
most

presumptionin

with very favour of its

of decoration. Just within the style on hand, is a largejar,resting a stumpy entrance, on one adorned with reliefs of column of tufo,which is curiously and stars,though not in the approvedTransatlantic stripes In the opposite is a squared mass of corner arrangement.

being a

ancient

The

entrance,

as

usual

in the tombs The arched into

two

side-chambers

which

open

on

the

of Cervetri,is lined with

masonry.
in
an

entrance-passage
also
same are

of this tomb, the walls relief with the very

tomb

doorway is form, and

which
stone.
3

cut

in the rock

panelledin
Sun and

around

it is ancient

groove,

pattern as decorates the said

Moon in
at

fitted the

door, a
In
one

slab of

of the two-fold

Vulci.

The

coincidence

this

sepulchre

Ut

supra,

page

33.

of the

is remarkable.

58

CERVETRI.

[chap. xxxm.

rock, panelledlike
small black vessels. is

piece of furniture,and
The second

supporting
of the tomb

compartment

couches, hewn from the rock, occupiedby two sepulchral and containing surrounded by sundry articles of crockery, dark dust,mixed nothingof their occupants beyond some with fragments of metal, though their skulls are stillleft
the heads
a

at grinning

of their
mass

biers. respective of rock,

or

Between

these
of

couches, on
an

square earthern

traces retaining

colour,rests

pan,

brazier,for perfumes,
the
rim
; and at

with archaic

in figures

relief round
a

the

foot of each stands

huge jar,almost large

which

enough to
of In
are

tained conprobably the ashes of the slaves or dependents those whose bodies occupiedthe couches. the wall, the inner compartment, against
a

hold

man,

two

benches several

of rock ;

on

the

upper,

stand with
a
etruscan fumigator.

similar vessels
;

large jars,together
and
on

smaller

the

lower, is

curious, tall,bell-shaped pot, of black

to
one

earthenware, similar in form

in the annexed

of bronze

found

in the Grotta

It was Regulini-Galassi.

probablyan
woodcut. the

incense-burner.

It is shown

About Monte of
a

mile from

the Grotta
two

Campana,

but stillon

Abatone, are
visit.

remarkable
not

They
found

are

be scarcely

without

called II Monte

d'Oro,from
On
the way

well worthy sepulchres, under lock and key, yet can a guide. The spot is vulgarly a tradition of gold having been
to

found
a

there.

it, you may

many tombs

observe
"

traces

of

road, sepulchral
not

flanked

with

tumuli
lie in
a

some

with copse,

architectural decorations. and

are

The

small

accessible easily much

to ladies.

indeed, demands
ruder sex, for
is called the
"

of the

explorethem, in the spirit sportsman's

The first

To

they are
Tomb

often half-full of water.

of the

Seat,"
"

chap,

xxxiii.]GROTTA

DELLA

SEDIA,

MONTE

D'ORO.

59

GROTTA This
basement the

DELLA

SEDIA. with
a

tomb

lies under

large tumulus,
makes

square

of masonry,

which

it highly probablethat

in this case mound of pyramidal was superincumbent form.2 Half-way down the passage which leads to the sepulchre, you pass through a doorway of masonry, which

marks

the line of the tumulus-basement. whose

a

The

passage

is

lined with masonry, existence

convergingcourses
The has

indicate the tomb

sists con-

of originally

vault overhead.
aud
a

of two

chambers,

nothing extraordinary,
attached,hewn
of the the side of which
out

except
of the

an

arm-chair, with

footstool tombs

rock,as living

in the two

Banditaccia,
a

described. Here it already couch, but againstthe the two Tins chambers.3
tomb

is not

by

chral sepul-

wall of rock

separates

had

for, when
several of jibulce

lessly, past,but very careopened, some gold leaf, and recently

been

rifled in ages

the Other

same

metal

were was

discovered
also

in

one

of

the chambers. of
a

furniture

found, indicative
was

feature high antiquity.4A singular

the skeleton

The

basement

is 63 feet
"

by 56.

Vis-

seats

are

Mitliraic

symbols
"

and

so

he

conti makes

it larger the back,

108
or on
a

by

91 Roman

also

regards the
Corsini

celebrated Palace.

marble

chair p.

palms. posed to
or jection

At

the side opsquare proThe recede

of the 152.
"*

Mon.

Ined.

the entrance, is buttress

in the masonry. the

courses

Here

were

blocks
as

are

and of tufo,

in flowers of smalt of

fragments of embroidery Egyptian workmanof

"

they ascend, as
of masonry,

in the walls of Servius

ship
"

piece

blue

pasta

inscribed

Tullius at Rome.
ments

Similar

square

base-

with of and the gums

hieroglyphics alabastra in the form

"

generallyemplecton,
bases this of

Egyptian females
other corpse. oriental A

and

bits of amber

and
not

probably the
uncommon

pyramids, are

gums

placed around
of
one

in

necropolis, espe-

morsel
to
as

of these
so

in cially

the

glenof
34.

the Vaccina, beneath

being put
odour

the

fire emitted

the cliffsof the

3

See

page

city. Micali, in
he seeks
to

powerfulan
his last establish
monu-

to be

even says Visconti,

in the Ceri. The

to

insupportable, hall of spacious

Ant. Mon. di
en-

work, in which
oriental

the Ducal

palaceat
"

analogies in
his

Etruscan

Ceri,pp. 29
trance

32.

vault at the

ments, expresses

opinion that

these

proves this tomb

be very ancient.

GO

CERVETRI.

[chap,xxxui.

of

horse, lyingby the bier of his master, and

been

that he had

slain at the funeral Grotta Torlonia.

suggesting obsequies.5

The
its
name

under the adjoining tumulus has received sepulchre of the land. The basement from the proprietor
of the usual circular form.6 is its most
a

is here tomb

The At
a

entrance

to

this
tance dis-

feature. singular

considerable

level passage opens in the hill-side, and runs partly underground towards the tumulus, till it terminates in a
now vestibule,

open

to

the

the

ground above, by
of the

two

sky,and communicating with of steps. The inner part flights

in the

of this vestibule is recessed

chambers tombs

rock, like the upper

;

of Castel

d'Asso
on

for there

is
are

moulded similar, benches

of

door in the centre, and

too
narrow

either hand for

rock, which, being

was

sarcophagi,
"

suggestthat this chamber

for probably

formed

for the funeral rites

the

of the relatives the tomb.

and generally for the convenience banquet, of the deceased in their periodical visits to chamber is decorated

This Doric

with

rock-hewn

of pilasters and
In bases

but proportions,

with

peculiarcapitals,
another

somewhat floor of

allied to the Tuscan. this vestibule

to

the

opens

flightof
is an
ante-

steps leading down

s

the

sepulchre.7 There
tombs
no

For and

detailed

of description

this

of Civita

Castellana,but there is
of communication it could
not

tomb

its contents, and

for illustrathe work Monumenti of

appearance

with

tive Cav.

plans and

sections,see

the tomb fore have

below, and
served

thereof
an

P. E. Visconti,Antichi

the

purpose

di Ceri. Sepolcrali
6

entrance.

This

tumulus The this

is about masonry of

75

feet

in

Visconti

(Ant. Mon.

di
a

Ceri, p. 20)

diameter.
ment

the

baseat

states,but

apparentlyas
a

mere

conjee
-

has

that peculiarity,"
10
or

the

of steps ture, that this flight

was

origi-

distance

of every
as

11

feet
a

block

nallyconcealed,so that
the passage
or

person

entering

so projects,

to

give the whole

resem-

descendingthe steps from

take the vestibule with its for the real

blance

to

vast In

cog-wheel lying on
masonry,

the

above, would
moulded

ground.
the

the
a

just

above

doorway

sepulchre,

entrance, is

pit

or

shaft,as

in the

62

CERVETRI.

[CHAP.XXX1I1. In construction

tombs

were

opened
Grotta

in 1842.

very like the

they were Regulini-Galassi, being long passages

and walled and roofed in with masonry, lying similarly beneath largetumuli of earth,and their furniture betrayed antiquity.1 a corresponding that though sepulchres found It is worthy of remark are
on

every

side of

those towards Caere,

the

sea

are

generally

the most The

ancient.2 ancient

keeping with the archaic, Egyptian character of the rest of the sepulchral furniture. The moulded large, fluted,or fantastically of red or black ware, with figures of centaurs, jars, cinerary in flat relief, resemble those of sphinxes,and chimaeras which Veii ; and so the rest of her early unpaintedpottery, rather than Etruscan.3 The Lepsius takes to be Pelasgic
pottery
1

of

Caere

is in

It

consisted
ware

of great
a

of quantities
;
no

westward
as

positionof
it
were

the

oldest

tombs,

black

with
vases

brilliant varnish

though
to

chosen the
race.

for its approximation

painted
earliest archaic
and

except
bi'oken
; and

fragments

in

the very of the

the sea,

peculiarelement
He
on

style;

of sculpture

Tyrrhene
of the of Sardinia. the

notices the the western

character

articles in smalt,

analogy
shore
3

Nuraghe

bronze, and
in

ments highly-wrought ornasome

gold,
name

in Zambra

the

Egyptian
seems

style.
Saracenic
romances

The

of old
was

must Pelasgi, says Lepsius, be referred the of vases undoubtedly

To

origin, and
of Granada the
seems

recalls
; but

the it ages

black

earth

of

peculiar, sometimes

zarre, bi-

but often with fantastic

elegant forms, adorned

handles, figures,nobs,
"

used
camera

in
;

Italy in
and it derived

middle

for that the

probable
name

and flutes, the fine old

zigzag patterns
of gold articles, careful
sown

as

well

as

this

spot

its

from

archaic

and

sepulchral chambers
The

here
met

discovered. in several
to streams

extremely
and grains, with figures,

style, very
with

thinly
gold
stumpy
many central class of

word

is also

with

wrought, and

minute short

parts of Tuscany, but attached

and
so

studded marked

with

torrents

(see Repetti, sub

a

voce);
account

outlines and
"

that it is difficult to trace

the

connection
an

Egyptian
as point,

characteristics.

with

Moorish

dance.
see

For

it were,
we

for this entire

of the

tombs,
;

Abeken,

Bull.

Inst.

which articles, call the

might pre-eminently
the
or

1810, p. 133
272
tav.
-

Mittelitalien, pp. 236, 268,

Ined. p.

; Micali, Mon.

375,

et seq.

is now obtained Pelasgic, important discoveries in of the ancient

through chres sepulCaere."

LVI.

Agylla
"

Abeken (Mittelital. p. 240) fancied for this be reason there might some

Tyrrhen.

Pelasg.pp. 44

5.

CHAP.

XXXIII.] ancient

ANCIENT

POTTERY

OF

C^RE.

63

most

paintedvases
of the of
a

are

also found
or

on

tins site, not

only those
but others

so-called much
rarer

Egyptian

class and

style, Doric peculiarly

pottery,as
and the
we

Phoenician

character,resembling the ancient Corinthian

know
from it

through
and

the

celebrated islands.4

Dodwell

vase,

others

Greece
is

her

Though

pottery of
than that

Caere of
or

archaic generallyof a more Vulci or Tarquinii ; yet beautiful have also been found Greek, styles Csere
a

character
vases

of the

later,
the

here.5 the of territory

Between former

and

Veii,

and

in

lay city,
was

very

ancient

Etruscan Roman

town,

called

Artena, which
have

destroyed by the
raised
matter
as

kings. Speculations
it will

been
a

to
mere

but its site,

probably

always remain
4

of

conjecture.6
II. tav. 311. black
38 ; Ann.

Of

this

rare are

class
two
an

of the

vases

from

Inst. 1836, pp. 310" these

a vases

Caere, there
Museum.
combat

in

Gregorian
the

The and
; and

figures on
violet,
on

are

One,
of

olpe,represents
and The

pale yellow
are

Ajax (Aivas), by
./Eneas.

Hector,

ground
as on

the outlines
vases

scratched,
ancient

who

is assisted of the

graphy palaeothat this

use

other

of the

most

inscriptions, justlike
vase,

style.
5

of also

the
to

Dodwell be Doric of

determines

Ann.

Inst. 1837, p. 183. alone

so

the ; especially the

to

of

Livy (IV. 61)

and the he does Artena
to have

mentions

this

the O is

instead

; for

the

koppa
Inst. The
a

town,
from is

to

it distinguish

quite foreign
Ined. pp.
vase,
as on

Attic

inscriptions.
; Ann.

of the

Volsci, which
the

Mon.

Inst. II. tav. 38

thought

occupied
He

heights
says the

1836,
other

306"310,
a

Abeken.

above

Monte
Artena

Fortino.

represents Jiydria,
the Dodwell
vase.

boar-

Etruscan
not to

belonged to Caere, and

some

hunt,

Mus.

Veii it at

as

supposed. Nibby
in the he
; but
tenuta

Gregor. II. tav.

of this is in pana the
at

1 7, 2.

Another

good

cimen spe-

placed
of
traces

Castellaccio

class of Ceeritan

pottery
Camone

Castel of

Campanile,
an

where
town

found Gell
at

possessionof Cavaliere
Rome. And there the is

Etruscan

at

thought
Boccea,
twelve here
has
a

it
or

more

to likely
near

have the for

"

stood

Berlin, which
between birds

represents
and the
on

combat with
a

Buccea,
from and

Arrone,
there is

Achilles

Memnon,
horses'

miles

Rome,
insulated of
been
a

flying over

heads" which

high

frequent symbol
has been
or

painted vases,
a

all the appcai'ance

seems

point,which and citadel, occupied at

a

as interpreted
as

type
and

of swiftness, also Ined. with Inst.

which

to

have

an

augury

"

subsequent period by

patricianvilla."

peculiar palaeography. Mon.

(I.p. 195.)

64

[appendix to

APPENDIX

TO

CHAPTER

XXXIII.

Note
The mark

I.

"

Shields
or

as

Sepulchral

Decorations.

shields carved
them

mode
actual

in this and other tonihs of Csere, probapainted bly the sepulchres of warriors, and are onlya more as manent perof indicating is expressed what the of by suspension the

bucklers.

This

was

Greek
and

as

well

as

Etruscan

custom.

The

ancient

pyramid between
the

Argos

mentioned Epidaurus,

by Pausanias,
II. 25.
The

contained

shields of the of them and

as

slain there interred.

Paus.

use analogous

external

decorations

of Asia

Minor

by the Etruscans, has

was

by the people sepulchres been pointed Vol. out. already

with the ancients,who bucklers
a

of

I. p. 252.
were

The
at

shield

favourite anathema of
a

wont,

the

conclusion

war,

those of their and

foes in the vanquished for David

men

suspendtheir own templesof their gods

to
"

or

very

early
the

oriental custom,
the
a

dedicated 2

to

God

the

gold shields
at

he had

capturedfrom Lydian offered

the time

of

Zobah.
to Minerva

Sam.

viii.

7, 11.
seen

Crcesus

gold shield
was

Pronoea, to be
X.

Delphiin
to

of Herodotus

(I. 92
the

; cf. Paus.

8), and
the them

sent

another

Amphiaraus, which
Herod. I.

in preserved

the

temple of Apollo at
Athenians
fixed

Thebes. cated dedi-

52, 92.

After

battle of Marathon,

their shields to the

and DelphicApollo, X.

ture to the entablathe

same

of his

temple.
still be each

Paus.

19.
on

And
the

traces

of shields in

position may
one

observed

eastern

front of the

Parthenon

"

under

with triglyph, alternated

the marks
with them.

also of the bronze The Roman

letters of the
conquerors

which inscriptions
Corinth

of

of giltshields on the entablature of the suspendeda number templeof JupiterOlympius ; and in the pediment of the same building was a (Paus. V. 10) ; and so shields gift goldenshield,also a dedicatory have been found carved in the pedimentsof the rock-hewn, temple-like, tombs of Phrygia. See Steuart's Lydia and Phrygia. Shields may received from the gods,and sometimes have been symbols of protection thus

acknowledged;
of the
the V.

but

were

often, like anathemata

those who dedicated
runners

in
;
as

general,mere
was

emblems
with Paus.

of profession

them in the

the

case

shields of the armed twenty-five

Olympicstadium.
merely decorative
five hundred

12.
as

Sometimes when Solomon

x.

they

seem

to

have

served

purposes,

adorned
or

his
as

palacewith
in

gold

targets (1 Kings,

16, 17) ;

when,

Asia

Minor,

they were

chap,

xxxm.]
on

SHIELDS

AS

SEPULCHRAL

DECORATIONS.

05

carved

and city-walls, decoration

the

proscenia of
the

theatres. who

And

they were
them
in

conventional with the

in their
as

also with

Romans,
The

emblazoned

of portraits
own

their ancestors, and

Plin. XXXV.

them suspended
use

templesor

houses.

3, 4.

of shields, however,

devices,is as old as the War of the Seven against personal for familyemblems is also Thebes, if we may believe iEschylus ; and {Mn. VII. 657), introduces one of his early very ancient, for Virgil
Italian heroes
with
a

fields for

formidable

escutcheon

"

Pulcher Centum

Aventinus, clypeoqueinsigne paternum,

angues,

cinctamque gerit Hydram. serpentibus

of figures

The

shields borne

by

the

Minerva

on

the Panathenaic

vases

are

said to contain the

We
must

devices of the Italian cities. Bull. Inst. 1843, p. 75.

the

of armorial origin For an ingenious shields. and for their blazonment on theory bearings, Mr. Wathen's of heraldry, most of the Egyptian origin see interestinglook

beyond

days

of

for chivalry

the

work

on

"Ancient

Egypt," pp.
Note

20

et seq.

II.

"

Genii

and

Junones.

believed by the Romans to attend and protect which were spirits their as to be of the same sex human were supposed beingsthroughlife, individual charge ; the males being called Genii, the females Junones. 110. Such were Tibul. IV. 6, 1 ; Seneca, epist. spirits supposednot The

onlyto
in fact

have

presided over, in the name implied

was

but
"

to have

been
a

the

cause

of birth, which Geniales

was

is
;

Genius,

Censorinus, de Die Natali,III.) ; and

and lectus genialis,
JEn. his
"

v. genendo (Festus, the nuptial hence couch

called

sacred to the Genius.

assert

Fest.
at

s.

v.

Serv. ad

Virg.
at

VI.

603.

Some
two to

that

every

man

his

birth,or
and whose

rather

had conception,
one

Genii allotted to him, to attend him other to evil

"

throughlife
office it

him inciting

good deeds, the

was

also after death to attend him

or

to the

presence

of the infernal
or

judges,
:

to confirm
so a

refute his

to according pleadings,
a

their truth

falsehood

that he lower.

might be raised to Serv. ad Virg.Mu.

III.
A the

better state

of

or existence, degradedto

VI.

743
of

cf. III. 63 ; Euclid. Socrat. ap.

and protecting

Censorin.
was

similar doctrine

attendant
"

spirits
"

held

by

Greeks, who

called them
men

daemons

8ainov"s

and

believed them

to be allotted to

at their

birth, as guardians, always

and commissioned of deeds but of thoughts, not only and cognizant present, Plato,Phasdo, pp. 107, 108, them to the other world. also to accompany ed.
de Deo Socrat. p. 48, ed. 1625 ; cf. Ilesiod. and ap. Apuleium, Steph., Opera et Dies, I. 121 et seq., 250 et seq. ; Pind. Olymp. XIII.
VOL.
II. F

66
.

CERVETR1.

[appendixto

Genii
were

the

and Lares, inasmuch from the Manes these as distinguished the offspring of of the dead, but the Genii were the deified spirits Genium, vv. Tages),and the giversof life itself, great gods (Fest.
were

wherefore
was

they were

called Dii

Genitales.

This

however, distinction,
confounded
of their

the

for the Genii were alwayspreserved, after and Lares, and supposed, Manes
not

sometimes the

with

death

to charge,

dwell in his
Plin. A

sepulchre. Serv.

ad

JEn.

III. 63 ; Censorin.

loc. cit.; cf.

II. 5.
man was

believed to be born
"

under

the

influence of

favourable

or

unlucky
as

Genius

the

case

IV. 27 Juno, or (Pers. ; and the Genius geniosinistro) offended with also supposed to be pleased or might be, was of the individual.
Thus

the

actions
"

Quartilla,in Petronius habeam,

si

(cap. 25),
"

exclaims,
man

Junonemmeam his
or

iratam

restrained

and passions gave ad

way

his

Genius,"

if he
; Serv.
was a

And if a unquam," he. he was defraud appetites, thoughtto to them, to indulge his Genius."
"

Persius, V. 151
As the

Virg.Georg.I. 302
received

Terent.

ap. eund.

Genius

god he

divine honours, especially the on

he was of the individual, when by libations, and propitiated birthday of flowers (Horat.Ep. II. 1, 144 ; Tibul. I. 7, 50 ; IV. 5, 9 ; offerings of a woman IV. 6) ; and it Pers. II. 3) ; and so also the Juno (Tibul.
was

customary
to burn

to

anoint the head before it. death

to
"

of the

image, to
made

adorn

it with

chaplets,
V.

and

incense after J^neas

Tibul.

I.

7, 51; II. 2, 6; Ovid. Trist.

to

5, 11.

Even
as

were offerings

the

Genius II.

of the
to 54:5),

deceased,
whom

that

of his

father

(Ovid. Fast.

he offered

gifts
Hie Genio patris sollemnia dona ferebat
"
"

custom

which

the inscription, ivnon explains

"

on (Junoni),

the

vase

on painted

the wall
were

of this tomb

at Cervctri.

Women
as men

in the habit

of

swearing by

their Juno

by their Genius ; and a lover would even swear IV. 13, 15), exalting her above mistress (Tibid. every other divinity. of the Romans, sets it in the the effeminacy Juvenal (II. 98),denouncing by the Juno of his lord by sayingthat a servant swears strongestlight
"

III. 6, 48), (Tibul. by the Juno of his

Et per Junonem

domini

juranteministro.
had things,
;

Not

only men
the JEn.

and

women,

but

placesand
well
"

their Genii,

to according

Roman

creed

v. (Festus,

Genium
as

Serv. ad

Georg. I.
parts
"

302

V. 85,

95). Cities, as

their

component

streets, houses, baths, fountains,"c.

so

had

their individual Genii

"

and

also with

armies, nations provinces, regions,

every

as portion,

well

chap,

xxxiii.]
the whole

GENII

AND

JUNONES.

07

as

Roman well

Genius of the had its presiding The collectively, spirit. coins,though Prudentius might on People is often represented individual character
"

his question

Romse mihi fingitis Quanquam cur Genium unum, Cum soleatis domibus, thermis,stabulis, portis, Assignaresuos Genios ? perque omnia membra

Urbis, perque

locos,Geniorum
vacet

millia multa ab umbra

?

Fingere,
These

ne

propria

angulusullus

loci were genii V. 95

Mn. (Virg.
on

the household

to take the visible form of a serpent supposed represented ; Serv. ad loc.) constantly ; and so theyare shrines of Pompeii,eatingmeat fruits from an or

altar. The

doctrine of Genii
was

and
from

Junones

as

held

by

the Romans,
that A
;

there is Lares. Jovialis

littledoubt, We
was

received

the

Etruscans

with

of the Genius

know
one

that the latter

Genii. peopleworshipped

of their four Penates

(Arnob.adv.

Nat. III. 40

cf. Serv. iEn. II.

himself the son of a Genius was 325) ; and Tages,their great law-giver, v. Tages). And that the Etruscans held the doctrine of good and (Fest. the soul into the other world, is demonstrated by evil spirits attending in the than by the paintings their monuments more clearly ; by none This dualistic doctrine is thought by Grotta del Cardinale at Corneto. der Etrusker, p. 57) not to be Hellenic ; (Gottheiten East. Inghirami(Mon. Etrusc. refers its origin to the I., p. that it was held by the Etruscans did not perceive ; but seq.) Gerhard
now

Micali 59
et

this is

admitted
the

held

every hand. distinction between

on

It is not Genii
and

so

clear that
;

the

Etruscans
sex

Junones with

for the

of the

is ministering spirit

often

not

accordant
is

that of the human

being,

who, whether
Thus the

man

or

woman,

majority of and mirrors, sarcophagi,

correct to term

the
are

attended by a female generally Etruscan demons, represented on females. Therefore

Junones.
"

spirit.
urns,

it is not

such

female-demons,

Passeri Nor
or

in

Dempst., p. 93) employed the name the attendant between easy to distinguish
ministers

Genise."

strictly (Paralipom. is it always

the

Genii, good
as

bad, and

of

Fate, who

are

introduced
as

determining or
are

directing
present
at

events,
scenes
same

or

the Furies, who,

ministers
the work

of vengeance, of destruction.
"

of death, or

in assisting

All have

the

high buskins, generalcharacteristics. Wings at the shoulders which a short, often with longflaps, are apt to be mistaken for talaria ends the bosom, the upper tunic double strap crossing a high-girt passingover the shoulders, the under, behind the back, and united
" "

between

the

paps

in

circular stud

or

rosette.

The

distinction must f2

68

CERVETRI.

[chap, xxxiii.
into which but
a

bo

drawn

from from

the

nature

of

the and in
or

scene

these

demons

are

introduced,
attribute
in
a

their

attitude

expression,
the
a

chiefly from
or

the

their

hands,
sword,
or
a

which, snakes,
bottle
a or

case

of
;

Fury,
case

malignant
a

Fate, Fate,

is is

hammer,
a

torch

in the
a

of

decreeing
in
a

scroll,
a

ink-horn,

with

or stylus,

few of
of

instances,
a

hammer be
are
a

and

nail

(see Vol.
or

I., p.
at

510)
all.

in

the

case

Genius

may who

simple wand,
often attendants

nothing
on

The

demons

vengeance,
to
a

Charun,

from

their resemblance Gerhard Their

to

the

Furies

of

Greek

mythology,
der
;

are

thought by
p.

have

Hellenic

origin.
not

Gottheiten

Etrusker,

17. of the the

on

Etruscan

is appellation

yet discovered

but

against some
which have attached Etrusk.
a

female-demons of Fates, mirrors

of milder the
name

those character, especially

"

attributes
Etruscan

Lasa

"

has VI.

been 6
;

found

(Lanzi, Sagg. II.

CLXXXI.
Bull.

tav.

Gerhard,
p.

Spiegel, taf. XXXVII.,

similar

Inst.
"

1846,
"

106), though

goddess

is

times some-

designated CXLII.)
cited,
the for
r

Mean its

(Etrusk. Spiegel, taf. LXXXIL,

with It
must
;
or

CXLI.,
instances
"

Lasa,
a

from

connection

other be

names

in the

seems

generic appellation.
the Arvale.
to

equivalentto
we

Lara,"
Lases"

and

being interchangeable letters

Carmen Lara be

wherefore Larunda
with

find

"

Lares

in

is

considered the been mother

by
of

Midler the
to to

(Etrusk. III., 4, 13)

and Lares. Greeks
The

identical
"

Mania,
has
but the

Manes the be Aha

one

origin of
of

Lasa"

also the

referred
seems

of the

(Bull. Inst.
than

loc.

cit.);

analogy
from

of office rather
"

for appellation,

derivation

the
der
not

Etruscan

Lar

"

is
on

perfectlysatisfactory. ground
but be

Gerhard
as

(Gottheiten
"mistress,"
of women,

Etrusker,

p. the

16)
Genii

this of
men,
never

translates
the

Lasa

the

oidy
thinks

of
a

of

analogous
for
a

Junones

yet

Lasa the

must

mistaken

Juno. the Etruscan

Though
not

female

of ministering-spirits
to to

mythology
it may
same

are

in

every

respect analogous
of
a

the

Roman
to

Junones,
them
of
or
"

be

well,

in default To the mild

specific name,

apply
the
name

the

appellation.
may of be dently confi-

or

decreeing Fates,
;

Lasa" demons

attached
whose Etruscan
to

and

the has
or

malignant
not

Fates,

vengeance,
their
blance resem-

name

yet

been

ascertained,
of Grecian

from

the

Erinyes

Eumenides

fable,

may

well

be

designated

Furies.

70

PALO.

[chap.XXXIV.

researches.
its

The

earliest notice of it the year of much

as

by

Roman

writers
no

is

a colonyin receiving

507.3

At

time does

it

seem

to

have

been

condition
a

it

attained,as far
This may
a

small town.4

have

importance; the highest we learn,being that of can been owing to its unhealthy
coast.

on position,

low

swampy

Yet
;
5

it and

was even

much
the
an

frequentedby the wealthy chose it Emperor Antoninus Imperialvilla on this shore.6

Haveva Che
un

Romans
as

his retreat, and

had

bel

giardin sopra
e

una

colli intorno

tutto

'1 mare

riva, scopriva. the

At

the

beginning of

the

fifth

century Alsium, like

the

had neighbouring Pyrgi,

sunk

to

condition

of

large
people.
And the

Veil. Paterc.
was

I. 14.

As
to

maritime its

and

heavilyfined by
VIII. of villa at

the Roman 7. younger

colony it
quota

compelled
in

furnish 547

Val. Max.

1, Damn.
the

of troops
in

the

year

(b.c.
War

mother-in-law had
also
a

Pliny
had

207), when

the

Second with

Punic
a

Alsium, which

Italy was
invasion drubal.
not

threatened of

second Hasit is naval

Carthaginiansunder
XXVII. with
38.

Liv.

But other

belonged to Rufus Verginius, previously took such who delight hi it, that he the nestling-place of his old called it
"

mentioned

the

age."
"

senectutis
on

sum

nidulum Plin.

"

and

was

which, in 563 colonies, compelled reluctantly

out
a

(b.c.191), were
to

buried 10 ;

the

spot.
19.

Epist. VI.
Divers.
to

aid

in

fitting

cf. IX.
6 ; cf. ad
as

Cicero

(ad

fleet of

against Antiochus
Liv. XXXVI.

the Great,
3.

IX.

Attic. XIII.

50) refers
Csesar
was

King

Syria.

Pliny
as a

Alsium

the

spot where
on

(III. 8), and

Ptolemy (Geog. p. 68, ed.

its existence

thinkingof
Africa.
6

landing

his return

from

Bert.) certify to colony in

4

their

days.
Strabo
as
a mere

Alsiensibus. Fronto,deFeriis
a

Gruter

Rutil. I. 224.

(V.

p.

225)
to
a

(p. 271, 3) gives

to

dedicatoryinscription
was

also Yet lake

"

speaks
the
now

of it of

iroXixviov.
full 20 ager, the
de

Marcus

Aurelius, by the DecuCf. Cluver.

at

fact

giving its name Lago Martignano

"

riones of the found

An at

Colony of Alsium, which

Ceri,

Palo.

II. p. 497.
tions men-

miles distant, impliesan and Lacus

no

extensive
For

also,found inscription
a

small

importance.
see

villa at Alsium. di Ceri, p. 12

D. T. AELIO. AUG. ALSI M.
:
"

See

Visconti,

Alsietinus,
in

Frontinus,
Cluver

Mon.

Ant.

Aquseduct. II. p.

48.

(II. p.
StracciaPR0C.

524) errs
cappa
4

taking the
the Lacus had
a

Lago

EVTYCHO. N

to be

Alsietinus.

pro

Pompey Milone, XX.

one

villa here. M. yEmilius

Cicero,
Porcina
a

VILLAE. ENSI HEREDES.

also built that

he

on

so

magnificent scale,
of it
as

was

accused

crime,

chap,

xxxiv.]
; but

VESTIGES

OF

ALSIUM.

7L

villa7

we

have

no

subsequentrecord
the Goths
or

and of it,

it

was

probably destroyed by
this coast Not
a

Saracens, who
Etruscan

tated devas-

in the middle

ages.8
town

vestigeof
there

the
are

or Pelasgic

is

now

visible ; but times

extensive The

substructions

of Roman
was

alongthe
About
on
a

beach.

which fort, also,

ancient
are one some

built in
in its

the fifteenth walls. ruins

century, has

some

materials

mile to the east

the

of shore, apparently

very extensive villas.9 of the Roman

indicated Alsium, though its site had been pretty clearly gotten, forhad been well-nigh by the notices of the ancients,1
years since the revived interest in the spot.
a

when

few

of enterprise

lady
to the

About deserted

mile and

half inland

from

Palo, close

of Monteroni, and about twenty-two post-house in miles from Rome, are four or five large tumuli, standing of being the open plain. They bear every appearance the natural hillocks of tufo risingabove huge masses of surroundinglevel. Hence their ordinaryappellation to Colli Tufarini." Yet their isolation and similarity of Cervetri, induced the Duchess of the sepulchral mounds to probe their recesses. Sermoneta, in whose land they lay, of the most One This was in 1838. regular in form, feet high,was found to be girt which was about forty by
"

"

low
"

basement

wall of tufo masonry,

on

which
between
so

formed
and

Rutil. I. 224

"

this coast And

Pyrgi
the miles
9

Fre-

Nuuc From

villae grandes,oppida parva the mention

we

prius.
Peutin-

genae.

also

Maritime from the

made

by the

marks Itinerary and latter, The

16

it as from

gerianTable
in the time
8

also learn that it existed

the

former

town,

of Theodosius. Dintorni di

Nibby, Nibby
to

Roma,

II. p.

truth in

the PeutingerianTable is nearer 10 miles from it Pyrgi calling page These

526.
9

(ut supra,

4)

; but

12

is the
are

true

(op. cit. p. 528) takes

those of

these

distance.

discrepancies

of

ruins because

be the

Pompey's villa,
marks

little importance; the

generalposition precise site

remains.
extant

styleof
the

construction

being
can

thus

indicated, the

the latter
1

days of

Strabo

(V. pp.

Republic. 225, 226) placesit

be determined

by

72

PALO.

[chap,xxxiv.

of nearly eighthundred feet. This wall had two periphery the north, sundry drains on the south, and buttresses on hole containing a small stone the west on a cylinder. thus character of the tumulus was Though the sepulchral the entrance to the tomb was indicated, long sought clearly feet up the slope, in vain ; tillat length, or some forty fifty found cut in the rock, and leading to the was a passage tomb
was

; and

it

was

remarked

that the mouth

of the passage

in the basement-wall. The pointedat by the cylinder of tomb the Grotta Regulini-Galassi closelyresembled Cervetri ; for it was a long passage, walled with regular converging till they formed a rude masonry, the courses

Gothic-like
channel
or

arch, which
groove
was

terminated the

in

similar

square
its

; and

indicated by high antiquity

construction

likewise confirmed

by

the character

of its

furniture.

of Greek form or paintedvases nothing that betrayedthe influence of Hellenic here closely allied to the Egyptian.2 was No No
or

design;
art ; all

other tomb

was

discovered

in this

mound, but

well

shaft in the floor, twenty feet

deep,opened

into another

horizontal
were

hundred feet long ; and here passage, about a three other shafts, probably sunk to other sepulchral
on
a

chambers
passages with At the
more

stilllower
us

level.

This

system of shafts
is in

and

reminds

of the

Pyramids,and
of the contents

harmony
surface of

the

Egyptiancharacter
discovered
a

of this tomb.3 the

the foot of this mound,

sunk

beneath

was plain,

double-chambered

of sepulchre,

Etruscan ordinary

character,and
lamina
3

its contents

showed

Rude

pottery of black
thereon with in
"

earth, with
vases

with

archaic other formed

reliefs, passages the entrance considered

figures scratched smalt, ornamented

; flat

of
on

There

were

opening
to the

lotus-flowers,

that which

purely Egyptian
tomb beads
of

character, and
both
as

tomb, but
have
former
oio 24

Abeken the

them made

to

painted ostrich-eggs
Vulci smalt of and

in the Isis-

been

experiments

(see Vol.
amber

I. p. 41.0);
;

excavators.

by Mittelitalien, p.

and

gold

CHAP.

XXXIV.]

TUMULI

OF

MONTERONI.

73

only that resemblance high antiquity.4

These
the

to

the

Egyptian which
have
one

bespeaksa
to belonged

must tombs, from their position,

of necropolis

Alsium

and

thus,while
of
an

bears

out

statement Dionysius'
on

of the existence

Etruscan

lation poputo

this

the site,

other confirms
a more

his
race.

as testimony

its

prioroccupation by
excavations

ancient

Were

continued But

here, other tombs

since the Duchess's done
on

would

doubtless be discovered.

death,a
For

few years since,nothing has been

zeal antiquarian and

this coast.

this lady rivalled enterprise

the late

Duchess

of Devonshire. while to visit the tumuli of Monteroni,

worth It is scarcely
4

They

consisted the

of pottery and terracotta archaic with of

vases.
or

Etruscan

form, another
and

narrow

passage, the

figuresin
Etruscan

Egyptowings,
taken The

similarly lined
with
a

half

length,
were

some style,

four

rock-hewn nails
some

bench, and
wall.

numerous

forming
from

the

feet

scription debronze found

in the

Here

of these

tomhs

have

articles of of

1839, pp. 1841, p. 39 ; and also from his Mittelitalien, pp. 242, 267, 272, 274 ;
81"84 ;

Abeken,

Bull.

Inst.

fragments
odorous of
an

gold,and jewellery, Egyptian vases, and

a

paste, and

stone

in

the

form

axe-head, supposed to be
were

Egyptian.
of

for

nothingis now Micali,who takes

different He says, above the

to

be

seen

on

the spot.
from

There any the

tav.

no

Etruscan tombs.

in inscriptions

his notices

the

of

these he
as

The

masonry

papers

of the late Duchess,

givesa of these description

the basementwas

what some-

passage

represents (Mon. Ined.

opus

tombs.

LVII.)

quadratum
These tombs
cut

of tufo
courses were

wall of the into steps to levelled ; of earth

In the
was

in blocks,but 2'"seudisodomon, or of unequal drained

tumulus the
and
to

tufo

cut

heights.
many

and then heightof 1 8 feet,

on

by

channels

in

the

this

was

raised

mound
more.

rock,
Mon.
the

and

branching
pp.

in all directions. It must

be

the

height of 27
or

feet

Ined.

378"390.

lower

natural
a

part of the mound

less ancient Hamilton

of these tombs who

in which

discovered
one

of four chambers, sepulchre all with rock-hewn circular,

bronze

of them
and

benches,
around.

nails in the walls his

visited them Gray, shortlyafter they were opened, saw a of pair the door panthers painted over of the
outer

Mrs.

These,

from

description
of
text.
as

chamber,

and

of their contents, the tombs

are

the less ancient

in the

with walls of

geniion
the

their

mentioned

The feet

inner.

campi, hippobacks,on the Sepulchres of

two

passage-tomb he
long, sunk
the
in

represents
same

45

Etruria,p. Gray
Ncrone these
errs

123, third
in the calling

edition. site
"

Mrs. Monte

the

levelled part of masonry,

mound, though opened, by

a

lined with smoothed. of

;" it is named

from Monteroni,

squared and regularly

it

Upon
usual

"large mounds."

door

the

'4

PALO.

[chap,xxxiv. with

for the the

chambers

are

now

re-closed
or

earth

even

and not a destroyed, character. trace remains to attest their sepulchral Palo is a most of its venerable ancientry, In spite dreary of interest, charms or place. Without extant antiquities basement-wall

is re-covered

of scenery, it
halt
one

can

offer

no

inducement

to

the traveller to
modation accom-

hour, save
in the

that he will here find the best

of Cervetri ; and should neighbourhood than a passingglanceat that site, he propose to take more well admit the claims of Palo to be his head-quarhe may ters. The fare is not such as the placeonce afforded no fatted oysters, and pastry,confectionery, savoury apples, dainties generous wines, in transparent faultless goblets/' fit to set before a king convivium regium5 but, for a the post-houseis not to be despised. wayside hostelry, Yet the place itself is desolate enough. Beyond a copse there is nothingto relieve the either side of the village, on
"

"

"

"

bare

monotony of the
could
ever

level waste. been in

"

It is hard

to believe

Alsium retreat"
Now
"

have

the time
"

voluptuoussea-side
of the

it is described

the

Antonines.6

the traveller is
Oh,
the

ready to

exclaim
!

dreary moorland dreary,

oh, the barren,barren

shore !

"

Yet well

the lover of sea-side nature

as no

may

find interest

here,as
to
me

in the

bay sparkling

of

Naples.
to

Though
spent

this is

dilectum

litus, as it was

Halesus,yet memory
have
at Palo.

recalls not without The

human my
5

the days I pleasure

a

calm

delightof
The
ever

breast.

sunny broad

shore
ocean

finds

its reflex

in the

window,
Fronto,
de

murmured

softly heaving beneath its bright joy; mirroring"the

edged
when Macrob.
ever,

Feriis

Alsiensibus,
it not that the
an

tools ; which

Pollio

remembered

III. epist.
6

to banter challenged

Fronto, loc. cit. Were

was

Saturn.

II. 4.

by Augustus. Fronto, howby

author
we

writing

to

Emperor,
of

but

might suspect are despots, especially sovereigns,

him

irony

his praises of Alsium qualifies mentioning the raucas paludes.

chap,

xxxiv.]

SEA-SHORE

SCENES.

75

vault of blue sails

with

Italian
the

day."
broke

few

their feluccas,

weary

in flapping

breeze, lay off shore, lazily rocking

on languidly

the swell,which

the red ruins

at

licked with foam the walls of the crumbling or my feet, fortress. Away to the right, the distant point of was Santa Marinella
; and

to the

the eye wandered left, of Holland

were

along
tains, moun-

the level shore,to which

uncertain
save

the dunes
it
were

whether here

when
coast
;

it rested
or

and

land, sea or traversing there on a lonely tower on

on building

the

when
as

it reached
now

the

extreme

horizon, so

faint

to

seem

but

summer-cloud, yet
fellfull on its of the

when gleaming out whitely flank. This

was

the

eveningsun
Such
were

the fort of

at the mouth Fiumicino,

Tiber, the port of modern

Rome.

features of my prospect ; which was of domestic life, at the doors of the

or

standing varied onlyby scenes huts openingseaward,

the

which down to came by herds of long-horned cattle, picktheir eveningmeal from the straw scattered over the When the sun's last glories had faded from the beach. then began the lifeand stir of Palo. The craft, which sky, all day, stood in after dark, and had lain in the offing Then what bustle, sent the produce of their nets to land. what legged shouting,on board and ashore ! Red-cap t, barefellows with baskets gaining my chubby host of Palo barfor the haul and cloaked sky-bluedoganieri, all common-place features enough, lookingon quidnuncs, but assuming, from the glare of torches,a rich Rem" "

"

brandtish

to which effect,

the

dark
an

masses

of the

vessels,
at

by magnified
About
a

the

gloom,formed

appropriate background.
the road to

three miles

beyond Palo,on

Rome,

ruins,supposedto mark spot called Statua,are some site of Ad Turres,a station on the Via Aurelia.7
*

the

Mentioned
22

in the

of Itinerary Rome.

Anto-

page

4.

Here

it is that Cramer

(Ancient

as ninus,

miles from

Ut supra,

I. p. 208) placesAlsium. Italy,

76

PALO.

[chap,xxxiv. far from

mile called and

or

two

beyond,not
la
some

Palidoro,and
of

at

spot
1839

Selva

Rocca, the Duchess

some style,

Sermoneta, in
found
vases

1840, excavated
beautiful Greek

tumuli, and

of the most

resemblingthose
ancient and

and Athens ; besides pottery of more Sicily character ; togetherwith articles in bronze, and alabaster.8 amber, smalt, glass, of

gold,

Beyond this, or
another
station
on

six

miles

from

Palo, stood
at
or
near

Bebiana,
Castel
out

the Via Aurelia ;9 and

on

Guido, stood Lorium, the first station

Rome.1
About

this road

of

half-waybetween

Palo

and

the

Tiber, at the
of

mouth
which

of the river Arrone, stands the Tower

is

Maccarese,

supposedto mark the site of the Etruscan town its positionon low of Fregenae or and a Fregellae,2 of a noxious marsh shore, and in the vicinity or swampy to the pictureof fen, called Stagno di Maccarese, answers Silius Italicus obsesses campo squalente Frcgellce?In earlytimes it may have been of importance; for very Priscus invited Turianus,an artist of this place, Tarquinius of Jupiter, the terra-cotta statue for his to Rome, to make of it, hownew temple on the Capitol.4We hear no more
" "

Abeken,
133

Bull.
;

Inst.

1839,

p.

84

; ;

mile

or

two

nearer

Rome

than

Castel it

1840, p. Micali, Monum.

9

Mittelitalien, p. 2G7
Ined. p. 374.

Guido

; but

Nibby (II.p. 270)

sites both The
a

thinks

occupiedthe
of Castel ninus here
2

of Bottaccia

and Anto-

Mentioned Ut supra,

by
page

the
4.

Peutingerian
Gell {sub voce)
tower
on an

Guido. had

Emperor

Table.

Pius

villa at

Lorium, and
Coes. 16. di

placesit at
eminence
to to ;

a Torrimpietra,

he died. Cluver

A.

Victor, de
The

the left of the modern

road

II. p. 499.

Nibby, Dint,
Maritime Portus from

Rome

Nibby (Dintorni di Roma,

Bruciato, in the
miles
same

Roma,
rary and
3

II. p. 281.

Itine-

I. p. 297) at Casal
tenuta

places it between
Alsium,
nine

Augusti

of

Torrimpietra, 6
is still some

from

miles 477.

each.

Palo, where
vertine

regular trathe cella of

a

Sil. Ital. VIII.

masonry, Cluver

perhaps

temple.
Testa
1

(II.p. 522) placed it at

at

Pliny, who (XXXV. 45), calls

but that he

records the

this

fact

place Fregellse ;
to

di See
4.

the Arrone. Lepre, near the Itinerary and Table Gell

refers
not
to

the

town

of the
as

Etruria, and
is Volsci,

Fregellseof

page

placesLorium

at

Bottino,

manifest

from

the context,

CHAPTER

XXXV.

LUNI."

LUNA.

Lunai

portum

est

operae

cognoscere

cives

Ennius.

Anne

metalliferse

repetit jam
?

moenia

Lunse,

Tyrrhenasque

domos

Statius.

The

most
on

northerly city of
the very the
at
a one

Etruria the

was

Luna.

It stood,

indeed,
which And

frontier, on
north-western
time in the
to
was

left bank

of the

Macra,
land.1

formed

boundary
possession
south,

of

that

though
with

of the
down

Ligurians,
to

together
and

wide

tract

the

even

Pisa
as

the
it

Arno,
was

yet Luna
in

originally Etruscan,
times.2 It
was

and
never

such

recognised

Imperial
257

Strabo,
as

V.
a

p.

222.
"

Strabo
'""

speaks
but

Liv.
we

XXI. have
8 ;

59. Strabo XIV.

On

the p.
;

other

of Macra

place
more

x^P10"

Pliny

hand,

(V.
8, 5)

222)
Silius

(III. 7, 8) is
it
as a

definite

in of

marking
Etruria
"

Pliny
Italicus Statius

(III.

river,

the

boundary

(VIII. (Sylv.

482)
IV.
;

; Lucan

(I. 586)
;

flumen

Macra,
inter

Ligui'iaefinis"
amnes

patet
et

ora

4,
cf.

23)
Plin.

Martial XL 97
; and all
;

Ligurise
"

Varum
in

Macram Etruria amnis

a

(Epig. Ptolemy

Xlli.

30)

adnectitur
amne

septimte,
Macra"

qua

(Geog.
(sub
Luna

p.
voce

68, ed.

Bert.)
who

est, ab
Macra.
2

Tiberis

Stephanus
represent

SeATJvjj);
Etruscan. the with Romans

as

Livy
by
was

Much

confusion

has

arisen of

from

the

(XLI. stating

13) explains
that

discrepancy
its ager from

contradictory
writers in

statements

ancient
times some-

Luna the but

calling

this

territory

captured

by
;

the

Ligurian,
On
one

sometimes Mela

Etruscan.

Ligurians
to

that it
had

before
been

it

belonged

side

are

(II. (Strat.

"

Luna
2
"

the

latter

Etruscan. the
and

Ligurum)
Luna,

; Frontinus

III.

Lycophron,
Ligures
3,
as

however,

represents
of Pisa

oppidum
VI. Justin Aristotle

Ligurum)
;

Persius IV.

dispossessed
Etruscans. from
must

its

(Sat.
99) 16)
; ;

6)

Statius

(Sylv.
;

territory by the
p.
1

Cluver

(II.
X.

(XX.
(or
c.

1)
the

Polybius
author ;

(II.
De

458)

gathers
Luna before

Servius have been

(Mn.
founded

of

79), that
ages

Mirand.

Auscultat., 13.56)

94)

Lycophron
Sat. III.

some

the

Trojan

War.

(Cassandra,

cf. ;

Juven.

CHAP.

XXXV.]

LUNA,

AND

ITS

PORT.

79

renowned
have

for size derived

or

power

its

importance seems
commodious dominion

to

from its vast and chiefly port, truly "worthy of a peoplewho long held been the
4 and sea,"

of

which

is

now

known
non

as

the Gulf of

Spezia.5

Insignis portu, quo

Innumeras

alter spatiosior claudere

cepisserates,et

pontum.6 To the the

But the
sea. summer-

the least of its charms. are security tranquil beauty of a lake it unites the majestyof No fairer bay could poet sigh for, to float about
"

its size and

waters."

Never

did

purer
"

wave

mirror

more
"

objects.Shining towns glorious

luxuriant

convents pine-crested
"

groves

"

forts storm-defying

castled-crags
"

Dempster
the

erroneously
chief

classed

it the

formed

by
answer

these the

deposits. Yet
mouth of the
to

no

bour har-

among Etruscan
so

Twelve

cities of

within would which

stream

Confederation

Targioni Toscana, X.p. 406)

a

also

Tozzetti
; and is

(II. pp. 41, 80) ; (Viaggi in

to

Strabo's
to

description,
the Gulf of

manifestlyrefers
Holstenius
on

this

opinion
count ac-

Spezia.
mouth

ever, (pp. 26, 277), how-

even

recent

writer

on inclined,

insists of the

the

port being
and

at

the
saw

of the port. Promis, Memorie Citta di Luni, p. 24.

to the small

della fies testi-

Magra,

declares he

But

Strabo

the posts with the ancient

rings attached, to

which

size of Luna.
more

Tozzetti miles in

says

it

was

not

than

two

Cluver Luna

circuit.
4 5

shipping had been moored. (II.p. 456) placed the site of at he is followed Lerici, in which
by Mannert
this the of

Strabo, loc. cit.

As that Gulf
on

lies

on

the

Ligurian,
side of the that

thinks
corrector

(Geog. p. 288), who reason why the Latin

of Lunte Others Portus. the

and

Luna

the been

Etruscan

Ptolemy, instead
Ericis it
on

Macra,
there

it has
was

supposed either

Partus have the

puts
also

anciently a

port, properly
of the river, of Sec-

that of Luna, at the mouth

on

the spot now

called the Marsh

placed rightbank of Magra ; while Sarzana, Avenza, Spezia,even Carrara,have respectively

indicated
so as

cagna

or

gioni, ad Cluver. (Holsten. p. 25. TarX. in Toscana, pp.406,440), Viaggi that the town occupied another site. Promis observes the the

been
went

its site ; and

Scaliger
the

It is true, as the alluvial encroached have and

(p.15) that Magra

sea,
so

See

deny submerge itbeneath v. Repetti, Luni, II. p. 936.

as

far

to

it a local habitation,
sea.

and

to

Cramer

depositsof
much the upon
course

have
as

(I.p. 171) however

einl. 2, 13) think
at
"

and

Miiller

to

its site is

(Etrusk. blished estaclearly

altered
to

of the stream, the site of the distance

Luni. 483.
as
"

have
town

removed
to
a

Sil. ltd. VIII.

ancient from which

considerable The
seems

also

speaks of Luna

Pliny (III. 8) oppidum portu

the

shore.

whole
to

plain

in

nobile.

it stands

have

been

80

LUNI.

[chap.xxxv. islets dark

proud headlands
of wine

"

foam-fretted
oil
"

"

heights, digal probehind,

"

naked

purple Apennines marble-peaked

and
"

mountains
over

and

all,
air."

Islanded

in immeasurable

high-roadto and Pisa, and just before reaching the modern Lucca frontier of Carrara, the traveller will have on his righta him and the between of low grassy land, intervening strip Here stood the ancient city. Let him turn out of sea. of the Iron Hand' the high-road, oppositethe Farm
About
on
"

three miles

from

Sarzana,

the

"

Casino

di Man

di Ferro

"

and

after

mile

or

more

he

will
a

reach the site. few

There

is little enough to

see.

Beyond
of Roman

crumbling tombs, and a fragment or two The fairy ruin, nothingremains of Luna. scene, to a spot which bore so appropriate by Rutilius,7
of
the
"

described
the
name

of heaven "the fair white virgin-queen the untrodden snow shaming with their brightness

walls/'
"

the

rocks, over-run smooth, many-tinted

"

with

"

lilies" laughing
now

if not the the

pure

creation of the poet, have

vanished

of a semicircular sight. Vestiges of an amphitheatre, be a theatre, of a circus,a which building, may for statues, and fragments of columns, pedestals piscina, all that Luna has blocks of pavement, and inscriptions, are The walls, from Rutilius' description, to show. are now

from

supposed to
Ancona

have

been

of

marble;

indeed, Ciriacus

of

tells us

that what

remained

of them

in the middle
s

of the fifteenth
a

century,were
left
to

of that material the

but

not

block

is

now

determine

point.
pictanitore
mIox. luce

"

Rutil. Itiner. II. 63 celeri

"

Et lsevi radiat moenia

Dives

Advehimur

candcntia

marmoribus coloria

tellus, quae

lapsu,
Nomiuis
soror.

est

auctor

Sole

corusca
8

Provocat

intactas luxuriosa
wrote

nives.
the
an

Ciriacus,who

in

1442, is
us

Iudigenis superat ridentia lilia suxis,

earliest

antiquary

who

gives

chap,

xxxv.]
so

SITE

AND

VESTIGES

OF

LUNA.

81

Since
can we

littleremains

of the Roman Lima 1 No

on

town, what vestige

monument

expect of Etruscan
ever

of that

has antiquity

been

discovered

the site,or

in its

9 not even of the ancient cemetery is to a trace ; vicinity either in the plain, be recognized, the neighor bouring among heights,so that we might almost doubt the Etruscan antiquity of Luna ; yet such is expressly assigned to it by the ancients. No record, down however, has come times. to us prior to Roman

The

earliest mention took

we

have

of

Luna

is from

old

Ennius, who
which Manlius of the

againstSardinia, part in the expedition

this port in
c. (b. 215),under poet, struck with the beauty

sailed from

539

Torquatus ; and the called on his fellow-citizens gulf,

it with
"

to

come

and

admire

him,
"

Luna'i portum est operee cognoscere,

cives !"

The

first historical notice to be found

of Luna

is in the

account

of Luni.
as

He
8

describes
"

the blocks

The

broiize

coin,with

this
on

name

in

of marble

being

paces" (palms ?)
does not credit
; all the remains
on

Etruscan
a

has characters,

the obverse Lanzi of the

long by 4 high.
him
as

Promis

bearded, garlandedhead, which

for
; and

to the material
at

takes Macra

that
on a

of

the

genius
a

of masonry

present

the spot from the

of the

coarse

brown

stone

being neigh-

the reverse, wheel

reed, four
into four

and globules,

divided

of Corvo ; and the with rays like a parts,and surrounded bouring headland of architectural II. sun. or Lanzi, sculptural fragments pp. 26, 73, tav. I. 10 ; of marble, are are Passeri,Paralipom.ad Dempst. tab. V, decoration, which similar 1 than Midler (Etrusk. I. p. 337) is inclined on numerous not more
.

sites

in

Italy (pp. 61, 6G).

Midler Ruti-

to

refer

these

coins

to

Populonia;

so

(I. 2, 4) credits both Ciriacus and lius,and thinks these marble

have been of Etruscan times.

also Mionnet Sestini

(Supplem.I. pp. 109,203),

Numis. II. p. 4), and Ital. p. 173). A man's head
with
crcs-

walls must

(Geog.

Targioni
the

Millingcn (Numis. Anc.

series of coins, with
a

Tozzetti walls
9

(XII.

p.

1 42)

as

stillof marble

speaks of in his day.

young

wearing the cap of

a

an

Aruspex, and
axe, and
two

with inscribed Except a stone in the Val di foimd characters, Vara, many miles inland,at the head of Etruscan the Gulf coins

sacrificial knife,an

cents, but
is

no on inscription, supposed by Melchiorri to

the reverse, have be-

Spezia. belonging to
on

of

Promis, p. 61.
Luna have

No been

longedto Luna.
'

Bull. Inst. 1839, p. 122.

9 ; cf.Liv.

Ennius, ap. Pers. Sat. VI.

34.
G

discovered
VOL. II.

the

spot.

Promis, p. 23.

XXIII.

82

LUNI.

xxxv. [chap.

195), when Cato the consul collected a (b.c. year 559 the Spaniards.2 force in the port,and sailed thence against
It is mentioned
the

again in

LigurianWar,

the }^ear 568,3 and in 577, in it received a colonyof two thousand

between

Romans.4

In the civil war

Ca?sar and

it is said to have

been in utter
"

inhabited decay,

Pompey, onlyby a

venerable

soothsayer
Arruns

incoluit desertae moenia

Lun?e.5

6 few years later it was re-colonized by the Romans ; and inscriptions found on the spot prove it to have existed

But

at

the close of the fourth century of After the fallof the Roman

our

era.

Empire

Luna

was

desolated
it was
a

by
more

the

Lombards, Saracens, and Normans, but

yet

foe that depopulated the formidable, though invisible,

and that ultimately in the fifteenth century, caused it, site,

to be

deserted.7 utterly the Romans,

was

Luna, under
which which
or

renowned
;
8

for its

wine,

was were

the best in all Etruria

and

for its

cheeses,

stamped
thousand
8. 21.

with

the

either figure,
were

of the moon,

of the Etruscan

Diana, and

of vast

sometimes size,
gave

weighinga
2

pounds.9 But
6

what
the

Luna

most

Liv. XXXIV. Liv. XXXIX. Liv. XLI. 13. the

By

under Triumvirate, de Colon, p.

the Lex

3 4

Julia. Luna
or

Frontin.

19, ed.
which

Whether
correct

1583.
7

Luca

is here

disputed.
Luca.
was

Veil. Paterculus

reading,is (I. 15) has

Luna

There

is its The
a

an

old

legend
to

ascribes
cause.

destruction
lord of

another
won

Promis

(p. 29) thinks

Luna

the

holds the
5

; but Repetti (II.p. 939) opposite opinion. Lucan. I. 586. Here again some
"

intended

affections of obtaiu her and This he her

certain Empress, who, to

;

end, feigned herself dead

lover

editions have XX.

Lucae."

Dante

(Inferno,

playing the resurrectionist, house. carrying her to his own

ears

47) places this

"

in the soothsayer

mountains Che Lo Ebbe Per

coming to the not only took

of the

Emperor,
on

vengeance

the

ne' monti

di Luni, dove che di sotto

marmi ;

ronca

offenders,but laid the cityin the dust.

Descrit. d'ltalia, Alberti, p.
s

Carrarese
tra bianchi
sua

alberga, guardar
tronca.

22.

la spelonca
a

Plin. XIV.

8, 5. 30; Plin. epig.

writers XL 97. translate the and 2eAij"/"?,

dimora

onde

le

Martial. XIII. the Greek this

stelle E'l mar,

nou

Though gliera
la veduta
name

of

town

by

XXXV.]
renown was

THE

MARBLE

OF

LUNA.

83

her marble

known

to

us

as

that of Carrara.

in the time of This does not appear to have been known Etruscan independence, for we find scarcely trace of it a

in the national monuments made such extensive

in
use

;x and
of

a people who surely

and executed alabaster, have

such

works exquisite

bronze,would

availed themselves
to them
;

of this beautiful material, had itbeen known

on

yet,
its

the

other hand, it is difficultto have

understand

how

nivea
seem era.

metalla could
to have

escaped their
much
we

been

discovered

It does not eye. before the Christian

of

The

earliest mention
;
2

have of it is in the time

was a

Julius Csesar

but

stone

which
cut with

whiter than Parian

marble,3 and yet might be

to seems though a moon under symbol of Luna have we (Mart. loc. cit.),

saw,4 was
"

not

likely
has

have the
no

been

the

and
no

meant

port" this, which

"

Romans

concludingthat
of the Etruscan Luna
"

such
name. was even

was

ground for the meaning

Some have the from

prefix to its name, being, from its size,pre-eminently the port" superior
"

of Etruria.
1

The

thoughtthat
form

derived

such work
at

only instance marble being used

(not
to mention

I remember in
an

of

Etruscan

of its port

Miiller (Etrusk.
"

the inlaid letters

I. 4, 8) held this is not which whether

at all cannot

opinion but the name of the harbour, descriptive

be likened to
a

the

AugustineConvent, Cervetri,see
in the Cathedral of

page 27), is where of that Kellerman another

an

Corneto,
on a

moon,

is carved inscription material. See

slab

full, half,or
"

crescent.
name

Lanzi
tached atas

vol. I. p.

279.

suggests that
to
a

Losna," the
a on

goddesswith

crescent
a

Inst. 1833, p. 61) gives (Bull. of marble, on a cone inscription

now

her

emblem, represented

mirror

also, he says,
statue

in

Corneto.

The

(Saggio,II. p. 26, tav. 8. ; see also Gerhard, Etrusk. Spieg.taf. CLXXI),

may Midler this is It that
be the

of

in the Ilithyia marble.

Volterra

Museum

is not of Luna
2

ancient it the

Latin Etruscan.

form But

; in

Mamurra,
with
was

Prtefect of Caesar's army had his house column

thinks

Gaul, was
it

the firstwho

a certainly

Roman

monument.

lined
in

marble, and
of solid Luna. 7. XXXVI.

every

appears Luna
was

to
an

me

highly probable
Etruscan Romans. For
as

marble, either from

Corn.

interpreted word, misCarystos or the

we

Nepos,
2.

ap.

by
three
learn
to

the
on

Plin. XXXVI.
a

chief ports from their

this coast,

Plin.

4,

Strabo

coins, had
names
"

this termination

and (Populonia),
and
as no

Vetluna
town

Luna, (Vetulonia) ;
of Etruria had

PurLUNA

(V. p. 222) says trulythat the quarries of Luna yielded not only white, but to blue". marble, inclining variegated
4

inland

Plin. XXXVI. secari.

29."

Lunensem silcx has

silibeen

the

same

ending,it is not
had
a

that Luna

maritime

serra improbable cem signification, supposed only a

This

white
a

not tufo,

marble

84

LUX

I.

[chap.

xxxv.

to

be

neglected accordingly
the and
and

by
it

the

luxurious into

Romans extensive

of

that

age
as

and

soon

came

use,

the Caius
to

Pantheon, Cestius,

Portico other
it

of

Octavia,
of

the that

Pyramid
period,
that

of
remain

monuments

testify
his it of boast

was

to

this found

discovery
Rome of

Augustus
but
in and had

owed left for from

that
"

he From

had

brick,
has

marble. well

that
for

time

forth,

it

been

use

statuary,
the

as

as

architectural
to

decoration

Apollo
stone

Belvidere that breathes the

the
and

Triumphs
struggles
"

of in

Thorwaldsen,
immortal art,

"

the

has

been

chiefly

marble

of

Luna.5

(Quintino, Midler,
was

Marmi I.

Lunensi,
n.

cited the the it of

by
term

For
I

further refer X. work

notices the
403"466

of

Luna

and

its

2,

4,

63)

but

port,
Toscana is
to

reader

to

Targioni's especially cited,

of of

general rock,
of

application
and the the
use

to

harder here the

pp. of

but

sorts

of

the
to

Promis,
Dizionario is reviewed 142.

already
della

expressive
eumstanee

singularity
the
stone

cirbe force

and Promis' Bull.

Repetti's
work Inst.

Toscana.

that
and

should lose its

by

Canina,

sawn,

the
to

word soft

would volcanic

1838,

p.

if

applied

formation.

8fi

PISA.

[chap.xxxm. bank
of sea-weed
;
to
an a

It has it from harbour

open

now

more

than

mere

protect

the violence

of the

waves

it embraces it lies on

ample
the

within its
;

arms
an

of stone

; but

naturally
which

shore

it has

artificialpeninsula, on stood
;

Villa Triturrita may

have

and, by

cidence, coinsingular
to

there
the

are

stillthree

prominent

towers

suggest

identity.
omits traveller, now-a-days,
Like the Itinerant
to make
a

No Pisa.

triphence
now

to

Gaul, he leaves his vessel in the

that

port,and hurries away

loan friendly
to

to lionise

city. He
and

needs

no

of

or carriage,
run

of saddle-horses
to

but, thanks
the

the

he may railroad, is

Pisa

back, while

takingin coals ; for presuming on his privilege roba di vapore"he may set custom-house and as officers, all the usual stumbling-blocks of travellers, at defiance.2 Of the multitudes visit the elegant and that thus % her great antiquity tranquil cityof Pisa, who remembers
steamer
"
"

who

thinks of her
the

as

one

of the most
one

venerable

cities of

prior to Italy,
2

Trojan War,
roba is most be his

of the earliest settle-

The

use

of this word

goods and
or

chattels,as
roba of

his roba. the

singular and
understood universal

amusing,
by
the

and

should

mountain

is the

Tuscan,
the
a case

traveller.

It is of
cannot

Roman,

NeapolitanState,as
The fish mist from rising in

application.What
roba ?
It is

be

maybe.
and roba veller the

stream

as designated

to impossible
we

caught

it, are
The

alike
tra-

give
have

its equivalent in
no

English,for
The
or

di fiume""

river-stuff." have the his

same

word
to
a

so

handy. "thing"
wider
to

nearest

will sometimes when

he

dignity
term
on

approach
but

it is much

"stuff,"

offended

hears
as

it has

application, appliedto
the whole back
"

himself

to the cloth
or

his

accommodating
of

itself

roba

di Francia

roba

d'Jnghil; or,
as

created animate or range objects, abstractions. or inanimate, substances It implies belonging, appertaining to, or

terra, according to
in the hears
case

his country
to

referred

above, when
of
as
"

he

himself

spoken
he
a

steam-

proceeding from.
the

The ropa, word

Spaniards
but

use

stuff,"because
landed laws the and
from

happens

to

have Even

just
the

cognate
sense.
same

word

in

more

steam-boat.

limited have
must

Our

"robe,"

must

institutions of his country, and

or

the

iiexion
"i

and "rubbish" origin, from its come depreciativeinAn Italian will speak robaccia.
"

doctrines

observances the

of

his

creed, will
under

this

be brought by term. all-comprehensive

Italian

bis

wile

anil

children,

as

well

as

of

CHAP.

XXXVI.] of the

HIGH

ANTIQUITY

OF

PISiE.

87

The Pisa of the this coast 1 3 on Pelasgi into dim middle ages is so bright a vision as to throw of her remoter This is one of shade the glories antiquity. the very few cities of Etruria, which, after the lapseof but its three thousand not onlyits site,4 years, stillretains, in and has shrouded the hoariness of antiquity importance, of ever-flourishing the gay garlands youth.
ments

PisEe

is classed the taken

by Dionysius (I. primitive cities

from the of
or

rians. XX. voice Greek

Lycoph. Cass.
1. of But the tradition

1356.

cf. Justin.
concurrent

p.

16)

among

almost

either Italy,

Siculi,

assigns to
its the
name

Pisse
seems

subsequentlybuilt by the confederate dition traPelasgiand Aborigines. Another

ascribes its foundation
to
a

which origin,
on

to

confirm; though
name,

other

hand

its

Greek it
;

which

Servius in

says the have

a signified

colony
another wandered

from

Arcadia, who

named that land

moon-shaped port
to

Lydian (i.e. given rise

an

after the

celebrated
to
some

city of
of the after

Etruscan) tongue, may

these, traditions. open

Gi'eeks the

who

Its site also in that of

to

Italy
some

Trojan
of the

plain,

so

unlike

most

War, whether
wooden the X.

Epeus, the
of Nestor

maker

Etruscan

favours cities,

the view

of its

horse, or

of the

Pylians,
iEn. the
; but

Pelasgic origin.
4

followers

(Serv. ad
the

Pisa

stood anciently

on

tongue of
of the p. 222 the
;

179 ; Strabo, V.
with
to

p. 222)

land Arnus Plin.

formed
and

by the confluence
Ausar

connection
seems

Pisse of have been

nesus Peloponrally geneloc. cit. ;

(Strabo,V.

most

III.

8 ; Rutil.

I. 566) ; but

believed. Serv. ad

Virg.
483

JEn.

the Serchio,at the close of the latter, twelfth found

sea.
a

loc. ; Plin. III. 8 ; Claudian.

century altered its

more

course,

and
to the

de Bel. Gildon.

; Rutil. I. 565,573 ; records Servius Solinus,Polyh. VIII.

northerlychannel
the

In Strabo's time

citywas by
down

only
the

other

traditions of its it to the been

some

origin,

one

ing assignthat its earlier others

20 stadia

(2^ miles) inland,but

of soil
now

Celts ; another
an

accumulation the two from

brought
removed

by

site had

town, by

called

occupied by Phocis,by
the of
were

rivers it is
sea.

6 miles

the the

An at

old tradition the

a

sents repreof
fluence, con-

Teuta, whose Teutani,

race.

inhabitants

Teutse,
Greek middle

water,

point

or

Teutones,
III.
8.

risingto
of the the

such

height in

the

Plin.

Cato

(ap. Serv.)

channel, that

persons

though admittingthat this region was possessed by the Teutones, originally

who

standing on
not
see

each

opposite banks could other. Strabo,loc. cit. ;

Mirab. remarks the
"

spoke Greek,
of of the

could

not

trace

the the and

cf. Pseudo-Aristot. 94. Colonel of Etruria

"

Auscult. the

c.

foundation arrival

Piste

earlier in

than

Mure

larity simiof

Etruscans Tarchon.

Italy;
This

site

between

Pisa
pied occu-

he ascribes

it to

tion tradi-

and
a

that of Greece

both

of the Teutanes, Miiller

n.

2, .9, (einl.
of
was
a

55) regards

as

confirmatory
say from Pisse the

warm,

similar region, a low, precisely marshy flat, interspersedwith in Greece, II. p. site may

Pelasgicorigin.
taken

Some

Travels pine-forest."
283.

by the Etruscans

Ligu-

The

analogy of

explain

$8

PISA.

[chap,xxxvi. may well account of Pisa during the

her for the

Her absence

remoteness

from

Rome

of historical mention

Etruscan

Virgilintroduces independence.
Turnus5 statement a against evidence of only as confirmatory
"

periodof as sending
can

aid to iEncas

which

be

received Yet
a

her
not

antiquity.
hesitate to

modern
as

writer
one

of

great weight does

in

regard her
The
529

of the Twelve of Pisa

chief cities of Etruria.0

occurs history

earliest mention

in the year
a

225),when, justbefore (b.c.

army is

the battle of Telamon, landed here.7

Roman mention

from

Sardinia

was

Frequent

of Pisa, which made subsequently It was Wars.8 prominentpart in the Ligurian in the the

played a
colonised Under
account

year

574,
it was
was

at

the

request of its citizens.9

Romans,

of considerable celebrated

importanceon
for the

of its

port, and

for territory, the abundance Of

the Mure wlaos
or
"

the
of

the

ancient

of its fertility and for quarriesin its neighbourhood, timber it yielded for ship-building.1 a vestige magnificenceof Pisa scarcely
also
which
to

identityof
a

name

Colonel

been

flourishing city.

Mannert

(Geog.

is doubtful whether marsh

"

derive from
"

or

from former

iriaa-a
or an

the fir

p. 339), though he does not regard it as of the Twelve, calls it,apparently one
on

pine-tree. The
derivation
aud

equivaStrabo

the

authorityof
"

Strabo

and

Polythe

lent

is favoured

by
the

bius

(II.16),

the natural Etruria

rampart and
towards

(VIII. p. 35C),
Horn. derives
ence

by
9)
;

Eustathius
but

(ad
latter existthe

frontier-wall north."
7
s

of

Iliad. XX.

support

from

the

actual around

Polyb.II.
ljV-

27.
39 ;

of

pine-woods, both
also
on

XXI.
56

XXXIII.
21 ;

43

; ;

city of Elis, and

the
some

this coast, in

XXXIV. XLI. Punic

5.

; XXXV.

XL.

41

royal Cascine,
square

where
are

they

cover

Previously,in
made

the
use

Second of its

miles, aud

in all proof

babilitythe
the when with The ancient

descendants legitimate

Scipiohad port. Polyb. III. 56.

War,
9

forests,where
amused wild-boar Pissa
or

Rutilius,
himself
"

Liv.

XL.

43.

Festus

calls it

weather-bound,

municipium.
my

Pliny (III.8) and

72) mention
p. 223.

Ptolethe

hunting the

(I. 621

8). by

(Geog.
l

p.

it among

city and Lycophron, Polybius,

6

is called

Pissse

Roman

colonies in Etruria.

Ptolemy.
He calls it"

Strabo, V.

Plinyalso speaks

Virg.

JEn.

X.

179.

of its

grain (XVIII. 20), of

frogs
water

urbs
r'

Etrusca. Etrusk. Miiller, 223)

says II.

(XIV. 4, 7),and 1,
2.

its grapes of its wonderful springs, themselves

Strabo

where
in hot

found

literally

(V. p.

that

it had

originally

(II. 106).

cHAr.

xxxvi.]

VERY

FEW

ANCIENT

REMAINS.

89

remains.

have antiquity been discovered on the spot ; but, with the exception of broken statues, and numerous sundrysarcophagi, tions, inscripmean nothing remains above ground beyond some traces of baths, and with Composite marble columns two capitals, probably belongingto the vestibule of a templeof the time of the ruined church

Various

fragments of

Roman

Antonines,now
of

embedded As
to

in the wall of the

San

Felice.2 has
a

and Etruscans,it Pelasgi traveller looks in vain the for

city of the entirely disappeared.The

the
of the

stone

walls,which

from

of the city have been of great must exposed position the surrounding on strength in vain for a tumulus or monument of the dead, as well as that of the plain the city is now of that early Yet lost to the eye. living, period,
"

"

the

of necropolis
not

Pisa

must

exist

but,

as

far

as

can

it has learn, The

been

sought for.3
Etruscan
in that
at Pisa are a few antiquity celebrated sepulchral museum,
were

only relics of and urns sarcophagi the Campo Santo,4

2

Even

these

not

found

on

the

Repetti, IV.

p.

305

(II. p. 248) infers from

tes, I. 123) that
renowned Pisa for her towers
"

Seneca
was

Dempster (Thyesanciently
the
true

stood It is the

almost originally
now

on

the
sea

shore.
; but in

six miles from

the

; but

century, according to that wandering Jew, Benjamin of Tudela, it

tenth
was

reading is
"

but four ; and miles

same

in Strabo's ;

time

only
that

domos Pisaeisque the line refers

curribus
to the

inclytas,"
renowned ages. Ben-

two

and

half inland may

therefore,

and The

city of Elis.
was

at the
a

rate,we
years
sea.

conclude

Italian Pisa,however,

thousand

it stood almost earlier,

for her towers

in the middle

close to says have that

the

jamin, the
the tenth

Jew

of Tudela, who that

be

lived in

numerous

Repetti (IV. p. 372) Roman sarcophagi

within
on

century, records
were

nearly
old
"

been

disinterred
most

the the

10,000
attached Faccio
"

towers to

to
"

counted,
Lucca

for the itself, bank

from
4

part
at

city right

the

houses

as verily,

of the Arno, and the river There

are some

some

distance

degli Uberti
tin

says

of

guisa d'
Petrarch

boschcto." this number for

a

Other
to

chro-

small

copper

coins

niclers increase and

15,000 ;

with the head and

an

vouches

great multi-

Mercury on the obverse, owl, with the legend Peithesa,

of

tude.
3

in Etruscan
can

characters,

on

the

reverse,

It
sea

hardly lie between

it is

Pisa and the

which The

(he

; for

probablethat

city

probably belong to Pisa, opinionof earlyItalian antiquaries

most

90

PISA.

[chap,xxxvi. Etruscan

spot.

The

eye,

in experienced
as

remains,

at

once

them recognises

the roba of Volterra.

They were

found

at

of Morrona, in the neighbourhood in 1808

of
to the

that town, and

presented
them

cityof

Pisa.

There
are

is nothing among
small

remarkable
or

interest.

Most the

square
term

cinerary
of these

urns,

"ash and

chests," as
distorted

Germans
the

them, with
One

stunted recumbent

on figures an

lids.
an

holds figures
in red letters.

open

with scroll,

Etruscan
"

scriptio in-

Among
same

the reliefsare
on a

sacrifice ; another the deathbed

a

of the
scene
a

banquet; in good sarcophagus,

a

style ;
around below

of

female, with

her

friends

her ;

soul in

conducted quadriga;, with his hammer

;
an

to the shades
a

by Charun,

armed

tending congriffon

with three warriors shield

a

Amazon

with

sword

and

defendingher fallen comrade from a fierce beast like which is emerging from a well ; Orestes persecuted tiger,
a

by

Fury
in

with Polites,
an

one

knee

on

the altar, defending

is

himself sword

with

axe

againstPyrrhus,who
while
two
a a

rushingup,
one

hand,

to

slayhim,

demons,
one
on

with

torch, the other with

A

sword, stand

each. side.
the

largesarcophagushas
of the

on pairof figures

its lid, and

hunt

boar in relief below. Calydonian Perhaps the most is an alabaster urn, on which monument a interesting female figure in reclines, or holdinga rhyton, drinking-cup, the shape of a horse's head and fore-quarters ; in the relief demon below, is represented a female or Fury, winged and

was

in generally

favour

of Perusia; Lanzi
to bint at the

I. (Ancient Italy, that have from if

we

p.

173)

also

remarks

II. pp. 27,76) seems (Sagg. ArretiumFidens Numis.

in

suppose

its

pronunciationto
not

of

Pliny. Sestini
was

(Geog.
(cf.
have

been

Pithsa,
Ital.

it would

be

far

II. p. 5)

less extravagant coins

to

the Pissa of
Anc.

Lycophron. Millingen
p.
to

ascribing these assigned

Midler
to

Veii

(Numis.
these

170) thinks
some

that

Mionnet,Suppl.I.
also been bria ; but

p. 204).

They
I. p. be the

coins
near

belong
Todi in

forgotten
because that

Pitinum

in Urn-

town,

Umbria,
in

(Etrusk.
may Pissa

338)
old

they are
bourhood.

found generally

neigh-

suggests that Etruscan

form

Peithesa of

; and

Cramer

chap,

xxxvi.]

ETRUSCAN

URNS

IN

THE

CAMPO

SANTO.

91

buskined,
with
a

but

without
in

drapery,
hand
"

in

sitting
like
one

posture,
of the

and evil

spear

her the

extremely
of the Grotta

spirits
Corneto,5

painted
who

on

walls

del

Cardinale

at

sits

as

guardian
"

over

the
sad

gates

of

grislie

Hell,

And

horrid

house

of

Proserpina."

As

in

duty
who

bound,
visit

have

noticed
and of the

these silent

Etruscan of

relics

yet
where

few the

this
and

sacred

corner

Pisa,

grandeur
to

glory
much

city

are

concentrated,
Few
will
turn

are

likely
the Cathedral

give

them

attention.

from the

antique
from
"

pomp,

the the fair

mosque-like
white marvel

magnificence
of

of

the
and

Leaningfont of the

Tower
"

from

the

cunningly-wrought
or even

pulpit
the frescoed

the

Baptistery

from of the of

visions,
to

"

grotesque
these
land.

solemnities uncouth memorials

Campo
the

Santo,

examine of the

early

possessors

See

Vol. is

I.

p.

321,
out.

where

the

resemblance

this

figure

bears

to

the

Fury

Tisiphoue

pointed

ARCHAIC

BLACK

VASE

FROM

CHIUSI.

CHAPTER

XXXVII.

FIRENZE."

FLORENTIJ
.

Florence, beneath
Of fairest cities, dell'
one

the sun,
!
"

Shelley.

Di

te, Donna
in

Arno,

anch'

io favello.

Tu,

regio trono
all' Etruria!

alteramente

assisa,

L'imperioso ciglio Volgi

"

Filicaja.

Florence, the Athens

Etruscan

of

modern

in Italy,

the

days

of

greatness and

of the

earliest civilization of the

04

FIRENZE.

xxxvii. [chap,

though
in the crags It

it would
courteous

to find any analogy puzzlea poet now Florentines to the rugged and polished

of Fiesole.
is not my
to

province to
notice

make

further

mention

of

Florence, than

the the

relics of
or city,

Etruscan
in

quity anti-

preservedwithin neighbourhood.
The

discovered

the

collection of such Duke

a

in objects

the

of possession

the

Grand

is

kept
not

in the

Galleryof

the

Uffizj ; and
in the Guide

though
rather At

meagre

notice be

of it is to be found

Books, I should
more

the fully

in omitting to particularise justified articles. most interesting of the in long Gallery

the further end

are

the western

wing
The

The

Urns.
are

greater part of these

in then
most

from the

Volterra,being a
abundant

selection made the

were

1770

from

fruits of that time

excavations

forward, carrying
been

and

at

the reputed
A

beautiful relicsof Etruscan

antiquity

added from the subsequently from well as Chiusi. as same They are either of city, of a yellowtufaceous stone. Out alabaster, or travertine, of remarkable few are of nearly fifty, beauty or very
extant.3

few

have

interest.

Indeed, he who
the lids

has

visited Volterra
urns

or

Chiusi,
form

will find httle to admire

on figures

in the

of the

Uffizj. The
are

are

of the

stumpy, contracted
All

usual in the "ash-chests"

as

of Volterra.

reclining,

; the banquet. The males, as usual,hold a goblet in one fan or a mirror hand, and females, generally a in the other ; though one, of more a pomegranate depraved Most retain traces or drinking-cup.4 taste,holds a rhi/ton, coloured. of the minium with which they were at
a
'

Monunienti Iughiraini,
.

I. Etruschi,

The

rhyton is

oridrinking-cup, of
a

p. 1 1

perhaps,in ginally,

the form

cow's

CHAP.

XXXVII.]

UFFIZJ"

ETRUSCAN

URNS.

95

The wretched

reliefs

on

the
art ;

urns

are,

for the

most

part,in

of style

yet,as
The

illustrativeof the Etruscan

not

belief and

traditions, they are

when relative,

without

interest. is

Many
last

scenes. represent parting

deceased

taking a
hard In

farewell of
in

the minister of Death, hammer

hand, steps between

entrance to

them,
the

and

door

by
one,

indicates the
case

unseen

world. the

another

the
at

Genius the
same

rushes
moment

between

seizes friends, demon

and

another

extinguishes
by
stealth ; first, with
condly, se-

horn,
hands
but

as

it is often

so

in repi-esented the

the

could

not

indulgeeven
she of
was
never

of Bacchus

on

painted vases,
in the head

because the

entrusted
; and

it
a

terminates frequently

key

the

wine-cellar
was

of

dog, fox, bull, stag, boar, eagle,

or

because

she

obligeddailyto
as

cock,
the

griffon. In
of
a a

this

case

it is in and with forethe

greet with
her second when she
was or

kiss all her own, male

; and

well

as

form

horse's

head

husband's cousins where forced

down relatives,
as

to
not

quarters"
Etruscans. in ancient in
a

favourite

It is sometimes with paintings slender but I do

stream

shape represented
the wine from the
to

she

knew

she
to

might
she have been

meet

them,
abstain but
a

ing flowtremity, ex-

be wary, had

and tasted

altogether. For drop,the

"
"

not

recollect

have

smell would would have

betrayedher
no

seen

one

so

perforated.As
inverted,it was

it could

only
to

there

need

of X.

stand drain laid

when

necessary it could be
.

slander," says
c.

Polybius (ap. Athen.

worse

it to the bottom down.

as

before

be
garded re-

1,p. 440). The precautionary means,

be

It

may of

therefore
a

it may

thought,were they
were

than
to
were

the

indicative it
was

debauch. proper
c.

By
to

evil possible

intended

guard
the
a cez--

the Greeks heroes From

considered XI.

against. So
old tain slam Romans

strict, however,

only.
these
even

Athen. female

2, p. 461.

in this respect,that

holding effigies
learn the
what some-

Egnatius Mecenius
his wife,because
"

is said to have he

patera, and
of ladies. that
were

rhyta,we
habits
if
we

caught her
which
was

at

the

of

Etruscan believe all

the wine-cask
not

punishment
of Roman the

Indeed,
been

may about

deemed

excessive the husband

by Romulus,
crime

who
of

has
"

said
ones

them,

they
were

absolved murder. under wine

terrible

to

drink," and
took

Another the

lady who,
little fretoo

apt

to be to

forward whom

in

pledging any
a

tleman gennot

pretence of taking a
stomach's sake and

they

were

modest ladies as waiting, take to challenged

ap.

fancy, ought,tillthey
wine.
c.

for

her

indulgedsomewhat quent infirmities, freely, 14. of her dowry. Plin. XIV. in this from same Volterra, amphora
was

Theo-

mulcted

to

the

full amount
On
an

pompus,

Athen.
was

XII.
the

3, p. 517.
of the She
was

Very
Roman
not

different
woman

condition

lection, colsented repre-

in

times. early wine

two

naked

females each other

are

allowed
were

to drink

unless at all, ever And, how-

pledging rhyta.

in

these

it

simple raisin-wine.
she

might

relish strong drinks, she

96

FIRENZE.

xxxvn. [chap,

torch.
mounts
no

Here

husband

is

takingleave
or a

of his wife,
to

ere

he

the steed which traveller returns

is to convey
"

him

the land

whence

like fond

pair

are

hands for the last time at a column, the funeral pressing indicates the nature of their farewell. which on pine-cone There, the winged messenger of Hades enters the chamber, the head of the dying one, her torch over or and waves the last sad rites to their father ; two sons are performing his eyes, and the other stands by is piously one closing while the Genius of Death comforted by a good spirit, in hand, to indicate the triumph he sword is also present, has justachieved.5 sometimes The are mythological. Winged subjects with double fishes tail, sea-monsters or hippocampi, Scylla 6 Castor and in the midst of a shoal of merry dolphins with a winged Fate seated their shields, Pollux resting on and other chimeras, or winged them between griffons, contains the ashes of the which Genii guardingthe urn
"
" "

"

dead.

refugeat an altar,to escape from off the palm his brethren, who are enraged at Ins carrying His good Genius steps in from them in the public games. Pohtes the victorious shepherd. There the young to save
Here Paris has taken is slain and him

by Pyrrhus;
wheel Here

the

altar
on

to

which
he

he

had

fled,

the

of Fortune
is the

which

relied

availing

ing Calydon at bay,fallof his beneath the lance and double-axe (bipennis) to free is struggling in his galley There Ulysses pursuers. himself from his voluntary bondage,eager to yieldto the of "the allurements Syrens three," who, in the guise

nothing.

boar of

This

scene

is illustrated by Micali,
4.

anchor
an urn

in each in

hand"

the
"

decoration

of

Ant.
6

Pop.
One of

Ital. tav. LIX.

this collection

is illustrated
tav.

of these marine

with goddesses,

pair

wings

on

her

brows, and

an

by Micali, Italia avanti I Romani, XXII.; Ant. Pop. Ital. tav. CX.

chap,

xxxvu.]

ETRUSCAN

URNS

IN

THE

UFF1ZJ.

97

of women,

with

and Pandean flute, lyre, Here de'

is
a

sit pipes,
scene

on
"

the

cliffs of their fatal island.

where Dante
"

the

King
him
"

of men"
is about

"

lo gran Daca his to immolate

Onde
E

Greci, as

terms

virgin-daughter

Ch'

il suo bel volto, pianseIfigenia di i folli e i savi, pianger se e di cosi fatto colto. udir parlar fe

see Clytemnestraslain on may you couch ; the avengers of blood, according to guilty another version of the legend,being three ! On

And

there

her this
urn

Orestes

and

Pyladesare
bound,
fourth
at

as sitting represented an

victims,

with their hands

on

altar

the libation is

their

heads, and the sword

On
a urn

is raised

by

the

poured priestesses
another

of Diana.

the drama

is advanced

discovers it is her brother she step. Iphigenia

and she sacrifice, stands

is about to

leaningon his head, with her in deep dejection, hands clasped, between love hesitating and has stillher weapon duty. The second priestess raised to slayPylades third bringsin a tray with a ; and libations and offerings. The daughter of Agamemnon is
naked Lasas
;

but her fellows

are

attired in all

respectslike the

representedin Etruscan funeral scenes. This monument is in a very superior style of art to most of its neighbours. The subjects others of these monuments on not are
easy of
7

and

Furies, commonly

One explanation.7
on sitting

urn

is in the

shape of
or

little

In

one

case

man,

an

female

Fury,
her In

Fate, stands

behind if to

is about altar,
to the

to

slaya
two to

child in his females the

rescue.

lap,
A

him, with
smite them.

weapon
one

as raised,

great alarm of
men

some

armed

rush

up

temple is represented behind, in perbattle-scenes. A are spective. Some quadrigais upset old Charun, griesly of the horses by the grim," seizes one
"
"

strange combat, a with a lyremingles in the minstrel-boy fray. In another, a warrior drags a female, not
riot
"

an

Amazon,
are a

from

her

chaon a

the

horses and
two

fallen man,
course.

trampling Fury directs

are

their scpa-

ear

and
one

nose

"

man

strikes at wheels
"

them and

Here,

combatants

with

of
n.

the

broken

rated

by a

female demon

between rushing
H

VOL.

98

FIRKNZE.

xxxvii. [chap,

with temple,

all the wood

and

tile-work of the roof represented

in stone.8 The
are

Vases small chamber. The Tuscan

all contained has

in
not

one

Government

availed itself of the

opportunityit

the finest collection of Etruscan antiquities possesses of forming Most of the articles discovered in in the world. the

Duchy

pass
to

finds its way

little or countries,' foreign Florence. With this apathy on

into
"

nothing
the part
be
pected ex-

of the

Government, the collection of

to be

vases

cannot

extensive

or

remarkablychoice.
the Etruscan

Yet

it is the

characteristic. Most
limits of

of

sites within

by their pottery; represented and there are even some good vases from other districts of of old, by those princely I believe, collected, Italy ; partly, Tuscany
are

here

patrons of art, the Medici.

The chief

entering. It the largest paintedvase

them. and
ram's
a

glory of this collection is a huge, wide-mouthed

ever

strikes the

eye

on

found

in

amphora,perhaps Etruria certainly

"

There,
monster

two in

others human
one
a man

are

fighting,
a

urn,

no

form, with

sented armed

longer in this Museum, reprethe blindingof (Edipus. Two

men

head, perhaps
where
a

of Circe's viein his hand.

hold
a

the

old man,

while

tims, stands by with

One
scene,
a

stone

third thrusts
two

dagger into his eye ; his

are

is

presenting
a

littlesons
to
a

running up,
head,
to

each with
his for;"

goblet to
that

female and
man

seated the

in

grotto,

his hand

his

express

recalls Comus another

lady,were it not is approaching

a

grief ;
ward slave. Ital. 142.
from which
av.

and
save

female

is also

rushing

to

him, but
tav.

is held back LXXI

;

by

to transfix stealthily,

her with

spear.

Inghir. I.
Rom.
tav.

Micali,
differs

Some

of the

urns

described

by
is

Italian
are

XLVI
seen

Gori, I. tab.
this

as antiquaries

in this Museum, here.

A

no

It will be the Greek

that

longer ing
scene

to be
at

seen
a

Such
woman,

part-

version

of

the

story
son

door.

about to

represents the
as

ill-fated

of his

enter

the

fatal gate of Hades, is of

her
or

taking
Death,
on a

Laius,
own

blinding himself
Theb. 783
on

with

farewell while
with

husband

and
of

family;

hand.

Sophoc. OZdip. Tyr. 1270;

"

Charun,
his

the minister
on

yEsehyl.Sept. ad
8

4.

hammer

his

shoulder, is
down with

In

one

of the reliefs

these urns,

the

point of striking her Inghir.

Mon. Another

an

arched

gateway is represented,with
vowsoirs
"

sword. XXXVIII.

Etrus. very

I. tav.

rusticated fact

an

architectural

interesting

worthy

of attention.

chap,

xxxvii.]

THE

KING

OF

ETRUSCAN

VASES.

99

and and interest of its subjects, variety It is about twenty-seven of its inscriptions. the abundance inches in height, and little less in diameter ; and has six all in the Second or Archaic Greek style bands of figures black, tinted with white and red, on the yellowground of the clay. It has eleven distinct subjects, eightof which heroic, some are quite novel ; and no fewer than one hundred and fifteen explanatory epigraphs ; besides the

unrivalled in the

"

names vases

of the of this

potter and

artist.

is quaint and style, and energy, and are full of expression often drawn with and minuteness it was much delicacy.Unfortunately found broken into numerous pieces ; it has been tolerably well restored,but some fragments are still wanting to in its imperfect it. Yet even state it is so superb complete
a

in all as design, hard, yet the figures are

The

monument,
its

that the Tuscan

Government

was one

induced

to

relax

and purchase it for purse-strings,

thousand

scudi. This
vase

may

be called an

rather or Iliad,

an

in Achilleid,
to the

have especial reference pottery,for its subjects

hero

great

from the youthfuldeeds of his Trojan War and the marriageof his parents, down to his own father, with mythological death, interspersed the as was episodes,
"

of the

wont

of the bard,
"

Whose

poem

Phoebus

for challenged

his own."

This
been

"

king

of Etruscan
was

vases," as
at

it has

not

termed,

found

Chiusi

in

1845,

unaptly by Signor

Francois.9 There
are

many
I may

other

Among
9

them

in this collection. paintedvases or wine-jars, pointout some amphorce,

Further- notices
will be

of this remarkable
in

214
to

vase

found

Bull. Inst. 1845,

; and

(Gerhard). this Chapter.

See also the

Appendix

,,,,. H3"119

(Braun)

pp.210"
H2

100

FIRENZE.

xxxvii. [chap,

Troy councils of the markable gods battles of the gods with the giants two in a rewith a group of four one state of preservation, standingby warriors,the other with Mercury and Minerva and two very small,but pretty,representing a war-chariot a winged Apollo playingthe lyre,and a nymph. Of or distinguished by their three handles, hydritz, water-jars, which remarkable the most are, one represents Mercury pursuingthe nymph Herse, whose sisters run to acquaint
with
combats under

the

walls

of

"

"

"

"

their father

and

beautiful

one,

of

the

form

called

Of mixingwith Triptolemus on his winged car. calpis, with wide mouths, the best stamni jars crateres, celebce, the contest of the Centaurs and Lapithze, Bacchic display making procession, and priestesses subjects, a solemn guished altar. The libations at an wine-jugs cenoclioce distinsome, by their singlehandle and spout, bear Bacchic scenes "taking a cup of kindness" ; one, Hercules his patron, the with grey-eyed goddess ; another, a the bride veiled,attended by her pronuba, marriage-scene, There are bridesmaid, giving her hand at a column. or and canihari. The also some good drinking-bowls cylices from Vulci ; and beautiful of these painted most vases are their florid from Basilicata contrast two huge ampJiorcc chaste and simple pottery of adornments with the more
"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

Etruria. Arezzo
ware,

may

be

recognizedin
and

an

elegant vase
Volterra

of red

with

heads

fruit in relief.

buted has contri-

the sundry articles exhibiting of her

characteristic defects
ness coarsedesign, of ungainliness

pottery
"

rudeness

and

carelessness of

of form.

of varnish, and clay,inferiority

are some

There

of her favourite

and silhouette jugs,

a

littlemonstrosities head black

in the

shape

of

ducks, with

female

paintedon
ware

of

and uncouth wing. Of the very early and that district, Chiusi,Sarteano, Chianciano, each

102

FIRENZE.

[chap,xxxvii.

i or fumigators, round, the other square, of jocular one pair cullenders with their incomprehensible tea-tray contents some singularstands which, for want of a better name and acquaintancewrith their use, are called asparagusor holders," large basket-like vases trays, commonly ciste mistiche, and a variety called,for similar reasons, with bands of minute of drinking-cups figuresin relief,
" "

"

"

"

which least

are

found

also

on

other

sites in Etruria.
vases,
a name

Not

the

of interesting
"

these

Chiusi
on

is

with before

Taechu the

"

inscribed

it
"

cinerarypot, rarelymet with

a

"

of of the Tomb at Cervetri discovery I forget two the Tarquins.3 Nor must oblong tablets of black with Etruscan inscriptions commonly ; ware, called lavagne, but which Professor Migliarini, slates," or the Director of the Antiquities, terms "visitingjocosely cards." By the side of this very ancient black pottery, there articles in a very different and much later style, whose are and brilliant varnish, betraya elegant forms and reliefs, Greek from origin or influence. They are said to come Pompeii. There is also a Roman amphora,with a female paintedon it,in the styleof the frescoes of Pompeii. ings, notice numerous votive offerAmong the minor articles, of the human frame, heads, portraits chiefly portions of the deceased, often found in sepulchres, many small of household figures gods, lamps, masks, cattle, ah in baked clay, eggs still unbroken, a curious littlegroup in ivoryfrom an Etruscan tomb two at Chiusi, representing sleepingchildren attacked by a wolf and her young ones. and two beautiful little glass. cups of variegated
recent
"
" " " "
" "

"

"

The

inscription given
read

in
"Mi

Roman Tesan

tion
man

must

refer the

to

some

client

or

Greed
But
one

would letters,

thus:

"

of

gem
to

Tarqumia.
mention
some

ii of

Keia

Tarchu

Menaia." LV.

Micali

(Mon.
gives
a

Beems

rather
name

[ned. p. Slid, tav.

7),

who the

the

of Tarchon.

drawing of

the

pot, thinks

inscrip-

chap,

xxxvii.]

THE

CHIMERA."

THE

ORATOR.

103

The The
"

Bronzes.

in a small chamber are Uffizj nately. Greek, Etruscan, and Roman, mingled indiscrimiThe remarkable most however, are objects, found within the Grand Duchy. In the centre Etruscan, of the room stand several works of high celebrity. The Cholera, found at Arezzo in 1534, is the legitimate pound, comhead springing a goat's having the body of a lion, ancient

bronzes

in the

from is
a

its

back, and

serpent for
The

tail
"

the

latter, however,

modern

restoration.

is full of expression. figure

head is already and the rest of the creature goat's dying, is writhing in agony from two wounds it has received from the spear of Bellerophon.The styleof art much resembles that of the celebrated Wolf of the Capitol, but is is determined somewhat less archaic ; and its origin by the word in Etruscan characters on the fore leg.4 Tinscvil
"
"

The

The

Arringatore,
a

or

Orator, is
or

beautiful

statue,

of the size of life, and pallium,

senator

Lucumo, clad

in tunic and

sandals,and with one arm high-laced in the attitude of haranguing. On the border is an Etruscan inscription, which in Roman pallium
would
run

raised
of the

letters

thus

"

"Aulesj.

Metelis.

Ve.

Vesial. Sansl.

Clensi. Tenine.

Cen. Phleres.
tuthines.

Tece.

chisvlics"
the
statue

of Vesius. ing Notwithstandfamily the monument this proofof its origin, is of no early date, but probably of the period of Roman domination, before the native language had fallen into disuse.5 It was found in 1573, near the shores of the Thrasymene.

showing this to be Velius,by a lady of

of Aulus

Metellus, son

of

the

See

Lanzi, Saggio, II.

p.

23G

XLII.
5

2.

III. Inghir.

tav. XXI.
p.

Micali,Ant.

Pop.

ltal. III. p. 61, tav.

Lanzi

(Sagg.

II.

547) regards

104

FIRENZE.

xxxvii. [ohap.

A much Arezzo

more

archaic the
same

is figure time
as

that of

Minerva,found
From

at

about

the ChiniEera.

her

attitude she

might also

be

regarded as
character

Greek, this
art.

engagedin haranguing. Though of the quaint has much statue

of Etruscan

sometimes called Mercury, found was youth, Roman. So is also the fine at Pesaro, and is probably near Leghorn, the inside still torso, discovered in the sea encrusted with shells, and the horse's head, of great spirit and beauty. In the glass-cases around the room, the works of various so mingled,as to requirean experienced ages and people are

The

naked

"

which are Etruscan. pronounce and candelabra of various merit sundrytripods, eye
to
" " "

There
"

are

cauldrons

and daggers lamps mirrors,both figured spear-heads, and plain -pater ce, with elegant handles of silver a phiala sacrificialflesh-hooks of bronze strigils caps of chariot" " " " "

wheels

in

the

form masks

of

dogs' heads
scrolls
"

"

handles and

of bronze

with amphorce, small pails, one figures. Two sistra

in the

sundrysitulceor
with archaic

of silver, another

scratched

are

Roman, probably

and
so

so

are

most

of the

little figures of deities and

Lares, here

numerous.

Some,

however,

are

genuine Tuscanica

to signa,

be

distinguished

and often grotesque character. principally by their archaic, Some are as rudelymisshapenas those from the Nuraghe of Sardinia ; others are rion fearfully elongated a sure criteof high antiquity all the Egyptianrigi; others have dity. Many of the females are holding out their gowns with one hand as if preparingfor a dance ; yet with their feet closely set, and their linibs too stiff for motion, they remind one of the young lady who, when about to be led
"

this

statue

as

votive, and
Etruscan

gives

the

III. 7).

It is also

given by
2).

Mieali

(op.

in inscription

characters

(tav.

cit. p. 64, tav.

XLIV.

chap,

xxxvn.]

THE

BRONZES."

ETRUSCAN

COMPASS!

105

remained immovable would not fixed, quadrille, stir a step ; her face suddenlyclouded with dismay and alarm, which was not shared in by those around her,when she whispered the cause of her seeming waywardness "her and she was leggarters had hooked together/'
a
"

forth in

"

locked !

There

are

also many
with corpse
a

Genii

with
arms

diadems, and
; two

patera in hand ; one Lasas, bearingthe

child in his
of
a

winged

warrior

beside

numerous

chimaeras, centaurs, sphinxes,

and
a

other fantastic monsters. human

Among
the
arms

them of
a

is
man

bull with

head, which, from

round his neck, must clasped represent the river-god Achelous, conqueredby Hercules. small figures of Etruscan warriors ; the There are two than a foot high, is very similar to the beautiful more larger,

Mars and

from
to
a

Monte

Falterona,now
has
;

in the British Museum

painted figurein
His helmet
a ears

the Tomb

of the
on

Monkey
each

at

Chiusi. almost

cockade straight
wears a

side,
he

like asses'
bare ;

he

but his scaled cuirass,

thighs are
carries held in
a

his

largeembossed his righthand is gone.6

has inquiry been

legs are defended Argolicbuckler

made

by
;

greaves

but the weapon

Much
travellers which

of late years

for

certain

''compass" in
steered
to

this

by English collection, by
Point
in the

the

Etruscans

Carnsore

county of Wexford.
curious

The
met

first party who

a

asked

for this

instrument

with of

from Professor prompt reply

in Tuscany. He Antiquities ordered one of his officers to show the signori the Room of the Bronzes, and particularly to point out the Etruscan stared and bussola ! the man Compass ! compass. of the command but on the repetition led the hesitated, and anxious to disignorance, way, persuaded of his own
" "
"

the Migliarini,

Director

"

See

Italia Micali,

av.

Rom.

tav.

XXI.

; Ant.

Pop.

Ital. tav. XXXIX.

|l)6

FIRENZE.

[chap,xxxvn.
not

cover

the article with which

was

he

was

acquainted.
be

The

search
the

fruitless
"

no

compass

could

discerned,and

Englishreturned
The stupidity.
it
was

to the

Professor, complaining of the

case

man's
and

the learned Director,indicating

to be

shelf where
the
;

found, ordered
search

him

to return
cessful sucfess con-

with

party.
and

second

half the officer, Whereon

proved no more to was obliged dubiously,

the Professor went
a

his

ignorance.
as

with the

party

to the room,

and

takingdown
"

certain

exhibited article,
"

it

the compass.

Diamine

!"

cried the

man,
"

lamp," always took that for a lamp, an eight-branched the Professor's word, though strongly not daringto dispute
doubting
his seriousness.
" "

Know

then

in future." said

that Migliarini, Eno-lishman

o

this has
'

been

discovered

by

learned
com-

to

be

an

Etrusco-Phcenician
to

nautical
on

used by pass,'
to

the Etruscans
was
a

Ireland, which
written

their voyages and this inscription, colony of theirs,

steer

by

in pure

Irish

or
"

Etruscan, which
'

is all tli6
a

same

out

In the night on certifiesthe fact thing, in sailing always in clear happily or home

voyage is

weather

known

the

course

of

going.' 7
in the

"

In the Cabinet Etruscan

of Gems

there Uffizj,

are

few of of two Here

antiquity, among

them
on
a

the well-known

one

six ancilia Salii carrying

Betham, when

pole between
the
centre
on

them.8

'

Sir William
nest

he found p.

is

Medusa's
on

head, with
the
at

this mare's

II. (EtruriaCeltica,

wings
This

the

temples,as
of the Volumni has been

lamps by
Re-

268), had
with the

made evidently relic

acquaintance
one

in the Tomb
monument

Perugia,
Etruscan

only through published

all present but he

illustrated
on

which illusti-ations, view of it. Had

must have

several

of the

it,he

inspected personally it an confessed eightthe holes for the The the

be

auticniities. I. tab. gali,

cum,

earlywriters Dempster, de
; ;

Etruria

VIII.
xxx.

Gori, Museum

Etrustav.

branched

lamp,

with

I. p. 3. This IV. B

Lanzi, Saggio,II.

wicks, and

reservoir in
a

for the

oil.

XIV.
8

runs inscription

circle round letters would

is illustrated

by

Lanzi, II.

bottom, aud in Romau

"

tav. tav.

1;

but

better

VI. by Inghirami,

Mi. Turce.

Sithil.
Au.

Velthuri.

Thura. In

5,

6 ; and

Gori, I. tab. CXCYIil.

Velthuri.

Ph.mslal.

1.

chap,

xxxvu.] also
some

SINGULAR

DISCOVERY

ON

M.

FALTERONA.

107

are

beautifully wrought ornaments

in

from gold,

the tombs Besides

a

of Volterra. the collection in the relics in his the Maremma. I have the Grand Duke has Uffizj, laboratory, principally private
I have
not
seen

few Etruscan

broughtfrom
the tone
"

them, but

in which

roba as authority, of their quality than satisfied me

spoken of by high di Maremma" rather was expressive of the place of their discovery ; and
heard them
was

that there

not

much

to

see.

In the court

of the Palazzo with the

Buonarroti
an

at

Florence, is a
warrior in

slab of sandstone

of figure

Etruscan

relief. He loins
spear
;

is almost

naked, with

only a

cloth about
;

his
a

his hair
in
one

down hangs loosely and

a

his back
a

he holds

hand

with lotus-flower, The it

little bird

on

the

stalk,in the other.

clumsiness, the
as

mark of this figure, rigidity inscription proves it to be ages since at Fiesole.9

Monte

of

Egyptian high antiquity ; an

It
was

Etruscan.

discovered

Falterona.
are

Relics of Etruscan
"

art

not

alwaysfound
and the

in

sepulchres
scara-

the celebrated

lamp

of Cortona
to

numerous

bei of Chiusi
abundant has

are

evidences

the

contrary. But the

most

collection of

relics non-sepulchral

that Etruria
"

of 1838 not producedwas discovered in the summer of a city in the neighbourhood or necropolis not even in vallics which teemed or anciently any of the rich plains with population, but,strange to say ! near the summit of one
"

Buonarroti, Michael

Angelo's

ne-

Larthi

Anises. or Asses;,

Micali

(Ant.
of

phew
he

(p. 95, Explic. ad

tell the date he had

Dempst. II.), discovery ;

it from 3 ft.

Pop.

Ital. III. p. 80, tav. bird to be

LI.)

takes the

could not

of its

lotus and

mystic
also

emblems
nionu-

only knew high.

run

received

the resurrection
ment

of the soul. This

hia ancestors. 9 in. would The

The

relief is about Etruscan

is illustrated

by Gori,
XI V. 1.

Mus.

inscription Etrus.
letters
"

III. p. ii., tab. XV111.

Rom.
tav.

1 ; and

thus

in

Roman

Micali, Ital. av.

108

FIRENZE.

[chap, xxxvu.
in

of the which

of the loftiestmountains one Apennines, and rises to the height of 5,400 feet,
seas
are

Tuscany,
which,
Fal-

from

Ariosto tells us, both

visible.1

This is Monte
east

terona, about
the mountain says
"

or twenty-five

miles thirty takes

of Florence, Dante

in which

the Arno

its

rise,as

Un

fiumicel

che

nasce

in Falterona.

On
is
a

the

same or

level with the tarn, called

source

of this celebrated whose

river
a

lake,

on Ciliegeto,

banks

saunteringin dreamy mood, chanced to cast shepherdess, in the soil. It proved to her eye on something sticking She carried it home be a little figurein bronze. ; and it in her simplicity for the image of some taking holy man of God, set it up in her hut to aid her private devotions. The parish-priest, paying a pastoralvisit,observed this A saint," it was. what mannikin, and inquired replied the girl not considering or ; but incredulous of its sanctity, for a maiden's adoration, he carried it away it a fit object of with him. The fact got wind in the neighbouring town of the inhabitants agreedto Stia del Casentino, and some the spot. A make researches on singleday sufficed to a quantityof such images and other articles bring to light of three hundred and thirty-five, in bronze, to the number lyingconfusedlyon the shores of the lake,just beneath the surface. They then proceeded to drain the lake,and discovered in its bed a prodigious quantityof trunks of fir and beech trees, heaped confusedly on another, with one their roots often uppermost as if they had been overthrown convulsion of nature ; and on them lay by some might}7 in bronze ; so that the total other similar figures many
"

number

of articles in this metal

here discovered

amounted

Inghirami, the astronomer,

sea.

called it 2825

bracda,

P"

above soldi,

the

level of

the

110

FIRENZK.

[chap,xxxvii. different character

on were

There
mixed site
was

were

some

articles of very

the existence with these figures, still more

of knives

of which Such

such

difficultto and

explain.

ments fragsand, thou-

swords, and the heads of darts,all of

not

iron,in great numbers,

much

less,it is said,than

two

injuredby rust ; besides great chains,and to and shapeless piecesof bronze from two ounces fibulae, the as two pounds in weight,recognisedby antiquaries of Italy the "ss rude, which preceded primitive money
"

the coined
"

metal,

or

ces

the better-known weight together -with too, of the coarsest description, coinage. Broken pottery, and also found scattered was mingledwith the other articles,
at
some

and signatum, fragments of

was

valued

by

its

distance from been

the lake.

as

The weapons have the relics of some

accounted

for in various ways

"

it remembered, of offering shrine here

some
was

A solution of

fought on the spot,which, be was border-groundfor ages ;4 or as the that the ;5or as indicating military legion sacred to the god of war.6 of tins lake has been offered the mysteries
ological secretaryof the Archaeso

battle

by

Dr. Emil

Braun, the learned

; and

Institute of Rome that I must He

it is

novel

and

ingenious
in the
water

give it to the reader. that commences by observing

been

the trees found

lake had

the completely deprivedof vitality,

mountain
slid
a

1335, when
down town
more

spur of the
four

brought about
in

the

fall of the
the

Ros"

than

miles, burying
pen-

Switzerland, where
converted

clayey strata,

with

all its inhabitants,and

waters two

lyingbeneath
were

the heavier into mud ceased

season

conglomerate,
by the percoto be

deringthe
more

of the Arno months

; ; the

turbid for second

on

than

on

lation of water, and afford support.

in which

able

to

May, May, 1827,

reddened mud.
came

l"th

1G41

the the

latest Arno
weeks
was

15th

The

of the year

when

again
the that
landsame

each

of these
the

Italian

for From

several the

with
water

occurred, just after rains,confirms

4

fall of the

landslips early

quantityof

this view.
"

down

with the first of these the

Bull. Inst. 1838, p. 70

Bull.

it is highlyprobablethat slips,
causes
were

5
r'

Inst. 1 038, p. 66

"

Migliarini. Inghirami.

in

operation here

that

Bull. Inst. 1842, p. 180.

chap,

xxxvn.]

MYSTERY

OF

THE

LAKE

EXPLAINED.

Ill

having absorbed
when green. of the
must

all the resinous considers

partswhich theypossessed
or

He

that the convulsion hurled them the

tion disloca-

mountain, which
occurred other

into this spot,

have and

long prior to
were

bronzes

articles
been

here

periodwhen the otherwise deposited,

the

the latter would

not
was

have

buried beneath He

former,and

set regularly

around

the lake.

thinks that the lake

occurred, and that landslip its waters from the trees it acquireda medicinal quality that virtue beingcontained, the parts which gave them identical with those from which modern tracts chemistryexcreosote.

formed

at the time that the

Now,

the diseases which he observes, as

of

are
are

shown

in

the ew-votos,

are

justsuch,
The

remediable brated cele-

by
a

that medicine. for

stoppingthe
;

water stiptic hemorrhage of

Pinelli, so

recent

wounds, has
of

base

of creosote

and

it seems, hither, left their weapons

virtues of the
are phthisis, now

flocked crowds
in

wounded

warriors,who
cure.

ment acknowledgmedicine,in

of their

The of

same

curbing the
medical under
men

attacks of every

school ; and
seems
a

recognisedby by patients labouring

been

this disorder the lake Creosote

to have

especially

frequented.
from

also is
sex

diseases to which the

the fair

specific againstnumerous and such seem, are subject,

to these waters.

To free

to have figures, his theory from

resorted in crowds the

or charge of caprice fantasy,

the learned which

doctor cites the

to

case

of

similar lake in marvellous

China,
in its

is known

have

imbibed of trees

medicinal

from qualities waters.6

7

the trunks

immersed casually

Bull.

Instit.

1842, pp.

179"184. dethe
men-

between Coelo-Syria, stood polis,

near

Biblos summit

and

Helio-

The

opinion that the bronzes were around posited as votive offerings

lake, is
tioned lake
borne
out

the in

of Mount votaries

Lebanon,
were

and
to

its waters

by

similar fact The

wont not

by
and

ancient grove

writers. of Venus

sacred

were

which deposittheir gifts, of bronze, gold, and only

;

in Aphacitis,

but also of linen and bimta silver,

and

112

FIRENZE.

[chap,xxxvit. pathic, homoeome

leave it to
to

medical

and readers, allcaopathic

determine
se a

the correctness
e

of this

theor}T ; to
are very

it

seems

that
add

non

rero,
on

ben trovato. Most rude,

I must like the

word

the bronzes.

of peasants,but a few are in the best offerings Etruscan style. One antiquary considers them to show from under its infancy to its perfection every stage of art,

Greek

influence, and
no

again to
much

its decline.8

Another

ceives per-

traces

of Roman,
to
a

less of

times, but Imperial

refers them that the

some

all show
a

the

purely native origin.9 Certain it is of Etruscan Such is art. perfection

helmet, cuirass,and shield,

figureof

warrior, with

rival that of the said called Mars,1 which generally may deityin the Florence gallery, a Hercules, with the lion's
"

skin

over

his

shoulders
"not

"

the

"

saint," I believe, of
"

the

though pastorella,
resemble

in

a Diana, garb,'"2 saintly

said to
at

the celebrated
"

archaic

statue

of marble of

found

Pompeii,
These, with
are now

and
a

woman's
more

few
seen

great beauty,3 of the choicest produceof the lake,

leg

and

arm

to be

in the British which

Museum,

in the

"

Room

of the
A

Bronzes," of
still more

they form
Monte

the chief ornament.4 made

and
on

recent

discovery

has been
Falterona

one

of

the
where

Apennines,between
many
a

Romagna,
tion collec-

coins
rare

were

found, principally asses, but among

that in the Bacci tillnow
has been

them

very

like quincussis,

at

Arezzo, which

unique.5

yearlyfestival was long held there, which was ultimately suppressed by ConSee Bull. Inst. 1845. p. 96 (Cave-

""

68
"

69

(Inghirami) ; Bull. Inst. 1838, pp Inst. 1842 70 (Migliarini) ; Bull.

"

stantine.

pp.179
Ined. Braun's

184

(Braun)
"

Micali, Mon

and the authorities there cited. doni), s Bull. Inst. 1838, p. 69. Migliarini,
9

tav.

XII.

XVI. the

pp.86
same,

"

102

review

of

Ann.

Inst

Micali, Mon.
Idem.

Ined.
tav. tav.

p. 89.

1843, p. 354.
4

1 2 3

XII.

The

rest

of

the

collection is also in of

Idem. For

XV. lake and

London,
nienico
5

in

the

hands

Signor

Do-

notices of this curious

see

Campanari.
Ined. p. 89.

its

contents,

Bull. Inst. 1838, pp. 65

Micali, Mon.

chap,

xxxvii.]

SINGULAR

TOMB

AT

FIGLINE.

113

Eighteenmiles
the little town of

on

the road

from had

Florence
never

to Arezzo

is

suspected of possessing in its neighbourhood, till Etruscan antiquities in 1843 a sepulchre discovered on a hill hardly a mile was beyond it. The roof had fallen in,but it was evident that had been formed of masonry, the hill beingof the tomb earth to admit of excavated too soft an sepulchres ; the of opus incertum feature, a very singular pavement was where elsewhich I have never heard of as existing or seen,
which Figline, been
"

in

an

Etruscan

tomb.
one

But

still more which

remarkable had
a

thingwas
recumbent

that around

of the

urns

female

immense the lid,was scattered an on figure twisted and quantityof gold leaf in minute fragments, the crumpled,which seemed to have been thrown over in a sheet or veil, and to have been torn to pieces figure of the most by the fallof the roof,which had destroyed It was of the purest gold,beaten out very thin ; urns. collected weighed about half a pound.6 and the fragments Other Etruscan relics have been discovered in the neighbourhood

the past times. Buonarroti painter's nephew states,that,in 1689, at a spot called St. Andrea above Antella,a a Morgiano, in the heights
" "

of Florence

in

a village

few miles to the south-east of Florence,he

cut inscription

saw

an

Etruscan Antella with

in

largeletters in
a one

the rock.7

At

has also been

found

monumental or stele,
"

stone,

in two bas-reliefs,

compartments
seuts

a representing

Bull. Migliarini, 7. It may be

Inst. that the

1843, pp.
so-called
was

it as

merely a huge
feet
in

stone

cut

from

35

"

the rock, 1.5 Roman with

opus incertum
a

of the pavement
stones

only
at

letters (i inches

long, by 6 high, height. The

letters

collection of small for which masonry p.

no

put down
is

translated inscription would be

into Roman

random,
cement,
Roman
7

mention forms known the

made

of

basis

of the
TULAll
.

Buonar. II.

by that name. ad Dempst. 95, Explicat.

It
was

Mr

VIS

AU

CURCLI

torn.

Passeri (p. 65, ap. Gori, Mus.

found

on

the estate

of the

Cap-

Etrus.
VOL.

III. tab.
TI.

XV.), however, repre-

poni family.
I

114

FIRENZE.

[chap,xxxvii.

on pairof figures

the

and banqueting-couch,

a a

slave

standing

by

the other, a

with opposite, pair sitting archaic

table between the

them.

It is of very the

character, and

Egyptian
is very

of rigidity marked. Florence.8

At
a

and figures
now

cast of the

countenances

It is

in the

of Signor Peruzzi possession

of

SanMartino the

alia Palma, five or six miles from left of the road

art to

Florence,
ments monu-

little to

Leghorn, some
found
in
"

of Etruscan

have
a

been dove
a

female

statue
an

of marble, headless, with

on inscription

her

hand, and

her robes;9 and

altar-like circular, singular,

"

four cippas,

feet

in high relief high,with figures

warrior,

and precededby two lictors, is embracing him. of whom above.1 At San

followed It has
an

by

two

citizens, one

Etruscan

inscription
to

Casciano, eightor
and inscriptions about
on

ten

miles have
a

on

the road
been

Siena,

Etruscan

bronzes of

found

in ages
or

past ;2 and
Castro

the ruins
a

called Pogna, castle, miles

numerous

Pogna,
on

height two
road,
far back
as

to

the

west
urns

of

Tavarnelle,
have

the
as

same

Etruscan
or

been
since.

found,

three been

four

hundred and of

years

They

are

said to have
to

of marble

elegant character, and

8

have

had

of form peculiarities

Inghirami gives illustrations

This is
instance

of this

be

of

much

earlier

date, and

of

un-

stele (Mon. Etrus. singular

VI. tav. C. D. of the

doubted p. 344.
9

Etruscan

antiquity.

See Vol. I.

E.)
of

an

fallacy

of the mode
monuments

of

determiningthe antiquity
from beard. the presence
or

Buonarroti this

took

(pp. 13, 29, tab. XLIII.) the figure for Venus, or

of
"

absence
nounces

of the

Inghirami
because City, ; and

pro-

nymph
i

Begoe,

whom

mention

has

that this cannot fifth century of the here said

are

be earlier than the

alreadybeen
Buonar.
no axes

made

Vol. I. p. 447. The Both lictors these

the

p. 29, tab. XLVI. in their

were

males
are

beardless

barbers
to

had

fasces.

by Pliny (VII. 59)

into

have

monuments

formerly in the possesStufa

been

introduced

Rome

in

the
a

year much
to

sion of the Delia

family.
know,

Where

454; whereas

the

styleof art,

they
2

are

now

I do not
96.

shows safer criterion,

this monument

Idem, p.

chap.

xxxvu.J

THE

FRANQOIS

VASE.

115

and
must

style.The
have been

in destroyed Etruscan.3 originally

castle

was

1185.

The

site

APPENDIX

TO

CHAPTER

XXXVII.

Note.
This
monument

"

The

Francois Vase.

is of such

detailed

Like description. from it represents subjects all its inscriptions in the Greek character are To beginwith the neck of the vase, which has The upper

that it demands and interest, a splendour in the paintedpottery of Etruria general, the mythological cycleof the Greeks,and

contains, on
even

one

side,the

the heroes, and

most

the

dogs,have

: figures Hunt of the boar of Calydon. All attached. The their appellations

two

bands

of

"

Peleus, Meleagros, Atalate, Melanion, Akastos, are prominent

Asmetos,

Simon, and

the great Twin-brethren, Kastor of this

scene

and

Poludeukes side is

(Pollux). At
a

each end

is

sphinx.

On

the other

subjectwhich is explainedas the Return of Theseus from the of the Minotaur,and the rejoicings slaughter consequent on his triumph. is approaching A shipfull of men the land ; Phaidimos jumps ashore ;
casts
a

another
on
"

himself

into the sea, in his eagerness

to reach

the beach, seriatim

which
are

band

of thirteen

youths and

maidens

"

all named

Ariane The

dancing in honour of the at his side. (Ariadne)

second band

hero Theseus, who

with the lyre, plays

has,on

one

side, the Battle of the Centaurs

Here

and

all with names attached. Lapithae, in the fight. On the other side, are Patroclus, represented by a race of

againTheseus
Games

is

prominent
of

the Funeral
five

in honour

driven by Oluteus, quadrigae, Hipo

.

Automedon,
himself and
vases

Diomedes,
at the
seen

Damasipos,
a

and

on

while

Achileus

stands
are

goalwith

for tripod

and the victor,

other

tripods

beneath

the chariots.

Buonar.

pp. 33, et seq.

Repetti (IV.
castle di del

to

the

cast,

marble

cippus,with
discovered
"

an

p. 498) says that the ruins of the

are

Etruscan 1700.

was inscription,

in
"

now

called Le Near

Masse

Poggio

Buonar.

p. 96.
was

The

marble

in

Marcialla.

Panzano,

some

miles

these monuments

probably alabaster.
i

116

FIRENZE.

to [appendix

The Thetis.
at
an

third ami
The

hand represents the Marriage of principal in a Doric temple. Before goddessis sitting
.

Peleus the

and

portico,
her

altar, designated Bo/*

spouse, his hand held

.,

on

which

rests

cantharus,stands

by the Centaur Chikon, who is followed by Iris,with her caduceus ; the Nymphs Hestia and Chariklo, and another of indistinct name bearing an amphora on his shoulders ; ; Dionisos Next of deities in and comes a the three Horai. long procession in the first,attended by Orania and quadrigae Zeus and Hera
mortal
"

KALiorE.
name

Who

follow

in

the

next

two

chariots, is
both
are

not

clear

"

the the

of Anphitrite Muses.
his mother Ares

is alone and the

but legible; occupy the

attended
car

by

other and

Aphrodite sixth
;

the fourth

Hermes is alone
on

Maia,
the

and

name

of Ociieanos mounted

left to mark

the occupants of the seventh.

Hephaistos

his

donkey terminates

procession. swiftness of On the fourth band, Achilles is displaying his proverbial with a pairof horses towards a foot, youth who is galloping by pursuing The the gates of Troy. other same subjecthas been found on known the youth as Tro'i'los. The vases ; but this is the first to make of Peleus is followed by his mother son Thetis, by Athena, Hermes, all near and Rhodia a fountain, with its Greek designation KpT]m) Under his steeds' feet lies a where Troilus seems to have been surprised. which has been cast away in terror by a female who called vbpla, water-jar, The walls of Troy, him. is near to which he hastens, are white, painted
"
"

"

and

are

of

Greek regular From

masonry.

The and
on

gate

is not

arched,but
for the marked At

has

flat lintel.

it issue Hektor

Polites, armed
a

rescue

of

their brother.
sits the venerable
are

Outside

the

gate,

seat
son

or

throne

9a*co$,
the fountain
water

with Priamos, talking

the
"

his
one

Antenor. is

two

from flowing On Heaven. behind stand Jove.

the

Trojans(Troon) like heads. panthers' spouts

and stand and
on

of

the a jar, filling

other
Zeus

side of the fountain,is the Hera occupy

a

Return end
;

of Hephaistos of the scene, while

to

throne and if to

at one

and

them Dionisos He

Athena,

Ares,
as

Artemis

before them

Aphrodite,
an

follows

ass,

attended

of son plead for the offending by Silenoi and the Nymphs

(NlPHAl).
The fifth band contains
the
common

subject of

beasts

of various
"

descriptions engaged in combat, or devouring boars, bulls, "c. lions, panthers, sphinxes,
The mounted Neither
sixth band
on

their

prey

griffons,

is

on

the foot of the vase,

and

representsthe Pigmies,

goats

for

of these last

their foes, the Cranes. chargers, encountering has The and bands two inscriptions. potter's

CHAPTER

XXXVIII.

FIESOLB."

FJ2SULM

Chi Come

Fiesol

hedifico per

conobbe cieli ben

el loco

gia

gli

composto.

"

Faccio

degli

Uberti.

Vires

autem

veteres

earum

urbium

hodieque

magnitudo

ostentat

moenium. Patercuias.

Vell.

The Etruscan reminded close

are

first

acquaintance
"

the

traveller

in it

Italy

makes

with he The
remains
attract

antiquities
of such
a

the
race
"

first
is

time,

may
at

be, that
Fiesole.
some

is

generally
report
than

vicinityto Florence,
to

and older
He

the

that

be

seen

there, far
the and

Roman beholds but

days,
walls

the

visitor

to

spot.
a

there

of
a

great
very them.

massiveness,

few of

other the from Etruscans the

remains,
race

forms

imperfect conception
He

that

constructed

learns,

it

is

true, the
;

the

skill could
and

displayed
not

in

these
a

monuments, barbarous civilisation that this

that

have

been of
at

people
are

but

extent
a

character It is not

their

still to

him is to

mystery.

Fiesole

early people
that has

be

comprehended.
not

Who,
the

visited
or

Florence, does
of

know

Fiesole

"

Hampstead
resort

Highgate
Florentine
one

the

Tuscan
'?

capital
"

the
not

Sunday
know
the

of

Cockneyism
the
most

Who

does

that scenery

it forms around miles

of

picturesque
of

objects

in
a

that
to

most

elegant
with

cities,crowning

height, three
and
tower

the

north,
and
crests

its vine-shaded

villas

cypress-girt
between

convents,
two

rearing
of

its tall Cathedralmount

the

the

Who

has

chap,

xxxvni.]

THE

ETRUSCAN

WALLS

OF

F^ESULjE.

119

awhile on Ins way at Dante's mill,and, in lingered who spiteof the exclusiveness of Englishproprietorship, the walls of the Villa, has not in imagination overleapt
not

hallowed

by
"

"

The

Hundred
Garden

Tales of

Love," and beheld

! gallantry
"

Boccaccio's The

and its faery, the

the love,

and joyaunce,

It may
when

seem

of to givea description superfluous

in every

Fiesole

that treats of guide-book it demands Etruscan Florence ; yet, as some an city, notice ; and I may chance to state a few facts beyond what are to be found in the said publications. As the visitor ascends the hill by the new carriage-road, of he will perceive, the town, a portion justbefore reaching the ancient wall climbing the steep on the right. This is a in point of massiveness and preservation, very inferiorspecimen side of the city. to what he may the opposite see on Let him then cross the Piazza,and take a path behind the
it is to be found which Cathedral, hill. will lead him
a

to the northern

brow

of the

Here

of the ancient fortifications, superbremnant and rising to his right, to the stretching away

he finds

height of twenty
different from

or

feet. thirty

that of ancient

is widely masonry sites in southern Etruria.

The

The hard rock of which of

the hill is composed,1 not

admitting

beingworked

so

as easily

the tufo and other soft volcanic has plains,

been
cut into blocks

formations of the southern of various

quarry, but

as sizes, they chanced

to be

out split

from

the

and laid in horizontal courses. squared, generally observed. The Strict regularity, however, was by no means courses vary in depthfrom about one foot to two or three, also the blocks the average beingabove two ; and in length some being square, others as much as seven, vary greatly,
1

It is

termed correctly page

macigno by
a

it is called
I. p. 246.
more

Etrusk. gramvackehy Miillcr,

In
some

Dante

(ut supra,
the hard

93),

term

ap-

parts it is much
in others,

to plieil

sandstone

formations Here

schistose than

of

the

offsets of the

Apennines.

120

F1ESOLE.

xxxviii. [chap,

nine feet,and the longesttwelve eight, The joints, in the walls of Pompeii, are as
of vertical ;
as

feet and often

a

half.

and, in

one

part,there is

instead oblique, wedge-course,

in the

bridge of Bieda,2 and

the walls

and Todi, but without any Perugia, saving the labour of squaringthe

Populonia, apparent object, beyond

blocks.
was

of

It is evident,

however, that the aim

masonry, but he parts where the
was portion as in nicety, the edgesof was

of the builder

regular, squared
In many
fit

fettered

by

his materials. did not

angles of
and
a

the blocks small stone

close, a

cut away

fitted in with great

walling. Though polygonal the blocks have in general suffered from the sometimes extremely weather,the joints are neat; and it is the character of the whole. apparent that such was originally No cement or cramping was used ; the masses, as usual in these early structures,held together by their weight. The
marks of the chisel
on

the most

finished

the surface of the blocks

are

often

visible.3 This other masonry Etruscan

is

by

no

means same

so

massive character
from
"

as

that

on

sites of the

Volterra,
its finish,

Roselle,Cortona, for instance

excellent and preservation, draped with ivy the and

yet,

its

height of

the

walls, resquely pictu-

overshadowed

by

oak

and

it is very imposing. ash-trees,

2

See Vol. I. p. 263. the substructions

This is seen of the Via

also

cityin
p. 55.

the olden time. But

is

Guida

di Fiesole,

in
near 3

Appia,

such

reckless, destructive

Aricia. At the

angles of
made

the

blocks, holes
have evi-

may

often be

which observed,

ignorant and necessarily A indiseriminating. strikingproof of Panin the temple of Jupiter this is seen
barbarism
hellinus in

been dently

by art,most
which
were

probably,

^Egina,where,
for the
same

even

in

the have

like those in the Colosseum, in the search for metal

to

monolithic
made holes

columns, the barbarians

cramps,
masses

hold the

supposed together.Inghirami,
admit
been that such have

height where
to

they had

been

purpose, accustomed

at the

however,
cramps
to

would
ever

not

could
in

suspected
of holes the

exist

the

ancient

masonry

jointsof the fi-usta ; thus unwittingly paying the highestcompliment to the exquisite workmanship of
find the the ancients.
to

and sought to explainthe Fiesole,

US

For Edward

this

fact

am

the

result of hostile attacks

on

indebted

Mr.

Falkener.

chap,

xxxvm.] The

ANCIENT

PAVEMENT

AND

SEWERS.

121

entrance

of the

lane,by which the visitor descends

the site of
an

from

the Piazza, marks mixed it,

"

ancient gate ; and

are repairs,

in

the road below of the old

with modern of

remains

pavement
of

the

Romans, but
on

blocks, as used polygonal by furrowed transversely large rectangular flags,

not

account

of the

steepnessof the road.

Its
to the

It is

styleoften adopted by
Roman walls hard

the Greeks.4

to dissimilarity

pavement, its relation

gate in the Etruscan

or

by,and
a

the work

largesize
of

of the blocks

flags,
me

removal rendering consider

induce great difficulty, this is the

to

it of Etruscan

origin, though
open
two

only

site in Etruria where In this

narrow

it is found. the wall passages, been whose

portionof
to

dimensions
sewers,

but
on are

prove them drain the area In

to have

nothingelse
as

of

the

city ;

is usual
sewers

Etruscan
cut

sites.5

the volcanic district such

which

through the
as

tufo cliffs on cities of

the walls rest

but

here,

in other

Northern

Etruria,there
the of

being no
and

and cliffs,

the fortificationsrising from

to

forminga
made
same

revetement

the

higherlevel

slope the city,

they are
Of the

in the

wall may

itself. So

also at Volterra.

character

be the apertures in the walls of Latium

are
"

of the so-called and

towns Pelasgic

Norba, Segni,
inferior in

Alatri ; but The

these

of Fa^sula?

much

size.6
4

smaller of them
pavement, cordonata,
fre-

has

or sill, doccia, as serving

This ribbed

or

also. tells
me

My friend,Mr.
that he has
or

Edward remarked Sebaste

Falkener,
similar
in

as

the Italians call it, is said to be with in

or
on

qutntlymet
ap.

in Cyclopean cities, the roads.

pavement
at Labranda in
5

at Eleusa in

Cilicia,

the gateways,

Orioli,
It
to

Caria, and

at Termessus

Mon. Inghir.
at

Etrusc.

IV. p. 159. the ascent

Pamphylia.
The the smaller
one

is found the

Pozzuoli, on

is about

four

feet

Street of Tombs.

I have roads of

observed

from
and

ground, twenty
The above

inches

high,

it also in the ancient

Syracuse,
is so

fifteen wide.

other
or

is about five feet

but there it is the rock furrowed. exist

on

itself which such the

eightfeet

ground,four

Blocks the
; ascent

of
to

pavement

Acropolis

one high,but scarcely R The openings in

in breadth, the walls of these

of Athens

and, I believe,at Messene,

three

Latin

towns

are

large enough

for

122

FIESOLE.

[chap,xxxvhi. of the wall.

spout
in
a

to

carry the
in

fluid clear
a

The

other small

rims

great way
a

line,but being too straight

never

to

admit
was

man,

it has
sent

been crawled

fathomed. for
a

little

child

once

in, who

considerable

distance without

him, and

he

finding the end, till Ins courage failed of day.7 But the most returned to the light
of this
sewer

feature singular is scratched

a

that is,

on

the wall beneath

it

symbol among the ancients It is here so slightly marked, as of rejDroductive power. have been done by to escape the eye ; it may possibly easily hand in more is in wanton recent times, but analogy some such representations favour of its antiquity.That were there is by the ancients on the walls of their cities, placed lack of proof. They are found on several of the early no citiesof Italyand Greece, on masonry as well as polygonal regular.8 in such positions of this symbol being placed The reason Cavaliere Inghiramithoughtit is not easy to determine.
a

the figure,

usual

man

to

enter, and
may

may

have if

been

poswere

of the wall, which blocks

tav.

is here

of

rectangular
walls of

terns.

It
or

be doubted

conduits

sewers,

they though that at Norba

sewers
"

(Micali, Ant. Pop. Ital. III. p. 7,

and
on

XIII.) ;

the ancient bank

is of the usual size of Etruscan about The also

seven

Todi, on

the Umbrian

of the Tiber,
in

feet

high, and
two not
at

three

wide. has

of similar masonry,
nent
near relief,

it is found

promiIt

larger of
been

these

Fiesole be
a

the church
"

of S. Fortumar

thought
doubt it.

to

sewer

nato.
no

Ask

for
seen

ilpezzo di
on a

mo."
an

(Ann. Inst. 1835, p. 15)

reason 7 3

; but

see

is also to be

block

at

angle
of in-

to

of

the

walls

of

Oea, in the island

the

Ann. The

Inst. 1835, p. 16. best known the of these sites is

in

Thera, in the iEgean Sea, with

ro7s scription been

annexed, which cpiKois

a mere

has
to

Alatri,where

and symbol tripled, the

considered the

is sculpturedon relief, above-mentioned sage, which opens

sewer, in the

lintel of the
or

assist

fascinum
Varro have
at

in

euphemism averting
The
same

the
twr-

postern,

pas-

effects of the evil eye.

polygonalwalls
found

piculares, as
it, is said
doors Acre in
to

(L. L. VII.
been

97) calls
on

of the citadel.
on
near

It is also
at

tripled

found

the

the

polygonal walls
in Sabina.

Grottatorre,
the ancient

of tombs

the Palazzolo,
at

ancient
in

Correse

On

and Sicily,
even

Castel
the

d'Asso

wallingin the Terra di Cesi,three miles symbol in relief Terni, the same at the angle in a similar position occurs
from

Etruria, and

in

Catacombs p. 65
;

of

Naples.
p. 1 9.

Ann.

Inst.

1829,

1841,

chap,

xxxvin.] be
to

ROMAN

GATEWAY.

123

might
show

intimate
a

the

strengthof

the

or city,

else to ancient the

defiance of

foe,9 in accordance

with
use more as

the

gesture of contempt and

southern
to

defiance,stillin

among

nations had

of

have

the

Europe ; but it seems same meaning in this

as a

probably
againstthe

in other cases,

where

it

was

used

fascinum
some

or

charm

effects of the evil Follow

east
"

eye.1
hundred

the
come

line of walls
to
an

yards
or a

to

the feet
of

you

arch

standingten
you have

twelve
structure
;

in

advance

of

them.

Here

different character, and masonry

will is much

of apparently

later date

for the You

less massive

than in the

walls. city

that it formed perceive part of an open gateway, or of a second arch traces tower, for there are projecting which joinedtins at rightangles, it to the wall. It uniting addition.2 is probably a Roman mixed Beyond this you can trace the walls in fragments, in a straight of modern with the small work line repairs,

9
1

Guida The

di Fiesole,p. 53.
occurrence

may

remark
to

that

as

the ancients

were

of this

symbol
be

on

wont

place

these

satyricasigna
to avert

in

exPelasgiccities may ancient the that worship plained by Hemies. It people paid to the phallic was

the walls of

their

and gai'dens

houses,
eye well
a

the

effects of the

envious may of

XIX. (Plin. have been

19, 1),

so

they

they
the

who
rest

introduced of

it into Athens, also into

placed on
which

the walls The

cityto
also

protect

and

Greece, and

its inhabitants.

idea philosophical
account

Samothrace

(Herod.
of

II. 51, confirmed and

they symbolise will

use
as

by
says

the

coins

Lemnos

Imbros,

for their
some

sepulchralemblems
instances of which
are

Muller, Etrusk.
the

einl. 2, 3) ; and

remarkable
seen

probably also with

of the

mysterious rites
and other of this
to the to

to be
2

at

Chiusi. is 10 feet
about to

Cabiri, into Etruria

The

arch

parts of

Italy.
was

Yet

the

worship
confined

much The

in span, and ancient wall

high,nearly as 3 feet in depth,

it
was

symbol
have

by

no

means

which

at-

classic nations of antiquity. It

seems

tached

is in this part

and destroyed,

its

prevailedalso
; and
us

among
recent

the

nations

place supplied by
This double Volterra and

modern

masonry. those of

of the far East lead among World.

434. to

researches
even

gateway resembles
the line of walls.
a

conclude

that

it held the

Cosa, except that

have

it is

the

early people of Stephens'Yucatan,

to

New

here without

Inghiranii
been

I. pp. 181,

suggests that
raised
over

tower

may

Not

dwell

on

this

subject,I

it.

124

FIESOLE.

[chap,xxxviii.

along the
suburb
at
on

brow

of the

hill, till in the

Borgo Unto,
find them

the east

of the ancient

city, you

turn

On your rightanglesand tend southward. to S. Polinari, the Borgo Unto hill from you
basaltic

way
cross

up

the

some

pavement,
ones,

and

just beyond it, in

blocks
are

portion of
on

the wall where shallow

very

massive

laid

very

observe the site of a gate now you may blocked up, but indicated by the pavement leading up to it. Beyond this is a long line of the ancient masonry, and less massive, tending westward, irregular quarries terminatingat some ; then after a wide gap the steep to the wall again,and trace it down meet
more

and you the

of

modern

road
are

where

you

first descried
some

it.3

Westward the

height could find them, though of San Francesco, but I never hill on the oppositeor I have traced them up the same northern side. Few will think themselves repaidfor their fatiguein tracing out the entire line of walls, over the and olive-groves and through the vineyards broken ground, for himself the slopes on ; unless the visitor wish to verify he may well rest content the extent and outline of the city, with seeingthat part of the wall first described,which is portionof the whole. by far the finest and best preserved state was The extent of the walls in their original not
great
"

this there

said to be

fragmentsbelow

less than two

miles

in circuit.4 Fresulse was,

there-

There
be

are

said of

on a

this side of the

work, give widely different

ments, Fsesulse being much
size to the
In

measure-

cityto
one

traces

gate, which, from

superiorin
smaller than it

of

the of

lintels still

standing,
of

must

last two, fact his feet in

but

have

been

Egyptian form, narrowing

the

the first.
as

plan represents
Niebuhr therefore that
of

upwards,
Etruscan p. 14.
4

like tombs.

doorways
Ann.

the

about

8800

or circumference,

Instit.

1835,

just If English mile.

121, Eng. trans.) was
formed
when

(I. p.
misin-

So says Micali

(Ant. Pop.
but

Ital. II.

he

said

the

walls,
that of inclines

p.

20.0),who

classes it with Cosa

;

Ruselke,

theatre,and other ruins play

any
a

Fsesulse dis-

Populonia and

the

plans
to

of

greatness not
Etruscan

inferior to

the said cities which

he

attaches

his

other

city.

He

12o

FIESOLE.

[chap,xxxviii.

the

top of Fesole."
and
in

Poets, painters, torians, hisphilosophers,

all kindled with

have tourists,

its

inspiration.

And

truth,
"

Dull would
A
so sight

he be of soul who

could

pass

by

touchingin its

majesty."

then, Description, remark, that with

has
a

would

here

be

needless.
and

Yet

I may
scene

all its vastness All

the diversity,
pomp

simple character.
the

the

luxuriant

of

the

Arno-vale, and
are

but the

mountains, grandeurof the inclosing of the picture, which framework, the setting-off
fair Florence
"
"

is

Florence,

The

star brightest

of

Italy! star-bright

"

hence

beheld the

in all her

and beauty. brilliancy

Within of and

walls The
in

of

Fiesole,there

are

few

remains

antiquity.
excavated

Schellersheim.
to the east.

It When

is the Theatre, discovered principal 1809 by a Prussian noble, Baron below the Cathedral, lies in a vineyard

it was first disinterred,

in the
outer

found

to have

six

gates

or

entrances

circuit of

wall, with

of steps of twenty tiers of seats, and five flights ; but little

this is

now

to

be

seen,

for it

was

soon

re-covered of the
or

with

earth, that the pulse-consuming canons

Cathedral artichokes.
circuit ot

might not

be
now

put

on

short
a

commons

of beans
the

All that is

visible is
"

portionof
a

outer

wall, of small stone-work

few of the seats, of massive

the hill

from like those of the city-walls, blocks, quarried,

itself
"

and

of stepsleadingdown flight

to

five vaults of

opus incertum and stone brick-work, called by the Fiesolani, Dens of the Fairies ; but verily Le Buche delle Fate, or
"

"

the fairies of

must Italy

be

gloomy

race,

whom

juvatire sub umbra. Desertosque videre locos,

chap,

xxxvm.]

THE

ANCIENT

THEATRE.

127

if

they

take

up

with

such

haunts

; no

way

akin

to

the

"the moonshine frolicsome, mischief-loving sprites, of merry

revellers"

England
"

"

Oh

these be These

Fancy's revellers by night!

"

of the flowers be the pretty genii

Daintilyfed
Midsummer's

with

honey

and

pure

dew

"

phantoms

in her

dreaming
"

hours

!"

Such

dismal dark, dank, dripping,

a

dens"

as

these would

freeze the heart of

Mab

or

Titania.
be of Etruscan

This Theatre but

more

was

long thoughtto
research

origin ;

extensive

comparative anatomy
be Roman.7 Near outside vault similar the Theatre

may be called the has determined it to of antiquities, into what

is

half-buried

arch, similar
It leads is
a

to that

the walls, but of opus incertum Near

of smaller
;

span.

into

and

little above also

are

second

vault.

the

Theatre the

few

large

stones rectangular

beneath

which have received surface,

Niebuhr, however,
his great has
name

has

thrown

the

is

in

the

grandest
it

Etruscan
"

style."

weight of
theatre

into the oppothis of

Miiller old

also thinks

was

probably of (II. p. 241).

to

site scale, and

was

said, "That
before the time

Etruscan

construction" it may

built

Inferior men, have quaries,

be, but better antithe lose these great

Sylla
Roman such but
a

is indubitable
are

; its size

and

maga

decided, however,
men

nificence

far

beyond
wished

the and

scale of how

contrary.
much of matters the

Indeed

military colony ; colony have amphitheatre? "

It may have the
be must

could

of their

when authority the

they treat

for

anything
p.
1 35,

an

(I.

provincerather of practical antiquarythan of the hisTheir with

want

within

Eng. trans.)
Fsesulse domination centuries other

remarked

that Roman
two

torian.

of

personal
monu-

ac-

fallen under
rest

quaintance
ments,
or

localities and

with before

of Etruria ; and

of

of opportunities

extensive and

time Sylla's which

as
we

that

of comparison of styles of

construction times
or more

towns

of Etruria

received

art, leads
of

them

at

into miserroneous

colonies,such military
local remains from

Veii, Falerii,
learn

statements

facts,
under

to

and Luna, had theatres, as

or

from

which, opinions,
with

favourable
never

even inscriptions,

circumstances, they
uttered,
or

would candour been

have of

where,
find
no

as

in the first two

cases,

we

can

the have

great

vestigesor
Niebuhr that "the

record elsewhere theatre

of

amphi(III. p.

minds, they would

to
renounce.

most

ready

theatres.

311)

asserts

of Fa?sulso

128

FIESOLE.

xxxviii. [chap,

the
on

name

of "the
no

Etruscan
more

Palace;" but
be

to

the Ciceroni
to the

these sites

credit should of

given than
the

"drab-coloured above Theatre

men

In Pennsylvania."
to

garden
the
at

the house, attached

the

ground

in which

lies,are

some

fragments of

masonry,

running

-walls below, and probably with the city of the rightangles hard by is an underground vault lined same ; and origin with small masonry, and covered with horizontal flags. In the Borgo Unto is a curious fountain,called Fonte
"

Sotterra."

You

enter

by a the rock, bearing marks I was stoppedby the

lower
in

vaulted passage

archway,and of steps to a long flight

a

Gothic

descend
cave

cut

in

of the chisel
water
a

on

its walls.

Here
a

but

when

this is at

level, you rock, and

reach

hewn long shapeless gallery,

in
a

the

ending

little reservoir, similarly

hollowed, but for what

indeed,imagined
waters
"

purpose is hard to say.8Inghirami, it might have been formed to catch the

which, percolating through the ground, descended

eternal shower
ever

in

an

of

gentlerain"
a

into the reservoir.9

cut

But when

who

heard

of such

fountain 1 and

bono,

a springon the spot \ The water manifestly is extremely the whole neighbourhood, and pure, supplying wells up from below, as its heightvaries at evidently different times, littleaffected by rain or drought. I have found it even than in winter, after the higherin summer and the fall of heavy rains. It very rarely meltingof snow happens that it sinks low enough to permit a descent to

there is

the

bottom

of the

passage.

Such

an

event,

however,

You

first

reach, says Inghirami, a

a

mount.

Its

length is

1 50 be

Frencli

feet,

largehollow
which other

like

quarry, ways which

the

floor

of
an-

if the

plans given of it
the
50

correct, and
the threshold

slopesin
entrance,

two in

towards
commences

its entire inclination

a

from

of

the

entrance

to

bottom

of the

of great length, but not regular gallery a nd throughout, sinkingfrom north to

steep passage
9

is about

feet,

Guida

di

Fiesole, p. 56.

south, following the upper

slope of

the

chap,

xxxvni.] in

FONTE

SOTTERRA.

129

occurred

the

autumn

1825, and

has been

unusuallyhot thoughtworthy of record on a

of

that

year, tablet

at the entrance.1

this Fonte Inghiramiregards could perceive which nothing

as

an

Etruscan such
an

work

; but

marks

origin.2

Only ten
cistern
or

twelve paces from this Fonte, a remarkable Its walls, reservoir was discovered in 1832.
or

except on
were

one

side where

built up with masonry, blocks.4 It was roofed in horizontal

of stepsled down into it,3 flight rusticated in large rectangular,

of several convergence of stones, and the imposition

by

the

layersof
in the

thin

largerslabs
celebrated

centre,5 on

the

same

as principle

the

It was tomb at Cervetri. Regulini-Galassi remarkable, that though undoubtedly a reservoir or for it was fountain discovered by tracing an ancient
"

water-channel
cement

which

led from This

it
"

there

were

no

traces

of

in the masonry. its

and the very ancient fact,

of style

which is indicate an Etruscan origin; vaulting, confirmed by the discoveryof sundry amphora of that character,and fragments of water-pots buried in the mud

which

covered

the

bottom.

This

reservoir

was,

tunately, unfor-

reclosed the year after it was

1
"

opened.6 It seems
steps had

Memorial. in the the

"

Of

this vast

cistern,

hollowed down 75

solid rock, and

entrance
a

sloping
of

from braccia

distance

Giuliano

Luigi di (144 feet English), the to his first, Ruggieri was

to

subsequently been rendered useless by a huge slab being the opening to them. laid across 4 Inghirami mentions having seen
other remains among of similar rusticated work of Fiesole. Ann. Instit. the ruins

The

astonishment,

discover

the
;

bottom and up
in

dry,
stone.
2

the

16th

October,
he

1825 has

1835, p. 9.
s

memorial

thereof

set

this

similar

vaultingwas
at

found

in

an

Pay
are

respect to the water."

at

Etruscan of the
Ann.
6

crypt

Castellina del Chianti.

The

walls

the

entrance

Inst. loc. cit. Full been of particulars Cav. this reservoir

passage but mixed

of small stones
some

uncemented,

of later date ; with The them

large blocks
be

have

may

of Etruscan the

hewing.
rock

hollowing in
an

living

given by Inghiramiand Pasqui, in the Annals of the the 18; whence Institute, 1835, pp.8
Professor
"

is certainly
a

Etruscan, rather

above

account

is taken,

than

Roman
II.

feature.
K

VOL.

130

FIESOLE.

[chap,xxxvni.

to
on

me

that probable highly

this it
no

was

the

fountain original

this spot, and either

that when

out by falling

of

longeranswered its purpose, or repair, by ceasing to

covered up
as

supplythe
was

wants

of the the

found, and
No

it was population, Fonte Sotterra dug in

it

its stead.

The

much

greater depth of the latter favours this opinion. visible on this site,though a few, I tombs remain
ness opened by SignorFrancois.7The hardof the rock of which the hill is composed forbade excavating in the slopes around the town ; the only sepulchres which
with di

have been believe,

sort

of tomb

would

have

been

formed

on

such

site

is that built up

masonry,

and

piled over
or were

with earth, the Grotta

like the

Tanella

Pitagora at Cortona,
If such there
a

at Sergardi

Camuscia. like

visible. Fiesole.
one

Nothing
Yet

tumulus

there

are

spots in

theyare no longer could I perceive around the neighbourhoodwhich

has

experiencedin such matters pronouncingto be the site of the

this

little hesitation in

ancient

cemetery.

All

however, district,
of excavations of ancient

is too

rich in

agricultural produce
various times of the
a

to admit

being made.
at

Relics

Fsesulae have

been

the walls within or around brought to light, One of the most is the bas relief of striking
the

city.

warrior in
in the last

Palazzo

Buonarroti, Florence, mentioned

and chapter,whose Etruscan inscription of Fsesulse. to the high antiquity testify

In 1829,
a

archaic character

was singular discovery

made

here

of

more
8

than
but

one none

thousand
of Etruscan

coins of Roman character.9

consuls and

families

Unghirami (Mon. speaks of cinerary urns

which
on 8

Etrus. found

I. p.
at

14)

Bull. There

Inst.
were

1829, p. 211
70 lbs.

1830, p. 205.
of silver
"

Fiesole,

weight
100 of

had

not
as

human

recumbent figures

denarii coined

"

the lids
An

usual. of them
in
was

Inghirami says priorto the defeat

Guida coins of

lbs.

all

63 Catiline,

account

published
See also

years
9

B.C.

di Fiesole,p. 17.

by

Caval.

Zannoni

1 830.

Etruscan

Fsesulee,though

TIJAP.

XXXVIII.]

HISTORY

OF

VMSULM.

131

Fiesole, though known

from its extant found
on

to

have

been

an

Etruscan

city,

remains

and the monuments

not

at various times
as

the

spot, is

mentioned
to

such

in

history.
Rome,

This must which

power,

have been

owing

its remoteness

from

with that contact preserved it from immediate of Etruria, when probablytillthe final subjugation

in that Fiesole,with the other few towns likely the northern federation district, findingthe great cities of the Conhad yielded induced to to the conqueror, was submit without a struggle.10 it is most

not not

found yet, I believe, unknown.

at

on

the spot, are which

were

refer to

Hellenic
"

sources

for Etruscan
even

Specimens
Vulci
are

etymologies
and

system which,

in

found

Caere and

preserved

in the British Museum,

in the Kircherian

Campana collection at Rome. which a not we are having on the They are silver, acquainted,was obverse the figureof a winged Gorgon, initial with the Vel," so compound in a long tunic,with her tongue lolling often occurring in Etruscan proper The gold coin,with the Etruscan names. out, holdinga serpent in each hand, and in the act of running, on the reverse, Sestini Velsu," which legend be of which a Felsina something, part may (Bologna), but assigned to referred Midler to Volsinii wheel, and the inscription phesu," in (see Vol. Museum,
and the
" "
"

ful proved so unsuccess? It is more unsatisfactory probable that the Etruscan form, with

Lanzi's hands, has

"

Etruscan

characters.

The

Due

de

I. p.

503)

"

may

it not

be

proper

to

Luynes
so

ascribes these coins to Ftesulse ;

Faesulse \ it of counterfeit.
10

Millingen, however,
a

dered consia

also

Capranesi, Ann.
tav.

Inst. P.
n.

1840,
But the
to
or

barbarous Anc.

people,or

pp.

203-7,

d'agg.

1.

Num.

Cavedoni, of Modena, considers

to

scription in-

The

name

is found

Ital. p. 171. in Floras (1. 1 1 ), the connexion

have

reference
to

not

the Fate

but

it is manifest

from

but placeof coinage,

on
or

the

Fury
a

that Feesulse is not the historian is and

the true

reading ; for
his most arduous
terse
test con-

the obverse, and

explainsit
with

.as

Alcra,

Fate, here

written

prefixed.Bull. Inst. 1842, p.

we are

digamma 156. Alaot,

"

in relating the spirited maimer, maintained with

Rome of the around

in the first years the Latin credat

;

told by the

Hesychius,were
;" and
Etruscan LVI. been the
"

gods
for

Republic
her.
"

cities

among
we

Etruscans the

^Esar,"

Cora

(quis
fuerunt

?) et

know

to be

word

Algidum
lis et "c."

terrori

Satricum

"god."
Aug. 97.
^Esar

Dio

Cass.

29 ; Sueton.

atque Corniculum
"

It has be with

suggestedthat
Greek word tion. terminaFsesulse
"

may

but
an

De Veruprovincise. Bovillis pudet ; sed triumphavimus. Cora (who would believe it ?) and
were

and adopted, Lanzi

"

Etruscan
name

Algidum
and

terror
were

to

us

; Satricum

considers the

Corniculum Of

like remote and Bovillse I did

we

vinces. proam

written

QaurovAai

by the Greeks
But

to

Verulse
"

be derived

from

Alaoi,with the addition

ashamed

to
now

speak yet
a

triumph

of the

digamma (II.p. 444).

why

Tibur,

suburban
K

abode, and

132

FIESOLE.

[chap.XXXVIII.

The

first record

we a

find of it is in the descent

on

year

529, when

the Gauls,
near

making
A

the Roman Romans

territory, past
who
went out

and Faesulae, them.1

defeated
few

the

against

years

after this, when

Annibal,
was

after his

victory on
route
one

the

Trebia, entered
The

Etruria, it

by

the unusual

of Faesula?.2

cityalso

is represented

by
Punic No farther

of the
as

poets

as

takingpart

in this Second

War, and

being renowned
is found Faesulae

for its skill in

augury.3
the
geance ven-

record

of it tillthe Social
is mentioned

War, about
among

ninety years
cities which of

B.C., when

suffered

most

from severely laid waste

with

the terrible
fire and
to

Rome,
a

being
few

sword.4 the

And

again, but
of

years
to

later, it had

endure

vengeance

when Sylla,

the espoused

side of his

punish the cityfor having he sent to it a military rival, colony.

Faesulae,for he
said
been

Prseneste, a
were

summer delightful

retreat,
had
been

considers

the

Castula,
have in the

not in

assailed the Carrae

till

vows

by

Diodorus from
to

(XX.
the
a

p.

773) to

offered
was

Capitol.
has
was

Then

Faesulae
"

taken

Etruscans

what

been
as

of late

the the
our

year

444,

be

mere

conniption of
3.

grove

of Arieia
"

dreaded

as

Faesulae.
2 3

Hercynian forest Gesoriaeum, the

A
"

then Fregelloewas
Tiber
our

Polyb. III. 82;

Sil. Ital. VIII.

cf. Liv. XXII. 478"

Euphrates."
shows
A

glance
Faesulae"
remote

at

the

passage
out

that

Affuit et sacris Faesula.

A

fulminis alis, interpres

is here from
not

of

place.

city
to

so

Rome,
have

and
been

of Etruscan

goddess
; ad

named

Ancharia

was

shipped wor-

could origin, among

The true

referred

the

neighbouring Latin cities, readingmust either be Fidence,

was on

24

here, says Tertullian Nationes, II. 8), which

(Apolog.
has been II.

confirmed

by inscriptions. Midler,

which, though Etruscan,

bank

the

left

of
a

the
town

Tiber,
near

or

more

probably
Horat.
Od.

cites Reinesius, CI. II. 23, and p. 62, who Inscr. II. p. 77. cf. p. 88. This Gori, fact establishes
"

^Esula,
1

Tibur.

the correct

reading to
and

be not

III. 29, 6.

Faesulanorum

Ancharia,"
as some

Polyb.
the

II.

25.

Mannert that

(Geog.
it cannot to

"

^Esculanorum,"
The

p. 396), however, thinks

be

it.
"

Etruscan
not

copies have family-name of

with found
at at

city
same

near

Florence
some

which
town

Ancari,"
and

met unfrequently

Polybius alludes, but

of the
to name,

other he would

Chiusi

Perugia,and
(see page
a

also

which

place
of

Montalcino has this

4

1 40, of this
to

volume)
name

the

west

of Chiusi, and Cluver

south

the
not

doubtless

relation See

the

of

Ombrone. think

(II.p. 509)

does

goddess.

I. Miiller,

p. 421.

this the

earliest mention

made

of

Flor. III. 1R.

134

FIESOLE.

[chap,

xxxvih.

has

given
to

to

the

world

and

to

insure

accuracy,
which

he doubled

had

recourse

most

tedious
of

process,

his he tween be-

labour.
traced

In

default

camera-obscura,

or

lucida,
set

every it

object
his

on

an

upright
then

plane
retraced

of

glass,
his

and
His

eye,

and have

drawing
of is

on

paper.
which where in

illustrations

thus Italian it

the

merit

accuracy,

the

works essential.
in

of

some

antiquaries
was

wanting,
Micali,
of

most

Inghirami bringing
before where it the the

who,
obsolete

with

was

instrumental

almost

subject
the

Etruscan

antiquities
from the

world.

They
the

took
of it

dusty

topic
Gori, view,
was

shelf,
and

since had
in lain

days
;

Dempster,
to

Passeri,
till it

Lanzi

held
in

up

public
and

became into

popular
favour old

Italy

and and

other

lands,

taken
at

by
age.

princes
Micali

nobles.
cut

Inghirami
off

died
him in

good
our own

was

just
to

before neither after.

and

countryman,
merited

Millingen, reputation,

inferior

usefulness the

or

followed

soon

Thus

goes

world,

as

the

proverb

says

"

II Chi

niondo lo

fatto chi

scarpette
se

"

se

cava,

lo

mette.

CHAPTER
SIENA."

XXXIX.
SENA.

Noi La De E E

ce

traenio

ala cita de
en

Sena,
sana

quale e posta vaghe donne,

parte forte

e ligiadria

bei costumi
e

plena, cortesi,
"

huomeni
serena.

laer

dolcie,lucida, e

Faccio

degli

Uberti.

Data

sunt

ipsis quoque

fata

Juvenal. sepulcris."

Siena
Etruscan
or on

can

urge

no are

pretensions to
founded either
on

be

considered

an

that city,
extant

historical records, she

no

remains.
a

only as
of her Sena that
or
a

Roman

By ancient and colony,

writers
as

is

tioned men-

there is
as

mention
is

before Julia

the

time

of Caesar, and

she

by the colony was

second

Theodosian

Table, the
here Nor

styled is probability
Caesar,
trace
are
a

first established

by

Julius

by

the

Triumvirate.1 the

is there

of
a

Etruscan few have

visible on antiquity in the shapeless caves been

site, though there

seem

cliffs around, which

to

mistaken

for tombs.2
not

would Siena, therefore,

have

been

mentioned

among

See

Repetti, V.
as

p.

295.

Sena

is ;

from Sena
"

that

people
"

Senomim

de XV.

nomine

mentioned Tacitus

colonyby Pliny (III. 8)

45)
;

Sil. Ital. VIII. II.

19 ;

455;

552;
Civ.

(Hist. IV.
ed.

and

Ptolemy (II.
Senouiau p.

Polyb.
I. 88. thinks

cf.

Appian.

Bell.

(p. 72,

Bert.).
its

Dempster
the

Abeken Sena
a was

(Mittelitab'cn, p. 33)

342) ascribes

origin to
any

probablyof
valid

Etruscan
;

Gauls, but
not

without

authority, though
others have

and origin,
but

dependency

of Volateme for

confounding this cityas

with Sena

see

no

grounds

this

done
on

Gallica,now
derived

Sinigaglia
its
name

opinion,
2

the

Adriatic,which

Sepulchres of Etruria, p.

508.

136

SIENA.

xxxix. [ohap.

Etruscan
at various

but that it is situated in cities,

district which,

of that antiquity has yielded treasures ; periods, in the heart of Tuscany, and and from its position on the high road from Florence to Rome, it might be made of this central point for the exploration convenient a

comfortable hotels Armi Le region.3 It has two in a city and L'Aquila Nera all-important d'Inghilterra whose glorious Cathedral alone full of medieval interest, so
"
"

lengthened stay, and of Dante's vituperations, whose all inhabitants,in spite are his sojournagreeable. the stranger could wish to make
might tempt
a

the

traveller to

Sixteen
is

miles

north

of

Siena, on
Bonitii
town

the

road
the

to

Florence,
ages.

Poggibonsi,the
this and

Podium

of

middle
seven or

Between

a Castellina,

about
been

eight
Near

miles to the east, Etruscan the site of

a

tombs

have

found.

1507,

called Salingolpe, as city, long since as was opened,which, from the description sepulchre

ruined

given by
celebrated
and
was

an

have must eye-witness, Regulinitomb at Cervetri.

over

been

very
in
a

like the

It

was

mound,
of

vaulted
courses

with

uncemented

masonry It
in
was

large
about

the size,

converging till they met.

in

fortyfeet
had

in

six length,

breadth, and
so as

ten

height.

It

also two
a

side-chambers,
cross
"

to

form

in its plan the

ten

figureof
was
a

and

one

of
urns

these,about
and
valuable
vases,

feet cube,
of ashes ;

very

magazine" of
contained
"

Ml
"

and

the other of
a

more

ments relics, the adorn-

" to wit, a mirror, a hair-bodkin, and queen all of silver, with abundance of leaf in the same bracelets,

metal

"

square

cinerary urn,
another boxes of

with

golden grasshopper
corners
"

in the

middle, and
"

in each

of the
a

sundry
vase

stones precious

rings in
from

bronze

covered

Siena from

is 40

miles

from

Florence, Volterra,

39

Arezzo,
48

39

from

Massa

Marit-

16

Poggibonsi,36

from

tima, and

from

Grosseto.

chap,

xxxix.]

ALPHABETICAL

TOMB.

137

or

pot, perhaps one

and

of the

rare a

caskets

in that metal

"

female bosom
"

with bust in alabaster,

goldwire

crossed

on

her

of stone and marble, the urns cinerary many The long passage finest of which belonged to a female.
in this In
was sepulchre

empty.4 quite

year 1723, at a spot called La Fattoria di and Castellina, about half way between Lilliano, Poggibonsi the
some

Etruscan

urns

were

but they were brought to light,

not

of remarkable Still nearer

character.5

Siena, on

the road

to

Colle,and hard by the

tomb
was

Abbadia

all'Isola,a most
1698.

remarkable
an

discovered of human
not

in the year bones

;

It contained loose have

or

abundance

but whether
we

in

does sarcophagi
It
seems

appear
been
a

from

the record square

of it.
an

to have cut

obliquely down But the most extraordinary to its floor. thingabout in large it was, that on three of its walls were inscriptions characters,paintedon the rock, not horizontally, as usual, but in longlines from the top to the bottom of the chamber. Yet of these inscriptions had more no strange two reference to the dead, but were an alphabetand a spellingdeep
entrance
"

with pit or shaft,

book !
"

like the

curious

pot found
"

at

and Cervetri,

now

in the

nor were GregorianMuseum6 they Etruscan, as would be expectedfrom the locality, but pronounced by the learned to be earlyGreek !7 Here is a or Pelasgic fac-simile of a copy of the alphabet made at the time the

Santi Marmocchini

ad arroti, p. 96, Explic. II. Gori

quotedby BuonDempster, torn.

which differs
a

So

says
et
a

p.

195,
it

Lepsius (Ann. Inst. 1836, seq.) Lanzi (II. p. 513)

mixture of
to

(Mus. Etr. Class II. tab. III.)

called Latin. tomb it is

was as

Etruscan

and

givesa
He the

plan of the tomb

the the
or

Lepsius seems
if it were
mere now

speak of this
but existence, history. It

little from

description given above.

urns

still in
matter

says that Meminian

"

show

it to be of

of

Memmian

family
"

reclosed

and

its site
more

even forgotten a

in Etruscan
5 6

"Memna."

in Maffei's

day,

than

century

Buonarroti, p. 4 1 , ap.
Ut supra, page 53
"

Dempst.

since.

5.

L38

SIENA.

xxxix. [chap,

tomb

was

opened.
; the

It will be

seen

that the
omicron

unfinished

letters

after

the

alphabet is having faded

from line
na,

the wall before the tomb

bore

was

discovered.
"

The
me,

next
mu,

the

interesting ma, intelligence

ran

mi,

no"

in letters which
an

from hornbook

rightto
were

left.8 thus

"Why
within
a

alphabetand
Few,
"

preserved

tomb, I leave

to the

of imagination

conceive.

however, will be

my readers to satisfied with Passeri's

Etruscan the freak of some explanation that it was schoolboy,who, finding the wall ready prepared for scribbled thereon his last lesson.9 mischievously painting,
Five miles
east

of

Siena,

near

the

ruined

Castle

of

Montaperti,ever

memorable

for the

of the great victory

Ghibellines in 1260"
Lo Che strazio
e

il grandescempio colorata in
rosso
"

fece l'Arbia

was

discovered

in

1728, in

little mound,

tomb

of the

Buonarroti,
torn.

p. II. Lett. walls

36,
Lanzi
V.

tab. II.

92,
p.

ap. 512. The

were

one

at Beni
"

Hassan, described
"

by
one

Sir G. of the the evi-

Dempst.
three

Wilkinson,
tombs letters is

On

the wall of

Maffei, Osserv.
inscribed

p. 322. tomb into

were

Greek

alphabet, with
various ways,

of the lines

transposedin
a

divided
or stripes

by

vertical

broad the in-

dentlyby
appears
cesses as

person have

teachingGreek, who
found these cool
re-

bands, in which
"

to

scriptions seven
commenced letters Chinese from
were

in all.

Though

each

well and

suited

for
was

the resort any

of

at

the top of the

not

wall, the
in

himself the

as pupils,

stoa, or
Modern

placed upright,as
ran

grove

of

Academus." There is
no

but inscriptions,
as right,

sometimes

Egypt,

II. p. 53.

reason was

to

left to

in the above

alphaIII. that

believe that this Etruscan for another than

race,

tomb

used

bet, sometimes
9

vice versd. Gori Mus.

Etrus.

its
and

original purpose, by
hi
a

Passeri,ap.
Nor
can

different

subsequent
the in-

p. 108.

it be

supposed
an

age ; for the

to scriptions

shows palaeography be very

this Etruscan
of

tomb

presents
an

instance

academical

tuition,like

Egyptian

coeval

with

the

ancient,probably sepulchreitself.

chap,

xxxix.]
the

TOMB

UF

THE

CILNII.

139

Cilnii
"

great Etruscan
had
seventeen

family to
urns or

which
"

Maecenas

belonged. It
travertine,and
almost all with without plain,
in the
most

fifteen square

ash-chests" of

cinerarypots of earthenware, were inscriptions remarkably ; but the urns and there was their lids, on nothing figures
mark of the to one belonging which possessed Etruria, supreme it
as name was

to sepulchre

illustriousfamilies of in the
"

power

land.1

The

written

Cvenle,

or

Cvenles

M34V\3;D
Cvelne ;2 though the Etruscan form was rarely identical with the Roman.3 sometimes analogous to,or even of this tomb, as in the Grotta de' On the door-posts sort of carved inscriptions Volunni a at Perugia,were of the familyoccurs. in which the name generalepitaph, the heightsto the right At Montalcino,a small city on
or

more

"

of the

road

from

Siena

to

S.

and Quirico,

about

twenty
been

miles south

of the former

Etruscan city,

tombs

have

Liv. X.

"

Cilniuni gens prsepotens.

29"

the

Etruscan

character.

But

Lanzi

VII. Silius Italicus,

Cilnius,Arreti Tyrrhenis ortus

Clarura For the
nomen

in oris,

erat.

Horat.
1_4 ; ;

Od.

royal originof Maecenas, see I. 1 ; III. 29, 1. ; Sat. I. 6,

1 ; Sil. Ital. X.

(Sagg.II. pp. 366"7), who copied the well as Gori as originalinscriptions, 7, cl. II. (Mus. Etrus. III. pp. 96 the same tab. 12 17), make precisely
" "

transpositions. Miiller
416)
of

(I.

pp.

404,
form
been

Propert.III. 9,
XII.
4.

thinks

that
name as
"

the

Etruscan have

40

Mart. II. be

4, 2 ;
Etruscan

cf. Macrob.
" "

Maecenas1 Cvelne

must

Saturn.
must

understood power

royalty merely as the

to
one

"

(or

he the

writes first his usual

it, Cfelne)

Maecnatial,"

being

his

supreme their

delegated

of

patronymic, the family name

termination.
3

second the

mother's

body by
It
seems
were

the confederate

princesor
if this of the

with

adjectival

Lucumones.
2

at
an

first
error

sight as
of
some

As of

is

metastasis

one

on proved by an inscription the recently found sepulchres

or who, as appears transcribers, copiers of this tomb from a manuscript account Institute at Rome, in the Archaeological not always well acquainted with were

of Sovana, where
"

the the

name

is written

Cilnia ;
seems

"

though
also to

more

peculiar
same

form

occur

in the

necropolis. Vol. I. p. 500.

140

SIENA.

[chap,xxxix. excavations

opened
made,

in times
as

past, though
I
can urns are

no

have
A

been

far

as

learn, for many

in the Museum

years.
of

great

part of the Etruscan

from this site.

They
now

all of

Ley den came travertine,and belong to

different Etruscan

families.4
no

Montalcino little
more as

has
to

to show, and, indeed, antiquities

boast

of than

her

muscadel

wine, lauded
London
"

by Redi,

drink for the fair of Paris and

II

leggiadretto,

II si divino

Moscadelletto Di Un Lo Per Montalcino. tal vino destino

di

le dame E per Che

Parigi;

quelle,
il

si belle

fanno Rallegrar

Tamigi.

Castelnuovo another

delT

Abate,

seven

miles

further
tombs

south, is past

site which

has

Etruscan yielded

in the

century.5
Near

heightsto the east of San miles west of Montepulciano, found Quirico,and seven was in 1779 a tomb of the familyof Caes" (Caius).6 In the district of Siena have been found other sepulchres of the olden time ; one of Lecne" (Licinius), of the family and another of that of Veti" (Vettius).7
Pienza,
a

town

on

the

"

"

"

Bull. Inst. 1840, pp. 97" mentioned

in

104.

The
are

(Arruntius?)Pienza Lanzi, II. p. 373. (I.p. 221) jecturedby Cramer

6

families
the

the

epitaphs
"Tite"

is
to be

con-

"Apuni"
"

(Aponius),
"

or

the

"Teti"
carni

"Cae" (Titus), (Ancharius), others

Laucani

(Caius),"An(Lu"

Manliana raries.
"

of

Ptolemy

and

the

Itine-

canus), and
not
5

whose

names

are

Lanzi, II. pp. 360,

these

361.

The
are

prenot

fully legible.
Lanzi,
of the

cise localities of II. of

p.

tombs

Saggio

368.
"

One
"

mentioned.

was

family

the

Arntle

142

VOLTERRA."

The

City.

xl. [chap.

steep that
he finds

when

the traveller has

he fatigue about he said
to
"

that the
is then but

lengthreached its foot, minated, imagined had well nigh terbegin. Strabo has accurately
at

described

it when
a

it is built

on

height, lofty
every

risingfrom
on

deep valleyand
summit the

on precipitous

side,

whose base it is

level summit
to

stand the fortifications of the

ascent

From and

is fifteen stadia

city. long,
must

steep and
been
mean

difficultthroughout."1

If Volterra she have

be still "lordly" and

in the

imposing,what
instead of
of the level
a

olden time, when

one
or

mere tain-crest, moun-

cluster of

at buildings
area,

corner

the entire with bristling

one

four

five miles in circuit, was

the towers, first and

now

and temples,

palacesof
fable and

the

city,
may

of Etruria's

largest
"

when

the walls,whose
song

mere

are fragments

so

vast, that

well

report them
"

"

Piled For

by

the

hands

of

giants,

god-like kings of old,"

then surrounded
as

the and

with city

of girdle

fortificationssuch been

for

grandeur

massiveness

have

perhapsnever
of

Strabo, V.
makes stands

p.

223.

Modern
on

mea-

the

name

(Enarea,

"

site of cxtrahill 30 Lanzi stadia

surement

the mountain
935

which braccia

ordinarystrength,on
in

Volterra

Tuscan

height.
p.

To

this view

(Saggio,
Mannert

(about
of the taken

1800
sea.

above Englishfeet) Miiller he

was

the level misto

II.

94) is also

inclined.

therefore Volterra

when the

guessed
I

be

probably Italy.
many

town highest-lying

in all
are

(Geog. p. 357) is opposed to it,on the had probably no ground that (Enarea Niebuhr existence. (I.p. 124, n. 382),
Miiller

Etrusk.
towns and

p.

221.

There

(Etrusk.II. 2, 10), and

Arnold

villagesamong
a

the sites

Apennines, and
in the mountains
at
a

not

few

ancient
and

(Hist, of Rome, II. p. 530), raise the from the that valid objection, more

of Sabina

Latium,
elevation.

usurpation of
slaves, (Enarea
Volsinii. these
I

power
must have

by
be

its manumitted

considerably greater
(Ital.
to to

identical
to

with
to

Cluver

Ant. be

II. the the

p.

513)

takes

hesitated have

bow

Volaterrse referred

Etruscan

city

mighty

three, and
may

suggested
the

by

pseudo
cap.

Aristotle

that Monte

Fiascone

be possibly

(De

Mirab.

Auscult.

96), under

site of (Enarea.

Vol. I. p. 518.

chap,

xl.]

HISTORY

OF

VOLATERRiE.

143

surpassed.
form,"
"

We

now

see

but
been

"

the skeleton of her Titanic the

what

must

have

living body ?

Her mark her

great size and

Volaterra?
as
a

the natural

cityof
to

of her position strength and give first-rateimportance,

among

claims indisputable

rank

the Twelve

of the

Confederation.

Were

such

local evidence

wanting, the

of the five cities, of Dionysius,2 that she was one testimony which mined deterof the rest of Etruria, acting independently to aid the Latins againstTarquiniusPriscus,would be conclusive ;3 for no second-rate or dependent town could have ventured
to oppose

the views
of

of the rest.

This

is the first historical mention

evidence
as

Volaterrse,and

is satisfactory

and early importance. antiquity The only other express record of Volaterra3 during the is in the year 456 period of national independence, encountered the Etruscan when L. Cornelius Scipio (b.c. 298), and forces below obstinate a combat this city, so ensued end to it,and not till that night alone put an morning showed the Etruscans had retired from the field, could the Roman general claim the victory.4 As an Etruscan have had a territory Volaterrse must of city, without doubt, than that of any other great extent ; larger, of the cityof the Confederation ; 5 and with the possession
to her

Dion. other

Hal. cities

III. p.
were

189, ed. Sylb. Clusium,

the
Arre-

and her
as

the rich ager the

must

plainsof Lucca;
also have

eastward

The

extended

far,
50

tium, Rusellse and Vetulonia.

3

nearest

city was

Arretium,
it
was

It is
on

so

regarded by
the

principal
II. p.

miles

distant ; westward Mediterranean

more

bounded p.

writers

subject.

Cluver.

by

the

(Strabo, V.
miles
at least

511;

Etrusk. Miiller,
185.

II. 1, 2, p. 346;

223),

than

20

off; and
as

Cramer, I. p.
4
5

southward

it extended
was

far

as

Liv. X. North

12. of Volaterrse the

an

which Populonia, there

was no

either

acquisitionof Volaterrcc
X.

a colony or (Scrv.ad JEn.

other

city of
at

Confederation, unless
been

172)

; and

from

the

intimate

con-

Pisse may
one

earlyperiod have
to

nection

of that

port
that

with

Elba, it is
compre-

of the all the

Twelve, to dispute her

land up the

claim of

highly probable
hended

it also

to

confines

that island itself.

the vale of the Arno, Etruria, including

144

VOLTERRA."

The

City.

[CHAP.XL.

two

great ports of Luna

the
most

and

been

and

powerful among also the most wealthy. probably

as we

have Populonia,she must "the sea-ruling Etruscans," Her Etruscan

6
"

lation, appel-

learn from

her

coins,was

Velathri

l"Ofl"l23
We
have
no

record

of

her
may

conquest, but
conclude

from

her
was

remoteness

and

we strength

Volaterrse

among

the

last of the In the

cities of Etruria Second

Punic

to fall under

the

yoke

of Rome.

War,

in

common

with the other

furnish is

her

cities of Etruria, she principal for the Roman quota of supplies that she stillmaintained

undertook
fleet ; and

to

it

worthy

of remark

her maritime

character,being the

only one,
gear

tackling or
6

other

for

to furnish Tarquinii, ships.7 In the civil wars

save

This of

is almost the

identical

with

the
town
can

Hatria,
"

the Etruscan
to
or

town

which
to

gave the

name

ancient

Volscian there
a

its

name

the

Adriatic, and
in Roman infers
was

Velitrse, now
be
no

Velletri ; and that there many of the the

been
was

atrium,
Cramer

court,
p.

houses. from founded this

doubt
as

close
towns

(I.
that

184)

analogy,

between those

other

analogy
the the

Volterra

of Etruria, and

corresponding
Tiber. In of
to

when Tyrrhene-Pelasgi, shores of the Adriatic The

by they quitted
to
same

south appellations

of with

settle in

fact, the
Velathri Velitrse. and other

coins have

legend

the land of the Umbri. for the

Raffaelle

indulged in

assigned Maffei,il Biondo, early Italian antiquaries idle speculations to the as

the
name

often

city

is inferred de
name

origin by Millingen
Italie,

(Numismatique
p. 167) from he
town

1' Ancienne

the

Velathri, which Elatria,a

came

takes
in

to be

identical with land

meaning
resolved translated
Volaterrse

of it

Volaterrte, and

Epirus, the
He
sees

whence

into "Vola

(which they
but Latin

many
the

of the colonists of

Italy, especially
Elatria
even

urbs) Tyrrhenorum,"
is

Pelasgi.

also

in

merely
present

the

form,
of the

Velitrse

of the Volsci,and

in Vul-

and

in

our

ignorance
all sound

of appellation turnus, the original and these

he

Capua

Etruscan is out

language

analysis

thinks
three

this
cities

name

was

of the

be remarked, question. It may that the Vel, however, syllable

a

by

the

given Tyrrheneto

Pelasgi, during their possession of the land,

"

or

Vul, is
"

frequent initial to
the
to
rest
some
on

Etruscan Velim-

in

remembrance

of their

ancient

names

Vulci, Velsina, Vulsinii,

"

country.
Liv. XXVIII.
45.

nas, Atri

"c.

and

of

the

word
to

Tarquinii supplied
corn.

seems

have

analogy
the coins

the fittingssail-cloth, Volaterrse,

up

the

Hat,

or

Hatri,

of

of

ships, and

also

This

is

chap,

xl.] Marius

HISTORY

OF

VOLATERR^.

145

of the Volaterra?,like most Sylla, cities of Etruria,espousedthe part of the former ; for this till she was two besieged years by the forces of his rival, taken to surrender ;8 but though thus she was compelled in arms him, she escapedthe fate of Fsesulae and against of their citizenship, and other cities which were deprived between

and

had

their lands confiscated and

victorious

divided

among
was

the troops indebted who

to

of the

Dictator.
was

For

this she

the

great Cicero, who

honoured

then

Consul, and
attachment

ever

afterwards and

retained the warmest

her with the

towards

her,
She

highestcommendations.9

forced to receive a military however, was subsequently, under the Triumvirate.'1 After the fall of the colony, Western Empire, she suffered the fate of the neighbouring and fellunder the dominion cities, Huns
; but
was

of the Vandals

and

the

againraised
a

to

importanceby the
court

Lombard of

who, kings,
the natural

for

time, fixed their

the site.

here, on
the

account

of strength

Of

tory subsequenthis-

in

of Volterra, sufficeit to say, that thoughgreatly sunk she has never size and importance, wholly lost her
been

and population,

abandoned,
the

like

so

many

of

her

to the fox,the owl, and fellows,

retains to the

present day,her

viper ; and Etruscan original

that she

tion, appellato

but littlecorrupted.2 When the traveller has mastered

"

the tedious ascent

inn

the town, let him

according to
menta
;

seek for the

Unione," the best

in

the

usual

but

Miiller
of

reading,intcra(I.2, 1, IV. 3, 6)
is

the satirist Persius. citizens, is better founded, I

Her

claim

as believe,

regards
as

prefers that
inceramcnta.
8

Gronovius, which cit.; Liv.

Linus, the bishopof

'

successor

of

St.

Peter,

Rome. p. 14.ed. 1588.

Sti-abo,

loc.

LXXXIX. pro Roscio

9

; cf. Cic. pro

Epitome, VII. ; Csecina,

XXX. Attic. her
;

N.

Amerino, VII.
pro Domo
sua, 5 ; ad

Cic.

ad

Divers. Volterra
VOL.

XIII.

4,

I. 19. ancient

Pliny Ptolemy (p. 72, ed. Bert.) also speak of her as a colonyin their days. 2 Roman For the history of postH. III. 8) and

Front. deColon.

claims
II.

among

Volterra,see

V. Repetli,
L

pj". 801

et

aeq.

146

VOLTERRA."

The

City.

[chap. three house.

xi..

by the sign of things about the females, the most graceless Ottavio Callai, having resided landlord,SigreVolterra. He
may know it in

naked The

England,understands our and local of our language,and his general intelligence will information, to say nothingof his obliging disposition,
of real service to his guests. Volterra
is but
a

several years habits,wants, and somewhat

prove

Modern
above

country-town,havingscarcely
but covering ancient
a

four thousand the

area

and inhabitants,

small

portionof

occupied by

the

lines of its battlemented

wall, and the

fortress, give it an
a

imposing appearance

city. The towered keep of its It is externally.

and gloomy place, however, without architectural dirty beauty; and save the heavy,feudal-faced Palazzo Pubblico, all over with coats of arms, as a hung quaintly pilgrim silent traditions of the stirring with scallop-shells so many days of the Italian republics and richer still in its little of Etruscan the neat Museum antiquities ; save
"

"

Duomo,

and

the alabaster factories, which

every

one

should Her

there is nothing of interest in modern visit,

are glories

Volterra.
to

the Etruscan the visitor who

walls and

the

Museum,

neither

of which of

feels interest in the

tion civilizaearly

To

should fail to pay attention. Italy, the "Unione," begin with the walls. From
to the

few

steps will lead

Porta I envy

all' Arco.3

the stranger his first impressions on The loftiness of the arch of the
masonry
; the

approaching
boldness
of

this

gateway.
; the

its span

massiveness mediaeval

blocks, dwarfing into

the insignificance

by

which

it is

sur-

"1

Dempster

(Etrur.Regal.II. p. 286)
men

Gori them

(Mus.
in this

Etr. III. pp. 34, 44) follows

says

that certain learned

a

take

this

superfluous etymology,

for

corruption

of

Porta

Herculis.

chap,

xl.]

THE

PORTA

ALL'

ARCO.

147

rounded
more

the venerable,yet solid air of the whole the all,

; and

than

dark, featureless, mysterious heads

as

around tale of
on

forward it, stretching

if eager
;
even

to

proclaim the

bygone

races

and

events

the site of the gate

of steep,with a glorious map river,plain, mountain, sea, headland, and island, valley, the very
verge

of the

unrolled

beneath

; make

it

one

of the most and

fix it

portalsconceivable, singular
memory. It is
a

imposingyet his on indelibly

feet deep, united gateway, nearly thirty of the same walls of very massive character, by parallel masonry Etruscan
as

double

those

of the

city.4This
"

is decisive of its

doubt has been raised as to the origin ; yet some Etruscan antiquity of the arch, I think, without just ground. It has been objected that the mouldings of the impostsare in character to be regarded as Etruscan,and too Greek that the arch must But
if this
were a

therefore be referred to the Romans.5

sufficing reason,
a betrays

Etruscan
be
must

tombs, which

every article found in Hellenic influence, must

of Roman

origin. Those who hold such a doctrine the extensive intercourse the Etruscans forget totally
span of the arch the is 1 3 ft. 2 in. ; of the

The

gate
the

to

be

"

of

true

Etruscan

the

height to
so

top of the

feet ;

is about

heightto 21^ feet. Depth

that the The

impost 15 the keystone

of the arch dooris 13

construction:"

(cf. I.
been

p.

141).

By
re-

Ruspi,

Roman

the architect, referred Inst.

even

storation

has times.

to

posts 4 ft. 6 in.

inner

Imperial
52. The

Bull.

1831, p.

ft. 6 in. in span, and

its doorpostnearly

depth. necting passage

15

5 ft.in

The is 18

lengthof

the

con-

posts of
he arch have the alone

connecting walls, the doorthe outer arch, and the heads,

allows
outer to

and its width ft., of

be

Etruscan

; the to

ft. 8 in.,so

the gateway,

that the total depth the arches, is 27 including

of the
been

gate he conceives

raised
to

during
been
to

the

Empire, replaced,
been
at

feet,C" inches.
5

heads the
same

have

then have

Micali

(Ant. Pop.
as

Ital. III. p.

5)

and the
a

inner time

gateway

regards them
and

of

Roman thinks
a

character the whole

constructed.
was

He

thinks
effected

and construction,

second the

restoration middle ages,

arch, except the heads, is

restoration,
the

during
where

in

that

part

probablyafter the siegeof Sylla. Yet he admits the

city by
part

the

was portcullis

fixed.

lower

1,2

148

VOLTERRA."

The

City.

xl. [chap.

maintained Roman
and but
to

from

very

remote

times, at least

as

as early

the

colonies of Sicily not only with the Greek kings, dominion, Campania, the latter long under their own intercourse quite sufficient an also with Greece herself
"

account

for

traces

of
a

Hellenisms
form

in in

Etruscan

art,

whether

exhibited
in the

in

modified

architectural features of

mouldings, or
the

frequentDoric

and

Ionic

or monuments, displayed sarcophagior rock-hewn in the paintedvases, found and purely in more palpably Greek in form, myriadsin Etruria,which are unequivocally The mouldings of myths,and even inscriptions.6 design, assimilated these imposts then, were they even more strongly

to the

Greek, may
course,

well be of the
most

of Etruscan
remote

construction,

though not, of
The the much
inner

epoch.
the outer
in

arch of the gateway

number

differs from of its

material,form, and
more

voussoirs,and

has

of

Roman

character.
be

Whether
be

this
that

archway
the

Etruscan heads
are

or

not, it cannot

doubted that

three

of that

character,
an

and

they occupied

similar

in positions

arched in
a

gateway

of ancient Volterra.

This

is corroborated

is a cinerary In the Museum manner. urn, found singular which has a bas-relief of the death of in this necropolis, when in the act of scaling Capaneus,struck by lightning the artist, the gate of Thebes ; and copying probably in that to him, has represented the object best known

fi

Mon. Orioli (ap. Inghir. that

Etrusc.

IV.

terised
to
me

as

Greek.
to

But

it does
so

not

seem
an

p. 162) maintains Greek

art

this similarity to

necessary

suppose

high

does not

militate

againstthe
on arose

antiquityfor the Hellenisms

art, which for in the
are manner more

in Etruscan

Etruscan the
was

construction that
in

of this arch,
art

simply
indicated

accounted
text,

ground
nurtured in

Greek Asia

and rather

in the

Minor

Canina,
ancient

high

architectural
as one

authority,
the in
most

than

Greece

Proper, and
from them which
a

that

the

regards this gate

Etruscan
Ann.

of

Etruscans have

coming

the

East

may
of

monuments

this

brought with

knowledge
now

region.

Inst. 1835, p. 192.

tliat architecture

is

charac-

150

VOLTERRA."

The

City.

[chap. xl.

the
which

arches

are

subsequentto
of

the

rest

of

the

gateway,

I take to be coeval with the

the

invention

the

arch

and

citywalls,and priorto the same plan must

in another

have originally

gateway
were

at

let into
to

is traceable as adopted, Yolterra, namely, flat wooden the door-posts, havingsockets in been
"

architraves
them
sponding corre-

sockets worked.

in the

threshold, in which

the

flaps
been

of the used

doors

This

plan

is

proved
of

to have

by

the

Etruscans,by
were

certain

tombs

where Chiusi, But

the doors
as

are

still working in their ancient sockets. with acquainted

the arch

the

Etruscans
or

for at

least two

three

centuries before their final

subjugation
stillhave

by Rome,
been

the addition of it to this

in the

gateway
a

may

made

days of
gate
on

their

independence.
groove
or

Just within the

each side is

channel

for the
which
was

Saracinesca, or as portcullis,

the

Italians call it, let down

if the from

suspendedby
gate of
force the
a

iron

chains, and
; so

above

like the

sluice
inner

that

enemy

attempted to and dropped,

common

gate, the

all within

were

made

enough in

the middle

was portcullis This mantrap, prisoners. also employed ages, was

by
the

the ancients ; and

grooves

for the cataracta

"

are

found in

gates of their cities at Pompeii and for instance,where the gates are formed on the same
as

double

Cosa,

plan
his

this of Volterra.2 From the Porta all'Arco the let the walls of visitor continue the modern

walk

eastward, beneath

town,
of the

these behind,and till, leaving

hill for
some

distance,he
Below walls the
now

comes
are

the brow following in sight of the

some

church

of Sta. Chiara.
of the

this

of the finest

portions

ancient

extant.

They

are

in detached

fragments. In
:

first the

masonry
(de Re
it as
an

is

comparatively
sneaks of

Mention

is made

of

the

cataracta

Milit. IV. cap. i), who ancient invention.

by Livy (XXVII.

28),and by Vegetius

,N.

'"'

34 35 3(5

Remains Piazza Palazzo

of

an

ancient

edifice.

Maggiore. Comunale,

containing

the Museum.

37
38 39

Cathedral. Church
,,

of

S. Giovanni. S.

Filippo.

40
,,

S. Francesco. S. .Michele. S. S.

41
"

42
. ,

Agostino.
ietro.

43
,,

44

Locanda

Callai.

PLAN

OF

YOLTERRA,

ANCIENT
From U

AND

MODERN.

'hap.

xl.]

THE

ETRUSCAN

WALLS.

151

small ; it is most
to

massive

in the

third, which

extends

length of forty or fifty yards, and rises to a considerable height. In this fragmentare two conduits or at Fiesole, with projecting sewers as sills, square openings, ten or twelve feet above ground.3 The fifth fragment is also fine ; but the sixth is very grand forty feet in and about one and forty in length hundred height, ; and
" "

the

here also open two sewers.4 The masonry A horizontal arrangeis very irregular. ment is preserved often runs into another, course ; but one shallow
ones

alternate

with
are

deep, or

even

in the

same,

piledup to equal the depth of the larger. The masses, though intended to be rectangular, with none are rudelyhewn, and more rudelyjDuttogether, of that close the Italians say, or of joints, as kissing" which is seen neat fitting-in of smaller pieces, at Fiesole. This may be called a rectangular if that Cyclopeanstyle,
"

several shallow blocks

be

not

contradiction
same

of

terms.
as

Nevertheless, it
;

is

the essentially
it is
seen

masonry
or

that of Fiesole

but here

while Fiesole shows infancy, its perfection.To the friability of the sandstone of which of its irregular it is composed, is owing much character, the edges of the blocks having greatly worn away ; while the walls of Fiesole,being of harder rock, have suffered
in its rudeness

much

less from

the
can

action

of the

elements. between cities;

Fair

parisons, com-

however,
on

only be
of the
as

drawn several

the walls for those Santa

sides corresponding face the

which

south,

these
most

fragments
affected

under the

Chiara, have

always been
in this
10

by

weather.

Some very

of the blocks

fragment long,by
of
one

is shown this
are

in

the

woodcut

at the head

of

are

large
"

or

feet

Chapter.
about 8

The

largestblocks

here

2 to 3 in

height.
is

The

architrave

feet
At

of the
4

sewers

massive. particularly the wall which

3 in

height.

this

than long,and more particular spot the feet

It is this

portion of

wall is

20 scarcely

high.

152

VOLTERRA."

The

City.

[chap.xl.

As

usual

in the

most

of vestiges

cement.

there masonry, of the saying, In spite

Duro

ancient

are

here

no

con

duro buon
niuro,

Non

fa mai

these

masses gigantic

have

held

without together may

it

some as

and or centuries, thirty twenty-five All the fragmentson more. many

are mere

yet stand for

this side of Volterra

embankments,

as

at

to the higher level Fiesole,

are

of the

city.

In

parts they

underbuilt

with

modern

masonry. From Sta. Chiara the walls may

be traced

above rising scarcely they turn to the north, stretching along the brow of the which bounds the cityon this side. At a spot steep cliff, I Menseri," are called massive some portions just ; and beyond the hamlet of S. Giusto are traces of a road is clearly running up to an ancient gate, whose position indicated. Here the ground sinks in tremendous pices, preciLe Baize," overhangingan abyss of fearful depth, This and blackness. its horror increasing by their own But is the Leucadia the lovers' leap of the Volterrani. a few days before I reached the town, a forlorn swain had taken the plunge. less or Beyond this, the walls may be traced, more all round the brow of the pointwhich juts out distinctly, In one towards the convent of La Badia. part they are ments, embankfeet in thickness,and are no longer mere seven but rise fifteen feet above the level of the city. In another spot they are topt by small rectangular masonry, also uncemented, apparentlyRoman. They continue to follow the brow of the high ground in all its sinuosities ; and again run far double the wooded point of Torricella, above which up the hollow to Le Conce, or the Tanyards,
" "
"

sometimes fragments,

by detached the ground,till

chap,

xl.]

THE

GATE

OF

DIANA.

153

they rise in a massive picturesque fragment overgrown with foliage. Then they stretch far away along the lofty and picturesque of the hollow, till they cliffs on the west
lead you round
to the

Portone, or
di

Poeta This Porta

is is another

Diana.
to

gateway of similar construction

now

the

all'Arco, but

in ruins.
a

In

its

it ground-plan,
a necting con-

similar,having precisely
the

double

gate with
same

The passage. character that of as of different of modern its date

; so

masonry

is of the

massive

without mixture interan city-walls, styles, except what is manifestly

no

that

doubt

can

be entertained dimensions

of

purelyEtruscan construction. gate very nearlyagree with those

The does
arches
not at

The

of the

of the Porta all'Arco.5

gone
;

either end
appear

are

now

the

inner

gate
post doorat
a

indeed
to
or

to

have

had

one,

for the

rises

the
so

twelve block

feet
on

heightof about twenty feet,and above the ground is a square hole in

gate, as
if cut
to receive
a

each

side the

wooden

lintel. The
a

outer

gate stillretains

traces

of

an

arch,for at
are

with corresponding height blocks

on one

the said

there lintel,
an

form cunei;

side,sufficient to indicate
ruined this
to

arch

the

wall opposite It is
at the

is too much

retain such
was

vestiges.
of

highlyprobable that
same

gateway
in

constructed

time

as

the walls,and

before the invention

but by wooden lintels, that in after ages the outer gate was while the repaired, left in its original state. inner, needingit less, was This sort of double
towns

the arch, both

gatesbeingcovered

gateway
as

is found

in several ancient

in

Greece, as well
depth
width of the

in other cities of

Italy. It

is

The

total

gateway is

is 12 ft. 4 15 ft. (" in.

and in.,

in the passage

within

27

that ft.,

of the The

of each gate door-posts

at

4 ft. 4 in.

the

door-posts

154

YOLTERRA."

The

City.

[ohap.xl.

to

be

seen

also elsewhere
more

in Btruria
one

"

at

Cosa, for instance,

it.6

where From traced

there is

than

specimen of
ancient

the Portone, the

along
in

the

wooded

fortifications may be steep to the south, and then,

into the

instead of
it crossing The

its line, suddenlydive following

an

hollow,

feet high. independentwall nearly thirty

is much
courses

masonry

here

of the

walls, the

smaller than in any other part foot in a being often scarcely the

height ; yet,as
more

in other

resembles respectsit precisely may

be

massive

it fragments,

pronounced safely

Etruscan.7

pointof high ground to the east, is a fine fragment of wall, six feet thick, twelve feet above the rising and having its inner surface as smooth as level of the city, its outer. Beyond this,are two remarkable revetements,
At the

like bastions reverted,or with their concavities

towards

the

city. The
rises to the
are

most

of these easterly feet.s heightof thirty

a

crescent

embankments

traces

of

postern; and

the

edge of
Canina

the steep,reaches

beyond it,there the wall,pursuing presently the extremity of the city to

a

Just

(Archit.Antica, V. p. 96) suggests, that itis probablyfrom this sort of double gateway that the plural term ai irvhai applied to the gate of a city,
" "

fi

walls; but
to have
8

drain-hole the

hard

by

seems

been

original passage
be
courses are

for it. the

Here

it may

remarked, that

blocks
and

in the

lower

small

took its rise.

It

See Vol. I. pp. 14, 15. observed Porta that the that this gate,as all' Arco, opens
to

in the upper irregular, I have observed

on

very massive. other Etruscan Etrus.

a

will be
as

This

well

the

sites. IV.
reason"

Orioli

(ap. Inghir.Mon.
it was
not

so obliquely,

approach by
the of

it is

p. 161) thinks
that

without
were

commanded which whence

answers

on

one

side

wall, city
towers

the

largestblocks

the annoy the

purpose

to
so

foe ; and in both

the

ap-

proach is
an

planned

cases, that

have its right force would assailing that unprotectedby the shield, or side, exposed to the attacks of the besieged. This is
a

heightin the walls,where to be struck most likely (cf.Micali, Ant. by battering-engines he even infers and Ital.II. Pop. p. 294) ; of such engines in the existence hence placedat
that

they would

be

remote

times.

One

block
sewer,

covering
I found
4

rule of fortification laid down

cavity,once
"e

perhaps a
in

to

by Vitruvius,I. 5,2.
'

11

ft. long, 3 and

of

height, and

in the

At

the

bottom

of

the

hollow,

depth:

another

block, below

streamlet

flows out

through a

gap in the

cavity,was

nearlyequal dimensions.

156

VOLTERRA."

The

City.

[chap.xl. of

There
access
:

are

of portions
as

the wall which

are

no

difficult
of

such

the

fine

fragments under
di San

the church

Santa Chiara you may

; those

also at Le Baize
a

whither Giusto,
the and

drive

in

carriage ;

the thick walls below

at

Seminario, which
from these
ness
a

are

near comparatively

hand

be formed of the massivesufficientidea may and grandeurof the walls of Volterra. The Portone
access

also is of easy way

to

and

it had

better be taken in the With the

no

the

Grotta

de' Marmini.

Plan

of the

city in his hand, the visitor will have the most remarkable portions of finding
The
town
;

in difficulty

the ancient

fications. forti-

of Volterra, as necropolis

usual, surrounded
the

the

but

from

the

nature

of

beneath

the walls to the north

were

ground, the slopes selected particularly

numerous past,

for burial. have been

well
as

Here, for

some

centuries

tombs
as

from opened,

which

the Museum

of the town,

other

collections, public and

of
"

in private,

various

wealth. parts of Europe,have been stored with antiquarian From

name

the multitude of

the spot sepulchres, "Black Field2"

" "

received
name

the
now
"

Campo
have

Nero

almost obsolete.
of tombs

But, though hundreds

been

opened, what
One
in
mean as soon

nay, thousands the remains to satisfy alone. sepulchre

as

of the curiosity
the rest have
excuse
"

visitor ?

All

been covered
non

rifled; the

usual
the

being "per
of the

il podere." Even damnijicar

tomb

that family so Csecinse, refilledwith

two

illustrious in ancient
a

has been times, square

earth,lest the produce of

be lost to the
owner

yard
now

or

of soil should

; and

its site is

Are
on

ye
your

"O optimicives Volaterrani /" forgotten. Cicero bestowed of the commendation deserving

ancestors,3when
of those

ye

set

so

little store

on

the has

monuments

very

forefathers which

Fortune

Mus. Gori,

Etrus. III. p. 93.

Cicero,pro Domo

sua, XXX.

chap,

xi,.]

GROTTA

DE'

MARMINI.

157

placedin your hands 1 Should not yours be rather the who knew that great man cast on the Syracusans, reproach of their great citizen, not the sepulchre Archimedes, tillhe Let the name, of the at least, pointed it out to them ?9 has rescued a tomb from at Volterra who only proprietor be oblivion by its association honourablydistinguished and let this in future be called with that sepulchre, La Grotta del Cinci,instead of its present appellation,
Grotta This which sepulchre, de' Marmini. is said of
to be
a

type, in form
the

and

character, of the tombs

little below
a

the

Porta

clump

outside

of cypresses. the Gate, and tombs

a hill-slope di Diana, on a spot marked by The key is kept at a cottage just

lies on Volterra,

Like

all the

also be had there. may of Volterra, this is a hypoqceum, or torches

;

below sepulchre

the surface

and

you
is
some or

descend rude

by

few

steps
The

to

the
is

door, above

which

masonry.
feet
a

tomb

circular, seventeen
six scarcely the
"

eighteen

in

diameter, but
square around

feet in
a

in pillar

centre, and

with height, tier of triple

large

benches

rudelyhewn from the rock,a yellow conchiliferous sandstone, called by the natives panckina" On the benches are ranged numerous urns, or ash-chests, three feet long, miniature sarcophagi, with about two or stretched on their backs, the lids, some on figures reclining elbow in the usual attitude of the but most on one resting banquet.1 In the southern part of Etruria, two or three, found in one than six or eight, are more sarcophagi rarely
the walls
all
"

Cicero, Tusc. Qusest. V. 23.

These
urns are

lie

one

on

each

side

of

the

entrance.

of

panchina,traverare

There

is

hole in the roof formed

of the tomb, times

to
ex-

tine,or

but alabaster, of the Two

so

blackened
as

but whether

in ancient

by
of

the smoke

torches

to

have

let off the effluvium,or cavators, is not very

by

modern

lost all

beauty.
common

large pine-cones
funereal

evident,

stone,

emblems,

L58

VOLTERRA."

The

City.

[chap.xi,.

chamber ashes of

;
a

but

here

are

at

for family
"

several

or urns fifty forty generations.

least

"

the

The

dead

above, and
a

the

dead

below,
row."

Lay

ranged in many the

coffined

Such
on

is said to be

generalcharacter
form form
is is

of the

sepulchres
in

this site.

Their that

often

circular;2 while

Southern square
ever

Etruria

being prevalent.No
discovered
in this

been
a

of

have description singular Tomb

of the

found, the oblong or rarely tomb with paintedwalls has necropolis.Some, however, been brought to light.3
Cecike.

In
1

this
was

same

part of
a

the

as necropolis, long

since

as

739,

discovered

tomb As
was

of the

Cecina

trious illusfamily,
must

in Roman have
seen

annals.

described

by Gori, who

this tomb it,4

on a

mini, but
below the

very like the Grotta largerscale. At the depth of found

a an

de' Mar-

eight feet
struction, con-

was surface,

archway,of

beautiful

openingon
'2

passage

lined with similar masonry,

Gori

(Mus. Etr. III. p. 93) says the

are more

colate
vases

through the
are or

roof

and

walls.

The the be

tombs
square
even are

of Vol terra than

frequently
sometimes

generallyplaced between
in front
at

round, and

are

ums,
not
are room

of them,

if there the

triangular.Inghirami says they when generallycircular,especially quadrangular

IV. with
four

the

side, and

mirrors p. 83.

also laid in front. the laid very

3

IV. Inghir.

small, but plate of

tav.
are

when he

large gives
the

When it
were was

body
on

was

not

burnt, as usual,

(Mon. Etrusc.
a one

p. 80) ; and square

asserts

the bare

rock.

Sarcophagi necropolis,
the

chambers that

rarelyused.
was

(IV.
roofs of

16).

Gori

tomb

found
was

in this

often formed

of

stone single

in

1738, which
been

supposed,from
kitchen

enormous

size, sometimes by
a

supported
from the the
our

numerous

pots, pans, and

an

plateswithin it,
"

in the middle

hewn pillar

to have

Etruscan

some

rock.
west.

The

entrances

face generally

of the

pots being fullof the bones

little birds. MS.

of kids

is Testimony,unfortunately, A

and cited
p.

of

description,
Etrus.
been

in the matter. only authority

second
the

by Inghirami, Mon.
But

IV. the

tomb

is sometimes

found

beneath
p.

.00.

these

must

have
a

first, says
the centre is often
a

Inghirami (IV.

94).

In

relics of the funeral

in earrings
an urn was a

feast ;

pair of

gold

of the floor of the tomb, there

hardly consistent

hole, probably formed

the
water

as

with
4

the idea

of

kitchen,

for receptacle

that

might

per-

Gori, Mus.

Etr. III. pp. .01, 95.

chap,

xl.]

TOMB

OF

THE

CMC1KM.

159

and

leadingdown
was

to

the
a

rock-hewn

door The

of the

tomb,

which

closed with

large slab.
in

about circular, thick column

fortyfeet

sepulchrewas diameter,5 supportedby a

tier by a triple of benches, all hewn from the rock. of Forty urns adorned with paintingand gilding, found alabaster, were been lying,not on the benches where they had originally but in a confused heap on the floor, as arranged, though thrown or they had been cast there by former plunderers, down Gori suggests more as by an earthquake," bably pro"
"

in the

midst, and surrounded

the
Roman

former.

Just within the door

a

stood

beautiful

with cippus,

"A.
some

Csecina."6
in

Most

in Latin, to inscription sepulchral of the urns also bore inscriptions, in

Etruscan, a few
have of the

Latin, but

all of the

same

family. They
Museum where
been

been fortunately preservedin the justthen commenced, but the tomb city, lain for at least two its very site is thousand
now

they had
covered second tomb

years, has

in, and

forgotten.7
in

of this

familywas
;
none

discovered
of

1785,
Latin

containingabout

fortyurns
of the

them

with

inscriptions.8
A third tomb

1810, outside the

and
numerous
urns

discovered in was family Gate of Diana, containing six chambers, with Etruscan Thus it inscriptions.9

Csecina

Maffei, Osserv.

Lett. Etrus.

V.

p.

318

Inghirami, Mori.
6

IV.

p.

85.

Gori's illustration makes Gori

it only 30 feet. tab. VI.

(III. p. 94,
Etrus.

XI.)

and

by Dr. Pagnini, of it will be found in description Mon. Etrus. IV. p. 107. The Inghirami's 1 2 braccia (23 feet)below door was the
was

'

It

discovered

whose

Inghirami (Mon.
D

p. 23. tav. it resembles it as

of

surface ; the first chamber

was

of irrein the the

3.) call it an

which altar,

gular form, having

midst, with
Tuscan
a

column

in form
a

; but the

marks inscription
now

base
two

and
rows urns

capitalof
of
were

cippus.
7

It is

in the Museum

order,
on

benches found
;
ten

Volterra. Illustrations III. of this tomb

are

around,

which in

the

given

upset and
them
were

great

confusion

of

by Gori,
s

tab. XV.

X,

and

Inghirami,
I. p. 11.

IV. tav. XIV.

Etruscan Etrus. The

preserved, and with inscriptionsnone

"

well

with Latin.

Mon. Inghirami,

other five chambers

were

of inferior

160

VOLTERRA."

The

City.

[chap.xl. well

would

appear

that this

familywas

numerous own

as

as

powerful. It has become extinct onlyin our In 1831, Signor Giusto Cinci, to whom
excavations
the
at

day.1
of the

most

Volterra
two

of late years

are

due, discovered
had been

of vestiges in with

tumular

which sepulchres, of domes. evident

covered
but
cone

masonr}^,

in the form it
was

Though
that the

remained, slightvestiges
of
one

had

been

composed

of small

rectangular
;

blocks of tufo,rudely hewn, and

of

uncemented

the

other,

also without cement, whose of travertine, largemasses to have been of irregular upper sides proved the structure of rectangular polygons,though restingon a basement

masonry.2
construction
as

This is the
so

far

onlyinstance and north in Italy,

known is the

of
more

polygonal
able, remarkon

every other relic of ancient

architecture

this

rectangular.Though the construction of strictly the alabaster urns it this tomb betokened a high antiquity, recent contained date,3 and betrayed a comparatively of a very ancient seemed to mark a reappropriation sepulchre. These domed tombs must have borne a close analogy to the Treasuries of Atreus and Minyas,and also the Talajotsof the the Nuraghe of Sardinia, and to
site is

Balearic Islands.4
of the of Volto too

size.

Inghirami thinks
who

it was

the the
urns

early
in

which
terra
recent

he refers most
; but
a

urns

Christians

overturned

he

inclines generally
He

these tombs, in their iconoclastic zeal.

1 2

date. of these

has

given full

par-

See the next

These

Chapter.
were

ticulars

tombs, togetherwith
Inst. 1832, pp. 26
"

monuments
cone

only 5
basement

feet of and

illustrations.

Ann. A.

apart.
such

Each

had

30,
4

tav.

d'

Agg.
were
or as

masonry,
one

about

9 feet square,
were

These

genuine specimens
domed
we

of

beneath of rude

of these

several

courses

the

tholus,

structure

of

the

blocks,below

the surface

of the of
of
as

Greeks, such
of Atreus
at

see

it in the
;

Treasury
the tholi in
some

ground, and resting on the doorway was which the sepulchre, composed crossed two by a third uprightblocks,
a

Mycense
known

and of

they are
such found ancient

only

instances

Etruria,though one
aSes
s'nce

has

been

lintel.
3

at

Gubbio, the

Igu-

or

Inghiramisays, as eighth century of Rome,

late

as

the seventh

viuin, in Umbria, where

inscribed

the

celebrated

the

periodto

tablets,called the

Eugubian

chap,

xt.] Excavations

THOLI,

OR

DOMED

SEPULCHRES.

161

are

still carried

on

at

Volterra, but not

what ascribe

Tables, were
III. p.

found.

Gori, Mus.
6.

Etrus. also dinia, Sar-

doubt.

But

to

race

to

100, tab. resemble closely

and stillmore

XVIII. the

They Nuraghe of
the
such

them

is stillin

dispute. De

la Marmora,
to

Micali, and
Phoenicians

Arri, assign them

or

the

the
as
one

of the Talajots latter

are

Carthaginians.

Petit-

inasmuch Balearics, but cones containing while the Nuraghe The

Radel,
to

on

the other hand, ascribes them

chamber,
several.

have

often

of differenee is, that these domed point of Volterra,like that of Gubbio, have
been

in which he is Tyrrhene Pelasgi, followed by Abeken ; and to this view also inclines. ever, Inghirami Miiller,how-

the

tombs
must

regardedthem
than Petit-Radel's

as

rather Etruscan, For

covered

with
and

mound

Pelasgic(Etrusk.IV. 2, 2).

of
are

earth,while the Nuraghe

solid
towers
cones

Talajots
one

of masonry, Cucumella

like

of

opinion there is ancient for the pseudoAristotle (de authority ;

Mirab. Auscult. cap. 104) mentions the tholi of Sardinia,built by Iolaus, of son in Iphicles, Diodorus of them called them. the the ancient Greek

the but

in the into surface.

to

of Vulci, built ready al-

hollowed the

chambers, and
The

above

Nuraghe,
No

style.

referred in great numbers than

3000
are

at page

47, still exist

fewer
over

(IV. p. 235, ed. Rhod.) speaks

under the the
name

in Sardinia.

of

so Dsedalia,

said to be scattered

from These

architect
can

who

built

the shores of that island

(De
less

la Marmora, the
in

tholi

be

no

other than

Voyage

en

II. p. 46), and Sardaigne,

not

Nuraghe. Though
Canina

Micali (Ant. Pop. take them

to

are Talajots

much The

numerous

Ital. II. p. 4.5) does not

be V.
or

the Balearics.
30
or

former, which

rise
times somea

tombs, and

(Archit. Ant.
treasuries

40
two

feet above
or

ground,have
connected

three

each with stories,

p. 547) thinks they were there is littledoubt forts, character been found
;

of their sepulchral often

domed passages

chamber

by spiral
; sometimes
same

for skeletons have

left in the masonry

are on

in them, and

other funereal For detailed

sevei-al chambers

the

in metal. chiefly floor, furniture,

communicating by
instead

corridors ; the structure,

times some-

of being conical, is the

three-sided, yet with

rounded. of masonry and othei-s Some of them like these tombs
are

angles
;

and illustrations of these descriptions De la Marmora, see singular tombs, and Bull. torn. II., Voyage en Sardaigne, Inst. 1833, p. 121 ; 1834, pp. 68"70
;

have basements of Volterra

Petit-Radel, Nuraghes

de la

Sardaigne,

raised

on

platformsof
of masonry
so

earth, with

embankments

Paris,1826-8; Arri, Nur-hag della SarAnt. Pop. degna, Torino, 1835; Micali,
Ital. II. pp. 43, ct seq.; LXXI.
;

twenty feet in
none are

height. Though
found in
so

merous, nu-

III. p. Ill, tav.

completea
can

state of

preservation that

it

be decided

155"160;
pp. 236-8. Conical
on

Abeken, Bull. Inst. 1840, pp. 1841, pp. 40-2 ; Mittelitalien,

structures, roofed

whether they terminated above in perfect or a truncated cone. They of regularthough rude are, in general, but a few are of polygonal struction. conmasonry, of They are evidently high construction of the antiquity. The domed like the sury Treachambers,formed,
a

the

same

plan
other in

as

the

exactly Treasury of
tholi,have
the 1. p. 433.

in

Atreus been Ohio. Mr.

and

ancient the

discovered

Valley of

Stephens' Yucatan,

of Atreus, horizontal
VOL.

by

the convergence

of

hence
no

strata,establishes this beyond

Stephens wisely forbears to infer which could be a common origin, established more satisfactorily by
M

II.

L62

VOLTERRA."

The

City,

xl. [chap.

with

much

since or spirit, regularity

the

death

of

Signor
tures struc-

Cinci,a few years since.5

Within the ancient
have walls
are

the remains
"

of two
the

which and beneath

to

often been

called Etruscan

theatre AmphiBuona,

the Piscina.

The

firstlies in the Valle

the modern

walls,to the north.

semicircle of
now

be

seen

beyond a
the
trace

Nothing is now cut in seats, apparently

with
to
now

slope of not a displays

the

hill and

covered
seems

turf. have

It

of

and antiquity,

been

formed
"

for

no

other purpose
game of been

than that it is the

more

to applied

witnessingthe
if it has

pallone. One
than
a

doubt
other

ever

well may theatre, for the

have been

half

of

the

structure, which

must

of

masonry, has been

as
an

has well

Etruscan

however, totally disappeared. Its antiquity, been ascertained,and it has even regarded but more criticism structure,6 discriminating

pronounces

it to be Roman. the gate of the fortress, but within the w^alls of Like
all the structures
"

Outside

the town, is the so-called Piscina. of similar

name

elsewhere

in

this is underground Italy,

modern comparatively
to possible

these monuments of

than

by

the coincidence in

times

it

was

imof six

pyramidal
5

structures

Egypt

and

say.

They

consisted

Central For

America.
accounts

crested of the excavations

see

snakes, their

sex

distinguished
to

at

by

the

comb, all evidentlymade

as

be
to
a

VolteiTa numenti
V.

in

past ages,

MoInghirami,

attached helmets

adornments, shields
"

probably
hemes of

Etruschi, IV.
"

Ragionamento,
the
more

or

the

pp. 78

110.

For

recent

operations consult
of 1844, I sionof

the Bullettini

of the

Institute. Archaeological
saw

at

In the spring VolteiTa,in the posses-

high,with diadem usually represented" two patera, attr-nufemale most ludicrously figures,
Genius,
18 inches
as

and

ated, each
a

also
a a

with
foot horse
"

patera

"

male

in

a number SignorAgostinoPilastri,

toga, about
"

of curious discovered
a

bronzes, which
in the
as

had

been

just
in
a a

of art style
a

high,in an excellent galloping, probably

and
a

not neighbourhood,

mgrwm
10

militart
or

large votive
solid

sepulchre

usual,

but

buried

at
on

dove,

12
an

inches Etruscan
is

long, of
in my

little depth below

the surface,and relics had

as

bronze, with
its

on inscription

spot where

no

ancient

pre-

wing, which

given

notice of

It seemed been found. viously been had hastilyinterred they

though
for
conor

these articles, Bull. Inst. 1845, p. 137.

6Gori, Mus.

Etr. III. p. 59. tab. VIII.

cealment, but

whether

in

ancient

164

VOLTERRA."

The

City.

[chap. xt..

incertum,the fragments of
slabs with bas-reliefs
"

mosaic

pavement, the marble

the site is how
so a

everythingon
been
omit

Roman,

that

it is difficult to
ever

understand
to assigned to pay
a

purely higher

could antiquity
The

have

this ruin.

traveller should not the Buche

visit to the Villa

valleyto the east of Volterra ; for though there is littleto satisfy the scenery on the road is magnifiantiquarian curiosity, cent. May he have such a brightspring morning as I The sun, which had scarcely scaled chose, for the walk. the mountain-tops, looked in vain throughthe clear ether his brightness. The for a cloud to shadow wide, deep of the Cecina and at my feet, all its nakedness valley wrinkled desolation lost in the shadow of the purplemountains crossed by two long lines of white to the south, was had clouds, vapour, which might have been taken for fleecy works they not been traceable to the tall chimneys of the Saltin the depths of the valley. Behind the mass of Monte terranean, Catino, to the west, shone out the brightblue Mediwith the rocky island of Gorgona prominent on its bosom ; and far be}^ond the snow-capt to the right, it,
mountains and
to

and Inghirami,

de' Saracini, in the

of Corsica

hovered

like

cloud

on

the horizon, half-

the left, rose

the dark, sullen

peaks of Elba,
pure
be

concealed

by interveningheights. So white sail might that many a studding the far-off deep ; and even
steamer
was

the

sphere, atmo-

distinguished,
track
of
a

the the

marked

by

dark

thread

on

brightface
Girolamo
came

of the waters.

As the

I descended
on

the hill to the convent

northern side

of San

scenery view. The

the

of Volterra
convents

into

with city,

its walls and

formed the opposite steep, now and the highest pointcrested by the towers of the fortress, lower heights displaying fragments of the ancient wall,

crowningthe object principal ; the

chap,

xl.]

BUCHE

DE'

SARACINI.

165

peepingat

At my feet lay an foliage. of the Era, country,the valley expanse of bare undulating off broken into ravines and studded with villages ; softening of Pisa, with the in the distance into the well-known plain dark mountains behind that city intervals from the
"

Per cui i Pisan

veder

Lucca

non

ponno

"

expanding into
of the Alban

form

which

recalled the
was

higherbeauties
sea

Mount.

There

still the blue of

in the

distance,with the bald,jagged mountains

Carrara,ever

dear to the memory, the Gulf of Spezia; and overhanging the sublime hoary peaks of the Apennines, cutting sharply the azure, filled up
so

the

northern

horizon

"

sea,

and gulf,

mountains, all
The weather had
at

Etruria. boundaries of ancient many been gloomy and mistythe previous days
so a

I had

spent
burst

Volterra,

that
new

this range
creation.

of
The

limities icy subconvent

of

upon me S. Girolamo, with

a

like

its grove

of

ilices and
scene.

cypresses,

formed The

beautiful

Villa
one

to the foreground Inghirami,which lies

lower

on

the

slope,
for

belongsto
ages

of that

old Volaterran for arts and

tacer

which family,
"

has been

renowned
Chi puo l'armi

arms,

d'

un

Inghirami?

"

or

has

itself distinguished
;

in

scientific

or

antiquarian
was

research the

and

most

illustrious member

of which The

Cavalier

deceased. Francesco,recently

rian antiquade'

interest of the Saracini. To

see

spot lies in the so-called Buche

the Villa,who
enter
a

you must beat up the gardenerof will furnish and then you you with lights,
in
a

them

little cave
cut in the

bank, and

follow him
but

into

long
time

passage
so

rock,six feet wide

on

onlythree high,
time
to

that you must travel the passage widens into

all fours.

From
not

chambers, yet
or

highenough to
other
passages

permityou

to stand

upright;

it meets

L66

VOLTEEEA."

The

City.

[chap.

xl.

of

similar

character
into

opening

in

various how hill,

directions, and
far
no one

extending
say.
a

the heart
a

of the

can

In

short, this is
one

in which, perfectlabyrinth,
soon

out with-

clue,

might
and
for

very

be lost. these passages

I went
a were

By whom,
into the

what
an

purpose

formed, I cannot
I hill,
"

hazard
saw
no

opinion. Though
or

far

signs of tombs,

of

sepulchral

appropriation nothing to assimilate them to catacombs. is proved character That they have not lost their original of the chisel everywhere still fresh on the by the marks
walls.

They
one were

are

too

low for subterranean lend

an

communications,

otherwise

might
the
are

ear

to

the

vulgar
decided

belief that the

they
town,

formed

to connect

the

Palazzo
no

Inghirami in

with

Villa.
not

They

have

Etruscan in the
at

character, yet

unlike

the tortuous
in the
entrance

passages

at Chiusi, and Poggio Gajella

Grotta

Regina
date.

Tosrude

canella. masonry,

The

cave

at

the

is lined

with

recent probably of comparatively to the

Another
once

tradition ascribes their formation scourges,

coast.

Saracens,

the

and

at the

same

time

the

bugbears
middle often

of the Italian
to

Though
on

these

infidel

pirateswere
the
were

wont

make

descents
off
romance

these
and

shores

during

ages,

carrying
of

plunder

females, they
than of

creatures

rather

reality ;
is

every

trace to
as

of wanton

barbarity and
Cromwell's
the fame

destruction
in

attributed
;

them,
have
a

as

to

dragoons
of

England

and

they

also

having

been

great magicians,many
to their agency.
as

marvel In this

of Nature
case,

and

of Art

is ascribed

tradition
to

represents them
their the from

having

made

these

passages

store

plunder,and
sea,

keep
!

their

captives.

Twenty

miles

forsooth
"

Hence

the Dens."

vulgar

title of Buche

dc' Saracini,or

the Saracens'

lN

marine

deity.

CHAPTER

XLI.

VOLT

ERRA."

VOL

A TERRJ1.

The

Museum.

D'

Italia 1' antico 1' opra che

Pregio, e

giova.
"

Filicaj

v.

oculos Miratur, faeilesque

fert omnia
et

circum

yEneas, capiturque

locis ;

singula ketus
monimenta

Exquiritque auditquc

viriim

priorum.

"

Virgil.

Some

consolation

for the reclosed

to

loss
at

of the
Volterra

tombs is to

which
be

have

been from

opened
the
have

and

derived
most
mulated accu-

Museum,
been

which

their

contents

for the
up

part

removed.

Here
more

is treasured than
a

the

sepulchralspoilof
collection
was

century.
received be

The Guar-

in

great part formed

has
it

by Monsignor
since
to

of Volterra, and nacci, a prelate

large
most

additions,
valuable

so

that

may

now

claim

the the

collection

of Etruscan

in antiquities

world.1

The

excavations about

at

Volterra

were

of

the

interest

excited

by
and

the

tions publica-

commenced

17-8, in consequence

of

Dempster

Buonarroti.

168

VOLTERRA."

The

Museum.

xli. [chap.

Valuable,
Vulcian

not

in

marketable

sense,

for

dozen

of the

vases

and

patera;in the GregorianMuseum

of any
at
one

would
rooms

the purchase

contents

of its nine
or

or

ten

and

the

collection would

Munich,

that

in

the

British than the

to

Museum,
But

fetch of

more

dollars in the market

Palazzo
on

entire Museum boot.

Volterra,with the

Pubblico the
manners,

for the

light they
and
urns

throw

customs,

creed, religious
storied

traditions of the of Volterra

vases are

ancient

Etruscans, the
more

value than
of

the choicest
or

hand

Eucheir,

touched

by

the

infinitely moulded ever by the of Eugrammos. pencil

taken
rare

of

The

latter almost

bear invariably

scenes

from

the

mythical cycleof the Greeks, and, throw no light on the historyor

the Etruscans.
on

with
on

exceptions,
inner

the

life of

The

urns

of
more

Volterra, Chiusi,and Perugia,

"

the other and

hand,

are

execution, often

genuine native in conception from indeed bearing subjects

and of

but treated in a native manner, mythology, the Museum traditions. Thus to Etruscan according the Greek Volterra
is
a

storehouse Etruria.
not

of

tion illustrativeof the civilisafacts,

agree

of ancient "he who has

I cannot
to
"
"

with Maffei, that knows

been

Volterra

nothing

of

Etruscan

antiquity 2 this is too like the unqualified figured man He was a townsof the other Peninsula. boastings of be suspected of Volterra, and his evidence may
continued
; and

They
urns were

were

for

more

than of

92)

though

it

was

not

till 1761

that

thirtyyears
were

such
to

multitudes

Monsignor
that time

Guarnacci

his colpresented of the city. After

used

they brought It as building materials. light that

lie about in all direcGori's

lection to the Comune

interest

flaggedin
years
have

Etruscan it has
been
recar-

was

seeingthem
led him
to

but antiquities,

of late

tions that first excited and the

in

curiosity, vived,
ried
on

and

excavations

study
been

of Etruscan

briskly, chiefly by Signor Giusto

Letter. when
;
now

Even antiquities.
so

1743, he said that

discovered Museum
other III. in

Cinci.
-

many

urns

had

Maffei, Osserv.
remark but
was

V.

p.

315.

the
of

last three Volterra

years,

that the

The

made

the Museum it has

more

Etruscan

surpassed every relics (Mus. Etrus.

in p.

had than

sixty urns

four hundred.

chap,

xli.]

TREASURES

OF

THE

MUSEUM.

169

Yet partiality.
more

it may

be said,that fairly any

this Museum

is

instructive

than

other

collection

of Etruscan
on

in Italy or antiquities

in other interest

lands,and that Volterra

to
no

this account He who has

in yields
seen

other Etruscan

site. other

it may has
he

be content
not

to pass

by

many

sites,and

he

who
much

visited it,must have

seen,

bear

in mind

that,however
to
see.

may

he has

yet much

I do not
ten
rooms

nine or propose to lead the reader through the in succession,and describe the of the Museum
;
nor

articles seriatim

do
;

pretend to give

him

every

detail of those I notice

to those

it will suffice to

call his attention

jects suba

of

greatest interest,pointingout their

him assuring
two

and

characteristic features ;
even
or

that not
him

visit, or single

three, will suffice

but that facts and

to make

acquaintedwith the Museum, will only tend to developnew

further The
sources

continued

study
with

supplyhim
more

of interest.

urns,
are

of which sometimes

there

are

said to be

than four

hundred,
more

but of the local rock called panchina,

in which is onlyto be quarried of alabaster, generally doubt can be entertained of this neighbourhood.Thus no their native and local character.3 They are miniature sarcophagi, resembling those of Tarquiniiand Toscanella in everythingbut material and size ; being intended to

:i

This of

panchina

is

an

arenaceous

gests that these

of Greeks

urns

may

be the work

tufo

ing
warm

formation, containaqueous It is of a marine substances.

settled at

Volterra, after its

conquest by the Romans

p.

(Mon.
a as

Etrus. I.

yellow hue,
alabaster

more

or

less reddish.
at at

541)

but

such

suppositionis
the Hellenic Etrusto the

The

are quarries

SpicchiaUlignano,
Etruscan is found the

unnecessary,

inasmuch

jola,3
5
or

miles

distant,and
from
A

mythology was
cans

well known

6 miles

Volterra, both in the

few of the

and

the

Val
urns

d' Era.
are

urns,

and
"

the mode

style of art of these of treating the subis Greek

"

of travertine,which miles
to

jects

neither

of which

aro

at
same

Pignano, 6
valley.

the

east, in

opposed

to this view,

Inghirami.

indeed, sug-

170

VOLTERRA."

The

Musedm.

xm. [chap.

contain

not

the entire

body, but merely

the ashes of the.

"

deceased,a third

of the dimensions
Mors

suffices,
sola fatetui

Quantula These
"

sunt

hominum

corpuscula. than
two

ash-chests
that
"

"

are

rarelymore
the
Most
name,

feet in

length;
deceased

so

they

merit

them, of urnlets
of the

urnette.
on

have

to usually applied of the the effigy

we

recumbent

the

lid.

Hence

learn

thing some-

physiognomy and
should do

costume
to

of the

Etruscans
as

though
their

we

wrong the

draw

inferences

to

symmetry
us.

from

stunted

distorted
woman

often figures
in the

presentedto
state

The

of equality learned
no as

social

of Etruria
urns.

these

also be may It is evident that

from

the

on figures

inferior respect was

much

paid

to the fair when

were

dead, that
on

labour and

expense

bestowed

their
In of

of their lords.
that

the

tombs

furnished richly also be equality may and many

not

decorations those as on sepulchral been remarked fact,it has generally females are more highly ornamented Their than those of the opposite sex.

learned
4
"

from

the

tablets which

so

hold open in their hands

that they were intimating

but were educated kept in ignoranceand degradation, the slaves of the men. to be the companions rather than Nay if we may judge from these urns, the Etruscan ladies had the advantage of their lords ; for whereas the
"

What

call tablets

Micali
to

(Ant.
be But
no a

Pop.
mirror

Ital. III. p.
in

180)
of
a

takes book.
ever

If, then, these imgillares" they

of wood,
account been Two

were

tablets
have
wax,

"

tabulae,
made will

must with

been

the

form

coated
no

which

mirrors covered that sented

have
an

of this form
; and

have

been

dis-

for found

specimensof them
in Etruscan

having

it is difficult to
so

believe

sepulchres,
come

article
on

frefmently repreurns,

such

however, of the time tablets, Aurelius, have

in down
in to

Etruscan found like

in

would

never

of Marcus us,

been

tombs, if it had
ancient

been

preserved
See

gold

mines

Tran-

of

metal,
the

other
well

mirrors. tab-

Besides, it is
lets of

known
were

that the

sylvania. v. Antiquities

Smith's

Dictionaryof

Tabulae,

ancients

of this form.

172

VOLTERRA."

The

Museum.

[chap.xli.

links in such

chain

might

be furnished

by the

Museum

of

Voltcrra, which
of the

also contains other

monuments

illustrative
can

doingsof
of
his
to

the divinities of Grecian

fable. I

only
is

notice the most

Rape off carrying

The

striking. Proserpine. The gloomy king of

"

Hades

steeds,lashed

bride in his chariot struggling a gallopby a truculent Fury

acts
as are charioteer,

the four

with outspread
to

wings, who
over a

about

pass

Triton, whose
the
scene.

tail stretches in vast relief of the

same

coils almost
a subject

across

In another

placeof the sea-monster. fi Aurora. The goddess who to mortals and giveslight in winch in her chariot from the waves, immortals,"is rising are dolphins sporting.7 Cupid and Psyche. One relief representsthe god of
snake fakes the
"

"

"

Illustrated

Mon. by Inghirami,
5.

Etrus.
tab.

been

substituted by the carelessness

"

sculptor through
for the serpent-

I. tav.

9, 53

; VI. tav. D.

Gori, I.

caprice or
tail of Sub
a

78 ; III. cl. 3,tab. 3.

most
common

This is one
on

of the

Giant

subjects
descent
as

Etruscan

terns

quserebat iter, gravibusque

calcabat

monuments. sepulchral

It is thought to of the soul to the such would be

a

gementem
Enceladum findunt Membra
rotae ; pressaque

symbolise the
other world

equis

; immania

; and

peculiarly appropriatesubject for

urns

the

gigas cer-

of young

females.

The
an

Fury driving
illustration of

vice laborat, Sicaniam

cum

the

quadriga, seems
passage II. in

Dite

ferens ; tentatque

that serp.

Claudian

(Rapt.
Minerva

Prothus

moveri

215), where
Pluto
qute
"

Debilis,et fessis serpentibusimpedit

axem.

addresses

te

stimulis

facibnsque
sede

Inghirami (I.pp. 104, 443), who

astronomical
on

puts an
all these
an

profanis
Eumenidcs relicta Audes Tartareis
? quadrigis But
movere

tua

cur

myths, sees
emblem
view 1 8. he

in the

interpretation Rape of Proserpine

on

of the autumnal founds

case

equinox, which

ccelum

incestare

Macrobius, Saturn. I.
the serpent would
be
an

In this

this monument the poem. may

in

must

be much
monster

earlier and
the

emblem
7

of the has

sun.

Cf. Macrob.
not

I. 20.

than

The be

She

here

serpent
passage where the

explained by
same

another

steeds,as represented by Homer

XXIII. For

merely a pair of (Odys.

four
in

the
"

writer
"

(II. 157),
drives
over

246),but

drives
see

hand.

the

ruler of souls
"

illustrations

Inghirami,I. tav.
Rom.
tav. 25.

groaning Enceladus
marks
a

the

fish's-tail, ."". Micali, Ital. av.

which

Triton, having probably

chap,

xli.]

MYTHOLOGICAL

URNS.

17-3

love

embracing wing.8
Actseon

his

bride ;

each

having

but

single
able remarksits by with
a

attacked

by

his

only for
with
a

the presence reversed.9

on

is dogs. This scene of a winged Fury, who

"

torch

On

another
an

urn on

Diana

lance stands Centaurs

one

and side,
"

old

man

the other.10

and

Lapitha).
Ovid's escape

with conformity to are striving while others

are

subjectoften repeated. In of the monsters some description,

A the females

with

they have seized,

hurlingrocks at Theseus and his fellows.1 From the numerous of certain subjectson repetitions Etruscan urns, sometimes precisely more similar, frequently with slight it is evident that there was often variations, the work of some one original type of the scene, probably
celebrated artist. Perseus and
a

Andromeda.
cavern

"

The

maiden

is chained is

to

the walls of

the fearful monster

opening his
to

huge jaws
rescue.

to

devour
to

her, when
the

Perseus

comes

her

Contrary

received

legend, she

is here

draped. Her father Cepheus sits by,horror-struck at the impendingfate of his daughter. The presence of a winged is an Etruscan the Juno of the maiden demon probably the protecting On another similar relief, spirit peculiarity. mark the scene to be in is wanting ; but some palm-trees Ethiopia,2
"

"

So

it is 52.

representedby Inghirami,
I liave not
urn.
a

'

Ovid.

Met.

XII.

223

et seq.

Gori,

I. tav.

distinct recol-

I. tab. 152, 153

2

; III. cl. 3, tab. 1, 2.

one

lection of this
9

Perseus
"

in the

case

has

all his

In^hir.

I. tav.

70.
was

This

may

be
re-

Diana

herself,who

sometimes

pileus,talaria, harpe, and the other, the last two Gorgonion^'va.

attributes

presented with (Pausan. V.

Etruscans,
shown Vol. I.
10 an

wings by the Greeks 19), and frequently by the

instance of which is

only. Gori, I. tab. Inghirami, I. tav.

the maiden
so
as

123

; III.

c.

13,tab.

1
.

55, 56.

Ovid

(Met.

IV. fi!)0) represents both

the parents of have been

was

in the

woodcut, at
65.

page

440, of
122.

present. It may
which

in the

scene original

the may

I. tav. Inghir.

Gori,I. tab.

and type of these reliefs,

the Juno

171

yOLTERRA."

The

Museum.

I ''II

\1\

XI,

I.

has afforded numerous of Thebes history mythical urns perhaps chosen for the to these Etruscan subjects moral of retributive justice throughoutexpressed. he is contending with the dragon of Here Cadmus. Mars, which has enfolded one of his companions in its who fearful coils.3 There he is combating the armed men Minerva the teeth of the dragon which from sprung his only weapon to sow ordered him being the plough This scene, however, with which he had opened the furrows. for the will apply to Jason, as well as to Cadmus,
The
" "

"

former

is said to
to

have

sown

half the
same

teeth of the fruits.

same
a

dragon, and
very
common

reaped the Etruscan on subject

have

This is

urns,

on especially

those

of terra-cotta.4

be For

an

Etruscan the

version
between

of the

mother. and

mus

Passeri
or

and

Winckelmann

to

analogy Bellerophon, see

328"331.

Perseus Inst.

Echetlus,
rustic

Echetlaeus, the

mysterious
fearful I.

Ann. de

1834, pp.
cf. Bull. of this have been

who, in the battle of Marathon,

his alone Persians
;

Due

Luynes.
The
scene

Inst.

1842, p.

60.

plough slaughter of the

32,
5 ; cf. I.

with

made

(Pausan.

exploitof Perseus is said at Joppa, in proof of which

of the
monster
was

to

15, 3)
of whom

the skeleton there

at the
was

Etruscan See

hero

Zoega, to some is silent. history

shown

commencement

of the

Empire,

and

It is than

Mon. Etr. I. pp. 402, 527 et seq. Inghir. to represent a mythicalrather likely
an

brought
that

to Rome

to feed the

of appetite Its

historical if the unarmed

event.

Dr.
in
a

Braun hands

people
H. IX.

for
are

the

marvellous.

doubts of the takes

instrument
man

the

dimensions N.

chronicled

by Pliny.

be

plough, and
Cliarun
dants, atten-

4 ;

Mela, I.
p. 759.

1 1 ; cf. Strab.

the
or

figure to represent
one

I. p. 43

; XVI.
urn

himself,
of

of

his
to

infernal take who

p. of 264. the

Another the
two

represents Perseus, with

his
a

who
one

is about the

possession
is

gorgonion in
warriors him
;

hand, attacked

by

of Inst. and
are

warriors

slain. This

female his

between

and

genius steps Inghir. pursuers.

Ann.
scene,

1837, 2,
the the death
most

Tin ban
of

I. tav. 54.
3

brothers,
tav.

common

all be

Inghir. I.

62, p. 519.
a

Inghibe

on

Etruscan
in every

monuments, collection
are

and

will

rami

(I. p. 657)
of this

offers
scene
"

second

pretation found inter-

of such
of
it

quities. antiin the

see

that it may

There British Museum.

several
For

Adrastus and young

4

that

slayingthe serpent of Nemca, the figure in its coils is the Opheltes. Gori, I. tab. 156.
took
this
scene

illustrations
tab.

Dempster, Etrur. Reg.

I. tav.

64 ;

Inghir.
I.

63, C4

VI.

tav.

L 3.

Gori,

Lanzi
;

to

represent
it to
(VI-

tab. L57.

Jason

Inghirami

referred

chap,

xli.]

MYTHS

OF

THEBES.

175

(Edipus and
the riddle

the
to

put
"

Sphinx. him by
"

The

son

of Laius is

solving

That

sad

beast inexplicable

of

prey,"
seen
a

whose

"man-devouring" tendencies
her
paws.

are

in

human stands

skull beneath behind

Fury
has

with

torch

the monster.5
"

Laius. (Edipusslaying his chariot,and thrown

He

draggedhis
;

father from
is about
to

him

to the earth

and

plungehis
of
a

sword

into

his

body,heedless
hand
on

of the

warning
if to

Juno, who

restrain his
brute
ears

lays her fury. Another

him
as

his shoulder, as

a male, winged being,

whose stands

mark

allied

to

"

Charun,"

by

the horses' heads.6

"

of these scenes a Amphiaraus and Eriphyle. In some her couch, is thoughtto represent the female, reclining on treacherous
"

that Eriphyle, Hath Where For

for

an

ouche

of

gold,
told in
a

unto privily

the Grekis

that her husbond he had

hid him
sory

place,

which

at Thebis

grace."
be

For

behind the had

her stands

figure, thought to
in his
on

Polynices,
a
man

with
he

necklace bribed
if for

of Harmonia
;

hand, with which

side is

her
a

and

the is

other

muffled, as

who journey,

supposed to represent

Amphiaraus.7
5

The

subject is repeated, with

of the skull.

the

77, pp.
Rom. in

182,

et

seq.

Micali, Ital.

av.

omission

Inghir. I. tav.
Gori, III. cl. 4,
to figure

tav. 36.

Inghirami follows

Lanzi

67, 68.
c

I. Inghir.

tav.

66.

of

this scene the parting as interpreting Amphiaraus and Eriphyle. Gori took it for
a

tab. 21, 1. be

Gerhard the what

takes this of the

(II. p. 262), however,

version often of the
final
on

Mantus,

king

Etruscan

so parting-scene

Hades, and
to be

he holds

in his hands Gottheit.

represented
any
It has

Etruscan
to

monu-

or shields,

large nails.

ments, without

reference also been

Greek

d. Etrus.
7

p. 63, taf. VI. 2.

tav.

mythology.
as

regarded
Ann. Inst.

Inghir.I.

19, 20, 74, 75, 76,

the

death

of

Alcestis.

170

VOLTERRA."

The

Museum.

xli. [chap.

The

Seven

before

Thebes.

"

There

are

three of

urns

with

this subject. One, which

on

the assault represents

Capaneus

the Electrian

Gate

moment

is chosen

The of Thebes, is very remarkable. has the hero, who defied the when
has
a

power

of Jove, and

endeavoured

to scale

"

the sacred

walls,"is struck by
the earth ; his
-

thunderbolt, and
also

falls

headlong to
him. The

ladder
awe

breaking with
are

amazement

and

of his comrades

well

expressed.
of the
;

The

an gate of the city is evidently

imitation all'Arco

ancient

one

of

Volterra, called Porta

for it is

with the three mysteriousheads around it, represented relative positions.8 In the other in the same precisely two urns Capaneus is wanting,though an assault on the ; but the original type is stillevident, gate is represented though the three heads are transferred to the battlements the above, and are turned into those of warriors resisting of these scenes attack of the besiegers. In one a female, Antigone, is lookingout of a small window probably by in both, the principal the side of the gate. And figure severed head by the hair, the besiegers a grasps among and is about to hurl it into the city.9

18-12, pp.
Ined. Inst.

40

"

7,
"

Grauer.
tav.

cf. B. his

Mon. The wife

mounted of the

warriors

appear

in monuments

III.

XL. and which of

highest antiquity.
urn

The

date

parting of Amphiaraus
was
one

of this

is

more

safelydetermined
illustrative
see

of the

scenes

adorned

the there

celebrated he
was

Chest

Cypselus,but ready
to

For by the style of art. this o f scene descriptions

iEscliyl.
the pro828
"

represented as
on

Sept. ad
lix yarn finera.

Theb.

423

"

456, and
X. The found
of

take vengeance
8

her. 87.

Pausan.

V. 17.

of Statius, Theb. Pausan. has IX.

been 8.

ad

I. lnghir.
tav. 29

tav.

Micali, Ital. av.

Ital. tav. 108.
scene

subject
also
on

Rom.

; Ant.

Pop.
in
are

of

Capaneus
name
"

Though

the

gate
The

this
no

is

Etruscan the

scarabai.
Capne Inst.
"

One
in

them

bears cha-

perfect arch, there expressed.

of
no

voussoirs

Etruscan

freedom

and

vigour
of

racters.
9

Bull.

1834, p. 118.
90 ;

design in

this relief show

it to be

I. tav. lnghir. Rom. tav.

88,
31.

Micali, Ital.
tab. 132.

early date.
on

(I. p. 678, Iiighirami

the

av.

30,

Gori, I.
thinks

et

seq.)infers this from

presence

of
are

Inghirami (I.p. 681)

at

the female

warriors
never

horseback, for such

Homer.

the

window

is intended

for

Antigone
that

represented by

But

countingthe besiegers.He

remarks

chap,

xli.]
and Polynices

MYTHS

OF

THEBES

AND

TROY.

177

Eteocles.

"

The fatal combat

most

of the Theban
on

Brothers Etruscan

is
urns,

subjectof
and there
are

frequent occurrence
the act
a

many

instances in this Museum.

They

are

in generally represented

other the be two, The

are

death-wound.

Charun, or

givingeach Fury,or it may

of

present.1

for some of TrojanWar has also furnished scenes these urns, thoughthis class of subjects is not so frequently on urns or sarcophagi as on vases. represented The A scene often repeated. The Rape of Helen. faire Tyndaridlasse," is hurried on board a "brazen-beaked and other goods on vases ship" attendants are carrying
"
" "

board

"

"

crateres
"

auro

vestis captivaque solidi,

Congeritur

all is

hurry and Phrygian cap, is

of
"

confusion seated
on

"

but the

Paris, marked
shore
in

by

his

plation lovingcontem-

the face that launched

thousand
2

ships,

And

burnt the

topmost towers

of Ilium."

Sometimes
escape in
a

pair are quadriga?

Romans of their
were

the

fond

represented making

their

both hurl

Greeks the

and

wont

to

heads

slaughtered
to

foes into infuse instance

in order beleagueredcities, into the is Roman of the this he

urns seen

of this combat the on representation female demon a Chest of Cypselus, or Fate, having the fangs and claws of a wild

terror

of which where heads From

besieged ; an on Trajan's
soldiers Dacians
are

beast, was
brothers.
or

introduced Pausan.

behind V. 19.

one

of the
and

This the

Column,
their

Jason

Cadmus

with fighting
are

castingthe city.
as

into

teeth-sown
common

warriors,

the

most
"

unnecessarily
of the column.
to
same

infers that these date that

art

are

chosen, thinks

urns subjectson Etruscan Inghirami (I.p. 403),as

celebrated proves
;

The of
no

illustrative of

the

brevity of
warfare,

human

styleof
very among
covered
1

them
one

be

and its continual life,

a

early period
the
most at Volterra.

of
urns

them

is
dis-

Gori, Mus.

Etrus.

I. tab. 138, 139 ; Gori

beautiful

yet

III. class. 3, tab. 5. this

scene
as

interprets
and her

the fate of Auges

Gori, I. tab. 133.

I. tav. Inghirami, similar

son 3

Telephus.
Gori, III. cl. 3, tab. 7.
N

92, 93
VOL.

; VI. tav. V. 2. In the very

II.

ilH

VOLTERRA.-^Thb

Museum.

hi. [chap.

One

scene

the represents

death

of

Polites, so beautifully

youth has fled to the altar for the altar of his household gods,by which stand his refuge, venerable parents; but the relentless Pyrrhus rushes on, Priam for his blood imploresmercy for his son thirsting his guardian geniussteps in to his aid, and holds even
described

by Virgil.4 The

"

"

out

wheel the

to

his

grasp.
"

The

urn

tells

no

more,
"

but the

leaves

catastrophe -finis
the beholder.5

Priami

fatovum

to

of imagination
A
scene ere

very similar to this shows Paris,when he had been rendered effeminate by the

herd, shep-

caresses

of

Helen, defendinghimself
a

enraged that
from
The
to

them

in he

againsthis brothers, who, stranger should have carried off the prizes the public games, sought to take his life.
as

palm
which

bears in his hand, had fled for

comes

he kneels
the

on

the

altar

he

tells refuge,

tale.
son.

The
A

venerable

Priam

up

and

his recognises

Juno,

guardianspirit, steps between him and his foes.6 Ulysses and the Syrens is a favourite subject. The command hero is representedlashed by his own to the
or
4

Virg.^En. Gori,Mus.
is

II. 526 Etrus.

"

558. I. tab. demon

as

and 171
; III. in

in

one

instance neck. the Yet

throws in
or

her

arm

round

his

others, the demons,

more

cl. 4, tab.
scene

16, 17.

The

this

office of there vocal

as are

demon,

for

Gori

by many regarded this scene interprets

Gori, I. tab.
9 ; cl.

Nemesis.
"

sometimes

two, is
been

equiof
I-

as

Sacra

; and

Cabiria."
6

Furies
to

they have urging on

revenge. such of
cases

interpreted
brothers Oiius.
scene

the

174

III.

class. This is

3,
a

Paris

take
In

Mus. the

tav.
scene

4, tab. 18, 19.

is found also
I
now

tav. 81.

will the
who

frequently occurringon
;

Etruscan
on

well

admit

as interpretation

urns

and

bronze
seen

mirror-cases, of
several instances
"

which
two

have in

the

British Museum.
as

It has been

the death

of demon

Pyrrhus,
at
was

at

explained Delphi,and
the I. the

death of Pyrrhus, of the him, would be either the priest slays X. Machcereus 24), or temple (Pausan. av. (Strab. IX. p. 421). Micali (Ital.
man

and

the

Rom.
sent

tav.

48) takes this

at

scene

to repreIn

the female
sent
son

is supposed to reprewhose command

"

Orestes he

Delphi.

the has

urn,
an

the

Pythia,
in
most

which eye
the
at

the illustrates,

Juno

of Achilles
But

slain.

Pausan.
scenes

in each marine

14.

of these

Juno

is

protecting the youth, manifestly

the head

outspread wing, justas in drawn in the woodcut deity, of this chapter.

180

VULTERRA."

The

Museum.

[chap.xi.i.
two

warrior

also

kneeling on
him,
"

an

altar, with
are

other

figures
names

fallingaround
"

to

which
2

attached

the

Acns"

and

Priumnes."

by the Furies. There are here not persecuted but five, armed with three only of these avengefuldeities, of Agamemnon, the son torches or hammers, attacking
Orestes
"

who

endeavours
of these

to defend
urns numerous women

himself

with his sword.3

Many
native.

bear

subjects purely mythological

class is that of marine from the middle

The

most

deities,

figuredas generally

upwards,but

with fishes'tails instead of

Desinit in

legs
"

piscem

mulier

formosa

superne.

few, however,

are

representedof
of this

the

male

sex,

as

that

in the woodcut
are

at the head

chapter.
show

These
their

beings
human super-

winged also, probablyto generally

power and energy;
"

and
common

smaller

wings

often

spring
power

from

their

temples

attribute

of

Etruscan

it may divinities, symbolical,

be, of

and rapidity

no

means

uniformly expressed
monuments.

on

choice the the

and may Irish,

hug
Urste

themselves
means
" "

in

Etruscan which
event
"

On the the
"

one

mirror,

discovery that
"

stop

represents
as

same names

this urn,
"

mythical are spelt (Ger;

"

slaughter! "" Clutmsta, all Puluctre, pursuit!

"
"

stop the
are

pri166)

Urusthe

and

Clutumsta,"

soners
"

!"

(Etruria Celtica, II.

will be inclined to

p.

hard, Etrusk.
and
"

taf. CCXXXVII.) Spieg.

"

but few

rejectthe

on

another,
"

Urusthe
a

and

old-fashioned and
2

Cluthumustha
"

and

fierce demon,

named and the

over

Nathum,"
on an

with

huge fangs,
stands
a

of Orestes interpretation Clytemnestra. Inghir.I. tav. 43. Micah, Ant. Pop. There
two
are

hair

end,

behind

Ital. tav. 109.

scenes,
an

some

kindred

avenger, the

and

brandishes head.

serpent
Gerh.
;

where

armed

men,

on kneeling

murderess's taf.

are altar,

defendingthemselves
One

against
some-

Etrusk. Gottheiten

Spieg. der Etrusker,taf. VI. 5,

Bull. Inst.,1842, p. 47. this demon
to to

CCXXXVIII.

their times

foes.

of

them
a

being
-head

pp.

represented with
seems

in

his

11,63;
hard and

Ger-

hand,

intended

for Perseus.
tav.

Gori,
58, 59
;

takes

be

female,

I. tab. 150, 175 ; VI. tav. A. 5.

3

Inghir.I.
25 ; cf.

different for this may

equivalent has interpretation

urn.

Mania.

A been

totally
found

I. Inghir.

tav.

Gori, I

tab.

Etrusco-

Celts,if

they will,
be

151.

pronounce

the

to inscriptions

chap,

xii.]

ETRUSCAN

MARINE

DIVINITIES.

181

of intellectual

that of mortals.4 action, far transcending

or serpent-locks,

They
heads but

have
to

not

the resemblance would

be

of their

that of the Greek sometimes

and
a

Medusa

complete ;

they have
brows,
are

their which

pairof snakes knotted around uprearing their crests, just like those
of

the

distinctive mark

Egyptian gods
sometimes indicate
it may
to

and
a

monarchs. trident
dominion
a or

These

trifold divinities bear

a

anchor,
over or

rudder
"

or

oar,
a

their

the
mass

sea

sometimes

sword, or
their

be,
over

firebrand earth

of rock, to

show

might

the

also, and

malignant

their of destruction,or their power character ; which they further display by

these weapons the heads of their victims. over brandishing They are often representedwith a torque about their necks. Marine deities would naturally be much worshipped in their commerce whose by a people, lay greatly power and the active maritime accordingly ; and supremacy of the Etruscans were thus led to symbolise imaginations For these are the destructive agenciesof nature at sea. is to whose vengeance beings to be propitiated, evidently the be averted ; very unlike the gentle power to which in the hour of peril looks for succour Italian sailor now
"

In

mare

in irato,

subita

procella,

Invoco

te,nostra

benignastella !

of highly probable that these sea-gods were Etruscan origin we are ignorantof their native ; yet as it may be well to designatethem, as is appellations, of the somewhat done, by the names analogous generally beings of Grecian mythology,to which, however, they It is do
not
answer

in every
be considered

respect. The
an
are

females

then

are

The

wings

may

who

takes

the

dolphins'tails

to

be

Etruscan

characteristic, for
attached

they

symbols
as

of torrents, regards the of

wings

rarelyfound
on

to similar

Greek

monuments.

figures Forchhammer,

emblems
290.

Ann. Inst., evaporation.

1838, p.

182

VOLTERRA."

The

Mosbdm.

[chap.

XL1.

teristic characcalled Scylla,5 though wanting the peculiar usually of that monster,
Pube

who

rabidos inguinibusque canes. preniit

The

male

which sea-divinities,
are

are

of

less

frequent

On one urn commonly called Glaucus.6 warrior in the coils a such a being is enfolding struggling of each tail.7 In another, he has thus entangled two and is seizing them by the hair.8 of opposite sexes, figures
occurrence,

One

illustrated in the woodcut of these deities,

at the head

of this may

has an chapter, eye in either wing, a symbol, it be, of all-searching power, added to that of ubiquitous

energy.9
When,
in

instead

the woman's of fishes'tails,

is

body

nates termi-

snakes, she
Greeks,
emblem
; and
a

commonly
to
'

called

Echidna, the
for the
sex

Scylla,with
been
or

the

seems

Were

it not this
scene

of

the

have
sea,

the

embodied

of the she thus life.

monster

of its monsters

companions

of it may
same

might represent the Ulysses encountering

be
an

of the perils personifies

Ann.
6

maritime

Scylla;

or

Etruscan Gori
a

sion ver-

1843, p. 182. Inst.,

Glaucus is very works
on

of the

myth.
Rom. Rom.

(I. tab.
female.

rarely represented
Never
vases
"

148), however, representsit as

s

on

ancient found

of art.

has he

Micali, Ital. av. Mieali, Ital. av.

tav.

23. This

been

painted
Etruscan

only on
and

tav. 24.

medals, gems,
ancient
Ann. who

urns,

in

an

painting in the Villa

Inst,, 1843, p.
184.

Adriaua. M.

Vinet,

(Ant. Pop. Ital. III. p. 180) regards the eye in the wings as a and foresight symbol of celerity ; Inghirami (I. p. 79), of circumspection.
On eye another
urn

writer

writes
as

the the
sea

article

cited, regards
the He

Glaucus colour thinks

of the the

of personification (pp. 173, 181).

in

this
on

Museum,
the

the of
a

is represented
is

wing

word

expressed
green
or

"

that

clear
but in

Charun, who
other
1 ;

conductinga
8) ; and
demon of
on

soul to the

hue, verging on
which white

blue,

world,

(Micali, op.

cit. tav.

1(14,

predominates, which
of the
waves assumes

the

I. tav. Inghir.
a

another,
(ut
the

sky

or

the surface

where

female

protects Paris
his brothers also
a on

under hours

certain conditions, and of the

at certain

from
supra,

the
p.
a on

assaults

effects of seven-hued could

not

day. On viewing these who of the the people, light,

rainbow
had formed

178).
Charun
a

It is found

wing of
scene,

in interfering
urn,

battlethe

Iris,
from their

Volterran

from

have possibly abundant

refrained scries of

tomb

of the

now CieciiiEe,

in the Museum cit. tav. 105

;

increasingthe
cerations, and
counted
a
new

of Paris.
Ital.
av.

Micali, op.
Rom.
tav. 43.

Neptune

henceforth

subject in his empire."

chap,

xli.]

SCYLLA."

GLAUCUS."

ECHIDNA."

TYPHON.

183

sister of Medusa

the

Hydra, the

the mother of Cerberus, Gorgons, and other mythical Chimaera, the Sphinx, and the

monsters, and herself

neXaipov, ap.r)xavov,
ov8ev
eoikos

ov6" ddavdroian Qvtjtois avdpamoi*;,

6eoi"n,
'

Stt^Vkvi yXa(pvpu), delrjv Kparepocppov

E%i8vav

'

iXiKC07n8a, 'H/xi"7u KaXXnraprjOv, p,ev vvfKprjv,

8 avre "H/xtcrn

8eivov o"pii", rreXcopou

re

piyavre,

vtto HoikIXov, "ader]s a"p.rj"TTr)v,

Kevdeai yairjs-

"

nor Stupendous,

in

shape resemblingaught

Of

heavenly; monstrous, fierce Echidna ; half a nymph, with eyes of jet cheeks ; and half again And beauty-blooming
or

human

of

speckledserpent,terrible and vast, her huge Gorged with blood-banquets ; trailing Deep
in the hollows

folds

of the blessed earth."

Akin

to her is the male

"

the divinity,

Typhon huge,ending in snaky twine,"

alreadytreated
He those monsters,
"

of in been

the describing her

tombs

of Corneto.2

is said to have

and the progenitor of all lover,

Horrible, hideous,and
Born of the

of hellish race, Echidna base."

broodingof

depthsof the sea, so those of the land ; to symbolise the serpent would seem in regarding and we shall probably these not be mistaken snake-tailed beings the subterranean powers as personifying
of nature, such and
as

As

the fish is emblematical

of the

have
as

to

do with

fissures and

caverns,

such especially

these destructive

regardvolcanic disturbances.3 That agenciesshould have been deified in a

scq. 301. and hollow rock It is well established the other Giants
were,

1 2

Hesiod. See
In
a

Thoog. 295,
"

et

that

Typhon, agencies.

vol. I. pp. 303

cavern

5.
a

in the Greek

:"

under abode.

mythology,symbols of volcanic
See vol.

was

Echidna's

Hesiod.

Thcog.

I., p.

304.

184

VOLTERRA."

The

Museum.

xli. [chap.

land

which, in various
is effects,
to

ages,

has

experiencedfrom
on

them

terrible
traces

and catastrophes,
no

which,
more

every

hand, bears
be
a

of their

than

might

and

their relation

the

sepulchre among
to the
caverns

expected; peoplewho
rock, or

always committed
to the bowels

their dead

of the

of the earth, will be

urns

understood. readily
alone
cases,

Some

of these

have

the heads

of these

wingthe

browed
mere

which, in certain divinities,

masks. One unlike

into degenerate

head, with
Da

serpents tied beneath

celebrated
bear
waves,

chin, is not
Florence

Vinci's
urns

Medusa

in

the

Gallery. dolphins sporting hippocampi*

Et qua
marmoreo

Other
on

of representations

the

marine-horses,

or

fert monstra

sub sequoie

pontus

"

it may symbols,

be, of maritime
of the soul to

power, another
one

but
state

more

probably
;

of the passage
which
a

of existence bears

is

veiled Other

the case where clearly his back.5 on figure twofold

sexes,

of these monsters

existences

are

of the

earth.

Centaurs,
foes the the
a

of both

not

combating
the
with

their established
or

but Lapithae,
scene

forming

sole

chief

subject in
robed
with

; sometimes

wings ;

sometimes

and lion's skin, be

it

holdinga largebough. Etruscan centaurs, those on early have observed, especially monuments,
a

the fore-legs of generally

man,

the hind the

ones

only of
may

a a

horse.6

Like

the

sea-monsters,

centaur

be

symbol of
4

the passage

of the soul.7

The

idea

of

the
was

hippocampus probably

on

I. Inghir.

tav.

6 ; cf.

Braun,

Ann.

ancient

monuments

sug-

Inst.,1837, 2, p.
""

261.
was

gestedby
which
and

the

fish singular
in

of that name,

So

the Centaur works

"

represented in

abounds

the

Mediterranean,
a

early Greek

the chest of Pausan. V.

Cypse-

whose and

skeleton
neck

resembles
on a

horse's

lus,for instance.
~

19.

head
See

placed
tav. D.

fish's tail.

It is evident traduction

from

the

frequent inou

VI. Inghir.

2, 3.

of this

chimeera

funeral

chap,

xli.] Griffons
are

SCENES

OF

ETRUSCAN

LIFE.

185

also favourite of
some

on subjects

these

urns.

That

they are
is evident

embodiments
in their

evil and of lion and

destructive power,

compound

eagle.

And

thus

like beasts of prey, represented they are generally ; now, animal to pieces tearing some overthrowingthe ; now who sought to steal the gold they guarded.8 Arimaspes, has the legsand seat of a couch carved One small urn its front, and in relief on a coupleof small birds below, These been have apparentlypicking up the crumbs. the sacred fowls of Etruscan divination" as interpreted
"
"

the birds from whose

But
to
me

motions
seem

was

learned the will of the fillthe

gods.9
vacant

they
the

space beneath

merely to banqueting-couch.
life
are

inserted

The

reliefs illustrative of Etruscan

the may

most

monuments interesting

in tins collection.
;

They
the

be

divided into two

and pursuits,

classes

those the
a

to referring

customs,

of practices

Etruscans funereal

in their

ordinary
It is not

and life,

those
to

which draw

have the

import.
are

always easy
To
commence

distinction.

with

their

sports. There
of which

numerous

of boar-hunts, representations old

were as

the

Etruscans The

of

fond

as

their modern

descendants.

Tuscus

monuments

that

it had

conventional

13, 27

; Plin. VII.

2 ; Pausan. these of
scenes

I. 24.
to

relation to the VI. with Hell

"

sepulchre. Virgil (JEn.

stalled
at

Inghirami
tend with

takes

symcon-

286)
other

represents Centaurs
monsters,
the

holise the weakness Fate

;

humanity
in

to

gate

of

though
the

pursuance

of his system of astronomical he in foribus stabulant,Scyllseque

regards
power

interpretation griffon as an
sun

Centauri

emblem vernal

of the

of the

in the

biformes, "c.

Inghirami (Museo regards them as symbols

8

Chiusino, I. p. 91)
of autumn. I. tav. 39, 41,

ing

eiminox, and where stag he takes it to

winter

it is devourmean

spring 27)

overcoming
Servius those monsters
9

(I.
Buc.

pp.

328, 723).
says

Inghir.Mon.
99.

Etrus.

(ad Virg.
were

VIII.
to

42,

Gori, I. tab. 154, 156; III.

The

sacred

Apollo.
308"311. hundred

cl. 3, tab. 4.
urns are

Arimaspes
Herod.

on

these He
urns

Inghir. I.
remarks this alone

tav.

36, pp.
out

not

one-eyed, as

represented
; IV.

that

of

six

by

the ancients.

III. 116

the displays

holy birds.

|s"i

VOLTERRA."

The

Mlselm.

[chap.xi.i.

in ancient times, can hardlyhave aper, though celebrated he has so much at present, when much abounded as as
more

uncultivated
was
a

country for his range

is populated, of these Some and

;
now

for the Maremma, for the greater may have

ference re-

which

of old well

part

very desert.
to

scenes

Calydon,or to the of Hercules with the fierce beast of Erymanthus ; exploit treated. Its frequent for the subjectis variously ence occurwell as on and in painted tombs, as vases on urns,
Meleager
shows how

the

boar

of

much

such sports were

games

to the Etruscan

taste.1

Other resembles

reliefs represent the that of the Romans,

of
cones
or

of the circus, which

surmounted having a spina,

In
some

by
are

row

obelisks.

of these

scenes

horse-races,or gladiatorial bats. combull-fights ; in others,

The
two

latter games

the

Romans

borrowed

from

the Etruscans.2

These

urns,

though

hardly be cited as of that the circus, as well as its games, was probability had no such know that the Romans Etruscan origin. We edifices before the accession of Tarquin,the first of the Etruscan dynasty,who built the Circus Maximus, and
"

being of earlydate they can proofs, yet tend to confirm the high
not

sent

for boxers

and

race-horses

to

Etruria ;

"

and

we

In

one

of these boar-hunts

the beast
are

Liv.

I. IV.

35
c.

Nicol.
p. 153.

Damasc. Before

ap. the the

19

attacked
to

by
be

two

winged boys,who
Theocr.
tav.

Athen.

13,

thought
which

Cupids catchingthe
Adonis. I.

boar

introduction time held of

of the

in amphitheatre,

killed
;

Idyl.
586*.
astx-o-

Augustus, the

Romans

often in
the

XXX.

Inghir.

69, p.

their

Macrobius uomical
us

(I.21), symbolism
the boar
on

who

gives the
an

circus,as
p. 95.

combats gladiatorial here represented.See

tav.

Vol. I.

of the
was

legend, tells
emblem of thinks

Inghirami (I.
a scene

98, p. 718)
in the
two
vase,

that

gives
tors
3

from

an

urn,

Cinci

winter

; and

this

account, he is

collection at Voltcrra, whore

are

gladia-

Enghirami (I. p. 594),

on

represented
or

contending over
loc. cit.
"

monuments, sepulchral
when
'

to indicate the

Liv.

Ludicrum maxime

fuit equi acciti.

season

the annual
held

crier inf honour

pathe

ex ]"ugilesque

Etruria

were

in

of

Cf. Dion.

Hal.

III. p. 200.

"

lead.

Gori, III.

cl. 3, tab. 1.

188

VOLTERRA."

The

Museum.

xli. [chai".

capsa,
or
wax

box cylindrical

tablets for another

urn

On

pugiUares, noting down the proceedings.7 from are the four magistrates returning
for the documents,

and

judgment, having descended

from

their

seats

on

vated the elein this

platform. The
case,

who lictors,

precede them

bear

forked rods.
two

female, with her

tender
to

They are encountered by a veiled and two littlechildren of daughters,

must

age

"

the

it family,

be, of the criminal

and father.8

come

imploremercy
Here
are

for the husband

also

which triumphalprocessions, had

as

tells history

us

the Etruscans

well

as

the Romans

;9 and which,

attributed to the former people,1 generally of such an origin, evidence though there is no positive of golden or beyond the introduction into such processions drawn by four horses ; the earlier triumphs chariots, gilt
in

fact, are

having been on foot.2 Here are instances of both modes, the victor being precededby cornicines or trumpeters, by
fifersand also with and harpers,
a

where

he is in

chariot,by
of the
scene

lictor lies in

wand.3

The

Etruscanism

Ital. VIII.
p.

486"8 Rhod.

; ;

Diodor. Macrob.

Sic.

V.

I. 32) ; eleg. and

to

but

Plutarch

opposes

this,

316.

ed.

Saturn.

cites ancient statues prove that he

of that monarch

1.6
"

; cf. Sallust. Catil. 51.

This
av.

scene

is illustrated
tav. 40 ; Ant.

Ital.
tav.
8

Rom.
1 ;

by Micali, Pop. Ital.

The

introduction

triumphed on foot. of the quadriga from

to the elder

Etruria Tarcmin.
3

ascribed is generally

112,

Gori, III. cl. 4, tab. 23, 27.

Micali,Ant.
Flor. I. 5 ;

Pop.

Ital. tav. 112, 2 ;

The

Gori, III. cl. 4. tab.

9

15.

Appian.

de

Reb.
4.

Pun.

gives of correspondsnearlywith style,

on

Appian (loc.cit.) description a triumph in the Etruscan

the
scenes
was

LXVI.
'

; cf. Plin. XXXIII.

these

urns.

The

victor, he says,

Dempster,

Etrur.

Reg.

I. p. 328

preceded by
and

lictors in imitation chorus of

purple tunics,
of
an

Gori, Mus.

Etr.

I. p.

370. the

Miiller Roman de-

then,

in
a

Etruscan

(Etrusk.II. 2, 7) triumph
rived from tion of the Rome
-

considers

pageant, by

to

be

either

immediately
to be
a

tyrs belted and

in the midst

harpers and sawearing goldenchaplets,

One
wore a

Etruria, or
received Romul.

coutinua-

as they went. dancing and singing

pageants which
from

the kings of land. Dio-

of them
was

long purple golden

EtrusThese

had

that

robe, and
called
were

adorned

with

Plutarch.

I. 5. ; Flor.

bracelets and torques. Such

were

men,he says,
the

trinysius (II. p. 102) says Romulus IV. Propcrt. umphed in a quadriga (cf.

Lydi,

because

cans

colonists from

Lydia.

chap,

xli.]

TRIUMPHAL

PROCESSIONS."

SACRIFICES.

189

the

winged genius,who,
on
one

with

torch

in

her

hand,
scene

is is

seated
rather

of the horses.4

It may

be that the

funereal the

than

festive,and
of

that

the

figurein
to

the
present re-

chariot with
a

attributes

triumph
state

is intended

soul

is rendered

on a new entering more probable by

of existence.

This

the

analogyof
at
a

the funeral souls

in procession
are

the G-rotta del Tifone

Corneto,where

attended

by demons,

one

with

torch, and by figures

has
not

bearingwands, preceded by a cornicen.5 Of which marriages, no representation,

has yet been found on the sepulchral mythicalreference, of Etruria, urns though most of the earlier writers on these mistook the farewell-scenes, to be antiquities presently stand hand in described,where persons of oppositesexes of nuptial hand, for scenes festivity.6 of sacrifices ; the There several representations are priest pouring a libation on the head of the bull about to be slain. In one the victim is a donkey the delight case of the garden-god,
" "

Cseditur

et

custodi rigido

ruris asellus.

In

another

scene,

beast

like chain

wolf

is

risingfrom
two men,

well,but
followed

is restrained

by

held

by

while

were

by

men

bearing vessels
of all
came

stands with
a

warrior, is drawn
an

by

Fury,
(ap.
the
as

of

incense, and

last

the

torch, into
p.

victorious clad in his

a

general in his toga picta,and golden

and
crown

quadriga,
tunica

Inghir.I.
death

abyss. it 669) interpreted

"

Lanzi

pal-

mata, with
on

of oak

leaves

Amphiaraese fata quadrigae. Ingh. I. tav. 84 ; Gori, III.

s

of Amphiaraus

his

brow,
with

an

ivory sceptre,
his hand. See Illustrations
in

cl. 3, tab. 12. See Vol. I. pp. 31 1

"

adorned

gold, in
IV. will be
tav.

3.
to

Thispaintthe the into

Miiller, Etrusk.
of these Ital. tab.
4 av. urns

1, 2.
found

ing has been

supposed
entrance

represent
souls

Micali,
Gori,
I.

triumphal
unseen

of

Rom.

34, 35 ;
this On female another

world.

Bull.

Inst.

1839, p. 47.

178, 179
Muller be
a

; III. cl.

3, tab. 28.
demon
urn

Urlichs.
6

thinks

Buonarroti,
and

Passeri, Gori,

even

may this

Victory.
a

in

Lanzi See

Micali, made

this mistake,

museum,

quadriga, in

which

Inghirami,I.

pp. 191, 208.

190

VOT/TEKRA."

The

Museum.

XI, [chap.

I.

third pours a libation with an axe. him down for all the
Here
are figures seen

on

his

head, and

fourth strikes

It is

no evidently

fice, sacriordinary

armed.7
dreadful rite of human
as

also is

the

sacrifice,
as

too

often

performedby
Romans.8

the

Etruscans,
men on

well

by

the

Greeks bound

and

The

who

sit with

their hands the

behind
are

their backs, and

whose

heads

esses priest-

about to are probably captives pouringlibations, of some to the Manes hero. It or be offered to a deity,' Achilles sacrificed to the shade be the Trojanswhom may be Orestes and Pyladesat the altar of Patroclus ; it may It is precisely Observe the altar in this scene. of Diana.
like
a

Roman

Catholic shrine,even
of panelling

to the very

cross

in the

midst, for the

relief.9

the

wall shows

that

form

in

I. tav. Ingliir.
III.

60

; VI. 10.
a

tav. E.

5, 4 ;

of such

practice amoug
in the forum

the Etruscan-,

Gori,
with lias
a

cl. 3, tab. of plate

scene

Dempster
the
monster

unless the Roman

"

(tab.25) givesa
a

Perugian urn,

immolati be

similar human easy

; but

may Liv.

captives, put to death of Tarquinii, regarded as offered to the gods.

"

It is not

body with a dog's head. to explainthis very singular

ap. the

VII.

19.

But the

monuments

dantly abun-

establish thinks horrid III. the

fact.

deed, Miiller, in-

(p. 24, subject. Buonarroti the in victim sees Dempst. II.)

monster

Romans

learned

this

rite from

the Etruscans

(Etrusk.
Etruscan of practice Yet into

Volta, which
the land of

is said

to

have
to

4, 14).

Inghirami (I. p. 716),

to

ravaged
have been II. 54.

Volsinii, and

though admitting it
custom, thinks it had
before
we

be

an

destroyedby Porsenna. Plin. (Acheront. p. 59, ap. the it as Gori, Mus. Etr.) interprets demon of Temessa, called Lybas, which
Passeri
was

gone

out

the date of these

not
or

urns.

know

it had in Greece

fallen entirely Rome

disuse times.
9

tillImperial

clad in

wolf's

and skin,

was

come over-

by Euthymus, the pugilist.Pausan.

Gori,

I. tab.

170.

Two

of

these

VI.

6.

Inghirami takes

it to represent with

illustrated by Inghirami (I.tav. reliefs,

Ceres
s

Lycaon protectedby Mars, as a Fury by his side.

96, 97), may

sacrifice.

perhaps represent
a man

human

In one,

is
; and

on

his knees slaves

a are

(Osserv. Letter. IV. p. 65) indignantly rejectsthis charge against

his forefathers
:
"

Maffei

amid

some
one

warriors
a

bearing,
on

ladder, another
a

jar
in

They cannot,
so

and

they
and

his

shoulder, and
a

large mallet
the

ought not
barbarous without
It is true

to attribute
a

unworthy
our

his

hand, and
The

boy plays the

relief has victim is

double
same

custom

to

Etruscans,
"

pipes.

other
the

any

foundation
is
no

of authority ! evidence

but features,

falling
by

to

the

there

recorded

earth, apparently just struck

the

chap,

xli] In another

SACRIFICES."

SCHOOLS

"BANQUETS.
at the

191

scene

the victim lies dead

a

foot of the

altar,and
takes

winged genius sits in

tree

this to

represent the oracle of

sacrificialscenes

by. Micali Faunus, Inghirami

hard

that of Tiresias.1 Not all these

character.

of Offerings the altar, and

brought to
upon On
is
a

sanguinary various are descriptions being in one a tall amphora stands case
are
a a

of this

it.
one

urn,

on

which with half

young dozen

school scene,

reclines in effigy, girl figures sitting together

holdingopen
had
was seems

scrolls;

seeming to
bloom

intimate that the deceased of life, ere her education there

been

cut

off in the

complete.2
a

In

this, as
in

in certain

other

cases,

relation between

the

bas-relief below,
when

though
to the
are

figureon the lid and the general the reliefs, especially

no

the

is from subject

the Grecian

apparent reference

mythology,bear superincumbent effigy.3

numerous,

Banqueting

scenes

and

bear

close

semblance re-

and paintedtombs of Tarquinii There are generally several couches with a pair Clusium. of figures of opposite each from sexes a corroboration on
"

to those in the

sword

of

one

of the group.
scene

Gori(I.tab.
death of

style of
of

art

betrays a
even

wide of of

difference

146) calls this

"the

excellence, and
cites

antiquity.

sents

Elpenor." a youth stabbing himself Inghirami (I. p. 673,

1

Another

which relief,

repreon

an

altar, is interpretedby
tav.

Lanzi

and
as

86)
son

the

case a a Inghirami girl young recliningon the lid of an urn, which bears an epitaph for a person of more than 70 ; and explains such anomalies

self-sacrifice of Menoeceus,

of Creon.
tav. 41 ;

Micali, Ital.
tav.

av.

Rom.

figures, by regarding these recumbent of not but as as portraits individuals,

idealities
"

I. Inghir.
2

78, p. 654.
is also in
to

the

men

as

heroes,the

women

Gori, III. cl. 2, tab. 12.

The the relation
car-scenes seen some

as

souls
in

(I. p. 399
the
case was

; cf. 408, tav. U. 3, 2).

But

it is cited, shifted from removal

more
one

likely
urn

of

presently
rare

be

de-

that the lid

to
se-

scribed
seems

; but, with
to

there exceptions,

the other, in the

from

the

be

no

relation

beyond
the
urn

that of and its

pulchre.
however,
the with
urns

The render

frequent incongruities,
it very

between juxta-position,

probable that
fitted

lid.

Besides

the

of subject, incongruity the

same.

were

kept

in store, and

the material

is often not

The

lids to order.

192

VOLTERRA"

The

Museum.

[chap.xu.

another
"

source

of the there
are

high social
children

civilisation of the Etruscans4

ages
;
on are

and

of various each other

around, sometimes
domestic of

embracing
are

standing picturesof
the
ments monu"

such as felicity, antiquity. The

rarelyseen
musicians

usual

present
the
"

with the double subulones,

and

with pipes; citharistce,

lyre;

pipes all, as players of the syrinx or Pandean crowned with garlands of roses. well as the banqueters, Tables, bearing refreshments, stand by the side of the the stools, on which couches, together with scamna or
musicians the

stand,
the

or

of goblets

by which the attendants ascend to fill elevated as they are by lofty banqueters,
tables

cushions.5

Just

such

and bench

stools

are

often represented
on

in relief againstthe

of rock
"

which

the

body
The
and

or

was sarcophagus

laid in the tomb

the

banqueting touching
of
; her

hall of the dead.6

most

interesting scenes,
those
A

because

the most

are pathetic,

which

depict the
on

last moments her couch

the deceased.

female

is stretched
or

father, husband, sisters

her
how
a

are weeping daughters

around

; her
soon

little ones

stand

at

her
a

bed-side, unconscious
mother's tenderness
"

they are
near

to be bereft of

moment
a

at

hand,
a

as

is intimated

of

winged geniuswith
the

torch

is dying woman her tablets,open as though she them. This death-bed her thoughts upon that be remarked favourite subject. It may

Sometimes

by the presence the pointof expiring. on to her friend delivering had just been recording
scene

is

the couches

4 5

See

Vol. I. p. 286.
tav.

his

sons,

which

happened
he

at

ban-

Inghirami, I.
Y.
3 ; ; Ant.

72, 73, 82
av.

; VI.
tav.

quet.

Another,
in

thinks, represents

tav.

Micali, Ital.
14. Two

Rom. 107
;

37, 38

Pop. Ital. tav.

Gori,
ban-

at the banquet of disguise, Ulysses VI. tav. F. suitors. Inghir. Penelope's

6

III. cl. 4, tab.

of these
to

See

Vol.

I, pp.

59, 272

; Vol.

II.

quet-scenes
sent

Inghirami takes CEdipus pronouncing a

repreon

p. 40.

curse

chap,

xu.] sometimes

DEATH-BEDS."

LAST

FAREWELLS.

193

are over

recessed in alcoves, and sometimes

a more

canopied

like bed-steads, though in the couch

common

classical surmounted Most

Behind

is often

column

style. by a

a pine-cone,

funereal
bear

emblem.7

of such

reference to the metaphorical dread event. It has been already mentioned that souls often symbolised horseback.8 On an are on by figures the lid of which he reclines in effigy, a youth is urn, on horseback about to start on that journey on represented
scenes,

however,

but

from
rushes

which

"

no

traveller returns,"when

his littlesister
"

in,and strives to stay the horse's steps, in vain, for

of Death
a

the relentless messenger hurries him away. It is

truthful earnestness

seizes the bridle and

and

told ; its tale, simple touchingly expressive beautyare lost in the

bare recital.
"

An With With

unskilled

hand, but

one

informed warmed

had the marble genius, life." that pathetic

There
interest.
and

are

many
most

such
common

The

all of deep family-separations, is the partingof husband That such is the

wife,embracing for the last time.

the fatal world
;
or

import is provedby
him her to another

to convey horse,in waiting and a Genius,or it may be

I. tav. Inghir.

95

;
an

Gori, III.
alcove

cl. 4,

part it was

tab.

13, 23.
in
an

Such
urn,

is also

Heal, than
Ann. Inst.

probably no further symboof a journey, as significant

1837, 2.
and p. 259.
on

shown

illustrated
a man

by

Gori
seems

It

was
urns

cl. 3, tab. 6), where (III.

to

frequentlyintroduced
by the Greeks

funeral
; the

be

taking farewell
on

of his wife, who Another is

some-

Romans it from

latter Etrusalone

reclines what

the couch. relief

tav.

probably borrowed
cans.

the

similar

interpreted by

Sometimes

the beast's head

at
a
a

61, p. 514), as Inghirami (I. the wanton wife of Proetus, Stheneboea, despatching Bellerophonto Lycia.
8

is

lookingin represented,
a

window

upon

funeral feast, as
the

in

celebrated VI. Inghir.

urns

relief in
tav.

Villa Albani.
one

The

horse

has been rank

monuments sepulchral thoughtto show the equestrian

on

G. 3. is

On

of

these

the
over

horse

represented trampling
if to intimate

of the

deceased, or
p. 179. But

to

denote

the

prostrate bodies, as
passage I. p. 246, tav. Inghir.

the

elevation

of the

soul to divine

dignity.
most

of through the regions 27.

0

the dead.

Inghir. I.
VOL.

for the

II.

194

VOLTERRA."

The

Museum.

xr.i. [chap.

grim Charun
slave,with
him
J
"

himself, in readiness

as

conductor, and

while his

large sack on his shoulders, to accompany the lengthand dreariness of the journey intimating stand around, mourning his relations and littleones
a
"

departure. Here by Charun with away throws affectionately again the

out
man

the his her

man

is

mounted, already
while
a

driven

hammer,
arm

female neck

genius
of

round

the
her

the

disconsolate widow, and

has

tries to assuage
a

grief.9 Here
rush

mounted, and
him.
In

group

of females

to stop frantically

some

the be
or

partingtakes
the repassed; at a doorway, of

placeat a column, the bourn livingon this side,the dead

one

that cannot
on

that

within, the other without, giving the last squeeze

ere are

the hand
There

the door closes upon one for ever.1 versions and of this final separation, many
some

the

horse,or
; but

other feature in the

is subject

scene,

is sometimes

omitted

the
urns

stillintelligibly expressed.2

Numerous without any

represent the passage of the soul alone, ;3 and in these old Charun, parting-scene
and of brutish often with
a

grisly, savage,

aspect, with his

sword

hammer

raised to strike, and

in the other

hand,

takes part ; now the horse by the bridle, generally leading it by the mane it before often driving or clutching ; more

him,
9 1

while

spiritof gentle aspect, and

tunie tav.

with

torch

Inghir.I. tav. 28. I. tav. 38 ; VI. Iughir. Micali,

Ital.
av.

of

these

souls

is

generally the
"

Q, 2,1.3 ;

simple
not
as

toga, often
are

Gori, I. tab. 84, 189.

2

travellers
on

muffling the face disconventionally painted vases by

In apdishevelled

Rom.

tav.

39 ;
21.

tinguished
hair.
one

Greek

Gori,I. tab. 169

Visconti
as

; III. cl. 4, tab.

20,

fctasus, staff,sandals, and

See
case,
to

these parting-scenes interprets in representing general the parting and Laodamia

Ann.

Inst. 1835, p. 78. the

a

however,
have been
two

deceased

of Protesilaus I. p. 297).

(ap.Inghir.
them from
to symsoul and

considers Inglrirami

pears attended

warrior, for he is
with foot,
two

by
ends

squires on
the
scene.

being always of oppositesexes,

bolize the

his shield and

at

besides lances, of

slaves

separation of the
be observed

the
18.

Inghir. I.

body (I. p. 724).

3

tav.

It may

that the

cos-

196

VOLTERRA."

The

Museum.

xt.i. [chap.

on

the side of the of the leads dead the

holds living has

his torch

erect

he

on

the

side who

it inverted. it

The

therefore, spirit,
turned

fatal horse, has

two

always

wards.7 down-

When
are arranged,

demons
same

with
scene,

torches, thus differently

to indicate the
now

in the

very there
"

moment

of

the

soul's

they seem departure

"

here,

now

"

Like
A

snow

that falls upon white

"

the river melts for

"

moment

then

ever

"

almost are observed,that the good spirits always females,or Junones, an Etruscan compliment to may man's Charun There
A
two

It

be

angel; ministering
are, in most
are

but

the

fearful attendants

of

cases, males.

funeral
car or

of processions
open in

different character.

covered horses

waggon,
"

front,and
called
a

drawn

by

or

mules

what

the Romans

carpentum,
"

and

the modern

by
seen

panied Spaniardswould term a galera is accomfoot. In one instance it is preceded on by figures out of which a female is looking litter, ; and in several

it is encountered

by

man

on

horseback.

In this

car

is

mother with her child, now an a now reclining, the counterpart a couple,but generally elderly singlefigure, in miniature

the lid of the on effigy I would the transport it as representing urn. interpret of the actual ash-chest or sarcophagus to the sepulchre, which confirmed seems by the drowsy air and drooping heads of the horses. is this view opposed by the Nor with musical instruments, nor figures by an armed man, of the recumbent who
in
one case

follows the car.8

On

one

urn

the funeral

might be supposed to mark an demon, but I think it has more probably reference to the surrounding He than to the genius himself. figures
evil is
here
a

This

time, but

not

malignant spiritwho
hammerthe who also attends

revels in destruction,like the

bearing Charun,
soul,
s

minister

of

Death,

it is

In

general it

is

distinessentially

chap,

xli.]

FUNERAL

PROCESSIONS.

197

for is manifestly represented, procession

the

deceased

is

stretched
car-scenes,

on as seen

bier,carried
as

on

men's

shoulders.

These
;

far

can
no

learn,are

to peculiar

Volterra

for I have

them

on

other site.9

in this collection, urns are so numerous Though cinerary but two there are sarcophagi, properlyso called ; both in 1760.1 The found in the tomb of the Flavian family of opposite the lids are On recumbent on sexes. figures of the male is a procession of several the sarcophagus each with a pair of wands, not twisted like those figures, in the Grotta Tifone at Corneto,or on the sculptured tomb

of Norchia may be

except

one
a

who

bears

short thick

which staff,

intended
a

for

lictor's fastis.
seems

They precedea

in figure

toga, which

to

representa soul ; unless

there be

of magistrates analogyto the procession and they represent the infernal judge described, already his way to sit in sentence.2 For the soul is figured at on
some

guished from
absence of attendant farewell. it is actual it
seem more

the

horse-scenes and

by

the

and foot

drawn
are

by

two

mules

mourners

on

of Charun

his ministers,or of

accompanying
to their

all with it, of

their

and genii, There than In

one

taking figures

hands

heads
a

in token with

grief ;

is

life.

nothingto hint that of a representation instance only does

the
car

together

with

suhulo

double-

followed by a number of warriors pipes, their lances. lowering Micali, Ant.

to refer

to

passage is

of the

Pop.
1 urns

Ital. III. p. 150, ta v. 96, 1. tomb contained

moreover

soul,and
a

there with

the
two

demon

small with
a

preceded by and shields,

torch. be The the

The

forty
are

all with

These inscriptions. Etruscan from

was

followed
car

by
not

another in

the

may

every where

instance several

only genuine saw Inghirami ever

Volterra of
;
so

sarcophagi
the tombs
custom

of

hearse
are

; in some,

figures
answer

universal Mon.

the

recliningwithin
the

it,it may

burning.
2

Etrus. I. pp, 9, 34.

to

mourning coach, conveying the relatives of the deceased, for we know

that the Romans used caiyenta in funeral
1 5. processions.Sueton. Calig. 9 illustrations see For Micali,Ital. Rom. tav. 27, 28. av. Gori,I. tab. 1 69 ;

this for the

Inghirami (I. p. 31, tav. 3) takes funeral procession a preceding

corpse. He

represents the
as

three

figuresin the middle

in their and left,
were

holdingswords
sticks in their who gladiators
or more

righthands,
he thinks

and

them the tomb with

III.

cl. 4, tab. the

22.

On

vase

from
scene

to

fightat

pyre, first

Vulci, in
very is stretched

Archaic is

style,a
The

with

sticks, then

deadly

similar
on

depicted. bier, placedon

corpse wheels

weapons,

L98

VOLTERRA."

The

Museum,

[chap.xli. of evil
not

one

end

of the
a nor

under sarcophagus,

the conduct

an

geniuswith
brute's
the
ears,

hammer,
is he

yet
who
at

not

Charun, since he has

or

of truculent
is to

hideous
seen

aspect,like
all his

genuine Charun,

be

with

unmistakeable monument.3

attributes

the

opposite end
reclines
a

of

the

which on sarcophagus, whose Greek of unusual beauty, reliefs date. There are of no very early as The other
in one,
an a

female,has
them

character marks
two

mother

with

her littleones
"

distinct groups ; around her, is taking

embrace

of her

husband

in the

other,she is seated

her child, which leans upon a stool, on fondling mournfully her lap. The one scene portrays her in the height of condition of a domestic felicity ; the other in the lonely consolation leftin the pledgesof her widow, yet with some love. Or if the first represent the farewell embrace, though

there second

is

no

concomitant
set clearly

to

determine

it

as

such, in the
and loss,

is

forth the greatness of her

the bitterness It is such

of her bereavement.
scenes so as

these, and
a

others
to

before described, The

which

give
seem

great
to have

charm

this collection.

Etruscans of natural

excelled in the

feelings.How save Egyptian sarcophagi,

the

palpable expression on unmeaning the hieroglyphics

to the initiated ! How

deficient
in such

of Greece monuments sepulchral ! universal appeals to the sympathies

"

and
even

Home their

epitaphs,

from

the constant

recurrence

of the

same

conventional terms,

may often be suspectedof of nature on these Etruscan

must expressed,

appealto
32) givesone

But the touches insincerity.4 so simplybut eloquently urns, the sympathiesof all they are
"

Inghirami (I. tav.

scenes.
a

of

tiones, propter quas vadimoninin

deseri

these end
""

possit.
"

At

quum

dii deeeiutraveris, invenics !"

of description que ! quani nihil in medio Greek inscriptions. Inscriptionisapud Plin. N. II. prsefat. fclieitas : Graecos mira inscripHear Roman's
. .

chap,

xli.]

URNS

OF

THE

C^CINA

FAMILY.

199

chords
not

to which
man

every
can

heart

must

respond;

and

I envy

the

who

walk

throughthis Museum

unmoved,

without

a tear feeling

rise to his eye,

and
anon

"

And The

ever recognising

breeze of Nature

in stirring

his soul."

The

interest of the
in their

urns

of Volterra

lies rather

in their

reliefs than

Some, however, inscriptions.

It has
urns

have

this additional interest. Museum

contains

been already
in

said that this tomb of

the

found
noble

the

the

that ancient and Caecinae, either gave washes

its
name

of Volterra, which family

to, or
base

received

it from, the river which

a

the southern
"most

of the hill ; 5 men"

;

to family
name

which

belonged two eloquence ;

The
was

noble

of the

of Aulus

Caecina,the friends of Cicero

the

elder defended

honoured the younger by his Julius who wrote libel on latter it was a
and

by his correspondence.
and Caesar, availed who

generouslypardoned by him ; himself of his hereditary an as right,

to

Etruscan The

patrician,
name

dabble
more

in the

science
once on

of thunderbolts.

is

found

than
"

these

urns,

and

is thus written

in Etruscan

"

or

Aule

Ceicna."

But
"

it occurs
on a

also in itsLatin form

on

others of these monuments

and
on a

beautiful altar-like cipptcs,

urn.6 Others of the CaccinaG distinguished cinerary in the senate, or themselves under the Empire in the field,
5

Miiller

more name

(Etrusk.I. p. 416) thinks probablethat the family gave

to

it its

on

the

banks

of

the

river

(Rutil.

I.

466)
but

; and
on

Miiller

(I.p. 406) remarks,

not

the river,than
An

the river

to the

what
estate

authorityis
seems

obvious,
been for in
a

family.
would conclusion. Albinus

lead

him

Englishman's experience rather to the opposite

of this the Decins family,

that the

this

to

have

possession of
years. The

the

family

One

thousand
G

Csecina,at
after

beginning
a

of

cipjms has already been

159.
The
urn

mcn-

thc fifth century

Christ,had

villa

tioncd

at page

hears

this

200

VOLTERRA."

The

Museum.

xli. [chap.

in letters.7

This

familyhas
to be

continued
clown
to

to
our

exist from
own

the
;

days of
though

the

Etruscans, almost
appears
to

times

it now

extinct.

I learned

the
race

general
was
a

opinionat bishop,who
calls

Volterra died
"

be, that the last of his

His

in 1765.

epitaphin

the Cathedral

him,

Phil. Nic.

Coecina.

Patric. Volat.

Zenopolit.
however,
some name

"c." Epiis,
assures me

Fantozzi, the custode of the Museum,

that he remembers since
;
a

of priest
is
a

this

twenty years
ex

and

as on

he such

barber, he
In

should,

be well officio,
more
"

informed
two

points.

time,

than

centuries

since, the

Dempster's family was

two artes

"hodie flourishing

nobilitate sad
men,

viget"
"

and

of its

members,
were

very

studious

and One

"

ad

bonas

nati,"
the

his intimate
name

friends.

of them

in rejoiced

ancient

of Aulus

Cecina.8

Another
are

Etruscan
is the

family of Volterra,

of which

there

several urns,

or

"Cracna

;" the Gracchus,or it may

has been

be, the Gracchanus,

of the Romans.

The

Flavian

mentioned, as already
gives
a

one

of the

inscription
"

detailed of

account

of the various

"

caecina

"

selcia
urn

"

annos

xu.
a

individuals who
are

this

illustrious

family,
writers found
; in

The The
"

on figure

this

is that of of the

youth.

mentioned

by

ancient
will be

relief

one displays

car-scenes

but stillbetter Dr. Roman Smith's

notices

proof, among
to
urn

many

others, that

after the Roman adhered another

selcia"

conquest the Etruscans

funeral
name

Dictionary of Greek and Biography. Cf. Midler, Etrusk.

"

their the
same

customs.
"

On

I. pp. 416
s

8. 233. of di his An

av-ceicna-

Dempster, I. p.
the

A. Cecum

occurs

in Etruscan modern
a

characters.

wrote

history
Istoriehe

native
""

cityper-

One

of the "Porta its

gates of Volterra
Selci."
Can

is

"

Notizie
was

Volterra friend. Lorenzo

called derived
of

it have

haps it
ami

name

from
than

the ancient
from

family
of %

Dempster's a (I.p. 7) mentions

a

InghirAulo

rather Selcia,
or

the blocks

Cecina,
made

proprietor

at

Volterra,who

its masonry,
""

of the pavement

excavations

in 1740.

Dempster

(Etrur. Reg.

I. p. 23

1)

chap,

xli.] ANTIQUITY families of

OF

THE

URNS

OF

VOLTERRA.

201

Etruscan found The the

on

Volterra.
was

In
"

its native

form,

as

these urns,

it

written
urns

Vlave."9
into quently frethat

on inscriptions

these

stone, and
the

filled with

black them

to make latter,

cut generally red paint, more or more legible ; so

are

freshness.10 with remarkable preserved These cinerary of Volterra cannot urns lay claim to more antiquity. They are unquestionably very remote

they are

often

recent

may the

than many of those be learned from the criterion

"

of other

Etruscan
art
never
"

sites.

This

styleof
is

the best, indeed of that

or

only safe

which

archaic

of cippi Chiusi and Perugia. The freedom and mastery of design, and the skillin composition, at times evinced, bespeakthe domination ; while the defects display periodof Roman the rudeness of earlyart, as the carelessness not so much character found
on

certain reliefs on

the altars

of the time of decadence.1

Among

the Etruscan
I

in inscriptions

be

this museum,
"

observed
occurs

the

names

of Bo-

the

chieflythe presence or beard, assignsa very

urns

absence late date

In

of
to

UaiNATi,"

which d' Vol.

also

at

these

of Volterra. them
; and

truth

he than

marzo,

Castel

Asso,
I. pp.
at

Perugia (see
"

Chiusi, and 222, 242);

;
"

regards
Etruscan

rather
as

as

Roman

he when

considers of very

certain archaic the year

are

Setkes," found also

"

Chiusi iu

Tlaof

even bas-reliefs,

puni," written
the Latin

Tlabo.m,"

some

character,to
454

be subsequent to because the

so

cina, and other

10

inscriptions ; Cneunae, LauSaijcni, Pheljiuia, Ranazuia,

I have
seen
on no

of

Rome,

males

others, which
Etruscan

represented ; infers by comparison, must

late date
"

beardless

these, he
be

of

very

site. will admit be

the

best, of the days of the

time Severus and downwards.
The

Inghirami,who
these
monuments

nothing

first Emperors ; the worst, of the

of

about

decorative,but puts
red
was

to merely Etrus. I. pp. 252, G89, 709. pretation Mon. symbolicalinterthis c onsiders fallacyof this test of the beard on every feature, determiningthe age of monuments paint to represent the blood which
a manes

Alexander

hi has
;

offered to the

of the deceased

already been
those
urns

shown.

Vol.

I. p.

344

(I.p. 129).
tells
in this way

ever, Pliny (XXXIII. 40), howus

Vol. II. p. 114.

Inghirami also
have
must
were

thinks reliefs have

not

that

minium

was

used

which the oldest,

in sepulchral and
to

other
more

at the scriptions, in-

ends, because
when and

they
tombs could

make

the

letters

been

made

the
urns

distinct.
1

crowded,
mterion
seems

the

be

placed
to

Inghirami,whose

to

far

enough

apart for the

decorations

202

VOLTERRA."

The

Museum.

xli. [chap.

There character

are

other

monuments sepulchral
"

of

different

in this Museum

slabs,with Etruscan steles, or

else phallic, form. of club-like, or and cippi inscriptions, of an old man and woman Of terra-cotta are the figures at a banquet, and as probablyforming together reclining ments the lid of an urn. They are full of expression. Monuin this material there
are
a

are

rarelyfound

at

Volterra

yet

of very small size,with the often of the Theban brothers, and Cadmus or subjects repeated few
urns

warriors with the plough. the teeth-sprung destroying the lids are generally The figures on wrapt in togas,and but as in slumber. not as at a banquet, recline, in the Museum is monuments One of the most singular warrior, the size of life, on a large a bas-reliefof a bearded sandstone, which, from the Etruscan inscripslab of yellow tion Jason

annexed, would
He

seem one

to be

flat tombstone.2 or stele,

which

hangs of The peculiar at his side, with the other. quaintness rather to the to the Egyptian, or this figure, approximating or Persepolitan Babylonian in style, yet with strictly of it justly to be regarded as Etruscan features, causes high antiquity. It is very similar to the warrior in relief
holds
a

lance in

hand, and his sword,

found

near

and Fiesole,
a

now

in the Palazzo

Bonarroti

at

Florence, though of
The with of capital
a

character less
somewhat

archaic.3 decidedly

column,
the

like Corinthian, but

heads

among

as foliage,

in that of

Toscanella,is
child in her The

attention. worthy of particular

There
her arms,

is

headless

statue
an

of

female

with

of marble, with It
was

Etruscan
in the

right sleeve.
be
seen.

found

on inscription amphitheatre.

I. pp. 82, 247.

not to

But
be

this,as
relied

represent the guardian Lap.

8

test of
2

is on. antiquity, Inghirami (IV. p. 84) suggests that have the door, or closing it may formed
a

It is illustrated

by Gori, III. cl. 4,

tav.

tav.

18,

Inghirami, VI.
Rom.
tav.

Ital. av. Micali,

14,

2 ; Ant.

slab,of

tomb,

and

the

warrior

may

Top.

Ital. tav. 51, 2.

204

VOLTERRA."

The

.Museum.

xli. [chap.

of varnish,it is form, and brilliancy

not

by the surpassed

ancient

pottery

of any other site in Etruria. fair collection of is a There

mirrors, in this or specula, figured of in a good style Museum some The most common subjectis art.
"

winged Lasa,
are or

or

Fate. The

other

bronzes
numerous

not

extraordinarily
;

valuable

and consist

small of candelabra,strigils,
of Lares
or

figures

other divinities, ex-votos,

and the usual furniture of Etruscan tombs. There

coins
"

are

numerous

Etruscan
to

many

belonging
are
"

the

and found in the ancient Volaterrae,

neighbourhood. They

all of

some are copper, cast,not struck or double asses, full three dupondii,

inches in diameter, with

beardless

on Janus-head, capt by a petasus, with the obverse, and a dolphin,

the word

Velathri

"

MOfl^
in

large letters around,

The down smaller
to
as

on

the
ETRUSCAN

reverse.

coins,from
CANDELABRUM.

the
from

the

uncia, differ
a

these in

having a club,or

crescent, in place of the

arms

dolphin. The Janus-head is still the marks the maritime The dolphin power
6

of Yolterra.

of the

city.6
;
none as

Volterra

presents

more

complete
Etruscan

city. But they are

of

all of copper The has

series of coins than

any

other

gold

or

silver.

some-

CHAP.

XLI.]

BRONZES."

COINS."

JEWELLERY.

205

Among
of bone
same

the minor

curiosities

are

spoons,

pins,and
furnished and

dice the
as

huckle-bones, or astragali,
to the
our

which

diversion

Greeks, Etruscans,
own

Romans,

to

in school-boys

day

and

various

articles in

variegatedglass.
There
is also
a

collection of Etruscan the

are

JibulcB, rings for

terra,
and
as on

and fingers
not

ears,

jewellery chains, all wrought in gold ;

"

but these articles

some

found Etruscan

in such

abundance The
most

at Vol-

other

sites.

curious

beautiful in the In the and the

this necropolis has yielded is prejewellery served Ufnzj Galleryat Florence. Cinci Etruscan there
was
a

Casa other

valuable since been

collection

of

urns

but relics,

Signor
sold.

Giusto's
In

death Casa

greater part of them

was

has

the

there Giorgi,

also

collection of urns.7

times
as

the prow that

a

of

ship on
Rome

the
; and

reverse,
times some-

to Volaterrse

is

now

unquestioned.
illustrated I. tab.

in

of

early

single head,
on

instead This

of

Janus,
head
was

the

obverse.
on

Janus-

put

coins, says Athenteus

Janus in bronze cities of his

ence
Ut supra, These page 144. the coins of Velathri II. tav. 7 ;

are

by Lanzi,
56
"

Dempster,

9 ;
"

Guarnacci,
22

II. Origini Italiche,

(XV.
the which

c.

13, p. G92), because

coin money

was

tav. 20

I,and4; ; Inghirami,III.tav. Tessieri, JEs grave,

also cl. III. I. p. 105
;

first to
account

; on

Marchi
tav.

and See

many

Greece,
head
as

1.
;

Mailer, Etrusk.
Inst. p.

Italy,and
But Servius
a

Sicilyassumed
Cf. Macrob.

332 Bull.

Lepsius, Ann.
Inst.

1841, p.
;

their device.

Saturn. Mn. XII.

I. 7.

1838,

189

Mionnet,

(ad Virg.
more

198)
nation explaunion

Suppl.
7

I. pp. 205"7. of these

gives
"

much that

reasonable the

One

phemus represented Polyhis in

cave,

it

symbolised
one

issuing hurling
A

from

and

of and

two

people

under

government,
received II.

rocks

at

Ulysses
version

his

ship. myth,

this

is interpretation writers.

by
p.

Juno this

with interposes, Etruscan

drawn of
!

sword.

modern
98.

Lanzi, Sagg.
Bull. is Inst.

In the
av.

the

Melchiorri,
The
a
an

1839, p.
to
case

Cyclops has
Rom.
tav.

two

eyes Another

Micali,Ital.
urn

113. mark it is

dolphin
a

understood
"

45.

showed
tions avoca-

city with
Etruscan These
"

port

in any
"

carpenters and
;

sawyers

at their

symbol
with
at

Tyrrhcnus
the

this

is

interpreted by
the
seen

Micali the
urn

piscis.
of
"

coins
were

legend
to

(op. cit. tav. 49), as

building of
a

Velathri

first ascribed their

ship Argo.
in the
museum

I have of

similar

Velitrae

of the

Volsci,but

refer-

Leyden.

20G

APPENDIX

TO

CHAPTER

XLI.

Note. The

"

Tiie

Citarun
was

of

tiie

Etruscans.
means

Charun
of the

of the Greeks.

Etruscans
Dr.

by
was

no

identical with

the

Charon

Ambrosch,
that there

in his
no

work,

"

De

Charonte
them
to
;

Etrusco,"

endeavours

to show

analogybetween
of the
was

of the origin though referring Sic. I. (Diod.

c.

the Etruscan,

as

Greek,

Egypt
into

92,

p.

82, ed. Rhod.),whence

the
b.

Charon

introduced
and

Greece,

with together Olympiad (660 620

"

between the 30th Orphic doctrines, c.); and though he thinks the Etruscan

40th

Charun

owes

his

dramatic
who

originimmediately to the scenic travesties of the Greek (Ann. Inst. 1837, 2. p. 269), however, poets. Dr. Braun
the Etruscan him

this Orphicorigin of rejects

Charun,
and

and

thinks him

Cabiric, maintains
Hellenic
"the

the

analogybetween
But in the

the

aged ferryman of
is not

mythology.
the shades
to the

Etruscan his
;

system he
also to

merely
the souls

pilotof

livid

lake;"

office is

destroylife; to

conduct of the

other world

and,

moreover,

to torment

guilty. is generally Charun Like the ferryman of the Styx, the Etruscan with flamingeyes, and and hideous old man, as a represented squalid
savage

aspect ; but

he

has,

moreover,

the ears,

and

often the tusks, of

brute, and has

"

sometimes

negro

features and

and frequently complexion,

to the modern well, cloven feet excepted, wings in short, he answers He of the devil. See the frontispiece to this volume. conception chief of which however, distinguished principally, by his attributes,

is is in

the

hammer it ;

or or

mallet ; but else

a

he has

sometimes
which

sword

in his

addition,or

placeof
Charon caduceus
or, it may

rudder, or
;
or
a

oar,

indicates

analogyto

the

of the
of

Greeks

forked
as an

to the stick, perhaps equivalent

Mercury,to
a

whom

infernal

deityhe

also

be,

torch,

or

snakes, the usual

as

attributes

of

corresponds ; Fury.
of violent in the relief

He

is most

introduced frequently
instances
we

in intervening
name

cases

death, and

in such

find his

recorded

as

chap,

xr.i.]
the

THE

ETRUSCAN

CHARUN.

207 179,
and

with

death

of

described Clytemnestra,

at

page

as

on

from Vulci, in which Ajax is depicted Etruscan vase immolating purely with Charun" stands while a by, grinning Trojan captive, savage 9. delight. Mon. Ined. Inst. II. tav. of Death, leading the messenger He is also often represented as or the horse on which the soul is mounted 6) ; or, (utsupra, pp. 194 driving
"
"

as

on

vase

at

Rome,
car

and

another the

from

Bomarzo,

now

at

Berlin,
2.

accompanying the

in which

soul is seated

(Ann. Inst. 1837,

I. p. 320); or attending of souls on foot the procession p. 261; cf. vol. in the Grotta de' Pompej, of Corneto into the other world, as shown

(Vol.I. pp.
both Braun

310
and

etseq. cf. Ann.

Ambrosch
and

Inst. 1834, p.
so

the infernal minister such

as were

regardas not his charge, as

275) ; though this scene of much a real representation sort of theatrical masquerade,
also the
tormentor

used
in

in Bacchic

festivals. of

Charun,
souls
scenes

the Etruscan
or

is mythology,

guilty
Such

and
are

his hammer

sword

is the instrument

of torture.

I. p. 320; in the Grotta Cardinale at Corneto (Vol. represented Pt. II. pi. cf. Byers' Hypogsei of Tarquinia, 6, 7, Pt. III. pi.5, 6 ; at the Mon. Etrus. IV. tav. 27.);and in the Grotta Tartaglia Inghir. IV. tav. 24), same place(Vol.I. p. 348 ; Dempst. II. tab. 88 ; Inghir.
as

well

as

on

Nolan

vase

in the Museo

and Mastrilli,

on

another

in the

Musee for

; in Pourtales-Gorgier (Ann. Inst. 1837, mercy

all which 2. p.

instances the victim is supplicating

268).
between distinguish hammers
or

In many

of these

scenes

it is difficult to
his
or

Charun other in

and

other

infernal demons, For

attendants, with
more
are

analogousattributes.
the and both
same as

two

sometimes

introduced

scene,

as

in that which

forms

in the Grotta
are on

Cardinale

at

sexes,

armed. similarly Charun.

monuments

to this volume, frontispiece such beings, of Corneto, where many be supposed the They may generally

the

attendants
on

Miiller,indeed, takes
to

many the
a

of these

demons

Etruscan

represent Mantus,
Romans

(Etrusk.III. 4, 10), as
armed
with
a

the
at

introduced

King of Hades figureof Pluto,

combats, to carry off the gladiatorial d. Etrusk. pp. 16, also (Gottheit. ad Nat. I. 10). Gerhard slain (Tertull. these on 56, taf. VI. 2, 3) thinks it is Mantus that is often represented the beings where he is crowned, though he distinguishes urns, especially of Charun. and other attributes generally with hammers by the name Manducus" of the Both Miiller and Gerhard refer the origin (Fest. ap. ridiculous the with sub II. Rud. Plaut. P. Diac. 6, 51), effigy, voce; of the wide jaws and chattering teeth, borne in the publicgames hammer,
their
"

Romans,

to this source,

and

consider it as

caricature

of the Etruscan

208

VOLTERRA

."

The

Museum.

to [appendix

Charun, or
must

leader

of souls

"

Manducus

"

quasi Manium

Dux.

Charun

be

him. demons
Ambrosch

regardedrather as a minister of Mantus, than as identical with Etruscan on He is often represented urns, accompaniedby female
or

Fates, who, in other

fancied
that the
sex or

cases,

are

substituted

for him.
that of

Dr.

of the Furies
are as

demons

indicated

the

defunct ; but female

which the

Fates

often introduced
in

into

scenes

represent the
Theban

death The

of

males,
in

the

mutual of

of slaughter
or

Brothers.

eyes

the

wings

Charun,
as

of

female

demon,

have his substitute, and

been already

mentioned,

intimating

superhumanpower
Miiller
have been

(ut supra, p. 182). intelligence suggests that the Charon of the earlyGreek in the later Greek a as great infernal deity,
Charontic or KXi/iaKes?) (Xapwveiot

traditions may
poems
;

and

thinks the Xapaweta

door, of the Greek

is usually supposed.

theatre,indicates
It is

greater extension of the idea than

Charun
has
never

that singular

been

found
us,

on designed
as

Etruscan
Bunsen

mirrors, those remarks, with

a

monuments

which

present

Chevalier

of Etruscan Inst. figurative dictionary mythology(Bull. character 1836, p. 18). This must be explained by the non-sepulchral The Etruscan of these articles. lady, while dressingher hair or relish such of her memorial a paintingher cheeks, would scarcely under her eyes, but would prefer to look at the deeds of gods mortality and Helen. however, it Occasionally, or heroes, or the loves of Paris of a funereal character were be confessed that scenes must represented
on

these mirrors. Charun is sometimes introduced

as

the

also in a tomb at paintedtomb of Vulci (Vol. I. Chiusi, opened in 1837, where two Charuns, as large as life,were the intruder with in high relief in the doorway,threatening sculptured their hammers (Ann. Inst. 1837, 2. p. 258). remarked It has been by Miiller,as well as by Platner in his Beschreibungder Stadt Rom," that the Charon Michael Angelo has of the Last Judgment, has much introduced into his celebrated picture
"

guardianof p. 428); and

the

sepulchre
"

as

in

more

of the

of conception

his Etruscan

than forefathers,

of the

Greek

poets.
The hammer is considered distinctive attribute, than
as

such.

In

one

Inst. 1837, 2. p.

260)

symbol, or instrument, yet it is occasionally as an sented reprewith a fillet (Ann. it is decorated instance Inst. in another, encircled by a serpent (Bull. by
Dr. Braun rather
as
a

97). In every case it appears to have an infernal reference ; of Vulcan, of the in the Greek mythologyit is either the instrument Etruscan of Jupiter symbol it is referred or Serapis ; but as an Cyclops,
1844,
p.

chap,

xli.]
Braun
to

THE

ETRUSCAN

CHARUN.

209

by

the

Cabiri, in whose
and

mysterious worship

he

thinks

trine origin. Gerhard, who has embraced the docof the northern origin of the Etruscans, a doctrine so fashionable the Germans, suggests the analogyof Thor with his hammer ; among also a and reminds that in the northern us mythology there was and malignant, ferryman for the dead; that female demons, friendly Charun had his seat
were

in readiness
was

to carry

off the soul ; and

that
the

even

the horse, as

in

Etruria,

Etrusker, pp.
For further Dr. Ambrosch, Emil.

present for the swift ride of 17, 57).

details
"

dead

der (Gottheiten

the concerning

Etruscan
and
"

Charun,
the

see

the work of it I I

of Dr.

De

Charon te Etrusco,"
Inst.

review
to

by

Braun, Ann.
indebted

1837, 2.

pp. Dr.

253

274,

which work

am am

siderably con-

for

this note.

Ambrosch's

not

with, except throughthis acquainted

excellent article by Dr. Braun.

VOL.

II.

CHAPTER

XLII.

THE

MAREMMA.

Guarda,

mi

disse,al

mare

vidi

piana

Cogli altri
Dilectivole Ivi
e

colli la Marema

tutta,
sana.

molto,

poco

e Massa, Grossetto, e

la distructa

Civita vechia, Che Ivi

e

ivi

Popolonia,
e

apenna
ancor

pare
ove
e

tanto

mal

conduta.

fue la Sendonia. altre ehio

en non

Queste
Sono Famose

cita

dico, Roma,
antico. Faccio
degli

per
e

la Marema

verso

grandi per
Maremma

lo tempo

Ubeuti.

The
A

green

!
"

sun-brightwaste brooding sadness

human desert

of

beauty

"

yet
scene

an

air ;
"

Of No The

o'er the

is shed

footsteptracks
of luxuriance

the lone domain

glows

in vain. Hemans.

These

lines of Mrs. the Tuscan

Hemans Maremma

present
;
seasons

true

summer

picture of

and

such

is the
most

idea

conceived generally

of it at all

alike For

by

lishmen Enghave
a

except
notion

as

regards its beauty.

than
a

few

that

it is other

desert
a

seashore

swamp, boars

without totally
and

interest, save
the
or

as

preserve

of wild

roe-bucks,without

or picturesque,

or antiquities,

good accommodation,
the

dangersof

anything else to compensate its fever-fraught atmosphere in short,

"

for

"

wild

and

melancholy

waste

Of

putridmarshes,"
as perilous

as

desolate and

the

Pomptine. They

know

not

2 12

THE

MAREMMA.

[chap,xi.ii. and condition,

to Piom-

ancient

Via

Aurelia.2

It is in excellent
a

diligence runs
bino and

three times

week

from

Leghorn

Grosseto.
to

I propose

conduct

my

readers

to

Populonia by

the

road from
The

Volterra.
that
"

citysouthward to the is Maremma what carriageablethroughout,though somein after rugged in parts, and nowhere to be rejoiced beneath heavy rains. As it descends the long bare slope Volterra, it passes through a singular tract, broken into hills of black marl or clay, without a blade of grass on of a recent their surface, seeming to mark the ravages for ages, perhaps before the creation but so existing flood, and five miles of man. At the foot of the long-drawnhill,
road
runs
"

from

that

from

Volterra,
are following

are

the Saline,the government

Salt-works,
X. X. XIII. VIII. XVI. Villi.

The and

the
on

ancient

tions sta-

Vadis Velinis Ad

Volateris

distances

this road, and Cosa the northwards three raries. Itine-

along the coast, from

to

Fines

Luna,

as

given by

Piscinas Turrita Pisis

Itinerary

of

Antoninus.

Fossis Ad

Papirianis Frigida

XI. XII. X.

Taberna

Lunse

Maritime

Itinerary.

Amine, fluv.
Portum Cetarias Herculis Domitianas XXV.
III.

Almina, fluv.
Portum Fluv. Lacu Telamonis Umbronis
i

Villi.

IXVIII.
J XVII I.
\ I
.

Aprile
flum.

Alma,

Scabros, port. Falesiam, port.

XVII

I.

Populonium, port.
Vada, port.
Portum
l'isanum

XIII. XXX. XVII 1.

Pisas, fluv. Lunam,

fluv. Macra

Villi. XXX.

chap,

xlii.] THE the

CECINA."

POMARANCE."

CASTELNUOVO.

2V6

where
well

factories deep wells and the evaporating* worthy of inspection.Through the hollow flows of classical renown,3 between wooded
a

are

the

Cecina

small

stream

in

wide

sandy bed,
my

banks, and here spanned,to

"

astonishment,by
"

as suspension bridge, verily,

"

the

natives say, una wilderness. From

in the midst gran betta cosa ! the wooded heightsbeyond,a

of this

ficent magniby
as

view of Volterra,with her mural

A few

diadem, is obtained.
clean neat
vouch
at

miles

further is

Pomarance,

town,

which is all I can moonlight at least, the proverbsaith, What seems a lion but an ape in the morning
" "
"

for,but,

nightmay

prove

La La

sera

Hone,
babbione.

mattina

Pomarance

is said to have would

comfortable

inn.

Let the

traveller then, who this road, remember

to

visit the

on night somewhere if it be his intention the same, especially and celebrated singular, interesting,

halt the

borax-works

of Monte

Cerboli, about

four miles distant.4

At Castelnuovo, a

ten or twelve miles beyond some village Pomarance, I can promise him little comfort, as he will and the his bed fully find,if he have my lot, preoccupied,

preoccupiedwith extravagant of the English. All notions of the wealth and pluckability this district, even beyond Castelnuovo and Monterotondo, is boracic, and the hills on shooting every hand are ever
mind
of his host

also

8) Pliny (III.
the
same
"

shows

that

the

river

it

as

river, as
would
et loca et

Cluver read

(II. p. 469)
the passage
"

had

name

in his time, " fluvius much earlier very

we

opines,who
"

Caecinna,"
not ; but

how

know
remote

Etrusca

flumina,"instead of
"
"

probably
on u

from

the current
4

version

loca et nomina."

times. the have

towns

Mela

(II.4) speaks of
this coast. But

it among he may

cited

Cecina," instead
he may have

of Vada
was near

of these works good description in Hand-book. See Murray's given also Repetti, vv. Lagoni,Monte Cerboli, A is Pomarance.

Volaterrana, the port which

its mouth
;
or

referred

to

2 I 1

THE

MAREMMA.

[chap.xlii. in tall white

forth

the

hot

and

fetid vapour

numerous

columns, which, by moonlight on

like
"

their dark

look slopes,

quills upon the fretful porcupine/' miles beyond Castelnuovo, the road, Some been ascending from the Cecina, continually
greatest elevation.
extent,
sea,
over
a

which
attains

has its
vast

Here

it commands

prospect of

wide

nearlytwenty island from the and Populonia risinglike an Piombino peaks of Elba seen dimly in the far deep, and the lofty horizon. Among the undulations at the foot of the height, Berwhich the road here crosses, is the hill of Castiglione nardi, which Inghirami has pronouncedto be the site of the Vetulonia of antiquity. of I did not visit this spot, for I was deterred by one in southern climates, of rain common those sudden deluges Avhich burst like a water-spout upon just as I had me, begun to descend to it ; and I thought myselffortunate in the shelter of my carrettino. Not relishing soon regaining
a

expanse of undulating country to the miles distant, with the promontory of

country walk of

some

miles after such

storm, I did not

but made await its cessation, I did this with

the best of my way to Massa. the less regret, for my quondam fellow-

Mr. Ainsley, had previously twice visited the spot, traveller, furnished with directions from Inghiramihimself,and had

sought
for any

in

vain, in

careful examination

of the

ground,

for any traces of or antiquity, ancient city of importance. Inghirami indeed admits an a that the hill in questionis but a poggettoangusto
remains of Etruscan
"
"

circumscribed mound, not

and
must

more

than half

mile in
as

circuit,

quite incapableof holdinga citysuch

have been
a
"

Vetulonia
seen

and

says that

on

it

are

to

be

only

the ruins of
enormous

castle of the middle could he

"

oaks, nor
a

with ages, overgrown the extant perceiveamong bore

a

masonry

singlestone

which

trace

of ancient

chap,

xlii.]

THE

HILL

OF

CASTIGLIONE

BERNARDI.

215

with the Tyrrhene construction,such as might correspond remains of the Etruscan of Vetulonia."5 Why then city 3 city suppose this to have been the site of that famous
First
"

because

he

finds the hill so ages,

"

ments called in certain docuas

of the middle

one

as

far back

the eleventh the river he

century.6Secondly
Cornia,which
thinks must
"

because
in hot

it is not far from

some springs,

abounds been
"

of which

have

those mentioned
7

by Plinyas
in
"

ing, exist-

ad

Vetulonios ;

besides
"

being
a

the

immediate

of a lake neighbourhood Lago water. Thirdly because

"

Cerchiaio few

of hot

reous sulphu-

tombs

of Etruscan

and with undoubted construction,

been

Etruscan
"

have furniture, and

on

found

in

the

vicinity. Fourthly
"

this the

Cavaliere
to

laysmost stress Vetulonia by Ptolemy

Volterra,Siena,

because
was

the situation district

assigned

in the

comprised
he thinks

between

and

which Populonia,8

Ricerclie

di Vetulonia, Lettera Published also IV. pp.

in

II. the
"

Novum

; in

Arretium Arretium be

Vetus, Arretium
Julium. that ages is It the
no

pp. 35, 36, 52. Memorie 136.

6

Fidens,
must

and

dell' Institute

95

also

remembered of the middle

more

nomenclature Ric. di Vetul. p. 29.

us

Repetti (V.
that many

evidence

of

that

of

p.

706), however, tells

of the tenth

Through
blunder
names were

the

fond

early times. of an partiality

the ancient

documents of this the

"

century

speak

ecclesiastic for his of

some

or native-place,

without Castiglioue, How

mentioning
this spot which

antiquary,
attached
not
to

hill of Vetulonio."
name

often did
soon

sites,to
Such

acquiredthe
it bore easy
to say.

of Vetulonium

which
errors

they
would

belong.
however

during the middle

That it bore times
names

ages, it is not this

we

become
to

tion appellano

traditional with
maintain the

the

people,anxious
of their into pass

in

Etruscan That the

have

honour
even

native their

proof.
often evidence Camers
to

of

placeswere
we

town,

and

would and it
was

altered

by

the

ancients and
to

have
"

documents Thus lana thus

was

monumental that Civita

tions. inscripCastelVeii ; and

in Etruria
was

its confines

changed
to

Clusium, Agylla
and

made

the

ancient

Ccere,Aurinia

Saturnia,Nequinum
to

Annio's

and forgeries
became current

capricious
for ages

to Narnia, Felsina

Bononia of from
a

"

we

nomenclature

know

that

the

name

town
one

was

in the traditions of the

7
8

people.
He
even

sometimes

transferred

site to
"

Plin. N. H. II. 106. Ric. di Vetul. p. 93.

to make

another, as in Falerii and

that
we names see were

Volsinii

and

poses prosearches re-

occasionally multiplied
Vetus and Clusium

this the

basis of his

in Clusium

for the site of Vetulonia.

But

21G

THE

MAREMMA.

xlii. [chap.

may

correspond with
that
to

this

hill of

Bernard! Castiglione

Nevertheless, so littlecould he reconcile this circumscribed

site with of
a

first-rate

such city,
was

as

Vetulonia

is

described

have

been, that he
ancient

driven to suppose
towns

the
"

existence of two the

one

cities or

of that

name

of lyingon the northern slopes the Ciminian ; the other, being that famous for hot springs, occupyingthis hill of Castiglione.9 I shall not in this place do more than state the views of the late Cavaliere Inghirami, of which, coming from a man eminence, are entitled to all respect. approved archaeological The subjectwill be further considered in a subsequent I treat of another site in the Maremma, when chapter, which, I think, has much stronger claims to be regarded
of

greatest renown

as

that of the ancient Vetulonia. and description Ainsley's

Let

it suffice to mention

that Mr. Bernardi of

sketches of

Castiglione

represent it in entire accordance

a

with the admission

as Inghirami,

small, isolated,conical hill,about

at Chiusi, tainly cerPoggio di Gajella

the size of the celebrated

not
"

so

largeas
"

the Castellina at without

Tarquinii a
"

mere

or poggetto"

monticcllo"
an

any
even

level space

that fifthwere

could
rate

admit

of

Etruscan which

town,
I may

of fourth

or

importance. To
unsound
a

add, that if this

how

basis this is, and is to and be trusted

"

how

quence
in
a

of the

of reasoning
in

Dr. Ambrosch the three

little
so

Ptolemy
errors

being

letter written the

reply to
137

full of

that inconsistencies,
were

published by
(Memor.
fell back His upon

venerable
pp.
"

antiquary 155), and

if the

towns

of Etruria

arranged longitudes
have
an

Inst. IV. his

accordingto
he
new entirely

the latitudes and

we

hill of this
was

Castiglione.
the site of

assigns them,
map
at

should land"

of the
an

I have in V. the pp.

opinion that Vetulonia is supported by

who that
to to

Dr.

Ambrosch,
site with
to

shown

length in
Museum,

article No.

reconcile

this

mean

Classical 229
9
"

1844,

of Vetulonia invalidate
as

is driven

attempt
Silius gran-

246.

the the

evidence

of

Ricerche

di Vetulonia, p. 50.
up

He

Italicus
deur
to

to

importance and
the

ultimately gave
Vetulonia fnst.

the idea

of

Ciminian
;

of that ancient his

city. I have replied

above-men-

(op. cit. pp. 93"6 in 1839, pp. 150"152),

Bull.
conse-

objectionsin

tioned paper

in the Classical Museum.

chap,

xlii.] Etruscan
it
can

PRETENDED

SITE

OF

VETULONIA.

217

an

site, as
have been

the

tombs neighbouring

seem

cate, to indi-

only one
"
"

of the thousand
"

and

one

"

and villages The

castles

castella vicique which

rest satisfied that
seen on no

existed in remains

Etruria. of
an

traveller may
town
are

Etruscan
to

to be

the

spot. Should
at

he wish Monte

the fact,he verify

a

will find accommodation

or

Rotondo,

town

two

three

miles

from

the

he can of Poggio of Castiglione ; and see, in the house of this tenuta,a number Signer Baldasserini,the proprietor of vases and other Etruscan antiquities, found in the neighbourhood.

continual

descent

of many

miles

through a
That

wild tract

of oak

underwooded forests,
to the
a

and with tamarisk, laurestinus,

brushwood, leads
the of extremity
unlike

plainof
of
seen

Massa.

citycrowns
at
a

long range
as

and heights,

distance
;

is not

Harrow
towers

from
more

Hampstead

Heath

but

its walls and the

see

giveit a

imposing air.

Though

with nearly3000 inhabitants,and one bishop, of the principal Massa cities of the Maremma, is a mean, dirtyplace,without an inn unless the chandler's shop,
a
"

of

assuming

the

name

of "Locanda
is a

del

Sole," may
a

be

so

called. The

Duomo

small,neat

of the thirteenth edifice,

low

with century, in the Byzantine style,

tier triple in

dome

and

of arcades

in the

facade.

The

interior is not

additions,and has keeping,being spoilt by modern nothing of interest beyond a very curious font of early block. date, formed of a single has been supposedby some Massa the site of to occupy the epithet Vetulonia, an opinion founded principally on of this name to a town Veternensis," attached by Ammianus Marcellinus,1the only ancient writer who
"
1

Amm.

Marcell.

XIV.

11, 27.

He

Ciesar, the brother

tate.

of Julian

the

Apos-

of Gallus speaks of it as the birth-place

218

THE

MAREMMA.

xmi. [chap.

speaksof

Massa,

and

which The

is

regarded

as

corruption

of "Vetuloniensis."2

anythingthat would and have adoptedthis opinion,

; not to

ready to catch at towns-people, their native place, confer dignityon

it has become
on
a

tion local tradiI

be

the

more

credited that

that account.
was

an originally the spot. Adjoiningthe town, to on Etruscan population land, the south-east, is a height,or rather a cliff-bound tablecalled Poggio di Vetreta, or Vuetreta, which has all

have

little doubt, however,

there

the

features

of

an

Etruscan
a

site.

It is about

mile

in

of and three-quarters length,

it breaks into

mile in its greatest breadth;

a

cliffs on

all sides,except where

narrow

isthmus

unites it to the

heights.No fragments neighbouring perceive ;

but

of ancient walls could I

traces

there

are

not

few

of the

that

its Roman

in the cliffs.3 It is highly probable sepulchres of this town is to be traced in name original indeed, belong to this site),4 that, (if appellation

"

See

Viaggi Targioni-Tozzetti,
p. 1 16.

in

that

town,

are

the

ruins

of the

city of
tins

Toscana, IV.
3

Vetulonia

; but
to

Inghirami
source,

ascribes
as

In

the
are

cliffs
some

just opposite
beneath

the

tradition

its true

will pre-

Cathedral and
so

sepulchralniches,
rocks Massa
in

sentlybe
4

shown.

also in the Mr.

itself.

Ainsley observed, Poggio

de' de

the
some

Repetti (III. p. 139) does not think for identifythere is sufficient authority ing
hnus tima
numerous

cliffs of the passages the Buche

were

Vetreta,

the

Massa

Veternensis

of

MarcelMarit-

running

far into the rock, like Saracini

at

with
;

this town
he

of Massa

Volterra. Below

for

shows

They
this

probably
This be

sewers.
a

places,not
district of
"

(cf.p. 109) that only in Tuscany,

the the Etruria, had

height there
to
more

is also
name

Giardino
been

di sup-

but

in the

in Papal State,especially

Vuetreta.

has from
a

southern

posed
but

derived

Vetulonia,
of

title of Massa, the

now

i.e., a
most

large estate," in
of which
to

is

probably

corruption
the
to town

middle

ages,

have

the it be

Latin
not

of appellation rather traceable

common

; if

the

glass-

nise the and

dropped it. He of birth-place

read
"

inclines

recog-

Gallus in Viterbo,

once factories,

in this district. p. 39; Memor.

would

Massa

Veterbensis,"
Cluver
not

Inghir. Ric.
Inst. IV. p.

di

Vetul.

instead

of "Veternensis." does

(II.
to

120.

Ximenes

(citedby
asserts

p. 513), however,

hesitate with

Iughiranh, op.
currency
in
a

cit. p. tradition

62)
at

the that of

identifythe
of A.

modem

Massa

that

of

Massa,
west

Marcellinus.

dense

wood

five

miles

220

THE

MAREMMA.

[chap.xlii. bad

others

on

lower

yet ground,

has

name,

proverbialised

by

the

saying,
Massa, Massa
Salute passa.
"

It is
Let the

dreary road
Massa
;

to Follonica

across on

the barren than

plain.
the

traveller,however, drive

rather
no

pass

high pretensions, comfortable at the former is far more place. Follonica, more indeed, is much having a littleport,and frequented, large iron factories ; and lying on the high-road from This littleindustrious village Leghorn to Civita Vecchia. appears quitecivilised after the dreamy dulness of Massa.7 From Follonica there are two ways to Populonia one along the sandy strip of shore, called II Tombolo, to
night at
"

for the inn,though of

Piombino, fifteen miles

further
to
over

distant,8 and
;

thence

six

miles

the

mountains
ten
or

the other

by

the

high road
across

Leghorn, for
The

eleven

miles,and

then

the
a

Maremma.

in fine weather, is practicable for first,

carriage throughout ;
the the the high-road, forest.
rest

the second of

I chose

the

only as long as you keep the way being by a path through is shorter by latter track,which
neighbouring
in Ionia. Tav. Ann. Etruscan

Abeken

thinks Strabo

that

the

abandoned
saw

city of
Mon. Ined.

PopuInst,

mines, which
the have p. 30. mentions mines. have
success s

(V.
of

p. 223)

Inst. D.
59.

1834, pp. 198"222.

1.

neighbourhood
been at

Populonia, must 240)

which

d'Agg.
58,

Follonica.

Mittelitalien, I.
p. and site of these

tav.

Between and about

Follouica
a

But

Miiller

(Etrusk. I.
as

Piombino,
from the

mile

Caldana

the

only

latter,is the
Faleria of

Porto

de'

They
been

are

probably those
late with

Faliesi, the 371), the

time
ster

Rutilius of the

(I.
Mari-

re-opened of
of vicinity is not
a an

great
site.

Falesia

Portus

in the Piombino

Campiglia.
ancient votive statue found
a

see DempItinerary, page 212. (II.p. 432) erroneouslyplacesthis

Here, however,
of
sea

beautiful
was

ancient

port
the

at

the island

other of

end

of the The

Apollo
a

in

bronze

in the Greek

bay,

near

Troja.

few

years

since, having
its
is
now

inscriptionon
AEKATAN"

foot
in

"

A0ANAIAI

It

the

Louvre. deco-

Rutilius neighbouring lagoon, which speaks of,is that into which the Cornia empties itself. Repetti(IV. p. 293) says
the

M.

Letronuc
some

thinks

it may

have

ancient

port is now

much

choked

by

rated

temple

of Minerva

in

the

from the deposits

that river.

chap,

xlii.]

ITS

WOODS

AND

WASTENESS

WIDE.

221

had been by the Tombolo rendered uncarriageable by heavy rains. My road lay throughthe level of the Maremma, where in a state of primitive for some miles everything was wild over the plain nature ran ; a dense wood ; it could be called a forest, for there was tree not a scarcely of tamarisk, twenty feet in height; but a tall underwood and numerous dwarf cork-trees, shrubs lentiscus, myrtle, unknown into an to me, fostered by the heat and moisture and matted together by parasitical extravagant luxuriance, plantsof various kinds. Here a break offered a peep of a stagnant lagoon ; there of the sandy Tombolo, with the I could see sea breakingover it ; and above the foliage five

miles, because

the road

the dark

crests

of Monte of

Calvi

on

the

one

hand, and

the

lofty promontory
there
on
a

on Populonia

the other.
one

Habitations house lonely the dense

were

none

in this

save wilderness,
a

rising-ground.If
on

pathway opened into

here
to

thickets of the The the and

either

hand, it was
seemed

the track of the wild beasts have

no

forest.

Man

dominion. cattle have the

"

and boar, the roebuck, the buffalo,

wild
was

undisputed range
wasteness

of the

jungle.

It

woods

wide

"

of this Maremma,

that seized Dante's

the when he pictured imagination by the souls of suicides,

Infernal

wood, inhabited

un

bosco

Che

da

nessun

sentiero

era

segnato.
'nvolti ;
tosco.

Non

frondi rami

Non Non

ma verdi, ma schietti, ma

di color fosco ;

nodosi
con

pomi
han

v' eran, si

stecchi

Non

ne aspristerpi,

si folti

che 'n odio hanno Quelle fiere selvegge, Tra Cecina

e

Corneto

luoghicolti.

After
"

some

miles there land

sown

were

few traces

of cultivation from the

stripsof

by
with

the
corn

road-side
;

redeemed

waste, and

yet, like the

of clearings

"Z2Z

THE

MAREMMA.

[chap.xlii.

American

backwoods,

still

studded which the

with
nature

stumps
had
had
a

of

trees, showing the

subdued. At

strugglewith
season

been fair
not
a

this cool
"

roads

of travellers sprinkling few

labourers

going to work,

and

beingsin a regionthat produces indispensable pedlars, is temand fuel. But the population porary flesh, nothingbut fish, of woodcutters,agricultural and nomade, consisting
labourers
wants.

and These

herdsmen, and
colonists distant northern
"

those who

minister

to

their

called

"

are

from the

and Pistoja
to

be they may strictly parts of the Duchy, mostlyfrom districts ; and they come down
to cut

for such

these
"

lowlands the
at

in the autumn

wood

and

make

charcoal
In

prime

duties

of

the

Maremma
summer

labourer.

May,
or

the commencement

of the the but

heats, the

greater jmrt of them

return to

emigrateto
;

their homes

mountains, neighbouring four or a few linger

five weeks where

longer, just to gather in

the

scanty harvest,
"

there is any, and then itis sauve the quipeut, and devil take the hindmost." No one remains in this deadly who atmosphere, "the birds and the
can

the

way very flies"are

to

in any

crawl

out

of

it
"

even

said, in the emphatic

the has

language of
waste.

Southron,

abandon winter

plague-stricken
two
or

Follonica, which

in

three

hundred
in the

has scarcely half-a-dozen inhabitants,

souls left

dog-days ; beyond
doomed
to rot
at

the

men

of

the

coast-guard,

who the

are

their
;

is posts. Such, at least,

report given by the natives

I leave imaginations, it.

how

far it is coloured
to

southern wish

to

others

by if they verify,
would
be

My advice, however,
"

for that

season

hanc has terras, Italique cuncta malis habitantur

litoris oram,

Effuge;

moenia

for the sallow emaciation, or

seen

bloatedness, so dropsical
a

often

along this

coast, confirms

great part of the tale. In

chap,

xmi.]

ITS

POPULATION

AND

CLIMATE.

223

October, when

the

sun

is

losing his

power

to

create

againto flow towards miasma, the tide of population begins

the Maremma.

always have producedthe same from have been unhealthy must and the Maremma effects, extent as at to the same Yet scarcely the earliest times. would not present, or the coast and its neighbourhood remains prove it to extant have been so well peopled, as
The
same causes

must

have

been.

In Roman

times the

we

know

it and

was

much

as

at

the

had patricians villas along this coast in spots which now are utterly and cenThe Romans, by their conscriptions, deserted. tralising ; the land fell system, diminished the population

present day.9 Yet

Emperors

out

of

and cultivation,
;
so

malaria

was

the

natural

quence conse-

stood, largecities had originally or road-stations, lonelyvillas met the mere post-houses, which reduced The same times. causes eye in Imperial have to a desert must the Campagna of Rome operated The old saying, here.
that where
Lontan Lontan da da

citta, sanita,

is most

to applicable
are

these best

cultivation is

the

and where population regions, against disease. It safeguards

probablethat
to

under

the

Etruscans
or we

the

malaria

was

confined

the level of the coast, of

so

should

scarcely
; on

find traces
on

many

the chief cities of the land, cities, far from the

sea

the great table-lands,not

now,

sites

which
are

from
most

want

of cultivation and

become

It

pestilent ; but which, ought to enjoyimmunity from the desolating scourge. for a is but justice to add, that the rulers of Tuscany,
says of it
"

proper draining, tion, from their eleva-

V. 6) Pliny (epist.

Est X.

sane

ora graviset pestilens

Tuscorum, qure

per litus extenditur.

Cf.

Virg. ./En.

184

Serv. in loc. ; Rutil. I. 282.

224

THE

MAREMMA.

[chap,xi.ii.

improve the condition of both by drainage, by filling this district, up the poolsand and by reclaimingland from the waste for agricultural swamps,
century

past,have

clone much

to

much But purposes. for the mischief of ages cannot

success

yet remains
be remedied

to be

done The

in

day.

already attained in the Val di Chiana, and the of the soil, offer every encouragement. natural fertility the Mareinnia," saith the proverb, "you get rich "In
in
a

year, but

"

you
un

die in
si

six months"

"

in Maremma

in s'arricchisce The

anno,

muore

in sei mesi. of the

circumstances peculiar
excuse

Maremma

are

made

of quantity, inferiority or workmanship. You complainof the food or quality, accommodation. My host shrugs his shoulders, and cries, ? siamo in Maremma' che Ma vnole,signor cosa the universal
for

every

"

"

"

what A

nigh lamed the horse I had hired ; f e roba he replied, Cosa vnole,signor to my complaints is a proverbial Maremma-stuff di Maremma!' sion expresin truth, of Italy, These lower regions of inferiority. deemed are worthy of a place in a Tuscan's scarcely has for ages geography. Nel mondo, o in Maremma" Lisetta been a current saying. Thus, Boccaccio's Madonna that the angel Gabriel had called her the tells her gossip
well
" " " "

you smith bungling

would

have, sir 1

we

are

in

the

Maremma.

handsomest The

"

woman

in the

world

or

in the Maremma."
as

traveller will find, however, that demands

on

accommodation
become
more

deteriorates,the
exorbitant
comes

his

purse

not

from

for everything wholly without reason, other parts nothing is produced in the
"

Maremma,
even

Milk, butter,fruit,all the necessaries of life,

and meat,
are

bread

brought from
or a

distance

fowls

and the

eggs, and

fish occasionally

wild-boar

chop,are
grown
in

onlyproduce of the spot. Corn is not yet for the winter population. sufficient quantities

chap,

xlii.]

CALDANE."

CAMPIGLIA.

"25

About
crosses

the the

ninth

milestone

from

the Follonica, the wide

road

on valley the right, the heights of Massa and Campiglia. between The latter placeis seen from afar off, the on glistening wooded slopes.A mile or two beyond the Cornia,a road branches to it,thence three miles distant ; and a path turns off in the opposite direction through the jungle to miles off. Hard seven Populonia, by this spot a white house by the road-side, at the eleventh milestone from marks Le Caldane, the hot springs, which have Follonica, been regardedby Inghirami, well as by earlier writers, as the aqiice calidce ad Vetulonios, mentioned as by Pliny.2 They are stillused as hot baths. is a town of some Campiglia consequence, having2000

Cornia, which

flows from

resident inhabitants is almost doubled

but in the cool

season

that number

by the influx of the labourers from other A parts of the Duchy, who migrate to the Maremma. of having been mobbed traveller complains recent here, and followed through the streets, as bears and monkeys and describes the locanda as the worst are by children, exist.3 I did not happen to be misthat could possibly taken for either of those saltatory over, quadrupeds ; and morein the Locanda of Giovanni Dini,I experienced great and attention, and as much comfort as can be civility in a country town, off the high road, and where expected of foreigners the tastes and whims not wont to be are
1

Tuscany
of

is indebted
to

for much the

of

able!'"
-

Supplem. p.
be the

261. Cornia of is sup-

this

improvement
her
"

assiduous

Plin. II. 106.

to

The

exertions

ruler,Leopold II.
says
"

present benevolent He who in 1832,"

posed
which
ver.

Lvnceus
a

Lycophron
of Etruria

(Cassand. 1240),
abounded II. p. 472.

river

Repetti, visited the desert and unhealthyplain between the Cecina and the height of Rosignano, and returns
to
me

in

hot

springs. Cludi Vetul.

Inghir.Ric.

p. 26.
3

it in
:
"

1846,
not

cannot

but

exclaim Tuscan

with Ma-

ViaggioAntirjuario per
14.

la Via Aure-

'The
are

evils of

the

lia, p.

remma

then in every part incury

VOL.

II.

""M

THE

MAREMMA.

xlii. [chap.

studied. Giovanni
host
as

himself

is

you

will meet
to

in the

and intelligent an obliging wide Maremma, Therefore,

as

those visitors
of
cannot

do

who do not accept the hospitalities Populonia, seek a lodging at Piombino, or the Desiderj, the acquaintanceof Giovanni better than make

of

Campiglia.
It is in these

mountains, and

not

far from have

to
a

Campiglia,
situated.
a

that Vetulonia Leandro

and

was

long supposed to
of
some name

been

Alberti, in 1550, first gave

ruins in

the thick

world wood

long
abouts, herethe
to

detailed account

which, from the

of vicinity the hot of

of the wood, Le

and

from

springsof

Caldane, he concluded
as

be the remains

Vetulonia,or,

he calls it,Itulonium.
di S. Vincenzio

He

asserts

that between of

the Torre
miles
a

and

the headland
in the

three Populonia,

from

the sea, and

of

midst

of dense

woods, is

spaciousinclosure

composed of blocks from four to six feet and without cement long, ; the wall neatlyput together, being ten feet thick. In many parts it is overthrown
ancient masonry,
to

the foundations.

Within all ruined

this and

are

many
;

or fountains,

almost reservoirs,

empty

besides

certain

wells, some
marble
remains

and of

quitechoked with earth ; other costly stones, but in a superb amphitheatre,

around the

mosaic

pavement of
ruined
; the

much which

lies

great
Both dense

block of within

marble, inscribed with Etruscan

underwood,
bases
of

characters. the

and

said inclosure,among lie

thickets and
and capitals and

fragmentsof

statues, broken

tomb-stones, columns, slabs,tablets,

of

such-like

thick which

with very antiquity, together substructions and fragments of massive walling, he thinks belonged to some temple or palace. This
remains di be

wood, he says, is called Selva

Vetulia
;

Vetletta,and Vetulonia,
or

the
a

ruins,

which

he

takes

to

temple
ruined

called Vitulonium.

All around

these remains

are

228

THE

MAREMMA.

[chap.ran.
cut

would

not

afford
to

an

effectual concealment, for it is

least
once

from time any

ruins

time,

at

in

generation ;

so

that

days,have been and tional tradisome exposed for years together, frequently record of their site could hardlyfail to be preserved the firstto impugn the peasantry. Inghirami was among after he had soughtin vain for these Alberti's credibility, them ; but finding ruins, and for any one who had seen cover had ever been able to disthat no one, native or foreigner, he concluded them to have existed onlyin their site, Alberti's imagination.8He admits,however, the currency of such rumours meet along this coast ; but could never with any one who had ocular testimony to offer as to the
among

it must,

since Alberti's

existence of these
to

ruins, and

therefore
"

refers such

tions tradi-

of Alberti, the statement source probable current repeated by subsequentwriters,tillit has become in the mouths of the peasantry.9 My own experiencedoes not quite agree with Inghirami's ; for though I made at Campiglia inquiries many and Populonia, not onlyof residents,but of campagnuoli and shepherds, whose lifehad been past in the neighmen bouring

their

country, I could Vetulia,or even Vetulonia,

been

not

learn

that

such

names

as ever

Vetletta, or Vetreta, had

nothingbeyond the Valle al Vetro (Vetriera, I heard it) which Inghirami as speaksof, the valley below Campiglia, towards the Caldane a name derived from the glass-factories there,1 formerlyexisting
in this district;
"

heard

all this Inghiramiinvestigated with the

coun-

greatest care,

but

could
;

find
nor

no

vestigeof
among
trace

Alberti's Vetulonia the traditions

name

try glass. He also shows, from other palof Alberti with absurd statements pably regard to Populonia, how little he is worthy of confidence
9

even,

of the

in

such

matters,

peasantry, a
or

of the
he

Vetulia,
to have

Ric. di Vetul. pp. 40, 48, 49. Ric. di Vetul. p. 63.

ascribes

Vetletta, which
formed

thinks
or

To

this

source

been

by

Zacchio

from Alberti,

he

the

tradition

of the page

Masse-

that of Vetreta, which

exists in several where there have of

tani,mentioned
'

above,

at

218.

spots along this coast

been
in

Ric. di Vetul. p. 39.

former

days

manufactories

chap.

xui.J

ETRUSCAN

REMAINS

NEAR

CAMPIGLIA.

229

traces

of which

are

stillto be
are,

seen

in the
a

dross from

the

furnaces. olden time three

There
around

however,

not

few

remains

of the

Campiglia. At
towards

Rocca the

di San

Silvestro,
Vin-

miles to the north

Torre

di San
at

cenzio f at Castel di
Monte also at

a mile beyond ; Biserno,

Castel di
;

half way between Pilli, San Bartolo

"

and Campiglia

Suvereto

and
or

are

ruins, but all of churches

not

castles of the middle

Though

ages. the ruins Alberti describes

was an

are

now

to be

found, that there

of

Etruscan

Campigliais a have been opened at Monte Patone, a mile below the town the road to Populonia. They have been reclosed with on I received of their form and earth, but the description and recumbent with reliefs, contents figures sarcophagi with embossed the lids fragments of bronze on armour,
" "

in the neighbourhood population fact,attested by tombs that

cocks, boars, serpents, lions, geese, and strange chiniseras,

such
"

as

had

never

been

seen

or

heard of
"

and

pottery of sundry kinds

character.

by my informants me thoroughly persuaded

town

of their Etruscan The

site of precise
It may have

this Etruscan

I did not

tain. ascer-

been

at
now

Campiglia itself, though no

to be
seen

traces
were

of such
we

are antiquity

there. Annio

In fact,

to trust to such

blind

as guides

of Viterbo

and

Leandro

Alberti, we
the
"

should

hold that

was Campiglia

founded

by

sweet-worded and Pylos,

Nestor," who
that the stole

named

it

after his realm

some

of

Cam, by syllable
a

old

unexplained means, and took appellation,

all,it
is
a mere

afterwards

march

on

the

its place at the head of the word.3 founded assumption, partlyon at Le partlyon the hot springs
C.
to

After Alberti's
2

and description,
fortress Classical Sir R.

To

this ruined
was

Hoare
p. 47.
:|

taken.

Tour, I.

corruptionof Capitolium ; for he thinks this town occupiesthe site of the Arx or Capitol of Vctulonia. Viaggio
be
a

modern

traveller takes

Campiglia

Antiquarioper

la Via

Amelia,

p. 12.

2 St i

THE

MAREMMA.

[CHAP. XL1I.

Caklaue, that Vetulonia

tliere is
us
no

stood

in this

neighbourhood,as
which should lead

statement

in ancient writers

to

look But

for

it

here, rather
fashion
"

than
set

elsewhere

along the

coast.4
ever

the

was

since been

followed
as

fashions

by Alberti,and it has in opinion not beingso

in this

cast easily

aside

those in dress.5 have also been found

Roman I
traces

remains heard

hood. neighbour-

of

of Roman

sundry piecesof mosaic, and other that had been recently villas, broughtto
the
no

light.6
The

summit

of the hill above but there

are

town

is called Cammore

Vecchia, piglia
than

remains

ancient
;

the

for you panoramas

Forbear ages. will thence obtain one

in all

middle

not, however, to ascend

of the
mountain
most

Italy
"

where

and

magnificent rock plain,

Oliver
"

(II.

p.

473)

proposes

to

alter the

which Velinis,"

the Peutinnorth

them, as it is evident they follow no Vogeographical Pisse, arrangement

"
"

gerian Table
of Vada into
so
"

placeson

this coast

Rusellte, Feesulse, Perusia, laterrce,

retium, Ar-

Volaterrana

{ut supra,
to

p. 212), it

ManCortona,Acula, Biturgia, nia, liana,Vetulonium, Ssena, Suana, Satur-

Vetulonis," and

transpose
Vada the

to place it between as Populonia, ten miles from

and latter.
6

Eba, Volci, Clusium," Sec.

Near

Campigliasome
been
success

ancient

mines

Cramer agree

(I.p. 187) and

with him. But

Mannert this is
a

(p.358)

have worked

of late years with great

as

purely arbitrarytransposition, suggestedby a

belief in Alberti's statements.
s

reopened and by an English

the

gentleman, who,
was

I heard

story, spot by

led to turn

his attention mention

some

to this

Professor

Gerhard

(Ann. Inst. 1829,

causes, this which

from Strabo
mines

observing the
near

made abandoned

p. may The

194)
hot

suggests three

(V. p. 223) of
to

have

given springs

rise to of the
of

opiuion.
"

ut Populonia.

supra, p. 220.

Caldane the
names

the of

According Campiglia
richer

Dempster
boast

(II.
of

p.

432),
of
a

reported existence

could

mines
"
"

Vetulia, Vetleta, "c,

"

in the

and

"

the order

in which

mentions

after Vetulonia, Arretium and

neighbourhood Ptolemy having cited

before and ing passVolci."
reason,

metal, for he
the

calls it

argenti
ofti-

fodinis nuper cina." also

which
are

ac ditissima,

monetae

In

mountains
white

of

Campiglia
marble,
is
more

Rusellse and
to

quarries of
the Duomo
for

to

Suana, Saturnia,
to
can

of Florence

regard nothing more

the

With

the
be

latter deduced

indebted

its beautiful

incrustations

from the

than to the marble

I. p. 421.

of Carrara.

Repetti,

order

of these places than

from

latitude and

longitudePtolemy assigns

chap,

xlii.]

PANORAMA

OF

THE

MAREMMA.

231

and

sky,lake,river,and island,are brought into one mightyspirit-stirring whole, where Nature together and freshness. exults in undying strength of the Cornia and Turn your back on the deep valley mountains the lofty inland, and let your eye range over the other half of the scene. Campiglialies at your feet, in ivy-grown cradled in olive-groves, and its feudal castle, ward, Now the subjecttown. ruin, scowls over glancesouthwood,
sea

and

far
azure

across

the

green

and

red

Maremma of

and

the the

bay

of

to the headland Follonica,

with Troja,

islet at its foot. will

Far

beyond it,in
of Corneto. Nearer

the

dim

horizon, you
favourite
a

another perceive

so island,the Giglio,

feature in the scenery rock lofty

mass

To

the west

rises the

of Monte
once

Cristo.
the

the many-peaked still, of him for whom

of Elba,
was

whole

realm

of Piomheights the northern bino ; and on extremityof these heights overhanging its sail-less gleams the castle of Populonia, port. Due west, Capraja rises from the blue deep ; and of Corsica faintly the snow-capt mountains far beyond, far, whiten the horizon. More to the north, seen througha gap in the olive-clad heightson which you stand, is the steep islet-rock of Gorgona. ! How ing disenchantHow at times is ignorance delightful these luxuriant, variegated is knowledge ! Look over woods, these smiling lakes at your feet ; admire them, in them think not, know not, that for half the rejoice and curdle vapours," year they exhale earth's rottenest Let yon castle on its headland be the air with pestilence. to you a picturesque object, placedthere but to add beauty tale of desolation to the scene ; listen not to its melancholy and departed grandeur. Those islands, studding the

Europe

too

small,towers

behind

the

"

"

deep,may

be,

some

at

storm-lashed barren, treeless, least, of the

rocks, the haunt

only

fisherman,

or

forsaken

as

232

THE

MAREMMA.

xlii. [chap.

wildernesses unprofitable

but

to

you

who

would

enjoy

this scene,

let them
"

be, one

and

all,what
lying
sea."

they appear,

Summer-isles In dark

of Eden,

purple spheres of

APPENDIX

TO

CHAPTER

XLII.

Alberti's Voglio discrivere

Description alcune lo
cose,
era

of

the souo

pretended

ruins

of

Vetulonia.

che

fra

la Torre

di

Santo

Vinceuzo, ed

il
trc

Proruontorio, sopra
da '1 iniglia
e mare

quale

posta Populonia,fra quelle selve,e folti boschi

discosto. abbraccia in

Vedesi molto

aduuque

iu

questo luogo tutto

con

un silvoso,

graude

(che lungo muro di mente piedi 4

paese) fabricato

gran

sassi

lunghi comunapaiono
che
esser

6,

tanto

diligeutementecomposti
Onde Ella
e

insieme, che
la gran
e vero

composti sensa gliartefici luoghi

t'ondanienti vedesi

calce ed altro bitumo.

tanta

si puo

couoscere

de diligentia in alcuni

iu drizzare

fabrica. altrove ne'l

mezo mezo

largapiedi 1 0, ben
ed

ed intiera, Sono

rovinata,
di

anche

totalraente molte

insino

ai

disfatta. li

questa
hora
sono

muraglia

Fontane,
cosi

dico
sono

edificij per
mancate
e

qualiscendevano
Etiandio
e

l'acque che
chi

e quasi tutti guasti,

l'acque.
mezo

scoprensialquanti pozzi, qual totalmente

e

pieno di terra,

qual

vuoto,

chi coll' acqua,

senza.

Vedensi

assai silicati alia musaica di

molto

maestrevolmente Vero

composti
e

di preciose
e

traversati pietre,

vaghi compassi di
opera. si puo
era

finissimi marmi.

che

ella

guasta per maggior parte

da

tanta

Altresi

si rapresenta parte d'un

care

superbo Amphitheatro,
di
marmo

laqualefacihnente
ella fusse, quando

giudiessere.

la

grandezza, e
gran

suntuosita pezzo di

quello,quanta
molto

in

Quivi giace un Hetrusche,

deutro da
come

misuratamente

di lettere intagliato Ritrovansi

tanto
e

affermano

i curiosi

dell' vestigatori di fuori,per

antichitati.

detta

muraglia, quanto
di nobili

fra folti boschi, i vicini luoghi,

e pruni, pezzi cespugli,

marmi,

basamenti, tavole capitelli spezzati,

de nobih

di

mesule, aveli, ed altre simili vestiggid' antichitati molto pietre,

lavorate.
Per

artificiosamente
o di edifici, con

le quali si puo
o

giudicareche piedi.
Per

fossero

ornamenti

qualcheTempio

Palagio, scoprendosietiamdio
in

fondamenti grossissimi

alquanti

pezzi di grandissimemura
fusse edificio (hora tanto de'l paese, Vetulia da

rovinato, e

credo che questo quanto io posso divisare, abbandonato, quanto si vede) da glihabitatori boschi nominati E
se

dimandato, e
Vetulonium
esser

questi folti
nominato
corrotto

la deve

Selva

di

Vetletta,
questo

quel luogo

Tolemeo

scrivere di

luogo,Itulonio,e
nando

cosi si vede
se

Tolemeo

Fuori
e

rovinati questi avanti Vetulia camidue

da ogni lato edifici,

dimostrano tutti
un

fontane

guaste

deri'ochatte.

Piu

lungo quei colli

le Fodine

e e selvaggi pieni di cespugli ove grand' edificio, ove se

da di pruni, 1'

migliadiscosto,appare
vedense
overo

si confetta
il Ferro

alume,
crudo.
un

quindi a tre,
Pur
e

il luogo
che colle,

cava

molto

piu

oltre

seguitando l'antidetto
alle radici,ritrovasi
una

risguardaal mezo
che mctte

gioruo, per

miglio,
.

scendendo Cornia

Palude

capo nclla marina.

il fiume

finisse il suo

corso

qucsla raludc.

ETRUSCAN

WALLS

OF

POPULONIA.

CHAPTER

XLIII.

POPULONIA"

POP

ULONIA
.

I 'roxinia

securum

reserat

Populonia
arva

litus

Qua

naturalem

ducit

in

sinum

Agnosci nequeunt
Grandia Sola
manent

"evi monimenta moenia

prioris

consumpsit
latis tecta

tempus edax.
;
"

muris intercepts vestigia

Ruderibus

sepulta jacent. Rutilius.

little ease,

So

long they
at
a
an

traveile'd with

Till that Built It

was
on

last rocke

they

to

castle came,
to

adjoyning
worke

the seas;

auncient

of

antiquefame
and

And

wondrous

strong by

nature

by

skilful frame.

Spenser.

He make chose

who
a

would

drive

from the

Campiglia to Populoniamust
Torre is di San

wide

circuit

by

Vincenzio.
foot

I
or

the direct track, which entered the

practicable only on

horseback, and

jungle which

stretches

from

"84

POPULONIA.

[chap,xliii.

the

Leghorn
wood
was

road

westward

to

the

heightsof Populonia.
I could catch
an

The

dense

enough

in

yet parts,

occasional
I
was

glimpse of
The

the castle-crowned

headland

to which

bound.

ground was
;

tracks made
time
overcome,
a

by
more

the cattle
I
was

mere ; the paths, swampy in yet such difficultieswere

and

encountered
Not

that, like the

when I approaching Populonia, formidable obstacle in a flock of sheep. knightof La Mancha, or his heroic prototype,
I took

Ajax Telamonius,
; but
some

them

for foes to be subdued

large dogs,their guardians, further and fierce as wolves, threatened to dispute my Seeingno shepherdat hand to calm their fury, progress. not and caring to fight a passage, or to put Ulysses' and sit down example and Pliny's precept into practice, amongst them,1 I made a detour by the sea-shore, quietly
where
a

half-a-dozen

range

of sand-hills concealed

me

from
ages,

their view. loose

Here and

the

sand, untrodden

perhaps for

deep

that I verified the truth of the

Chi vuol
Dorma

lay so saying
"

path-nel

mondo

una

gran
arena.

pena,

o cammini diritto,

per

This
once

was

the beach
mart
now

of the celebrated of Etruscan shadowed

commerce

port of Populonia,
;

the chief
even
a

but not

sail,

not

skiff the

its waters, which

reflected

of yellow sand-hills,and the dark girdle headland of Populonia, with the turreted ruins on its crest, and the lonely of Baratti at its foot. Tower Let future travellers take warning,and trust to the legs

nothing but

of

horse

or

mule, rather than

to

their

own,

in

crossing

this Maremma.

It is

steep ascent
(Odys.
on

up

the olive-clad

slopeto Populonia.
stick

Homer

XIV.

31) tells

us

and

let

his

drop. Pliny (VIII.

may the calm

that

Ulysses,
of

being attacked
sat

by

the

61) also says that you

down fury by sitting
on

dogs'

dogs

Eumreus, knowingly

down,

ground.

236

POPULONIA.

[chap,

xliii.

drive

over
or

distant,
remains
same

at

morning from Piombino, five miles from Campiglia, see thoroughly the even and return at an early hour the Populonia,
in

the

day.
There
are

extant at Populonia antiquity beyond its walls,which may be traced in fragmentsalong of the hill, the brow showing the Etruscan cityto have

few

relics of

had
area

circuit of little more

than

mile and
a

half.2

The

thus

inclosed is of the form towards

of

shoulder

of mutton, sions dimen-

with the shank-end

the north-east.
of
an

These

in placePopulonia
must

the rank

inferior city, which from its situation of its

have
commerce,

derived

its

importance
from the

and

rather

than

abundance

population. Populoniahas

been

supposed one

of the Twelve

chief

cities of the Etruscan

but without adequate Confederation,3

grounds. Nothing said of it by ancient writers marks that can it as of such importance; and the only statement in any way be construed to favour such a view, is made by the principalcities of Livy, who mentions it among
Etruria,but
at
a

time

when

the whole

of that state The

had

to long been subject

Roman

domination.4

authority
founded

of Servius,indeed, is

opposedto directly
"

that view, in the

three traditions he records of it :

that it was first,

by

the Corsicans,

"

after the establishment

of the Twelve
a

cities of Etruria;" Volaterra) ; and

that it was secondly, that the Volaterrani thirdly,

colony

of

took it from

Micali's

Plan

of

Populonia (Ant.
the

not

Pop.
walls
3 4

Ital. tav. II.) makes

to be
more

circuit of

than

8000

feet.

improbable, however, as Niebuhr (I. p. 118, Eng. trans.) suggests, that Populonia,though not one of the origiTwelve taken

Dempster,
Liv.
that
to
was

II. p. 56.
45.
at

nal

Cities,may
the
"

in

after
some

times
one
"

XXVIII.

Livy
the

can

only
re-

have

place

of

mean

Populonia
among

time

already extinct
the Vetulonia

ferred the

the

first cities of

perhaps Vetulonia, if be correct which places topography

near

Roman

province of

Etruria.

It is

it.''

chap,

xliii.]

ANTIQUITY

AND

IMPORTANCE.

237

the

Corsicans.4

dependenttown
arose

rate, it was any in Etruscan times, and At

commerce,

an

inferior and

from

its

from the

its consequence its being a great naval

which of its position, strength to which cities on enabled it to defy the attacks of pirates, then subject.5 Moreover, it was the grand this coast were of the iron of Elba, which, as at the depot and factory but brought for presentday, was not smelted in the island, continent.6 that purpose to the neighbouring is undoubted. of Populonia The antiquity Virgil sents repreit sending forces to the assistance of Mneas, and Yet we times.7 in early bears testimony to its importance of this citytill the end of find no historical mention made a demand on the Second Punic War. When Scipio of Etruria to supply his of the province the resources cities furnished that in which it each of the principal fleet, abounded Ca3re sent corn and other provisions; Tarquinii, and sailcloth ; Volaterrae, ship-tackle corn ; Arretium, and sundryimplements corn, weapons, ; Perusia,Clusium, and fir for ship-building and Rusellae, corn ; and Populonia, and station, also from
"

iron.8

Serv. ad

Virg. JEn.

X.

172.

Mil-

was

not, from
as a

entitled to its small size, See Muller's

lingen(Numis. Anc.
the character

Ital. p. 163), from of

rank

city.

remarks,

of certain coins the

Popuof the their it

Etrusk.
6

I. p. 348.

Ionia, attributes
town

foundation

to

the in

Phocseans,during
Corsica,
and

ad

Mn.

Strabo, loc. cit. ; Varro, ap. Serv. de X. 174; Pseudo-Aristot.

Auscult. Mn.
c.

settlement

thinks

Mirab.
"

95. 172. Elba Whereas

sent 600
,
"

that possible

they

may

have

long

held

Virg.

X. of

the 300

of it. possession 5 Strabo (V. p. 223), and Pliny (III. the only one of the 8) tell us it was
"
.

whole

island

only

warriors,Populoniasent
_

ancient
..
.

Etruscan
,

-n"

cities
,
.

-A-

, winch

"

Sexcentos
was sea.

illidederat belli juvenes J

".
.

Populonia
; ast
T,

mater

situated, properly speaking, on

Whence it is evident that the

the

.,

Expertos r
cantos

Ilva

tre-

Graviscse, Pyrgi, and

on

Telamon, other places probably

Liv.

XXVIII. mentioned Nero

45.

It the

is year

subse-

this coast

were

not
"

cities ;

quently
when

in

552,
took
storm.

landing-placesports to the great their vicinity. Even Cosa, situated to Populonia, though similarly
mere

Claudius

the

consul
a

cities in

refuge in
Liv. XXX.

this harbour
39.

from

238

POPULONIA.

xuir. [oha*.

Like

Volaterrse, Populoniasustained
and Sylla,
was

siegefrom

the

forces of

almost

destroyed by the
utter

victor ; for

Strabo, who
the
the
even

visited it
have
a

nearlya century afterwards,says

an

placewould templesand
the

been

desert, were
were

it not that

few

of the houses

stillstanding;9 better inhabited. this

port
never

at to

the foot of the hill was

have

It
we

seems

recovered

from

blow, though

mentioned the coast-towns subsequently among At the beginningof the fifth century of our of Etruria.1 in utter ruin, and the description of Rutilius is it was era Micali ascribes to its present condition.2 applicable quite find it
its final destruction but
to the Saracens

in

A.

D.

826

and 828 ;3

Repetti makes it to the referring

Great.4 Within six

it

more

than
in the

two

centuries of

earlier,

Lombards

time

Gregory the
a

the walls of

Populoniaare

to be

seen

line of

sometimes vaults,co7icamerationes, parallel erroneously called an piece of mosaic, with amphitheatre ; a curious reservoirs of water of fishes ;5 and some all a variety times. of Roman Nothing is Etruscan within the walls. the French the highest ground is a tower, where On established a telegraph. Strabo tells us that in his time
"

there the
9

was

look-out

tower

on

this

promontory, to watch
as

arrival of the
Juno had

;6 just tunny-fish
at

is

the

practice

temple
And

Populonia.
there
was a

*
s

IV. Repetti, gee

p. 580.
an

Macrob. very

Sat. III. 11. and hewn vine.

extant
"

;gun. Inst. 1843, p. 150, for of this mosaic from the pen
the
names,

ancient

curious from the

statue

of of

account

of

Jupiter here,
an

trunk

Inghirami, who
fish under
fi

mentions

various

enormous

speaks of it as
of great
turn.
1

in his tot

Pliny (XIV. 2) day, though

revis

their scientific
"

Strabo,loc.cit.
woi'd
not

0vvvoanoire7ov.

Hol-

antiquity
II. 4.

incorrupPtolemy
the

stenius
this

(Annot.adCluv
as

interprets p. 2.0)
;

piscatio thummrum
there
was

and

Mela.

Plin. III. 8.

does But
was

think

any

tower,

(p. 68, ed. Bert.) even

2

calls it a city.
"

he

stands

alone in this this

in
same

opinion.
tower

It

Rutil.
to

Itin. this

I. 401

412.

See

probably
standing
centuries

which

heading
:i

Chapter.
Pop. Ital. I.
p. 150.

was

the

time

of

Rutilius,
a

.Micali,Ant.

four

later, who

speaks of

chap,

xltii.]

THE

SPECULAR

MOUNT.

239

at the

present day along the

on

coasts

of

Italy. It
a

stood

which commands height, thinks Mediterranean,though Repetti this the

eastern

wide

may have view of the

it probably occupied

which cliff,

is stillknown From this

"

by

the

name

of you

Punto

della Tonnarella.

mount" specular

Strabo is situated, as perceivethat Populonia

"

describes

it,

to the sea, and abruptly lofty promontory, sinking forming a peninsula." The Castle hides the view of the north the coast is seen the bay ; but on trending in a long low line towards the mountains around away Leghorn ; and even the snowy Apenninesabove the Gulf of Speziamay be descried in clear weather. As the eye
on
a

sweeps rock of

round

the horizon

of waters, it meets

the

steep

island of Gorgona, then the largerand nearer the mountainand, if the weather be very clear, Capraja, crests of Corsica beyond. But those of Sardinia are not to the visible, though Strabo has recorded his experience and Macaulay, his authority, has sung of on contrary,
"

Populonia, sea-girt
sentinels

Whose

Sardinia's snowy

descry mountain-tops

Fringingthe

southern

sky."
mass

Even of

were

the which

distance fills the

not

too

great, the broad

Elba

south-western

horizon, would

conceal them from the view. That island rises effectually in a long line of dark peaks,the loftiest of which on the right is Monte Campana ; and the highestat the other end of the range, is crowned
on

by

the

town

of Rio.
rupis
arduus

beacon-tower stead mole served Non of

;
so
a

the

infortifications,
as

Sed

speculam,
vetustas,

valicUc

sortita

Pharos that
"

built double
"

usual purpose

on

the
was

Qua

fiuctus domitos

urget

8) : (I.403 illic positas extollit

moles
nocturno ;

apex. in sethera Castellum

geminos

hominum

funda-

vit in usus,

Lumine Pharos

conspicienda

Presidium fretis.

tcrris, indiciunique

24-0

POPULONIA.

[chap,xliii.

called from so Midway lies the Bay of Portoferrajo, the court of itself, its shipmentsof iron ore ; and the town rock jutting into a the exiled Emperor, is visible on

the

bay.6
finest

of the Etruscan walls he on this portions and from the magnitude of the side of Populonia, western termed I Massi."7 are They are appropriately masonry than those of of blocks,perhaps less rectangular formed Volterra, but laid horizontally, regularity. thoughwith little to have been bestowed More seems on care smoothing the The
"

surface of the masonry

than

on

its

arrangement

and

it is
as

often vain to attempt to count

the number

of courses,

of blocks of very different heights lie side by side. None them are of the vast dimensions of some at Fiesole and Volterra.8 But the of frequent splitting
resident has than
at
more

the

rock

often

is 20 miles from PopuPortoferrajo but the nearest lonia, point of Elba is

not
more cross

now

Portoferrajo. Elba,
interest the
for

however,
naturalist

the It

than
to

15

miles. island Piombino which whence

As

He
must
"

who do
so

for

antiquary.
"

would from from

that
or

is,

as

Repetti observes,
Its iron from the mines have

the in
been

best cany." Tusnowned re-

Follonica the

better

stored

mineralogical cabinet days

of the

latter from

it is there the

only
is
a

8 miles

and distant,

Romans

regular communication. belonged to that people

there, but
be
never

island of exist

(ut supra, page

X. Insula

237), and

Virgil(Mn.
generosa

the Etruscans, remains may

expected
heard
I

to

174) trulycalls Elba, inexhaustis chalybum

metallis.
an

I have

of such had
no

being

discovered

; and

have for

For and

account

of this beautiful

island
V.

it opportunity of visiting research.

some

personal
at

its

productionssee portionof
the

Repetti,II.

Sir

Richard ancient

C.

Hoare

scribes Isola dell' Elba. deLe

on
'

remains

It is this

the walls which woodcut The

2
at

Grotte, opposite Portoferrajo, and

where Capo Castello, the
"

is

represented in
of
a

the

"

Palazzo he

della

called they are Regina dell' Elba,"

to

head marked that

2 in.

this

Chapter.
in.

block in."
2

is 6 ft. 6
b

by

ft. 6 in.

both

considers his
as

be

of the
to

same

marked

is 5

ft. 4

by

ft.

date, and
them

seems description

cate indi-

Roman. But
he

"

Classical who would

Tour,

I. pp. 23, 26. information should seek

on an

gain Signor

the

antiquitiesof Elba,
to

largestI in length; few are and many height,

8

The

could
more

find than

was

7 feet feet in
one.

much

less than
at

introduction

It may

be

observed sites in

here, as
northern

Volterra

the Francois,
excavator

experienced and
of

ful success-

and
is

other

Etruria,
blocks

Tuscan

who Etruria,

that the

smallest

and

shallowest

chap,

ETRUSCAN xliii.]

WALLS

AND

TOMBS

OF

POPULONIA.

241

size and original form ; and in partsgivesthem a very irregular character.9 In other parts,more the walls are composed to the south, of long and very shallow courses, the rock having there a tendency to splitin thin lamince. As in all other Etruscan walling, there is an entire absence of cement or cramping. In every part of the circuit, the walls of Populonia are embankments above the level of the city, never rising only, the case In no part are they at Volterra. as is sometimes than ten or twelve feet in height. to be seen now more The other Etruscan of Populoniaare few remains a in the surroundingslopes. About a quarter of a tombs mile below the walls to the south, are some sepulchres, determine their like the vaults called, delle Fate
"

renders

it difficult to

in the theatre of

Le Buche Fiesole,
are

"the

Fairies' Dens."

They
have

hollowed

in

low cliffsof
to

yellowsandstone, and
in the southern

them,

as

passages cut down part of Etruria,but have no

seem

monumental

facade.
so

They

to

have

been

circular,

form is nearly original destroyed.How long they have been opened I could not the learn. as They are not to be found without a guide, path to them lies through a dense wood of tall lentiscus.

but the rock is

friable that the

are

make
masses.

generallyat the bottom, as if to a good foundation for the larger

The walls of

Populonia have been styled polygonal (Gerhard, Memor. Inst. I. p. 79) ; but I could perceive nothing
ture.

split, perhaps from the superincumbent as so weight, and often diagonally, to into convert a quadrangular mass of triangular form ; an two more or is shown in the example of which
woodcut
In at

the

head

of this

Chapter,
how
re-

to

warrant

such

nomencla-

to observe truth,it is singular

It is true

that small

piecesare
but

this closely sembles time

or

masonry

in

some

parts

and often inserted to fillthe interstices, few blocks if

are

the natural

rock, when
The

split by
irre-

rectangular strictly ;
it will be
most

the elements.

most

examined carefully that the found rally from mere splittings the

gene-

are irregular

largerblocks, for
sand-stone, has

gular masses, however, are trapezoidal or horizontally is triangular ; and throughout the distinctive character of
the masonry.
R

rock,
VOL. II.

schistose

242

POPULONIA.

xliii. [chap.

On

the

hill to

the

east

of

mile from

the castle, are

other

Signor Francois ; and known They are within a tumulus ; probably containing tombs, had already been rifled of
in

and about one Populonia, tombs, opened in 1840 by of Le Grotte. by the name

and rise their

other
on

similar mounds,

this
most
was

spot.1 They tents precious conlearnt of the

former

ages, of

so

that

little

furniture sepulchral

Populonia. Some
been found

painted vases,

however,
near

are

said the

to

have

in the
at

hood, neighbourthe foot of

chapel of

San

Cerboni,

the hill. Not Strabo We

was

which remains of the docks or slips vestigenow tells us anciently existed at Populonia.2
a

learn from

coins that the Etruscan

"

name

of this be
*

city

"Pupltjna,"3
the Etruscan from

name
"

which
"

seems

to
"

derived Mantua rather

names

from
was a

Bacchus

Phuphlttns

as

the Etruscan word

;

Pluto
"

"

Mantus
"

if it be not
in the

compound
"

for

Luna
on

being found
"

of three Etruscan

towns, all

the coast

Luna, Pup-luna,
character.5 cities of which found.

Vet-luna

seems

of a significant

maritime

Populoniais one of the few Etruscan coins,unquestionably genuine,have been

1

They

are

Inghirami,Bull.
It is sometimes contracted called into

Inst. 1843, p. 148.

derive
so

Populonia from
Gerhard der

this source; Inst.

and
p.

2 3

Strabo, V. p. 223.
written
"

also

(Ann.

1833,

"Puplana,"
The
town

193

; Gottheiten

Etrusker, p. 29.)
the contrary, that from of the

or was

Pup."

But the
as

may

it not took

be, on
name

Populonia by Virgil, Servius, Mela, and Rutilius Populonii, by Livy and or Poplonium, Populonium, by the Pseudo- Aristotle, Strabo, Stephanus,
"

god

this did

town,
and

Venus

hers her

Cypris

"

Cytherea, from
It is not
name
"

favourite

islands ?

Ptolemy, and
4

the Itineraries. is
so

improbable that the Etruscan Pupli," Puplina," (Publius)

"

Bacchus

designatedon
"

several

had
the

some

to affinity

"

Etruscan forms
work.

mirrors

e.

g.

that

which

distinction

between

Pupluna." Phuphluns
Inst.

For
and

the

to frontispiece

Vol.

I. of this

Tinia, see
pp. 274
3
"

Grotefend, Ann.
8.

1835,

See

Gerhard,
LXXXIV.

Etrusk. XC.
p.

Spieg.taf.
Micali would

LXXXIII.

Ut supra,

page

83.

(Ant.

Pop.

Ital. III.

173)

244

P0PUL0N1A.

[chap,

xliii.

with
out

snaky
of
"

hair,

with

gnashing

tusks,

and

tongue

lolling

The
A All That full

open

mouth, pecke
yron

that within teeth

seemed the
in

to utmost

containe

good
with

brim, twaine, him, griesly grim."

set

raunges

terrifide
like

his the

foes,
mouth

and

armed of Orcus

Appearing

ETRUSCAN

GORGONION.

KTRUSCAN

WALLS

OF

RUSELL-E.

CHAPTER

XLIV.

ROSELLE

."

USELLM.

Jam

silvse

et putres steriles,

robore

trunci

Assaraci Jam lassa

pressere radice dumetis

domos,
tenent,
; et
ac

et

templa Deorum,
tota

teguntur
mime.
"

Pergama

jam periere

Luca.n.

It
to

is

tedious

drive
is

of
a

nearly thirtymiles
track

from
coast

Folloniea direct
to

Grosseto.

There

along
the the the
a

the Torre

Castiglion della
Trajanus
Portus of formed and At
runs

Pescaja, leaving
of

di but
at

Troja,
the

the

antiquity,1to
years, way
miles

right ;
coast

road, high-

late

leaves

Folloniea,

for distance

half

the

through
is the

long

barren

valley.
Potassa,

the

of nine

Locanda

della

Ptol.

Geog.

ed. p. fifi,

Bert

246

RUSELLjE.

[chaf.xliv.

wretched

the road. on osteria,yet the best halting-place

Beyond Gavorrano, Caldana, and Giuncario, the scenery heightis a beginsto improve, and Colonna on a wooded feature in the landscape. This is supposed to picturesque
be

the

Colonia,

near

which,

in

the

year

of Rome

529,
called

took

placethe great rout

of the

Gauls,commonly
is you
moor,

the battle of Telamon.2

The

cabaret

"

house to Grosseto half-way a mere wolfs den. Here

Lupo,
emerge
or

wretched from the

into a vast, treeless, houseless valley of the Lake the waters containing Prelius
or

rather swamp, Lacus

of antiquity, and worst Aprilis of the Maremma, late its putrescentfens, its desoconceptions You make wide circuit at the edge must a scenery. of the swamp, beneath the gates of Grosseto.
is not

the Castiglione, all your realizing

the

Monte
morass

ere Pescali,

you

reach

If the

have

it its horrors,
road

necessary

to

lingeramid

them, for the

is

excellent. of the Tuscan Grosseto,the capital

Maremma,

stands

on

the very level of the plain. It has two or three thousand inhabitants almost doubled in winter ; and a population
"

in

comparisonwith
seems an

the towns

and

in villages

its neighbourhood,
an

oasis of civilization ; for it has

air of

neatness

and

small but pretty cathedral,a cleanliness, a of Siena, glories express

of the
a

faint reflection of the

theatre ! and

an

inn, whose
2

I praises

cannot

better than

by saying
part of the
have

It is Frontinus Colonia
as

I. 2, 7) who (Strat. the site of says it that

was

same
or

when
I

in

that
not

mentions

country,

should

passed

battle. Polybius (II. 27) This fought near Telamon. Buriano of is said
to

the spot without di

examination. does
not

Repetti
think the this said

Colonna the

(I.

p.

784)
can

have

remains
Roman the hill ; anti-

Colonna

be he

the would

site of rather
in

Cyclopean
on

walling
summit

and of and

which battle,
a

pavement
and
vases,

the

village,Colonnata,
of Toscanella.
to

the

place at neighbour-

Roman

coins
are

other
to not

hood

Cluver be the

(II. p. 475)
site of the

quarian
been

treasures

stated
I
was

have
aware

takes this Buriano Salebro

there

discovered.

of the Itineraries.

chap,

xliv.]
one

GROSSETO."

BAGNI

DI

ROSELLE.

247

it is

of the best in

Tuscany,south

of Florence.

The

far and wide Palandri, is known padrona, the widow the Duchy not throughthe Maremma nay, throughout only for the excellence of her accommodation, but for her than boast of having resided,maid, wife,and widow, more well as winter, and in as sixty years at Grosseto,summer of the health monument a living robust,uninterrupted of the human frame, and of its power to resist by elasticity
" " "

habituation

the most

noxious

influences of Nature. the assaults of

man

For

Grosseto,though protectedfrom

by

the insidious has no safeguard against strong fortifications, which desolates it in summer attacks of the marsh-fever, ; and the

"Grosseto ingrossa" save in the saying, proverbial is no mere of La Palandri, where it applies case literally but refers play upon words, nor is it to be taken ironically, effect of the oft-recurring to the dropsifying bloating, fever. Grosseto has no interest to the antiquarian, beyond which to the ancient Etruscan its vicinity cityof Rusellse, the high-roadto Siena. lies a few miles to the north, near
" "

At

the distance of about

four miles

on

this road Above with

are

the rises

called I Bagni cliRoselle. hot-springs, hill, a lofty Poggio di Moscona, crowned the traveller will be
as

them

which ruins,

apt
Colt

to

mistake

for those of At

Rusellse,
I found
come

did

Sir Richard the Baths but half

mass a a

Hoare.3

the littlewineshop be had.

hard
not to

by
one,

to guideis generally
"

dozen

young

who peasants,
were

had

hear

in the little chapel, and their cattle

were

the site of
are

where Rusellae, hence

to

to returning grazing.There
on

two

ways

the ancient

city,one
not

each side

of the
one

hill of lofty

Moscona.

It would

be amiss to go
to

I took the path the other. way and return forest of underwood and after traversing a right,

the
a

for

:l

Classical

Tour, T. p.

4.9.

248

RUSELLjE.

[chap.xliv.

of miles,ascended couple
was

the steep
one

slopeon

which

Rusellae
cones

situated.

The

hill is

of those truncated for the Cosa

sometimes

chosen
at

by

the Etruscans

site of their the

cities, as
around

Orvieto, Saturnia, and

it are

conceals the

slopes covered with wood, so dense that it effectually walls from the spectatorat a distance. By
Rusella?
on

; and

this road I entered

then which

its south-western followed

side.

turned
are

to

the

rightand

the line of walls, brow

traceable in detached

along the fragments

of the hill.

At
.

the masonry first, of Volterra

was

horizontal

"

rudelyso indeed,
such
was

like that decided

and

but Populonia,
stones
were

its

character, though small

inserted in the
I had

gained and I found all rectangularity side of the city, the eastern mous at an end, the walls being composed of enorhorizontality to form, and differing masses piled up without regard described by as onlyfrom the rudest styleof Cyclopean, ing SpeakFausanias, in having the outer surfaces smoothed. which in Argolis, that writer says, The walls, of Tiryns the work of the Cyclops, the only ruins remaining, are are each of which is so huge and are formed of unhewn blocks,
interstices of the

large masses.4

But

when

"

that the smallest of them

could not be in the least stirred

stones
were

by

yoke
a

of mules. way

Small

fitted in of old,

in such

that each

of them

is of

great service in

uniting the laro-e blocks.5'5 In these walls of Rusellre small

blocks
are

intermixed

with the
some

largemasses,

occupyingthe
of

and interstices,

often in

measure

fitted to the form

It is this is

of regular portion

the walls

kXuttwv

fxtv

tcriv

tpyov,

Si irtiroir]Tai
tnaaros

which

the head about

15

is 7 feet in

at in the wood-cut represented of this chapter. They are here a feet high ; the block marked 4 inches long, by 5 feet 4 inches

apyuiv

\idwv,
"s
an

/xeyeOos i%a'v
abrwv niKporarov

\idos,

fiitf av
vwb

apxV (^tvyovs

Kivydrjvai

rhv

rmiSvaiy.\i8ia
fxaKiffra
aurwt/

Si tvr\p\xoarai
enaarov

ird\ai,ws

height.
5

tois ap/ioviav

Pausan.

II. 25,

7.

Tb

5rj t(?xos
Kv-

ncya\

ois

\Wots

thai.

cf. II. 16,4.

St) f.u6vov rwv

Xt'nrtTai. iptnrioiv

CHAP.

XLIV.] The

ETRUSCAN

WALLS

OF

RUSELL.E.

249

the gap.

of this masonry and shapelessness irregularity is partly owing to the travertine of which it is composed ; into determinate that material not so splitting readily forms as limestone, it has a horizontal cleavage.6 although The masses in general are varyingfrom six very large, four to eightin height. to ten feet in length,and from Some stand vertically seven or eightfeet,by four or five in width, and I observed one nearly thirteen feet in length.7 walls on the eastern The side of the cityare in several parts fifteen or twenty feet high; but on the north,where they are most perfect, they rise to the heightof twenty to feet. Here the largest blocks are to be seen, and thirty is most in character ; here also the masonry Tirynthian the walls
are

not

mere

embankments,
On the
western

but side

rise above

the few

level of the

city.
are

there

are

These

walls

cited

by

Gerhard cf.

polygonalportionsof
hard masonry sandstone. this

these

walls the
or

are

of

(Ann.
p. 410,

Inst.
tav.

1829, p. 40; d'agg. F. 1.)as an

and
most

1831,

limestone,
is of

while

regular
stratified
to

example
kind those of of of the

macigno,
be
me

of the rudest

ancient

I may

allowed

tion ques-

Cyclopean masonry, Tiryns and Mycenee Arpino

and Aufidena of the from
as

similar to in in

fact,for to

the rock appeared This is

and Argolis,

to be travertine

throughout.
p. 820. of
a

Italy; but
surface

confirmed
7

IV. by Repetti, the

"

smoothing
of

outer

guishes distinwalls

add

dimensions
8 feet 4

few

of 3

them

the
as

Cyclopean
from

these blocks feet 2 inches

inches

high,by

Pausanias,
above those

well

the ancient
to

wide

"

12 feet 8 inches

long,

walls
be

Monte

Fortino, thought
of the and of

by by

2 feet 10 inches 4 feet 10 inches

"

high
"

7 feet 4

inches,

of Artena
at

Volsci, and Olevano,

;

feet 4

inches,by

from
on

those the of

Civitella

5 feet 4 inches.

opposite range
which Mr.
are

mountains

The blocks

of raising such difficulty into

; but

huge
be

all

in

every

respect
V.

their

places would
the walls
are

mense im-

unhewn. p.

Bunbury
"

Mus. (Class.

I believe that in where

nearly all
formed been let

of the walls of 180) speaks of portions

these of the down

cases

Rusellae
a

being
no

decidedly polygonal applicable ; for resembling the

"

"

local from

rock, they
above
"

have the

term

by

means

there

that chosen

top of the
the site the

is

nothing here
of

ancient

insulated of the thus

height
was

for

masonry other

and Cosa, or of Segni,Alati'i, of Central does

not

city

and levelled,
were

masses

polygonal fortifications
Mr. from

quarriedoff
There

used still

in the fortifications.
some

Italy. speak

Bunbury, however,
He also
states

are

deep

personalacquaintancewith
that all the

pits in
stone

one

part of the
cut.

city,whence

Rusellse.

has been

250

RUSELLiE.

xliv. [chap.

fragments

extant,

and

those

are

of smaller

and

more

regular masonry
this side
are

than

in any

other

part of the circuit.

On

higher

traces of an inner wall banking up the many ground within the city,and composed of small

in blocks, corresponding rectangular in the forming city-walls

size with those

usually

volcanic district of the land. The

this outer and inner line of wall reminded space between the sacred space within and without of the pomeerium, me
the walls of Etruscan able to trace
on no cities, signsof which

have

I been

any

other ancient site.8 the

It is true

that in
to the
;

this

part the inner wall embanks

there is
reason

high mound
was

north, which
the
same

to suppose

the Arx

but
at

wallingis
which makes

to

be

traced well
as

round

another

mound

the south-eastern

as angle, me

at several intermediate
was a

points ;
The

suspect there

continuous

line of it.
area

enclosed

by

the

walls

forms

an

irregular

The

pomczrium
the both founder sides

was

space

marked

eluded marked

within

it. Its boundaries

or

were

out
or

by
on

within, or

without,
of
an

by cippi
was

termini. the

The ager

space

of, the
of those

walls

it enclosed Liv.
I. 44

called

effatus.
218 ; ;

Etruscan like Rome, Etruscan

or city,

which, cities,
to the

; Dion.

Hal.

IV.

p.

were

built

according
it
was

Varro, L. L. V. 143
Aul. Gell.
25 ;

; Plutarch.

Romul. XII.

ritual ; and

so

called

XIII.

14

; Tacit. Ann.

by

the

Romans,
or

because
muros
muro

it
as

was

post
Gellius Festus

24,
ad

Festus, r. Prosimurium
iEn. 17
; 9.

; Serv.

murum,

pone

A.
as

Virg.
I.

VI. II.

197
35 ;

Cicero, de
cf.

says,

or

proximum

Divin. Etrusk.
;

Miiller,

intimates. its and

Though
marked
to

its

name

is Roman, Etruscan

III.
"

6,

Niebuhr

(I. p. 288)
seems

origin was
it
was

undoubtedly
out

thinks the

word
a

pomeerium
suburb within

pro-

by

the

plough,

perly to city,and
its If the walls of

denote

taken the

into the range

of

according
observed
ever

the rites which

the Etruscans cities. It the

was

included

in

foundingtheir
sacred

auspices."
above-mentioned
Rusellse I
am
were

after held from augurs

from
was

plough
by

space the

in the

and the

and habitation,
in

used

pomeerium,
was

being

divided But the

taking the city-auspices, into "regions" for that

when the
was

of which
inner

very doubtful,it But the inner the

the of

portion.
may of the

line embank-

purpose.

city was
also

en-

masonry
ment

be

merely
be

larged
further where

pomeerium
as was

earned

higher ground
it may
a

within

the

out,
one

the

case

with

Rome,
was

or city-walls,

sccoud

line of

hill after

another

in-

fortifications.

252

RUSELLjE.

[chap.xliv.

Such him the

so

at

least I found

the state

of the

hill in 1844.

Let mind

therefore,who

would
came,
"

explore this site,keep in

" tal coltello
"
"

proverb
"

"

tal

as

your
to
arm

meat

is,

must

your

knife be"

and

take

care

himself

for the

struggle.
the walls
are

Within

sundry remains.
I

On

the elevated the

part
of
on

to the

north, which

take

to

have

been

Arx,

besides

vaults some are fragmentsof rectangular masonry, to me Roman work, winch have been supposed,it seems valid grounds, to have formed no theatre.1 part of an amphiAt the south-eastern angle of the city is a
a

mound, crested by
which
to
me

concentric triple,

square

of masonry,

Micali takes to have

more

been

the
a

Arx, though it seems

tower.2 three

probablythe

site of
side of

On

the south-western

temple or the city are

vaults of Roman

They

are

sunk

opus incertum, about a in the high embanked

not

parallel feet long. hundred ground already

are

mentioned, in which,

far from

them,

traces

of

gate throughthe inner line of wall.3

1

Ximenes in

(Esame, "c),
was as

who

lished

1775,

the
an

first to

pubgive a

Within
a

the

square

the This

ground
would than
a

sinks in
seem

deep

hollow.
a

to

plan of these ruins

but

amphitheatre ;
I. p. 64), in of such
a

indicate

tower

rather

temple,
mind

(Class.Tour, see 1818, could nothing

form
at the

Hoare

but its small the idea

on

size

precludesto my
the sites is not
as
a

of its

being

which citadel,
mere

structure, beyond the

is not

; and

that

other
or

Etruscan

present day vei-y apparent.

p.

castle

keep,
an

this

must
extent
a

have
as

Repetti (IV.
of but it
as an

820), however, speaks

on

been, but
to

inclosure within that

on

of such
area

undoubted the

perhaps only he Ximenes, whom

2

amphitheatre, authorityof
two outer

contain

its

triple

temple, like
Rome.
3

the

at Capitoline

cites. of
now can

The

foundations
not

the

At

this

spot the
each that
course

masonry

of

the
re-

quadrangles are though the

the inner

very
be

distinct,
; but

embankment,
cedes from

of which
as it,

terraces

traced

below

at

the Ara

square

preserves

its foundasmall
"

Reginaof
so as

terminates Tarquinii, leave

an even

abruptly,
all the here
was

tions unmoved,

of the consisting

to

break

blocks l'ectangular the sort of only

already described
masonry

way
a

up,
or

making
a

it clear that the

within is 48

the

gate,

roadway, to

high ground

city-walls. The
the thickness

square

feet,and

within

the embankment.

of the wall 5 feet 6 inches.

CHAP.

XL1V.]
From

LACUS

PRELIUS.

253

the

heightof

the

wide
on

vale of the the banks

Rusellse you look southward over Ombrone, with the ruined town of

Istia

of that river ; but Grosseto is not

visible,
is

of Moscona, which being concealed by the loftier height crowned by the ruins of a circular tower.4 On the east
a

is

valley, through which runs the road to Siena,and on the opposite of proverbial brity insaluheightsstands the town of Batignano, There resides the present Batignano fa la fossa." of Rusellse,hight Jacobetti. On the west the proprietor the great lake of Castiglione, widens out towards valley of antiquity, which of old the Lacus Prelius,or Aprilis,
wooded hollow
;

but

on

the north lies a wide bare

"

"

must

have

been

as

at

present a
is

mere

morass,
;

into which then

an

themselves several rivers discharged island in the

but

it had

midst,5which
this who

no

longer distinguishable.
remains of ancient ings, buildof of
at

did

not

ascend Hoare of

Sir

Richard

height,but sought here

this

are

stillsome and

which have

he thinks in the time stood in the midst

for the ruins

tower
as

describes Rusellse, subterranean The

same

Cicero the

may

built

over

vaults,
veller train

marsh, instead
It

of hard

by it,as
say

apparently reservoirs. speaks plainbeneath

Franchi,
inscribed
or

present.
what the
1828 extent

is

impossible to
was

of

of

small

house

the
one

the lake

of old ; befoi'e in the

Rusellse,belongingto Franceschi, which

turned

has many

hydraulicoperationscommenced for its "bonification," as

term

tablets built into the wall, but inwards. sical Clas-

Italians
extent

it,it

had

superficial
now

with their faces

of 33 square

miles,but it is

B
"

Tour, I. pp. 50, 68. This lake,or rather swamp,

the Itineraries Cicero

reduced is called

Aprilis," by
"

212).
it

(pro Prelius," and speaks of its island.

must
mean
"

(see page Milone, 27) calls

the

taken, and still by the means for it taking, filling up ; this is done by in the waters of the Umbrone, letting down which abundant bring deposits
from the the the interior. It would
seem

from took of

Pliny (III. 8)
when
a

same

forcible possession Clodius island Cicero much

in in

he

mentions the
"

the north
seem

amnes

Prille,"
Umbro.
ral seve-

its

waters,

as

related this
a

little to
"

of

the

by
was

(loc. cit.),that
more

spot

These

amnes or

to refer to
to

desirable times very Tuscan

reasons

as

tion habita-

mouths The
some

emissaries Cicero

the

lake. when

ancient it is of "the

than

at

present,
of the

island of which

speaks is by
the hill of miles from p. 10)
a siders con-

centre

supposed to have
al

been

infection

the

Maremma." for

Badia the

Fango, nearly two Repetti (IV.

to

Repetti gives good

this lake bed of the
or

lake, but

swamp
An

it rather mound
now

have

been

little which

sea.

ing regardthe originally account interesting

as same

called

Badiola,on

will be found

in the

writer

v. (II.

254

RUSELL^.

[chap.xliv.

della Pcscajais Castiglion

the hills which
a Scarcely

seen

on

the shore at the foot of

rise behind
trace

the

promontory of Troja.
been
and

of the

has necropolis of the covered rock the

discovered the dense

at

Rusella). winch
account

The

hardness

woods

in great measure hill, that here,as on other for this. It is probable for ages have

sites of similar

character,the tombs
earth. Such

heaped over
the
ascent

with
to

of masonry, is the character of one on

were

cityfrom the south, not far from the lined with walls. It is a chamber only seven feet by five, like the Tirynthian in small blocks of unhewn masonry miniature, and covered with large slabs,about eighteen of greater depth, inches thick. The chamber was originally choked with earth that a man stand cannot so being now uprightin it. It can be entered only by a hole in the
where roof, the
one

the

of the cover-slabs has which

been
in

removed

for the

doorway, original
which up. blocked As
above

opened
with
a

the

slope of

and hill,
now

is covered

horizontal
a mere

lintel,is

it is therefore the

pit,without
easy the
to

any From

indications the

it is surface, masonry, those

and

not

find.

of the peculiarity tomb bears

from

general
not

analogy this

to

of Saturnia, I do

the it of high antiquity.This was hesitate to pronounce that I could hear of, I could perceive, or onlysepulchre
in the

of Rusellae, though many vicinity the dense been made woods

on

others

probably
tions excava-

exist among have man.6

below

the walls. No

this site within the memory

of

of Grosseto)

the attempts made

means

at various

are

of sepulchres long,passage-like covered

la in

rude

periods and by different

the extent the unhealthiness
6

to reduce

stones, and
slabs. De

with

unhewn
en

of stagnant water, and of this district.

lessen

Marmora,
21"35

Voyage
; and

Sar-

IV. pp. daigne,pi.

Bull. Inst

in

This tomb has a great resemblance construction, if not in form, to the

Agg. ; Abeken, d. Mittelitalien, p. 240, taf. IV. 6a

"

1833, p. 1 25, ct scq. tav d'

Micali

Sepolture di Giganti of Sardinia,which

(Mon.

Incd.

tav.

XVII.

11,

chap,

xliv.] The walls of

HISTORICAL

NOTICES.

255

from Rusellae,

their

stupendousmassive-

ness, and

most

Cosa have has

putably indisof the blocks,are shapelessness the of very early date, and rank among may in Italy. While those of ancient structures extant and Saturnia, in the neatly joinedpolygonal style, the rude referred to later, even ventured
;

been
ever

to

Roman, times, no
venerable
no

one

to

call in

the question

quity anti-

of Rusellae from historical

which

therefore needs The

confirmation of the than

a

sources.

limited extent
not
more

city,
rank

onlytwo
among

miles in

and circumference,
not
seem

fourth

the size of

Volterra,does

to entitle it to

the Twelve

chief cities of Etruria.

to it ;
on principally

Yet the

this honour

accorded is generally passage

in

ground of

where Dionysius,

it is cited in connection

with

and Vetulonia, all citiesof Clusium, Arretium, Volaterrae, the Confederation,

takingpart in the war of the rest quiniusPriscus, independently

as

Taragainst of Etruria
a

which

it could

not

have

done

had

it not

been

cityof
made

first-rate

importance.

This

is the

earliest mention

We next hear of it in the year 453 history. of M. Valerius Maximus, who of Rome, in the dictatorship of Rusellae, and there his army into the territory marched the might of the Etruscans," and forced them to "broke for peace.8 And sue again in the year 460, the consul, of Rusellae, entered the territory and Postumius Megellus, the city not onlylaid it waste, but attacked and stormed and slaying than 2000 almost more itself, men, capturing of Rusellae in
as

many in

around

the walls.9 is among

When

we

next

find it mentioned

it history,

the cities of

which Etruria,

lamp p. 109) describes a small bronze Rusellae ; which is in no way found near except peculiar,
site ; for, as far that has
as
as

marbles, columns,
ancient coins his time.
7
8 9

bronze

and figures,

having been

dug

up before

coming from this it is all could learn,

here. of Cluver

Dion.

Hal. III. p. 189.

yet been

found

Liv. X. Liv. X.

4, 5.
37.

(II. p. 514),however, speaks

sundry

256

RUSELLjE.

[chap.

xuv.

furnished
sent

supplies
its

to

Scipio
corn,

in and

the
fir

Second for

Punic

War.

It It in

him afterwards

quota

in

ship -building.1
Roman the
colonies

is

mentioned
It

among
to

the exist after

Etruria.2 Western

continued
and
had

fall

of

the till
in

Empire,
its

for

ages

was

bishop's
and its modern the

see,

1138,
infested

population
by
robbers

sunk

so

low,
that its has

site and

was

so

and
to

outlaws, Grosseto,
Rusellai rocks of the and

see

tants inhabi-

were

tranferred
Since that time of

tive.3 representaas

remained thickets
"

it

is

now

seen

"

wilderness and but wild the

the lizard
"

haunt

of

the

fox

boar,
herdsman
in

serpent

and who

visited the long live-

by

none

or

shepherd,
on

lies

day
wondering
whose

stretched

vacancy the

the

sward,
ruins

or

turning
him,

gaze and

on

stupendous
he has
not
a

around

of

origin

history

conception.

Liv. Plin.

XXVIII. III.
8.

45. Ptol.

either

this

latter

city
as

could

not

have

p.

72,

ed.

Bert. This of the

been

as

unhealthy
could of
not

at

present,
deserted

or

Repetti,
shows of

II. that the

pp.
at

526,
the

822.

Rusellse

have

been

writer transfer

period
to

on

account

malaria.

bishopric

Grosseto,

CHAPTER
TE

XLV.

LAMONE

."

TELAMON.

"

dives opum
tantum

Prianii

dum

regna

manebant carinis.

Nunc

sinus,et statio malefida

Virgtl.

placeof Etruscan interest is Telamone, or Talamone, eighteenmiles distant. For the first half of the way the road traverses wide plain, a of crossingthe Ombrone by a ferry. This, the Umbro of no jiumen is a stream antiquity non ignobile great width, and ought to be spanned by a bridge. In Pliny's it was but for what distance we time know navigable ; the road enters a not. Passing Alberese and its quarries,2 wooded with a range of hills on the rightrenowned valley,
South
next
" "

of

the G-rosseto,

as

favourite haunt
Ul"i

of the wild-boar
ubi silvicultrix,

and

roebuck

"

cerva

aper

nemorivagus.

Hither
resort

the accordingly
in the season,

cacciatori of Rome

and

Florence

takingup
navigiorum
Ruti-

their quarters at

Collecchio,

Plin.
et

III. ab
"

8.

"

Umbro,

trict
2

on

the river modern

was

called Umbi-ia.

capax, lius

eo

tractus

Umbrise.

writer the

opines
of

that

Albeof la

(I. 337
at

341) speaks of the snug

Cluver

rese

may

be

site

the

Eba per

port
thinks

its mouth.

(II.p. 474)
of it,that
; but
on

Ptolemy.
Via

Viaggio Antiquario
p. 43.

from its
name

Pliny'smention
to

Aurelia,

But

an

ancient

it gave Miiller

the Umbrians

etymology
the the
name

is here is
"

for quitesuperfluous, from

(Etrusk.
from

einl. it to

2, 12)
have

the

manifestly derived
alberese
"

contrary considers
name

received and dis-

limestone

which

is quarks

that ancient

people ;
that
a

ried here,

interprets Pliny as
VOL.

meaning

II.

258

TELAMONE.

xiv. [ohap.

inn, twelve way-side

sinks to the
at its
sea,

miles
a
a

from
on or

Grosseto.3
a

Where

this

rano-e

castle vessel

small

headland, a few
shore, mark

houses

foot,and

two

off the

the

port of Telamone.
lies

Telamone
to reach

nearlytwo
to

miles off the

high road, and

sandy shores of the httle with aloes, and fragments of Roman bay, sprinkled almost The ruin. place is squalidbeyond description, ruin, desolated in summer in utter by malaria, and hundred than some and time at no containing more
it you have

skirt the

befevered fifty
whose

souls Heaven

"

the Italians say -febbricitanti, as has rained

"

on

heads

"

The

blistering drops of

the JMaremma's

dew."

Inn

there
mere

is

none

and
a

no

who traveller,

seeks

more

than

shelter and

shake-down, should
should
go forward I
to

think

of

the night here, but passing twelve the miles

to

Orbetello,
not

the

south.

Indeed,

know

why

traveller should halt at Telamone, for antiquarian and the castle is only of the middle nothing ages, it is of higher antiquity;though the shores within of its bay are covered, like those of Baiae, with abundant times villas.4 No vestiges of Etruscan of Roman wrecks in its immediate could I perceive or hear of at Telamone, or lay claim to that ; although the place can neighbourhood remains remote antiquity. There are said to be Roman also
forms
on

the tower-crested the

eastern

headland
of

of

Telamonaccio, which
which
even

horn

the

port, and
her

Not

far from called

Collecchio della
asserts

is

ruiued
Mara

nople,where
I. p. IG'i.
4

beauty raised

her

to

tower,

Torre

Bella that

share the throne

of the Saltan.

Repetti,
Roman

silia ; and

tradition of the

fair in Bar-

daughter

Marsiljfamily
here carried

was

There
on

are

said

to

be

some

bygone ages

seized

by
to

some

vaults

the

heights above
in vain.

Telamone,

and bary corsairs,

Constanta-

but I sought them

260

TELAMON

K.

XLV. [OHAP.

fortunes.9

This

is the

last historical notice

we

have

of
in

it in ancient

times ; and

except that it is mentioned

in the

the
we

of catalogues

the

geographers and

Itineraries,1

have

no

the further record of its existence till

beginning

of the fourteenth

century.2
not
as

Though
Telamon

we was

do

learn
a

from
in

ancient Etruscan

writers that

used

port

times, it is
a

to impossible

believe that the

advantagesof

harbour,

sheltered from
even

the south, and save every wind in that quarter by the natural break-water

protected
of Monte been
looked over-

Argentaro and
or

its double

isthmus,could

have

neglected by the most maritime nation of their of of Italy.3The recent time, the "sea-kings" discovery Etruscan an city of great size in the neighbourhood, establishes the fact,4 which is further confirmed sufficiently by the evidence of its coins.5
9

Plutarch. Plin.

Marius.
"

Alsium, appear
Telamon. its
"

to

have

been.

See Vol.

III. 8

portusque
of

I. p. 3.05 ; II. pp. 13, 70.

5

Ptolemy (p. 68) speaks

-

montory." proare

The
in

coins

attributed

to
as

Telamon and
semis

generaljustlike the having

on

V. Repetti, Diodorus

p. 498. indeed calls

of

early Rome,
on

the

bearded
and

(IV. p. 259)
time
a

Janus-head prow

the

obverse,
but
"

the the racters. cha-

it a port in the

of the record
as

Argonauts,
of fabulous

the
of
"

reverse, Tla in in

with

but beside that such times

cannot

addition

Etruscan

be
uses

received may

authentic,
a a

Sometimes

place

of

the

the word
natural
town.
4

he

signify merely
the addition of

Janus,
that of

there
a

is the

haven, without Chapter XLV

hesitates
as

helmed

head of Jove, or Lanzi warrior, whom it

or
was

takes for See HI.

on

Telamon, as
heroes he

customary
heroines
prow
on

Vetulonia.
to

to

represent
And

Miiller Telamon

whether

regard

coins.
as
a

the interprets the

also

the port of Ruselke, Saturto

referringto
has ikcussis,

Argonauts.
"

One,

nia, or
Etrusk. knew
not

Vulci, but inclines

I. p. 296. cf. 333.

the latter. Miiller

first-rate

the

legend of
in
or

Tlate,"
Lanzi
as

But of
a

in

Etruscan
to

characters, which
blend
such
a

of the existence
a

proposes
read
"

way

to

city, only
it must

few miles

inland, to
served

which
as a

Tlamne,"
suggests
the for of
a

Telamon these coins

"

but may

undoubtedlyhave
can

Miiller

that

port.
a
"

Though Stephanos calls

have been but
or a

Telamon
a

it city,"

small

belong to being put

with
a

fadus

Lutinum
A

Tlate
sextans

Tlatium. young
two

town,
as

fortified landing-place ; just and Tarqmnii, with together Agylla,

of

the head

Hercules,and dolphins,with by
Ses-

Gravisese,the port
of

trident

between
"

Pyrgi,the port

the

legend

Tel,"

is referred

chap,

xlv.] The

THE

PORT."

THE

OSA

AND

ALBEGNA.

261

bay
enter

is

now

so

choked

with

sand

and

sea-weed,

that ado

even

the small
;

when craft, coasting

in
summer

laden,have much

poolsalong the shore send forth intolerable effluvia, deadly generating miles fevers, and poisoning the atmosphere for many
to

and

the stagnant

around. in the

What

littlecommerce
corn,

is

now

carried on, consists

shipmentof
road
to

timber, and charcoal.

runs

The

Orbetello

along the
crowned site had

swampy

shore,
of the

with low bare

once inland, heights

by
been

one

whose proudest cities of Etruria,

forgotten for ages ; and with the lofty headland of Monte Argentaro silwsa seaward, and the wooded peaks of the Giglio Igilii cacumina" by its side ; often concealed by the woods of which stretch for miles in a dense black line along pine, this coast. The river Osa, the Ossa of antiquity,7 has to be in the stream crossed by a ferry, where largemasses claim prothe wreck of the Roman bridge, by which the Via carried across. Four or five miles beyond, Aurelia was is the Albegna,anciently the Albinia,8 much wider river, a with a littlefort on its left bank, marking the frontier of the this coast, which belongedfirst a small district on Presidj, then to Naples, and was annexed to Spain, to Tuscany at the Congressof Vienna. is also crossed by a This stream ferry.There is a saying When you meet with a bridge,
"
"

"

"

pay

it more

respectthan you would

Quando vedi
Fa
un

to

count"

"

ponte,
che
non

glipiu

onor

ad

un

conte

"

and with
tini to Telamon.
tav.

good

reason,

for counts
G

in

are as Italy plentiful

Lanzi, II. pp. 28, 84,

;

Rutilius, I. 325. Cucsar,Bell.

;

Civ.

II.
;

4"6

Etrusk. Miiller, Numis.

I. p. pp.

I. 34

333
11"

Sestini, Lett.

III.

liuni ; III. 12.

"

Mela, by the

II. 7. Called

Greeks,

,-Egi^Egilon.1'lin,

also

Suppl.I. pp. 203"4. Anc. Cramer, Italy,I. p. 192. MilItalie,p. 173) lingen (Numis. Anc.
13 ; Mionnet, doubts
to

Ptolem. Culled

Geog. p. 68. Albinia by tin- Peutingerian by

the Maritime Itine-

if these coins should

be referred

Table, Almina
rary.

Telamon.

262

TELAMONE.

[chap.

xlv.

blackberries
"

you

meet

them of
all

at

every

turn

but

bridges

"

they
neither
drive still

are

deserving
nor

reverence,

albeit rivers
in in

patronised
a

by

saint

sovereign.
of

Three roads of the St.

next

morning's
and all

along
under

one

the

best

Tuscany,

the

protection
! For

Christopher,
five then of and of
or

the
six

first miles
off
to

Christian the road

ferryman
traverses

pine-woods,
lies into
at

and

branches

Orbetello, sand,

which

the wide

extremity lagoon,

long
is

tongue

of

stretching

its

overshadowed

by

the

double-peaked

mountain-mass

Argentaro.

Tenditur

in

medias

mons

Argentarius
ceerula
rura

undas,

Ancipitique

jugo

premit.

CHAPTER

XLVI.

ORBETELLO.

Cyclopum

moenia

conspicio.
"

Virgil.

front to the stranger. threatening A strong line of fortifications crosses the sandy isthmus by of the which the work he approaches it ; principally and fifty who for a hundred the town Spaniards, possessed makes
a

Orbetello

years

"

from in

1557
a

to

1707.

On
But

every

other

side it is

fenced
in its

by

stout

sea-wall. midst
sea

its chief
wide

strengthlies
which
wise other-

in position all attacks

the

of the the

lagoon, protected
of sand
to be

from
unite

by

by

two

necks
;

Monte

Argentaro

to the mainland

and

approachedonly by the narrow tongue, on whose tip like that of Mexico.1 it stands a position singularly sea-marsh of Strabo,2 is This Stagno, or lagoon, the
"

"

"

vast

expanse be forded
;

of stagnant
in
curse

salt-water, so
never

shallow

that it

may
summer

parts, yet
and the

dried up

by

the hottest

the

of the country around, for the foul and

swarms

pestilent vapours,
insects it

of

generates at that
an

season,

musquitoesand other the inhabitants yet blessing

with

abundance

of fish.3

have

here The

described causeway Monte

its

original
now

at in

night,and Italyand
are

in the
"

way

often

practised
the

position.
connects

which

Sicily by harpooning
attracted boat.

it with

Argentaro, is

of

fish which the prow

by
It is p.

light in
a

very
a

recent

construction,completed only
since.
"

of the

curious
to
see

few
2

years

s'ght,says \t/j.vodd\a.TTa.
on

Repetti (III.
hundreds

C75),

Strabo,V. p. 225.
The

on

calm
or

nights
canoes

of these
about

little with

fisheryis generallycarried

skiffs

wandering

2(54

ORBETELLO.

[chap.xlm.

Orbetello foundations

has
of

further

interest which

for the

antiquary. The
it
on

the sea-wall

surround

three

sides, are
on

of vast
ancient wit
"

many

blocks,just such as are seen polygonal sites of Central Italy Norba, Segni,
"

to Palestrina,

and

such

as

compose blocks the

the walls of the

are

That these neighbouring Cosa. shaping no one acquainted with

remains

of

ancient

so-called doubt
;

Pelasgic
and

of

Italy can

for

moment

that

they
is

are

also in great

measure

of ancient

arrangement,
in
some

equallymanifest ; but that they have been in the upper courses, parts rebuilt, especially
obvious from the wide and interstices between bricks. The
"

is also
now

them,

stopt with
tale
as

mortar

stones as can speak clearly rebuilt with fortifications, having fallen into decay,were less skilful hands, the the old materials, but by much defects in the reconstruction being stopt up with mortar and rubble where they retain their that the blocks, even from the action have suffered so much original positions, of the elements,especially from the salt waves of the lake, lash the walls, as to have lost much which often violently of surface, and that close, of that smoothness neat fitting and that of joints, which characterise this sort of masonry;
"

tells its masonry that the ancient

the hollows

and

interstices thus formed

have

been

in many of

over parts plastered

with

mortar.4

Ancient

masonry

their

lights,and
illumination

making
on

an

ever

the of

usual

material

in roads.
been of

Still less

moving
the lake.
4

the

surface

is it that they have likely from

Cosa, for the walls

towards
to the

that

brought cityon

Hoare the

Tour, (Class.
that
must

I. p. CI) the

came

this side,and
in
are

sea

to

conclusion fortifications

blocks have

too
a

perfect
mass

have

generally, supplied so
; and

these

been

great
stone

of

material is

again
lime-

Roman road, brought,either from some from the neighbouringruins of Cosa. or of But of larger size, and they are much

the masonry
; that
or

of Cosa

wholly of
is

of Orbetello
marine been

principally
the

of

crag,

conglomerate,as quarried near

greater depth than the ancient are they of basalt, paving-stones ; nor

though
shore.

it had

chap,

xlvi.]

POLYGONAL

WALLS

AND

ETRUSCAN

TOMBS.

265

this

needed and cement had never never description ; holding together weightof its masses. by the enormous It seems highly probablefrom the character of this the level of the and the position of the town on masonry, shore, that Orbetello, like Pisa, Pyrgi,and Alsium, was I would attribute founded by the Pelasgi; to whom originally the construction of these walls.
is

But that it was

also the

occupiedby
tombs
close

the Etruscans

abundantlyproved by
been

which people, of the city, on vicinity of that it with the mainland.

have

discovered of sand
were

in the

the isthmus Most

which found

connects

of them
an

in the

of SignorRaffael vineyard who

now are

de Wit,

inhabitant of

the town,
No

has
remain found in

made open with the

collection of their contents.

; in

tombs

truth, the soil is

so

loose their

that

they

their roofs fallen in, and The articles

the

contents

buried

earth.

brought to
dead
were

though lightare, sarcophagiof nenfro,

laid generally with tiles
"

uncoffined seldom

on

slab of

rock, and
then

covered

vases,

those of Volterra
articles in bronze value.5

like coarsely, rather than of Vulci and other tripods, beautyor ; but nothing of extraordinary
"

and painted,

Orbetello, then, by these remains

Etruscan
been site. What
was

is

clearly provedan
take it to have
I hesitate

its

name

Some

the Succosa

of the

Table ;6but Peutingerian

Bull. Here
cow

Inst.
was
on

254.
a

1829, p. 7 ; 1830, p. found a sistrum, with

the

of

Paris
at

and

Helen

in

Campanari's
p.

Garden in

Toscanella human

(Vol. I.

451),
the

little

top, representing
Ined. p. 109, found
not

having
6

heads

between

in whose Isis,
were

worship these instruments

Micali

volutes.

used. XVII.

(Mon.
it
now

Gerhard, Bull. Inst. 1830, pp. 251,

; Memor.

tav.

10)

says It is

was

254

Inst. III. p. 83 ; The makes

far from

Cosa.

in the

LaboIn

III. p. 665. which alone

Repetti, PeutingerianTable,
mention

ratory of the

Duke

of

Tuscany.
there from

of Succosa

Signor
Etruscan

De

Wit's
a

garden
which

is the
an

capital of

column,

taken

(see Vol. I. p. 388), places it two miles Orbetello is to the east of Cosa, while
four
or

tomb,

resembles

that

five

miles

to

the

west.

The

266

ORBETELLO.

[chap.xlvi. rather inclined to

to assent

to this

and opinion,
town, it
was

am name

regard
come

it

as

an

Etruscan

the

of which

has not

down is

to us.

That

also inhabited in Roman and altars, cippi, other

name

times remains

proved
have in

by

columns,
found

which traced
mere

been

here.

Its ancient

cannot

be

its modern

which appellation,

unless of urbicula,1 corruption

"

it be

a apparently of its significant

is

antiquity
to know

urbs vetus. has

It

must
an

suffice for

us

at

present

that here

stood

ancient

town,

originally,
afterwards

it may

Etruscan, and be, Pelasgic, certainly

is

Roman.8 Orbetello
3000
now a

placeof
among

some

size,having nearly
towns, is second
it has
two

inhabitants,and
Grosseto.9
ones,

Maremma of
one

only to

Instead

good inn,

indifferent

called Locanda

dell' Ussero, and

that of

correctness

of be

these

Itineraries

may I

seems

confirmed

by

the in

fact
a

of

its

indeed think
or

often it
more

questioned.
station Cosa
at

But

being called
of the II. p. 432.
8

Orbicellum

papal bull Dempster,

not
tioned men-

probable that Succosa,

was a

thirteenth

century.
town
or

Subcosa,
on

the

foot

of the hill called that into

which

stands, only
ruin of

That

such Strabo

is

existence

after the See

by

Mela, by Pliny or

Etruscan

city.
Some the be

Abeken, Miteven

Ptolemy, in
from
be

their

lists of

placesalong
its distance

talitalien, p. 34.
Orbetello
to

have

taken itself.

this coast, is the

sea,

explainedby
from which It inland
some

site of Cosa

it could
have

not

.Mionnet,Suppl.I. p. 197.
"

approached.
as an

must

been

So called,it may the

be, to distinguish regarded

town, and
one

may

it from

largercity of Cosa on the neighbouring heights. Certainly the

name

be mentioned
names

under

of those
no

of Etruscan

towns, for which

cannot
"

be

derived,
the
a

as

has

been

site has yet been

9

determined.

suggested,
walls, which

from form

rotundity of its perfect circle,"

;
ing seea

(Viag. Antiq. Via Aurelia, p. 50)

that the said walls form
cone

population proof how much Maremma, in the to tends salubrity that Orbetello, though in the midst of a
It is
a

truncated
curve

in

outline, without
There is Nor

any

whatever.
about

nothing
is
it

round
more

lagoon, ten square miles in extent, is comparatively healthy,and in 24 its population doubled lias almost
stagnant
rears

Orbetello.
be
as

; while

Telamone,

and
are

other almost
few

small

likelyto Tdlus,
in

dei'ived from

Orbicum
p.

and
poses pro-

places along this coast,

in summer,

serted de-

Repetti (III. preferenceto the

by
Land. from

665)
it

and

the

people

Urbt

Vittlli,
was

that remain
or

become

bloated
as

like wineskins,

suggested
derived

That
or

yellow

lizards.

Repetti,

urbicula,

urbicclla,

III.

p. 680.

1.
2.

Ancient Probable

gates.
site of
a

gate.
anil internal.

3.
4. 5.
(i.

3.
4.

Square
Circular Hound
Tbe

towers, towers,
tower

external internal. of Roman

work,

Acropolis.
"

Kuins, Deep
Roman

Etruscan,

Roman,
a

and

mediaeval.

pit,

perhaps

quarry.

columbarium.

ANCIENT

GATF,

AND

WALLS

OF

COSA.

CHAPTER

XLVII.

ANSEDONIA."

COSA.

Cernimus
Et

antiquas liullo
mcenia

custode Cosse.

ruinas,

desolatae

fceda

Rutilius.

Go Mark

round

about

her, and
; that

tell the

towers

thereof. that
come

well her

bulwarks

ye may

tell them

after. Psalm.

As

Cosa
"

was
a

in the time
waste

of the

Emperor Honorius, change

such

is it still walls
;

deserted

of ruins, inclosed have of the

by dilapidated
in its

fourteen Yet should

centuries it is
not
one

wrought
most

no

condition.

remarkable

Etruscan
one

sites,and

fail to be

visited

by

every

ested inter-

in ancient It

fortifications. flat summit of

a

occupies the

truncated

conical

hill,

270

cosa:

[chap,xiaii.

about

six hundred

feet
sea,

proximityto
scenery

the

and high,which from its isolation, forms a conspicuousobjectin the It stands

two

of this coast.

justoutside
of sand
; and

the

Feniglia,
unite

the southernmost
Monte

of the

necks

which

Argentaro to

the main-land

is about

five

or

six miles to the south-east of Orbetello.1 leave the the hill of will La
can

It

were

best to

where high-road,

it

beginsto
a

rise at the foot of

Cosa, and

turn

down

lane to the

house in a a lonely perceive presently the only habitation hereabouts. Selciatella,

leave your
not

right. You garden,called

Here you

vehicle
"

need
who

dismount

but if you have a cavalcatura you only ask for one Pietro Fruggioni,
;

dwells
a

here, and

will act

as

your

guide to

the ruins

and
meet.

more

cicerone obliging, civil-spoken

Some the

travellers who
to

have further

you will nowhere visited Cosa have followed side of the and city, della Tagliata ;

taken
but

as

high road their guide a

the

soldier from

the Torre

this is unnecessary, for Pietro knows the site as well his cattle there for many a as any one, having tended which is as much as point out all the lions, year, and can
can

be

from expected
own

these

country ciceroni
to their
"

the traveller

must

exercise his purpose.

and

answered but for

"

by a
a

judgment as Enquire not for and stare of surprise,

ascent

origin, antiquity,
or

Cosa,"
"

non

c' e

you will be qui tal roba," site.

Ansedonia," the modern

steep
of
a

of the appellation
or

It is

mile

more

to

the walls of

The

site of Cosa Some have

at
on

has

been

much it

Portus marsh

Hereulis, and
;

hard

by, the

sea-

disputed.
near

Orbetello, others
Santo
;

Santa

at placed Liberate,

and

on

the

headland

which

Stefano

Monte p.
as

Argen225)
has
no

overhangs the bay is a tower ing the tunny-fish." He

that Cossa
from

for watchalso
states

taro

yet Strabo
its doubt
a

(V.
of

is 300
; and

stadia from

(37-J miles)

described reasonable

so position

to

leave

Graviscse
800

Populonium
Cf.

its whereabouts. the

town
sea.

nearly
someday

stadia
600

(100 miles), though

"Cossa,
The

city a little above height on which the lofty

a

stadia
et

(75 miles).

is

Rutil. Ttin. I. 285

seq.

situated lies in

bay.

Below,

lies the

chap,

xlvii.] You

WALLS

OF

POLYGONAL

MASONRY.

271

Cosa.

may

trace
a

gate, running in
is but
a

road all the way to the line up the rocky slope straight ; it the inner it passes

the ancient

marked skeleton, in few

blocks
some

are

by the kerb-stones,for places remaining. On the way

brick, among
and them
a

Roman He who and of

ruins of has not

columbarium.

seen

the so-called

Cyclopeancities of
Minor, those
with their it to which excite
race

Latium
marvels

Sabina, of Greece
art, which early
it with
to

of Asia

overpower

the mind
or

grandeur, bewilder
active

amazement,

as speculations

their

erected

them,

and

the

state

the antiquity, of society which sites

so

demanded
as

fortifications

so

stupendous
"

on

inaccessible

they in general occupy ; he who has not beheld those sublime trophies of early Italian civilization the bastion round and of Norba tower the gates of Segni and of the many terraces Arpino the citadel of Alatri
" "
"

"

Cora

"

the

covered
same

way masonry

of Praeneste, and
in the mountains
at

the

colossal

works

of the

of Latium,

Sabina, and

Samnium,

will be astonished
no

the first view

of the walls of Cosa.

styleof
so

masonry, from remote

Nay, he who is will be surprised to

district which

strangerto this
it
on

see seems

this spot,

the

its immense bound

peculiar
blocks

He will behold in these walls locality. of stone, irregular polygonsin form, not with the
vain

together

cement,
are joints

yet fitted with

mere

so

admirable he

lines,into which
a

that nicety, might often in

: the surface smooth as penknife billiard-table; and the whole at a little a resembling, with a wall, scratched over distance, freshlyplastered strange diagrams. The form of the ancient cityis a rude quadrangle, in circuit.2 The walls vary from twelve a mile scarcely

attempt

to

insert

Micali's that

Plan annexed

of is

the

city,from

it about

or 2,640 bracelet,

5,060 feet

which

adapted,makes

in English,

circumference.

272

COSA.

[chap,xlvii.
are

to

feet thirty towers,

in

and height,

at intervals, relieved, by

square of
more

from projecting

eleven

to

fifteen feet, and

horizontal masonry
Fourteen of

tions. than the rest of the fortificatowers,

now

these

square

and

external,
to

and

two
3

internal and
but

circular, are
were

or standing,

be

traced

there

placesare
towers,
to
or

immense

probablymore, for in several heaps of ruins, though whether of

outwards, it
is difficult

of the wall itself fallen

determine.

other ancient sites in Though Cosa resembles many in the character of its masonry, it has certain pecuItaly liarities.
I remember
no

other the
a

instances

of

towers

in

with fortifications, polygonal and

near

of exceptions
similar

the bastion
at

round

tower

of

Norba,

bastion

Alatri,

the Porta
no

S. Francesco, and

the towers
no case

at

Fondi,
a

of apparently continuous
western

In high antiquity.4

is there

chain

of towers,

as

round

the

southern

and forti-

walls of Cosa.

Another

of these peculiarity

On
tower
on

the

northern that in

side there
a

is but state ;

that

form

recommended says

by

Vitruvius

one

and

ruined that

but

the

western,
was

or

facingthe
to
one

sea, which
I

most
a

open circular

attack, within various

they should be either round or many-sided, for the square knocked to pieces ones are by the easily
(I.5), who
whereas the circular on battering-ram, make it can no impression. The weakness

counted, besides walls,

the
seven

the

external,

in

states

of preservation,the southernmost

of

square

towers,
before
one

however,
the time

was

being
This
20
to

largestand
is 22

most

perfect.
about In

ascertained Vitruvius
and
:

long
for in

of

tower

feet wide, and stands.

of the very reliefs from

earljthe

high,as
the south

it
are

now

the wall and

curious

Assyrian
which

five towers

square

ruins of Nineveh, recently placedin the British

external,and
42

one,

internal and On the

circular,
eastern

Museum,
a

represents the

feet in there
and

diameter. is but
one one

siege
from

of

city,the

battering-ramis

side

ancient

square

directed

tower,
and have also

semicircular masonry.
towers

of smaller

which

againstthe angles of a tower, the it is fast dislodging

Inst.
was

more

recent

called these

Though I external,they
the
of Plan many

blocks.
4

Memor.

III.

p.

00.

Even

project a
are

little inward, from In Mieali's omitted.

that
towers

line of walls. these towers It will be the Falerii,

Pyrgi,which though masonry,

"

fortified with similar its

no

name

signified
of such
in

towers," retains

trace

observed external

here,
are

as

at

its walls (ut supra, page

16).

not

of

chap,

xlvii.]

PECULIARITIES

OF

THESE

WALLS.

273

fications is,that in many parts they rise above the level of the area at Volterra and as is also the case they enclose, Rusellae
are

whereas

the walls of the Latin and Sabine towns embankments.5

or

mere generally

The

outer

half of the

wall also is raised three

serve as a

four feet above

seen on

the
no

inner, to
other site. is

rampart

this I have

The

total thickness five and

of the wall in this six feet. The

superficial part
surface

between smoothed

inner

is not

like the outer, but

left in its natural state,untouched

chisel ; showingin the same or by hammer piece of walling the rudest and the most of finished styles Cyclopean testimonythat the outer masonry, and bearing surface was hewn to its perfection of smoothness after the blocks were raised. A fourth peculiarity is, that while the lower portions of the walls are of decidedly polygonal masonry, the upper parts are often composed of horizontal and the courses, with a strong tendencyto rectangularity, blocks are generally of smaller dimensions than the polygonal
masses

below

them.

The

line between

these different

is sometimes styles of the confirmatory

marked, which seems very decidedly notion suggestedby the firstsight of

different
a

this masonry,

that it is of two
"

epochs;

the rectangular

strengthened by the fact,that the material is the same throughout a close grey limestone. For if the peculiar of the cleavage rock had led to the adoptionof the polygonal in the style firstinstance, it would continue to do so throughout ; and would seem to have been any deviation from that style the work of another race, or subsequent age. On the
"

markingthe repairs

notion further

I have

visited most

of those ancient of Latium, and

in

above

the level of the

city.

The

height
that
or

cities in the mountains the land of the and remember

tower
II.

of the eastern level varies and fifteen, least double

wall of Cosa
a

above

and Hernici, Volsci, iEqui,

no

from

few feet to twelve wall

other
at

instance

than rises

externallythe
that

is at

the round
VOL.

Norba, which

height.
T

271

COSA.

|OHAP.

XLVII.

other

hand

it may

be

said,that this rectangular masonry

of the

justas the polygonal, into the horizontal at angles, as may runs latter generally be observed in the gates and towers of this same city.6 From the ramparts you may perceivethat the walls much as in a so fall back in some degree,though never modern are revetement, but the towers on perpendicular
is but the natural
every

off finishing

side, save

in

few

cases

where

the

masonry

is

over.7 and they topple dislocated, Of gates there is the orthodox

the centre

number

of three
eastern

; one

in

and of the northern, southern,

walls of

the

city respectively.8 They are well worthy of attention, all of them beingdouble, like the two celebrated gateways of Volterra, though without even of an the vestige arch. is that in the eastern The most wall, which is perfect in the woodcut of this chapter.9 at the head represented
6

These
at

features the head

are

shown of this

in

the

the

south-eastern

angle of

the

walls,at
Sir R.

woodcut which Cosa.

Chapter,
gate of

the spot marked C. Hoare also

2 in the Plan.

represents the
The masonry,
in

eastern

polygonal, appears
the

though decidedly the door-post of

In the

four gates ; and he roads.

9

thought he could perceive speaksof four ancient

is about within 12 feet wide, that in

Classical Tour, I. p. 58.

gate

to

be

fragment
blocks
are

of

rectangular. the walling to the left, regular

small least
manner

Its entrance

but the passage width is no and

28

is double

polygonalbelow, and
at

feet

long ; the

inner

gate

above,
courses.

or

laid

in

horizontal

The

in

which

pieces were
is also shown the masonry
as
.

fitted into But

not

the

interstices

though indications longerstanding, The of it are traceable. depth of the the in other words outer doorposts, or
8 inches. of the wall,is 7 feet,

the
so

of peculiarities

thickness

are

in many

other
It
was

in this, Gateways on a similar plan are striking in the Cyclopean cities of Latium fications. portions of the fortiselected from several Porta the di S. Francesco Cassamara
; the latter
at at

found
"

the

Alatri, and
for is probably

sketches,as illustrative also of the gate.

On this side of the than
on

Porta

Ferentino

citythe
the

masonry The

is

instance

however

smaller
of
more

the others. in

largest
is not

of Roman The

construction. those of

the

blocks

woodcut and the

gates of Cosa, unlike 5), (I.

be
so

than

4 feet square,

height
of wards up-

Volterra, do not
of Vitruvius

exemplifythe precepts
that the road
to
a

of the wall is
7

only 15
and

or

16 feet.

The
on

bastion the

round

tower
narrow

gateway

should

aiTanged,that
his

the

Norba,
8

contrary,

considerably.
There may have
been
a

approaching foe should have side,or that unprotectedby

open
to the attacks

right

his shield,

postern

in

of the

besieged.

276

COSA.

[chap,xlvii.

certain other

Cyclopeancities of Italy.2Yet such may the walls on to inspect fully exist,for I found it impossible beneath them sides, the slopes the southern and western trable, being covered with a wood so dense as to be often impenethough the difficulties are not aggravated,as at formidable than myrtle, Rusellae,by any thickets more
Within the all is ruin city,
"

and laurestinus. lentiscus,

a

chaos of
masses

walls, crumbling
rock, and

overturned
subterranean

masonry,

scattered
"

of bare peeps
and

vaults,
all
overrun

where with

the

owl

deeming

it

midnight,"
"

shrubs

creepers, and

acanthus
may

in

great profusion. The

for it was the den

popular superstition
as

be

pardoned
; for ages

regardingthis

the and

haunt

of

demons and

of bandits

outlaws,

of the tradition,kept alive by the natural gloominess

it may spot,has thus preserved, their atrocities.

was

be, the remembrance

corner

of
area

At

the south-western

of the

the

above Arx, for the ground here rises considerably

and is banked up with masonry in parts level, ordinary like that in similar situabut in general tions regular, polygonal, several ruins, On this platform at Rusella). bare are of the walls rising to the heightof twenty feet, apparently of the middle ages ; and numerous low Empire, or still later, the

foundations, some
others
some

of the

same

small

cemented

masonry,

of
even

blocks, Roman, and decidedly larger rectangular like the city-walls. It is probable polygonal,
of such openThe better known

Besides the

the instances walls

opening in
a

the walls believe In the

ings in

of Norba,
a

Segni,and Chapter
a sewer

of the citadel of Alatri,I do not

to

Alatri,referred (see page

in the the bastion
cesco,
"

to in

former mention

be

sewer,

but

postern.

121), I may
of the

Cyclopean walls of Verulse,now

in

Veroli,
parts
"

walls

latter Porta

close to city, di San Fran-

the
the

rudest masonry,

and
are

most

ancient
sewers

by

the

of

several

which truncated
2

is of very
cone

peculiar form inverted, appato

tall

upright
and

openings,like that
or

in the

walls form
mon

of Norba,

yet
to

more

similar in
so com-

rently
1 foot

feet wide

above, tapering
3 feet in

dimensions

those

below, and

about

height.

in the cities of southern

Etruria.

chap,

xlvii.]

REMAINS

WITHIN

THE

WALLS.

277

that the the Roman three

as the earliestmasonry latter,

work

rests

on

it
"

marks

for in many parts the foundations of the

"

every Within
some

templeswinch the Etruscans were wont Juno, and Jupiter, cityto the divine trio,
the

to raise in

Minerva.3

gate to the east, are

upper deep hollow been with
a

with
a

ings, remains of buildmany stories and windows ; and not far walls precipitous of

from which

this is
seems

rock,
the
one

to have

Joyfullywill
ramparts
on

the
;

quarry. traveller hail the

in truth it were

view

from

of Cosa
more

and

hard to find

this coast

walls of lofty blockingup all view in that direction. At his feet spreads the sun-bright bay, with Porto Ercole and its rockyislet on the further shore,4but not a skiff to break the blue calm of its waters ; the wide lagoon is mapped of Monte out by its side ; and the vast double-peaked mass overshadows the natural Gibraltar of Tuscany, Argentaro, like a majestic vessel alongthe shore,moored by all, lying its three ropes of sand5 the castellated Orbetello being
rise
" " "

varied,and grand. Inland, singular, rock stern, and forbidding rugged,

but he

knot in the centre

of the middle

one.

To the north the twin lands headthe the

looks

coast along the pine-fringed

to

of the

bay of Telamone,

level Maremma,

then far away over of Troja and to the distant heights and

3 4

Servius,ad Virg.Mn.
The Portus Herculis

I. 422. of It Rutilius
was

difficultto account the that

two to

for the formation The

of
or

isthmi. the

Tombolo,
have been

and (1.293), called Portus XXX. 3fl.

the Itineraries. Cosauus. I did not says it is

a

also
11 ;

north, may
the

de-

Liv. XXII. visit it; but

Sir

R. C. Hoare and
"

resembles

a town, singular of steps, each flight

Albegna, which opens there is hard by; but for the Feniglia" itself hereabouts, river discharging no positedby
The circuit of 36

miles,which
to this

Rutilius is

bearing appearance Classical Tour, I. p. 56. landing-place." There said to be no reare antiquities maining. Viag.Ant. per la Via Aurelia,
street
a

the

of

(1.318) ascribes
much features and
see district,

promontory,
the this

exaggerated. of productions

For

physical singular
natu-

Brocchi, Osservazioni

p. 54.
5

rail sul

It is highlyprobable that the Monte

was

Ital. XI., and

promontorioArgentaro,Bibliot. Orbetello. s. v. Repetti,

Argentaro

once

an

island ; but it is

~78

COSA.

[chap,xlvii.
"

grey

peaks of

Elba.

The

island,is lost behind

the

the so called Giglio, Lily it travels Argentaro ; but, as

"

southwards, the eye rests on the islet of the Giannutri ;6 and, after scanning the wide horizon of waters, meets
land

again in
"

the dim
is

hills above

Civita Vecchia.
"

The

tract intervening

low, flat, desert, here

tract

broad
a

strip
a

of
or

sand,
swamp,

there
"

long,sea-shore lagoon, or
a

deadlyfen
"

now

dark

with
"

underwood,

now

wide, barren

moor,

houseless treeless,

e deserta. Arsiccia, nuda, sterile,

Yet

in this

all desolate region,

Vulci, that mine

queen

appears, stood of sepulchral the treasures,and Tarquinii,

as

it

now

of Etruscan

with her port of Graviscae cities,

and

Corneto, her

modern

representative, may
diadem of
towers

be

descried,
above the

her miles off,lifting thirty

nearer

turrets

of Montalto. walls of Cosa there

are

Around

the

few

relics of
are
"

It antiquity.

is said that in the of

a

plainbelow

extensive remains than those of the

wall of much

very ruder construction

"

7 Near them. city ; but I did not perceive the Torre della Tagliata several ruins of Roman are date, of which those commonly called Bagni della Regina You remarkable. the most enter a long cleft in the are side perceive rock, sixty or seventy feet deep,and on one within which is a second, stilllarger, a huge cave, apparently

formed
"

for baths

for there
"

are

seats

cut out

of the

rock in utter ruin. but all now vivo sedilia saxo living The place, it has been remarked, recalls the grotto of the 8 tradition has but popular Nymphs, described by Virgil ; Uberti peopledit with demons, as says Faccio degli
"

Ivi Ivi

ancor

ove ove

fue la

Sendonia,
a

la cava,

andarno

torme,

Si crede

il tristo, overo

le demonia.

The

Dianiuru, or Mela, II. 7

;

Artemisia

of the

"

Classical fan. 1.

ancients.

Tlin. III. 12.

Museum, V. p. 180. Ifi7 ; Repetti, III. p.

670.

chap,

xlvii.]

WHO

BUILT

THESE

WALLS?

279

Among
mosaic

the

ruins

on

the

shore

at

this

pavement.
tombs

The

site has

been

spot is taken, with

some siderable con-

for that probability, No is

are

of Subcosa.9 the
at
were

to be

seen

on one

around slopes

Cosa.1 those

It
of

that,like probable,
and and covered

the

Rusellse,and
constructed earth. Such

Cortona
masonry,

Saturnia,they
over

of rude
seems
was

with

to

have been the

too

plan adopted on
of easy

sites where At

the rock Volterra

hard

to

admit

excavation. for there

and

Populoniait was not necessary, in the neighbourhood.

The walls of

were

soft strata

Cosa,

so

unlike

those

of most

cities of

and to what age shall we refer people, them 1 Can it be that they were raised by the Etruscans themselves induced to depart from their generalstyle of into by the local rock having a natural cleavage masonry of these and similar polygons1 Or are the peculiarities
"

Etruria, to what

walls in Etruria

characteristic

of

the

race

which

structed con-

them, rather than of the materials of which

are

they
or

formed

Are

they to
to

be

attributed
or

to

the
"

earliest
to

occupants of the land,the Umbri

much later times, and
seems now

the

\ Pelasgi

the

Roman

latter view

in favour.

The conquerors 1 It was first broached

by Micali,the great advocate

indigenous originof the Etruscans, and who the antiquity sought, by invalidating of this polygonalstyle, to enhance that of the which is more Etruscan. He regular peculiarly masonry,
9

of the

Mannert, Geog. p. Ansedonia, and

366.

According
is the ruined ad

Yet

excavations

have

been

made

in

to

this writer, it is this spot which

not

the

neighbourhood.Micali
was

(Mon.
found

Ined. here
to

called

p. 328) states that what in the

city

above.

Holstenius the

(Annot.
same

1837,
late of

was

presented by
; and

himself
of
a

Cluver.

p. 30) made both

seem

distincbeen led

Pope

speaks

flat

tion ; but
to

to have

vessel ferous forth

a

bronze, containing an which, when

odorigave

this conclusion

by

the lines of Faccio

above ; for the

gum,
most

degliUberti, quoted
itself is
now certainly

city

burnt, agreeable perfume,

called Ansedonia.

280

COSA.

[chap,xlvii. of

maintains resemble and

he

that the walls of Cosa, and

which Satnrnia,
in the land ; raised

them,

are

among

the

least ancient

suggests that they may colony, established

here

have
at

been

by

the fifth
to

Roman

the

close of the
are

that the Romans century of the City,seeing

have

known

employed

this masonry

in

certain

of their

public

works.2
It would will
must

demand

more

room

than

the limits of this work

extent.

to its full allow, to discuss this subject

But

make

few remarks. is of

This
to

polygonal masonry
so

high antiquity, long prior

of it cannot claim

Roman

times, though every

remote
a

instance

to be

of

date.

It must,

however, be of later

composed of unhewn masses, rudelypiled than the insertion of small up, with no further adjustment that blocks in the interstices style which, from the of Pausanias, is sometimes designated Cyclopean;"3 description is the perfecting for this polygonalmasonry
than origin that
"

"

II .pp. 144,196; Ant.Pop.Ital. Micali, he says," at the glance," p. 6. "A mere of Cosa,
so

of respectively vertine.
not
as

hard

limestone in this has

and

il!, tra-

I cite Micali

instance,
the
as

walls

smooth

and

well

pre-

the writer

who

treated but

served, proves
small of

their construction

to be of

subjectin the most

the

able manner,

in comparison with those antiquity Fiesole and Volterra, of quadrilateral of The

in
no

originatorof the opinion of of Cosa, and Roman as one oi'igin

referred
to
as

the who the

blocks, and

genuine

Etruscan

work-

has been

on authority

manship."
freshness
ever, remote to
are

superiorsharpness and
walls of Cosa, howof
a

point.
3

these

Pausan.

II. 16, 4 ; 25, 7 ; VII.

25.

proof

whatever Micali's

less

Pausanias, however,
term

antiquity.
any

argument,
show walls either that
are

to the walls

of

applies the same Mycence, which are

even

have

weight, should
of which these is

of hewn

polygonal blocks,and
Gate masonry.

to

the

material

the celebrated
is
term

of the Lions, which The

respectivelycomposed,
same,
or
one

the

of regular, squared

equally affected by
Whereas and the

atmo-

used is also repeatedly

to

by Euripides,

sphericinfluences.
fications of Volterra may
are

fortiit

in reference

the walls of

Mj
963;

cente,

or

Fiesole,and,

of

Argos
; Here.

(Elect. 1158;
1501;
Fur. 997
;

Iphig.

Aul.

be

added, of Populoniaand Cortona,

stratified sandof other rock
and

152, 534,
1083

Orest.

Troad.

either of macigno,
or

stone,
while

equallyfriable,
Satnrnia
are

Here. It is

Fur.

944; compare Statius,Theb.

clear that

Seneca,
I.

252).
term

those

of Cosa

therefore

the

chap,

xlvii.] ANTIQUITY ruder

mode

OF

POLYGONAL

MASONRY.

281

of that

of

construction.4
seen

Yet

that

this walls

as smooth-surfaced, -joined closely style,

in the

of

Cosa,

is also of

is proved,not only by earlyorigin,

on

numerous

instances of it
"

very
as

ancient marvels

sites in Greece of

and

Italy

some

referred to
"

the ancients themselves its

but also

by

the

antiquity by of primitive style

in connection

gateways, and
it.5

the absence

of the arch

with

The

fact of the

Romans

this style of adopting

as they seem to have done in the substructions masonry, of some of their great Ways, and perhapsin a few cities of

Latium,6
of the
race

in

no

type.

militates way of The Romans had

againstthe high antiquity

of

imitators,who
cannot

times were a servile early little original beyond their

"

Cyclopean"

with been
to

proprietybe by Dodwell,
of the
distinction contraor

some
5

centuries. Gerhard
on

as confiued,

it has

Topog. Rome, II. p. 165. (Ann. Inst. 1829, p. 40),

this fact, says
even

Gell, and
rudest

others,

masonry

remarking
certain remains of

it

seems

unhewn

in description,

that

the

least

ancient

to the neater

polygonal,
The
term

to
was

this

descriptionpreceded
arch. But this is of
recent

the

horizontal
in

style.

the invention refuted arches

in

of the the

employed
of the

reference

to the traditions

by

discovery
this masonry

Greeks, rather
of the masonry

than
;
or

to

the character in

in connection and In Asia

none

with

if used

Greece 275. have

Minor.

Ut supra,

this way

it

was

applicable to
or
"

generic,not specific ; of walling great any

had the appearance,

page

of these cases, however,

an

the structures

appearance

massiveness, which
the
Arces

of very
6

remote

antiquity.
Via

reputation of high antiquity. Cyclopum autem, aut quas

In

the

Salaria,

near

Rieti,
Antrothe Via

and doco

in

several

places between
Ducale ; in

Cyclopes fecerunt, aut magni ac miri quicquid magnitudine sua. operis; nam dicitur fabrinobile est Cyclopum manu
catum." Lactant. ad Stat. Theb. I. 252
;

and

Civita

Valeria,below
between in and the Tivoli Via

Roviano, and elsewhere and Tagliacozzo ; and

between Terracina whose cities, been and

Appia,
The

cf. I. 630.

Though rejectedaltogether (Ann.

and Inst. 1834, p. 145),
"

Fondi.

polygonal
to the

by Bunsen
the term ben trovalo" has
some

fortifications have

ascribed

is convenient

se

non

e a

vero,

Romans,

are

Noi-ba Inst.

Signia.
et

hard, Gerseq.

in default

of

better,
On this

Ann.

claim
I

to be retained.

83,

et

seq ;

1829, p. 55, Inst. Bunsen, Ann.

1834,
V.
states

ground
course

have

made

use

of it in the

p. 144 ;

Bunbury,
of the

Classical Museum,

of this work

in its
to

genericsense, early massive

p. 167, et seq. that

most

Strabo the

(V. p. 237)
cities of
on

applying it alike irregular masonry.

*

all

the

Via

Latina, in contrary opinion

"

lands

the built

Ilernic-i,

Gell

held

the

vEqui, and
Romans.

Volsci, were

by

the

that the

polygonalwas

more

ancient

by

282

COSA.

xlvii. [chap,

and were beUipotentia,

not

onlv

civil and
to

borrowing of their neighbours, and whatever institutions, religious

ever even

ministered
arts of
war.

but luxury and enjoyment,

Thus in their architecture
seem

the sterner

and

fortifications :
the

in

Sabina

they
much

to

have

copied the styleof

Sabines, in Latium
How

of the Latins, in Etruria

of the Etruscans.

they may have been led to this by the for separate consideration. local materials,is a question of masonry must able to a considerConceding that the style have been affected by the character of the extent I cannot materials employed, hold, with some, that it was
the natural and constructive unavoidable
"

result

"

I cannot

believe in

necessity that with certain given materials every people in every age would have produced the same of masonry. There are conventionalities or a similar description
and
easy, ruder
masses

fashions

in

this the

as

in

other

arts.

It
to

were

indeed, to admit
detached from

in regard proposition

the

which Cyclopean style,

as

is

mere

random

pilingof

suggest itselfto any

on

the quarry ; a style which may and which is adopted, people, though of fences
or

much

smaller

scale,in the formation

the modern Italians and
and

of

embankments
even

by
is

and T}rrolese,

by

the

peasantry of England

Scotland, on
But the
on

spots

where masonry

stone

cheaper
we

than

wood.

polygonal
a

of

which
;

are

treatingstands
seems

totally

different that

ground

and

it

unreasonable

the in

marvellous

neatness, the

suppose artistic perfection played dis-

to

like the walls of Cosa, could structures polygonal who have been producedby any people indifferently pened hapFor it is not the mere to fix on the site. cleavage that will produce this of the rock into polygonal masses and laborious adjustThere is also the accurate ment, masonry. of parts,and the subsequent the careful adaptation smoothing of the whole into an uniform, level surface. If

284

COSA.

[chap,xlvii.

tlie Pelasgi. Not

that, with Sir W.

Gell,I

would

cite the

and founder of Lycosura, myth of Lycaon,son of Pelasgus, of Pelasgicorigin9" I was as proof that this masonry there is no conclusive evidence in might even admit that of the monuments instance of the Pelasgian origin one any 10 existence of consideration," under yet the wide-spread of this masonry remains through the countries of the wide diffusion of the Pelasgic ancient world, the equally of the lands it correspondence race,1 and the remarkable these monuments with those where or inhabited occupied of abound ; to say nothing of the impossibility most of reason them with a shadow to any other particular ascribing in history afford satisfactory people mentioned of the polygonal evidence to my mind of the Pelasgic origin
"
"
"

And here it is not necessary masonry. what and whence much vexata qucestio,
race, which
was so

to determine
was

the

that

Pelasgic

the ancient widelydiffused throughout that in almost every land world ; it is enough to know of this find remains which it is said to have occupied, we and the Peloponnesus, In Thessaly, Epirus, description.2
fl 10

Gell,Rome, II. v. Pelasgi. Bunbury, Clas. Mus. V. p.

there kind
us

more

widely spread
the Arno almost
trans.

than

any from

other the Po

186.

peoplein Europe, extended

and
to the

Yet
same

is, in
and ascribe
to

most

instances, the
of evidence
as

Bosphorus."

degree
the the

I. p. 52,
2

Eng.

lead

to

walls

of Fiesole

Gerhard

(Memor.

Inst. III. p. 72) of

and

Volterra

Etruscans, those of
or

takes these structures gons

to

irregular polyMuller

Psestum
to

to the

Greeks,
We

Stonehenge
it recorded

be

Pelasgic.

(Archamost

the
in

Druids. very

find

der Kunst, ologie of the so-called

p. 27) thinks that

early times the lands or sites were occupied by certain races ; and finding local remains, which analogy
marks Roman in
as

that

Cyclopean and the Peloponnesus Epirus know erected by the Pelasgi. We

wall and the

walls
were

of

that the in

of

and high antiquity,

not

of

construction,we
to

feel authorised the

they built the ancient Acropolis of Athens ;

which this fact sius (I. p. 22), in

roimd way

ascribing them
1
"

respective

is mentioned

by Dionywith the
their

people.
It is not
"

connection

mere

hypothesis," says
a

wandering
of
some,

habits, favours
that these

opinion

Niebuhr,
time when

but

with
I

full historical
was a

conviction, that
the

assert, there

great fort-builders of tory

race

the Pelasgi were a antiquity, migra masons, who

went

then perhaps Pelasgians,

of warlike

CHAP.

XLVII.]

THIS

MASONRY

IS

PELASGIC.

2S5

the
most

peculiarhomes
abundant
;
on

of this

such people,

monuments

are

they are

found

also in the of Asia

Isles of the
were

iEgean Sea, and

at
some

the coasts

Minor, which

colonised by the Pelasgi.In or periodoccupied those regions which abound most in such monualso, Italy ments in possession of the Pelasgi, all once were though it be acknowledged on the other hand, that we have must historic mention the head remains of that
race

in certain other districts at

"

of the Adriatic,and have been

in CEnotria
;
3

"

where do

no we

such

discovered

nor

indeed

find

walls of this character

"
"

in all the ancient cities of central

of Etruria Italy even Pelasgicorigin.4 These

which

are

said

to

have

had real

whether discrepancies,

or

apparent, whether
local

occasioned the

by

the

character of the

of the earliest

rock,5 or
land and
to

by

entire destruction

about

from

land, sword
wherever

in

one

the

hand, hammer

chisel in the other,

first landed in Italy, Pelasgi may of the explained by the nature swampy

be low

fortifyingthemselves conquered.
3

they

coast, which
materials.

did

not

furnish

the necessary that

no

It is asserted
are

polygonal

structures
or

to be found

in Basilicata

Calabria

; nor,
nor

indeed, north of the

of the Vulturnus Memor. 143.
"

Falerii, Agylla, and Cortona, which find regular, were we Pelasgic, parallelopiped ; at Pyrgi and masonry
Saturnia,
have
on

At

Ombrone,
some

south

the

contrary, whose

lasgic Pe-

say the

Silarus.

Inst. I.

originis
remains

we equallywell attested,

p. 72 ; Ann.
as

1834, p. Inst.,
the south of Have among

But,

of

struction. purely polygonal con-

regards

Italy, the
sufficient the Calar'

assertion is premature. researches brian been made

It is very

probablethat

the local rock

Apennines ?
the
asserts

Petit- Radel, who of

are

mined sometimes, though not always, deterthe style of the masonry. Where it
as

maintains this

Pelasgicconstruction
that there

masonry,

into rectangular naturally split forms, with the macigno of Coris the case tona, and the volcanic tufo of southern may have
were

remains Lucania. 66.

of it far south, in Memor. heard

a

Apulia and
pp. 55
"

Instit. HI.

Etruria, there
been
wont

the horizontal

I have that

made recently of very

rity, good authoGerman gentleman has discoveries some singular

also,on

even preferred,

by
seems

those who

to

employ
at

different

description
been is of

of masonry. the
case

This

to have

extensive

polygonal remains
is about
to to the world.
on

in

Agylla,where
are no

the rock of

this part of
account

and Italy,

give an
That
no

tufo ; there construction tombs page

traces

polygonal
ancient

of them
are

even

in the most is

such

walls

to be found

the ancient

the masonry 29.

sites at the head

of the

where Adriatic,

Yet, in

rectangular. See of these natural spite

286

COSA.

[chap,xi.vii.
to the rule, and exceptions for the Pelasgicoriginof

monuments

of the land, are

but

do
this

not

invalidate the evidence

peculiar masonry.
respect to Cosa, there
walls
as

With

is

no

reason

whatever There any

for
is

regarding its nothingwhich

ancient

of Roman them
as more

construction.
recent

marks

than

other The the the and

fortifications in
of the

Italyof
a

similar

masonry.

resemblance
absence

gateways of the arch, pointto

of the Roman

to those

of Volterra, and earlier date than hundred

much

establishment

onlytwo colony,

seventy-three years before Christ ; but whether they were erected by the Pelasgi, or by the Etruscans copyingthe As the is open to doubt. of their predecessors, masonry walls of Pyrgi and Saturnia, known of sites, were Pelasgic unfair inference construction the same polygonal ; it is no has relation to the one that these of Cosa, which by of a to the other by situation on the coast, are proximity, of Cosa is indeed attested like origin. The high antiquity
inducements favourite
as

to

the

contrary,
of

the

style ;
hewn

for into

the

same

stone

which

was

was style

sometimes tholus

carried out,

horizontal

masonry upper page the

in the
as

is

proved hy
at

the

polygonal
of the
;

towers, gateways, and

shown have in the wood-cut'at been thrown into
not

courses,

construction travertine

Volterra, formed
page

269, could
forms
been

(ut supra,

160)

by

same

polygonalwalls of Saturnia
material zoutal
"

of the

same

throughout, had
influenced the natural instance exhibited

the other

builders motive

stone

of used

decidedly horiabundantly in
from and the Peru-

by
of

some

than

and cleavage, in

cleavage.

Another of

singular
now

regular masonry
Etruscan walls the Greek

all ages,

disregard
near

cleavage is
the

of Clusium

in the walls of

Empulum,

sia,and
to

temples

of Prestum, the also

Ampiglione,
masonry,

Tivoli, where
of tufo, is
is

Colosseum, St. Peter's, and Rome. This is palacesof modern

proved by the travertine
in the and of crag

the

though
this that of

decidedly
instance

polygonal;
known thrown

the

only
rock the

used

volcanic other than

being
rectan-

polygonal by

walls

Pyrgi (see

into any forms

page

12),and
even

the crag

in the similar

gular

it naturally assumes.
v.

See facts of

fortifications of Orbetello and these walls that

the

(see page 264) ;

of Cosa afford
were

Gell's Rome,

Empulum.
the

These

will suffice to overthrow

a

doctrine

abundant
not

proof
slaves
a

builders

constructive

often applied to necessity,

the

of

their

materials,

but

this

polygonalmasonry,

exerted

free choice

in the

adoptionof

chap,

HIGH xlvii.]

ANTIQUITY

OF

COSA

AND

ITS

WALLS.

287

when by Virgil,
towns

very ancient of Etruria, sending assistance to iEneas.6 Some, inferred that it was from
a

he

with represents it,

other

however, have
Volcientium
"

mere

Pliny's expression Cossa colonyof Vulci, and one

"

of the latest of Etruscan considered probability Cosa

were

cities ; 7 but Niebuhr that the

an

with

more

inhabitants original earlier

race

of had

not

Etruscans,but
between Vulci

who

maintained

their

ground againstthat people.8 The

or

nection con-

indeed

Volci, and
one

Volsci, is

obvious,and from
6

the fact that at

time the Etruscans

Virg. ./En.

X.

168

; Serv.

in loc. that
to

Lanzi

(II. p. 56),

Micali Cramer

Miiller (Etrusk. I. 3, the walls of Cosa be

are

1) by

remarks
no means

Ital. I. p. 147), and

(Ant. Pop. (I.p. 195),

regarded
evidence

as

not

Etruscan, because
considers them

Pliny as saying that Cosa was interpret But the expression of Vulci. a colony
he
uses

they are
as

and polygonal,

is shown

by
the

Gerhard

to

have

Oi'ioli (ap.

of its antiquity(II.1, 2). Inghir. Mon. Etrus. IV. p. the walls of Cosa
firm con-

indicated
a

merely
"

in which territory reference

"

town

stood,without
as

to

its

1G1) also thinks

the

origin;
the Mr.

Alba

Marsorum
Alba

signified

antiquityassigned to
be

it by

the Latin Marsi.

colonyof
Ann.

in the land of

Virgil.Abeken
Cosa
to

(Mittelital. p. 21) takes

Pelasgic ;
same

and

Gerhard

Bunbury begin
of
to

Inst., 1829, p. 200. V. Museum, (Classical

that
as

inclines to the

opinion(Ann. Inst.,
us

p. 180) argues
not

Vulci

itself did the

1831, p. 205), and reminds

was a

that there in Thrace. have

an

flourish

till after

cityof

the

same name

name

decline

for which Tarquinii,

he cites

He

thinks

the the

may

to affinity

Doric

ndrra, KoSSd,
Cossse

head. and

It

is written but

by

Strabo

Ptolemy,
this
was

thinks

(II.p. 479) merely owing to the

of

Cluver

authority(Ann. Inst, 1831, must p. 101), Cosa, its colony or offset, needs belong to a late period. But that the questionof the colony apart of so recent a date is wholly Vulci was
Gerhard's
"
"

habit of the Greeks the middle

so

doublingthe
It is not

in

unsupported by
is refuted

historic the very

evidence, nay,
archaic furniture racter chaof its

of

word.

written

by

author but Pliny, by any Roman nation. it a plural termithough Virgilgives If the Etruscan have We proper
been
name

of much And

of the

were

sepulchres. observes 1, 2) justly

of Cosa it
was

Miiller that

(Etrusk. II. tion Pliny's menthat before Romans the

analogousit must
an u
"

spelt with
in Etruscan of "Cusis
"

does

not

prove the

Cusa.

find
names
"

colonised had
no

by
120
on

the inscriptions
or
"
"

town
8

existence.
; cf. p. 70.

Cusim," Cusinei," Cusithia,"" Lanzi,II. pp. 371, 402, 416 ; Vermigl. Perug.
"

Niebuhr, I. p.
this

He

founds

Iscriz.

I. p. 324.

"

Cusiach

"

opinion Livy (XXVII. 15) of

Lucani, whom
race as

the mention
a

by people called
to be of the

also at Cervetri,(ul supra, page

"

27), and

Volcentes,in connection with the Hirpini

and
same

Cusu
7

at

Cortona.

See Cluver

Chap. LVI. (II. p. 515),

he

took

Plin. III. 8.

the Volsci.

288

COSA.

[chap,xlvii.

the possessed
was

land of the Volsci,it would

of
name

seem

that this
were

not
or

one

merely.9
and what

But

the

Volsci

of

Opican
them

Oscan the
one

race,

existed affinity
; whether
an

between

and

orioin,or
same

Pelasgiis doubtful arisingmerely from

such

the

of affinity occupationof the

at different epochs. Confusion territory

races
on

of

names

enough in the grounds is common records of earlyItaly. As the Etruscans were frequently the Tyrrhenes, the so confounded with their predecessors, with the Pelasgi.1 It is well have been Volsci may similar to these of Cosa that walls precisely known erected of the Volsci, but whether abound in the territory by the Volsci themselves, or by their by the Pelasgi, of dispute is still matter Roman ; yet by conquerors, to a later date than the reignof are none they assigned Superbus,two centuries and a half before the Tarquinius
and Roman 481.2 for
I

colonization

of

Cosa,
is

which
no

repeat that there

year solid ground whatever of Cosa

to
so

was

in the

walls these polygonal ascribing

recent

Cato, ap. Serv.

connection the Cistiberine
races,

ad

Mn. the

XI.

567.

is merely syllable termination. with

the

ancient
seems

adjectival
connected of the

The and

between

Etruscans

Alatrium

people, especially
apparent from

Velathri, by the
;
so

dropping
with

the Oscan the has

"

is very

digamma
Instances

also iEsula

Fsesulse. be yet

names

places.Velathri (Volterra) its counterpart in Vehtrae (Velletri)

of in Perusia Fregellse" in Satricum. existed in A in Sutrium and
;
a so an

of such cited.
names,

might analogies
indeed, bear
a

further
'

Fregena;

The

strong

Frusinum" Ferentinum both There Cossa Cosa Cora the

s

Niebuhr affinity. the and

were

(I.p. 72) points out

the
names

Artena
a

analogy between
Falisci ; the latter

Volsci

lands
was

also

river

Clanis. and
a

he thinks, people,
are

Compsa
land

in Samnium,
as

^Equi,
words

but

they

called

in

in

Lucania,

well

as

river
; and

history Pelasgi ; and

the Falisci and

the

of similarity also

in the also and

of the

Hernici with

Pelasgiis

seems
r

connected

Cosa,

striking. (Vol.I. p. 140).

2

being frequently interThat stood

no

Val. Patera

I. 14 ; Liv.

Epit.XIV;
suggests that
with of the

changeable.
which
name

the had

Vulturnus
an

on

Cicero
as a

(in Verr. VI. 61) speaks of Cosa

have of been the colonised

Capua
needs

Etruscan itself is
p.

munieiphim. Gerhard
may

analogous to
so

proof. Capua Capena (Vol. I.

to

she

175)

remains
Ann.

population

Vul"a.

is Falerii

Falernus, whose

Last

Inst. 1831, p. 404.

ohap.

xr.vn.j

HISTORICAL

NOTICES.

289

period.
same

With

just

as

much

proprietymight
was

the

massive in the

fortifications of

Psestum, which

colonised

Beyond
received record
She time Her
as

year, be referred to the Romans.3 which the mention made by Virgil, evidence Cosa
in

can

onlybe

of her the

of

probably fell
as

under
or soon

have no we high antiquity, days of Etruscan independence. the Roman yoke at the same after the year 474 (b. c. Second Punic War, when
came

Vulci"

on

280).4
with the

during fidelity
a

the

seventeen

other colonies she time when

forward

and

saved

at Republic,

Sutrium, Nepete, and

other

colonies refused their

At

what

commended aid, is highly by Livy.5 deserted, and fell into the was periodthe city
was

utter

ruin which

witnessed

by
same

Rutilius at the

mencement com-

of the

fifth century after Christ, we from

the

known

not;6
3

we

only learn
had any

poet the traditional

If the Romans

hand

in the have

at

least Cluver the

(II. p. 47 9) and Pitiseus

Cosa of Etruria is here

construction
been differ

it must of these walls,

consider
meant

in the
so

upper

courses

alone,which

; but

Repetti(I. p. 829) thinks it

of the

widelyfrom
is the

the lower, though

same

is the Cossa
6

Hirpini. Inscriptions,
have
of

the
It

material is

throughout.
have thus
paired re-

Rutil. I. 285, et seq. the

possible they
the walls.
as

may if

however, prove
existence
in
our

cityto
middle

been

in

But

testimony Virgil's
be

the
era.

the

third

to
"

the

admitted Romans
or

and
cannot

of Cosa antiquity who can rejectit ?

"

century of
Reines. p. 348. There head of

the
tirely, en-

III.

37, cited
certain
on

I. p. 828 ; Repetti, by Midler, I.

have

raised

them

what

has become

of the

prior
that have
as

are

coins

"

with

the
a

fortifications \
at
so

It is hardlycredible

Mars head
or

the

obverse, and
the
"

early a
a

been
to

rased to the

period they foundations,

so

could

horse's Cosano have

bridled, and
on

legend
which

not

Coza

the

reverse

leave
4 ft

vestige.
.0,10.
in

been

attributed

to Cosa.

Lanzi, II.
from
an

Vol. I. p. 404. Liv. XXVII. mentioned She Roman

24 ; is subsequently

pp. 24, 58;

Mionnet,Med.
Lanzi

Ant. I. p. 97 ; the

Suppl.I. p. 197.
an name

infers

Liv. XXXII.

2 ; XXXIII.

history. type Caesar,

11
.

analogy with Consus,

of

trian equesthe

Neptune,

whence

Bell. Civ. I. 34 ; Cicero,ad Tacitus

as

Attic. IX.

(Annal. II. 39)

promontory
of
was

speaks of
Etruria."

Cosa The
in

of the Consualia were public games called (Tertul. de Spect. c. 5), and

"a

thinks Cosa
liecn

to

Roman Posidonia

must
to
a

have Greek. does

its

brought up Emperor Vespasian neighbourhood(Sueton. Vespas.c. 2) ;

VOL. II.

Midler

equivalent (Etrusk.I.
to

p. 3411),who
U

290

COSA.

[OHAP.

Xl.vil.

cause

of

such The

desolation,
mountain

with

needless and

apologies brought
as

for

its

absurdity.
not
"

laboured but

forth,
drive
the

one

ridiculous their

mouse,"
fire-sides
"

so

many

to

citizens

from

Ridiculam

cladis
sed

pudet
risum

inter

seria

causam

Promere,
Dicuntur
Muribus

dissimulare

piget.
coacti

cives

quondam
deseruisse

migrare

infestos maluerim

lares.
danina

Credere
Et

pygmeee in
sua

cohortis,

conjuratas

bella

grues.

not

ascribe

these
cannot

coins in

to

Cosa,

shows
to

Compsa lingen
Sestini

in

Samnium Anc. Numis.

and

so

also

Mil-

that
the

they
times had

any

case

belong
because

(Nuniis. (Geog.
of Thrace.

Italie,
II. p.

p.

170)
to

but

of

the

Etruscans,
O in their refers

that

4)

Cossea,

people
Cramer

no

language.
them
to

city

(I.

p.

195)

292

VETUL0N1A.

mm. [chap.

quitieshaving
between inland the
; but

Magliano, a village Osa and the Albegna, and about eightmiles I concluded it was nothing beyond the excavation
been
at
so

discovered

of tombs, Etruria.
my way from I

commonly made
to

at

this

season

resolved,however,

to

visit this For

a

throughout place on
I

Orbetello

Saturnia.

few miles

retraced my crossed right, called

Barca

steps towards
the

Telamone, but, turning to the

some

Albegna
;

miles this

higher up,
spot there

at

a was

ferry
no

del Grassi

from

and my vehicle toiled the intervening to Magliano, carriage-road five miles through tracks sodden with the rain. of three hundred innless village, Magliano is a squalid, in picturesque ruin.2 souls,at the foot of a mediaeval castle, here I was referred to an engineer, making inquiries then forming a road from Pasquinelli, Signor Tommaso

On

Maglianoto
found this

the

Saline

at
a

the

mouth

of the in the

gentleman at
the
to

convent

Albegna. amid village,

outshone
I
was

I
a

circle of venerable
robes

monks, whose

beards

their

and

in table cloth, refectory learn that it

was

whiteness.
had

delighted
rumoured

he

who

made

the

and that it was neighbourhood, of tombs not merely,but of a city of great size. The this wras in which mode brought to lightwTas singular visible above ground not a fragment enough. Nothing was of ruin to indicate prior habitation ; so that it was he was that made means aware only by extraordinary here a city had The stood. ground through which his road had to run being for the most part low and swampy, and the higherland being a soft friable tufo, he was at a in discovery

this

"

loss for the materials

some

he

wanted, tillhe chanced

beneath the

to uncover

large blocks, buried

Magliano does
site ; in
name

surface,which

he

not

appear

to

be

an

its
must

name

from have been

the

ancient this

yet Italy

like all other it

placesof

Manila, and called Mananciently

gens

probablyderives

liainun.

chap,

xlviii.]

DISCOVERY

OF

AN

ETRUSCAN

CITY.

293

recognisedas
he

the foundations
continue in
an

of

an

ancient wall. which line,

he unearthed

These
he lowed fol-

found

to

unbroken

out, breaking up
tillhe had

the

blocks

as

them,

With land
once

of

of a city. periphery of Tuscany, that the genuine politeness rare he proposedat it, as Coleridgeterms courtesy," traced out the
"

to accompany

me

to

the site.

It

was

he

had

had

of

doing
been

the honours
made his in

the first tunity opporfor of his city,

had though the discovery had had communicated

not

the

fact

to

May 1842, and he the intelligence friends,

and no in vague distorted rumours, save spread, had visited the spot. News antiquarian always travels foot in Italy, and generally fallsdead lame on the road. on of Florence, that someI had heard from the antiquarians thing,
no

one

knew

what, had
tombs
in utter
;

been
had

found

hereabouts. it was

One roba
heard

thought it was
;

another

heard

gold

another
of
a

was

ignoranceof
discovered
on

this site, but had Monte

to Catini,

having been city

the west The

of Volterra.

citylay between Magliano and the sea, on a low table-land,justwhere the ground beginsto rise above the of the coast. In length, to Signor marshy plains according less than a mile and a half, it was somewhat Pasquinelli, and mile in breadth ; but taking into account a scarcely its quadrilateral form, it must have had a circuit of at least
four miles and
a

half.3

On

the south-east

it was

bounded

This
on

account

differs from which world

that
I have
:
"

the from the

tese

sea,

5,800

from

Magliano, 3,200
5,000 from
5,500
flume di circa

heard

the

spot, and
to
was

the river Osa.

"

Albegna, and
distanza
mare,

elsewhere that the

given
circuit I have

the
not

viz.,
six

less than received

Inglesidal

1,G00 dal

miles.

Osa, e 2,900 Albegna, 2,500 dal torrente details from Signor Pasquinelli, dal paese di Magliano,sotto la superfice accurate who says that the city della campagna, 7200 English was senza nessun vestigio feet in length, width. 4800 in He by apparente, esistevano da secoli sepolti
more

since

also states that

was

certain spot in the

city

gli avanzi
deUe

di

numerose

fabbriche,ak-unc
vedere
in

afeout

11,000 English yards from

quali ella pote

detta

294

VETULONIA.

[chap,xlvih. banks rise in cliffs of the

by
no

the streamlet
o-reat
a

whose Patrignone,

sinks in

height; but on every other side slopeto the plain. At the gentle
a

table-land

south-western

near extremity,

house

called La found
a

the only Doganella, smaller

and inner

habitation

on

the
;

site,was

circuit of wall
was table-land,

and

this,being also the highest part of the

out
as

thus marked

the site of the Arx. of the walls,and much

soil
no

remained a vestige Though scarcely

ruins
rose

above

the

surface,I had
as

not

the recognising
strewn

site

Etruscan.

The

in difficulty was thickly

with broken of

that infallibleand ineffaceable pottery, habitation ; and here

it
was

indicator

bygone
on

of that
any

character admixture

found of

purely
or

Etruscan

sites,without

marbles,

fragments of verd-antique,
stones, which the mark
or

and other valuable porphyry, of Roman luxury.4 Though

the seats their the

roborated cor-

walls,

rather

foundations,had been

almost

since destroyed entirely

blocks remained first discovery, a few the Etruscan Within the the walls
of
a

yet entire,and

character road
or

of the

city.5
been

street
on

had

traced

foundations been

the

houses
no

either hand.

by Many

thingshad
as on

dug
"

up, but

statues,or marble
of bronze
or

columns,

Roman

sites

articles chiefly

pottery.6
in

circoscritte circostanza,

entro

un

recinto

sembling
size and
or

those rude

of

Populonia
others

their

quadrilaterodi
circa
4

mura

rovinate,lungo
two

shaping ;

of tufo, of

1 ,200

tese, largo 800."

of the

soft local rock, like that

form

mentioned Signer Pasquinelli exceptionsonly to this a small

"

Corneto, agreeingin size and

the usual
on

with found

oval

blocks

of this material Some

or were

stone, somewhat
and
near a

like black
of

porphyry,

Etruscan
been

sites. found

of the former
ten

fragment
to to

white of
a a

marble, found building which

littleor

had

nine

feet
not

in

the foundations have the could

mere

length.
without

But

the blocks

gene-

seemed
5

been

temple.
masonry,

rallyof large dimensions, though always

cement. On
one

As

styleof
be

spot, where

nothing
these blocks
were

ascertained, seeing
foundations
were

of portion
at

the walls had been

of
a

uncovered,

; but of

the
an

the verge
was

hollow, a

sewer

opening huge pot,

themselves

indicative of

in them
fi

disclosed. the latter

was a

Etruscan

origin"

some

macigno, re-

Among

ohap.

xLvm.]

REMAINS

DISCOVERED

ON

THE

SITE.

295

myselfsaw

piece of

bronze

drawn

from

the soil, many be

a

feet below

the

surface, which

proved to

with eye and needle,ten inches in length, It must have served some worthy Etruscan, either in paring prefor his travels,perhaps to the Fanum Voltumnae, the of Lucumones, perhapsfor the grand tour, parliament the grand such as Herodotus made, which is pretty nearly still; or, it may tour be, in shippinghis goods to foreign This venelands from the neighbouring rable port of Telamon. in my possession. needle is now While
it is to
trace

packing! pointuninjured

be

lamented

that

to

future

travellers
be

a scarcely

of this

remembered,

that but led to

it must citywill be visible, of for the peculiar exigencies the destruction

the

which engineer, should have accidents

of its walls, we

remained have

in

might
have

of its existence. Other ignorance led to the uncoveringof a portion that any other of the of the

of the wall ; but

cause

it is difficultto conceive

could

brought about
the

the

excavation

entire

and circuit, of the

consequent determination
So that in is

limits precise

city.
the
to

spiteof

sale the wholeto

macadamisation, the world

gentleman who
Outside the

made walls

indebted greatly discovery.7 the north

were

the

encircled originally
up for the road.

with

masonry,
were

which

tumuli, many had been broken

in

Some

feet or thirty twenty-five

complainsof
from
a

one

metre

in diametei',and

not ware,

much with

not
to

having received justice

whom he he committed had made for of the

less in
its rim

of height, covered

rough
lead

red

party

with

lead,clamped into
alone

a plan publication

it with 27 lbs.
matter.

spikes; the
This

weighed
of little of

city and

its environs, drawings of the

pot
The

was

found

full of burnt consisted

bronzes

and lances, javelins, nails, fibulw,

figures of deities Etruscan decidedly

7

or

lares;

some

other in the tombs, and many paintings since who has and publicly particulars, for of the discovery claimed the honour does Repetti (Suppl. himself. Nor p.

character. desirous of

133), who

mentions the

the fact of the of

dis-

am

the

more

the merit ful owner,

of this
because

to discovery Signer Pasquinclli

referring covery on its right- road,record

occasion
name

forming the engineer,

the

of the

296

VETULONIA.

[chap,xi.viii.

diameter.
some

On

this side remains

"

also,i. e., towards

the bases

Magliano,I
Doric and

saw

Roman

of small

columns many

and coins

the site of Baths, where of the

mosaic

pavement

to me.8

that many

Empire had been found, was also pointedout I heard the high grounds to the south-east, On had been opened,undoubtedly Etruscan tombs
and
contents.

in character but cliffs,

They
the

were

not

hollowed

in and

sunk

beneath

surface, as

at Volterra

Magliano I saw many articles found within lion of peperino,about them foot long a small a a sphinx Egyptian-like figures a little bronze idol, with sickle in his hand and sundry other articles in sculpture, experience enabled me pottery,and bronze, which my of the to pronounce Etruscan, and chiefly indubitably I saw archaic character. most no figured pottery,but
Vulci.9
"
"

At

"

"

"

much

of the

common

black
was

ware,

like that of Chiusi the

at

and

Volterra relieved

; and

told that abundant of

tall black

vases

with been

so decorations,

Sarteano, had
had

discovered

here.

Scarabei

cornelian

also been

broughtto light.
I

learned, moreover,

been

opened

in

painted tombs had between the heights this neighbourhood, on

that several

Magliano and the Albegna. I could not see them, as they had been reclosed with earth ; but of one I received had who from a copied description Signor Pasquinelli, its paintings. It was a square chamber, divided into two by a wall hewn from the rock, on each face of which figures were painted. One was an archer on horseback, drawing with a long black beard, his bow ; another was centaur a
8

These

coins Some

are

of silver the

as

well
are

as

lined

with

rude

masonry.

From

what
were

copper.

of

latter

of

I could much

learn,traces
more

of interment
on

Vespasian.
9

numerous

this site than

Many
the

of these tombs

were a

mere

holes

of cremation,

in

earth, of the size of

body, and

chap,

xlviii.]

THE

NECROPOLIS.

297

wings open
and
to
me

and raised, and which

in tailterminating
were

serpent's
flowers,
described

head ; beside

there

and dolphins,

"serpentswith hawks' heads;" as they were

"

tombs
some

probablydragons.1 The existence of Etruscan in this neighbourhoodhas,indeed,been known for

excavators

years, and
on

have
tombs

even are

come

hither from
so
an

Chiusi
occurrence

speculation ; but
in this
at

of
of

frequent
Etruscan

land,that the existence

researches know

town not

or

near city

hand, though necessarily was inferred,

no

and ascertained,

were

made

for its site,2

no

To those,however, who

that the existence of have been so surprise Had there even been ruins of walls or long forgotten. the site, such things in that too abundant on are temples land to attract particular attention ; and generation after generationof peasants might fold their flocks or stall the crumbling ruins,and the world at their cattle amid of their existence. Thus itwas largeremain in ignorance with Psestum ; though its ruins are and so stupendous unknown it was to the antiquary till the last prominent,

it will be Italy, this city should

matter

of

century. Maremma,
1

Can
not

we

wonder, then, that

in

the

Tuscan

better
tomb

populated or
was

more

frequented,
heights of
north-east relics of Colle of di

It must

be Don

this

which

opened by
1 835 two
or

Luigi Dei, of Chiusi,in

is described with chimerical
as

probably on Lupo, three

ano,

the miles

Magliancient

6, and

chambers

monochroms,
also

red, green, and Instit. 1840, p. 147). The (Bull.

described

by

an

sepulchralurns, of Roman is bassame fragments inscriptions, and other works of sculptural eye-witness reliefs,
many adornment been in the local travertine, had
at various

having in figures sky-blue

where

sundry
been

times had He adds

discovered

(V. p. 207).

that

(Bull. Inst.
minuteness further says from
2

1841, p. 22), with more to the chamber, but no as

of the He paintings.
one

times

details

in the
on cially

district of
a

brought to light Magliano, and espebetween from Colle the di

this tomb Mao-liano. Befoi-e been

is about

mile

only
it

loftyhill
found

Lupo
chral the mile the Etruscan

and

Pereta, which

sepulcalled

discovery Pasquinelli's

remains

there, was
On the
a

had

suggestedthat

Tombara from

in the cityof Caletra stood somewhere of Magliano. Repetti neighbourhood thoughteither at Montemerano, or more

(III. p. 18). Magliano,stands

of

hill, a
ruined

church

of S. Brizio,of the low

Empire,

with other remains

higher antiquity.

298

VETULONIA.

[chap,xlviii.

than the Campanian shore, a healthy, cityshould have been lost sightof,which had no walls or and no vestigebut broken pottery, ruins above ground, a city which tells no tale to the simplepeasant ?

because

not

more

"

"

Of

which

there

now

remaines

no

memorie,

Nor

anie littlemoniment which

once

to see, fares that way,

By

the
was

that travailer,

This

she, may

warned

be to say."

As
near

I stood
at

on

and this ancient site, the

This

the perceived
but
a a

sea

so

hand, and
"

Bay
must

of Telamone have The

is

few miles

I exclaimed, off,

been

maritime

city,
than

and them

Telamon
was

was

its

port!"
her

connection

between

obvious.

The

distance

more scarcely

that between between

low

Tarquiniiand
the
sea.

port

of

and Graviscre,

Caere and

When

I looked

also

over

the

I could marshy ground which intervened, why the city was situated so far inland ; for strength of position,

understand
it
was

for

elevation for
room

above

the

unhealthy
the

swamps ad

of the coast, and

to extend

its dimensions
on

libitum, which

it could
or

not
on

have

done

rocky
the

heightsabove
first

Telamone,
The

the small conical headland

of Telamonaccio.

of the position on peculiarity the level of the

heights which
to
a me a

rise from

seemed It Had
was

sure

index

to

swamp, the character of the city.

convenience.

compromise between
been for maritime

and security
purposes, and

it not

the port of Telamon, the founders

have

of this

proximityto citycould not

would

chosen

site so

but as this, objectionable

have

would have combined further inland,which still one preferred and greater natural strength the advantagesof more elevation above the heavy atmosphere of the Maremma, in

every age
:i

more

or

less insalubrious.3
healthy in

At

the

present day the swamps

render

of
un-

summer.

Telamone

Magliano

very

14 ; V. p. 497.

Yet

p. the soil is wonder-

III. Itepetti,

800

VETULONIA.

[chap,xlviii.

bears

testimonyto
even

the

and antiquity

former

of glory

Vetu-

and lonia,

asserts

that it was

from

her that the twelve

fasceswith
as

their hatchets,and and ivory,

the other

the curule-chairs of
well
as

the robes

symbols of power, of Tynan purple,

in war,
were

the

use

of the brazen

trumpet

all

first derived.6 lonia

except in

Beyond this we find no mention of Vetuof Pliny the catalogues and Ptolemy;7both
the
"

placeit among
adds

inland

colonies

"

of Etruria ; the

one

its latitude and

were

and longitude,

the other

elsewhere

states, that there

not

hot waters and

at

Vetulonii,in Etruria,

far from

the

sea,

that fish lived in the waters.8

we

The
on was

sum

total then
be

of what

learn from

the ancients

this
a

comprisedin a few words. Vetulonia of great antiquity, and magnificence, importance, city point, may

with very strong claims to rank among the Twelve chief cities of the land ; having hot springs in its neighbourhood, and
stood

though not
at
a

situated

on exactly

the

shore,it must

have

short distance from

the sea.9

Sil. Ital. VIII.

485."

decus quondam Mfeoniseque

Vetulonia

gentis.
Bissenos hsec

of " Vetulonis ; but there is conniption solid ground for such an opinion. no Dionysius (II. p. 104) speaks of an Etruscan
a

"

prima

dedit

prsecedere
se-

fasces,
Et

Lucumo,
to

citycalled Solonium, whence probably Caeles Vibenna,

assistance of Romulus. this to took

junxit totidem
cures

tacito terrore

came

the

Cluver eboris decoravit honore be

a

(II. pp. 454, 473)

Haec

altas

curules,
Et

princeps Tyrio
ostro ;

vestem

Cascorruptionof Vetulonium. meant it thought Populonium. prsetexuit But Miiller (Etrusk.I. p. 116), by comparing Propertius (IV. 2, 4), comes aubon proto the
more

Hsec

eadem tulit aere.

pugnas

accendere

probableopinionthat
was

it was

Volsinii that Ptol. p. 72, ed. Bert.

9

here

intended.
to

Plin. III. 8. calls the

Dr.

Ambrosch,

in order

reconcile

Ptolemy
8

city

Vetulonium

"

the

hill of insignificant

BerCastiglione
with

ObiTovXwuiov. Plin. II. in

106.
"

nardi

(ut supra,

p.

214)

the site of the

(aquis

ad calidis)

Vetulonia, endeavours
and

to

invalidate
as

Vctulonios
a

Etruria,

non

procul
It has
p.
"

testimony of Silius Italicus

portance

to

the imancient

mari, pisces (innascuntur).

stated
and

of that magnificence his view

on

been already

(ut supra,
took the

230),
Velibe
a

city. He

founds
makes

the mention the

that Cluver nis

"

others

Dionysius

and of it,

placehe

of the

Table Peutingerian

to

assigns it at the end of the sentence, after

""hap.xi.vmi.]

IT

MUST

BE

VETULONIA.

301

Such
one

are

the

of them

Vetulonia. of the long-lost Every requisites -found city. On its is fulfilled by this newly

and antiquity
Its size

importance it

alone, without

necessary to enlarge. of such a port as the possession

is not

Telamon, would
Twelve.
In
to

give this citya rightto

situation
sea

rank

among

the

it also agree inland

enough
of
"

the
far

to

being near corresponds, with Pliny's non procid a

"

mart," and
intus than

enough

to

come

within

the

category

shore

classed.1
had

being scarcelyfurther from the Tarquiniiand Csere,kindred cities similarly As to the springs, where time the fish in Pliny's
colonice"
a

got, in
of

double

sense,

into hot water, I had

near

the satisfaction
or

learningthat

Telamonaccio,

two

three

yardsonly from the sea, were hot springs ; but I of returning had no opportunity to the coast to ascertain if the advantages in fishing the ancients possessed, out parboiled
hundred mackerel Tuscans. the
For and

mullet,have
traces

descended
name

to the modern

any

of the ancient

in existing

I inquired in vain ; neighbourhood, traditional affects my no as opinion,

the
but

but that in memory

way exists of

no

other

its confederates foux* cities, the silence of

Italicus is

gratuitously impugned
contemporaries for
not

in this

chieflyon
considers
been

Livy

and

matter,
among

as

that writer had the reputation

care

other
for he

historians,of Strabo
it of the
to

and

Virgil;
VetuloSilius

his

and

if impossible,

accuracy, For
a

for

lively imagination, reply

allowed
to to

nia had

importance
no

more

detailed I must
to

Dr. refer in

Italicus ascribes should

writers be

it,that

mention

Ambrosch,
the reader the Classical
'

be

made

of it

by

the

principal
pp. 137
will not

my

notice of Vetulonia No. V. the

of Rome.
"

Ricerche

di Vetulonia,

Museum,

pp.
"

65

92 The

; Memor.

Inst. IV.

In the

same

article in

Classical arguthe

155.
me

limits of this work

allow

here to than

replyto

these arguments Cluver and

Museum, I have shown, that the ments Inghirami adduces, from

latitudes and

further Muller tion other

on

that by stating
a

put
the

of Ptolemy, in longitudes of Vetulonia different interpreta- favour totally occupying the hill of Castiglione words of Dionysius that Bernardi,may be applied
"

cities of Etruria, than

some

of

no

less

with superior force

near

to

this ancient the

same

site time

importance
in

Vetulonia, are

past by

Magliano ; though at
as

"

equal silence by the said writers on Roman and geography legends, history, and the that authority of Silius

I disclaim drawn page

unsubstantial this
8.
source.

all evidence Ut
sii/"iih,

from 2 1 5, note

302

VETULONIA.

\V. [(II

M.VIII.

Veii, Fidense, Cosa, and

sites have One indeed
been

many

other doubt.

ancient

cities whose

fixed

beyond a
of

important

feature

Vetulonia, which

is nowhere

may be and is strongly corroborated inferred from their statements,2

mentioned expressly

by

the ancients, but

by coins3 and
character. rami and

other

monumental

evidence, is its maritime

littleregardedby

This feature has been

Inghi-

Ambrosch, who

would

fix the site of this ancient

or

Bernardi, cityat Castiglione

the sea.4 But
it is
one

fourteen

fifteen miles from

to strongly esta-

which

tends most

An

of analysis
us

the passage
to

in Silius

One with
"

as

has

wheel
"

and
.

an

anchor,
.

Italicus will lead that Vetulonia

or

the

conclusion
a port, sea-

the

legend
some as

Vetl

a,"

for

must
so
a

have

been
as

Vetiana,"

in Etruscan

letters.
a

Lanzi

at

least
on

situated

to

be

describes

having
and
an
one

crescent,
are

able The of

to

carry

foreign commerce.
the
use

though
most

wheel

axe

the

citywhich ivory
chairs
must

first introduced and

frequent types, the

other both the

indicating
chair ; ascribed Micali

Tyrian purple into

had
as

the lictors, the the

curule

Etruria

surely have
maintained from the

direct could been

are

origin of
a

being

by
sees

intercourse
not far

with

the East, such had

coast. robes

Sil. Italicus to
in the anchor

Vetulonia.

have

been

she We which

proof

of the

proximity
time mari-

removed that the

of this

city

to

the

sea, and

of her

told

purple
to

the

commerce.

Passeri, Paralip. in
1 ; 6
"

Etruscan the other

cities sent

Tarquin,among

Dempst. Sagg.

p. 183, tab. VI.

tav.

Guarnacci,
16 ;

in token of royalty, insignia his authority,were to of submission worn such as were by the Lydian and Persian form.
whatever the
a

Orig.Ital. II.
II. pp.

XIX.

Lanzi,
;

31, 110,

tav.

III. 4"6

Micali, Ant.
p.

Pop.
CXV.

Ital. I. p. 144
8.

; III.

monarchs,
Dion. may Hal.
have race,

differingonly
III. been p.
10.5. Now

in

1.01, tav.

It is asserted Anc.
not

indeed

by
in

Millingen (Numis.
coins
are

the

origin of
that
a

Italie, p. 174) that these

found any known
to

Etruscan which

it is manifest

collection,and
be considered

city

first introduced

foreign
custom

therefore

they ought
But of
is

custom
were

like this,must,

if that

from brought directly

been on,

the East
or

by
the
to

imaginary. Passeri speak

Olivieri ;
nor

Lanzi
one as

(II. p. 30) and

in

the

Museo tioned ques"

its founders, have

coast ;
or

near,

their

existence

if

subsequently, owing
with
or

by
or

Mionnet

I. pp. (Suppl.

205

7,

commercial
must

relations

those
have

lands, had,
a

214), Sestini
Muller ascribe

(Geog.
them Umbria. been

Numis.
p.
to

II. p. .""), ever, hownow

either have

been,

(Etrusk.I.
in have

336),who,
Vettuna,

port.
3

There the

are

certain coins with

"

head

Bettona,
stated of
to

They
found
ap. in

are

also
urns

and

legend
on a

Vatl

"

in

Etruscan
on

the

characters
reverse

the

obverse, and
two

the
outer

Volterra.

Bava,

Inghir. Mon.

trident, whose
the bodies

Etrus.
1

IV. p. 87. ntpra, p. 214

et seq.

prongs

rise from

of dolphins.

J'i

chap,

xi.vm.]

MARITIME

CHARACTER

OF

VETULONIA.

303

blisli the

citynear
The

of Vetulonia identity Magliano. character

with

this

newly-discovered
is indeed
in
blished esta-

maritime

of Vetulonia
at

by
and
now

monument

discovered Museum.

Cervetri It is
"

1840,

in

the

Lateran
of

bas-relief,

bearing the

Tarquinii, The latter, which is indicated by Vulci, and Vetulonia. the inscription is symbolised vetvlonenses, by a naked with an oar on his shoulder, and holdinga pine-cone, man which he seems to have just pluckedfrom a tree over his
three Etruscan cities head. Dr. Braun, the learned Institute of Rome,
in

devices

gical secretaryof the Archaeolo-

whose
"

such

matters,

says

"

opinionis of great weight that this figure represents

to me Neptune, seems beyond a doubt ; it is shown not only by the attribute in his hand, but also by the tree, sacred to that deity, which stands at his side. However it to deny that the figure be, no one can presume bearingan such as Pliny in truth implies indicates a maritime oar city,

Vetulonia
We
are

to

have

been."
the

quitein

dark
or

as

to the

periodand

causes

of

Vetulonia's
been

destruction
; it may

abandonment.
been

malaria

have

the sword

have It may which desolated

Ann.

Inst. 1842, p. 38, tav. learned

with
me

d'Agg.

joinedby
1840,
one

the Cavalier

Canina

(Bull. Inst.

C. who

Another agrees

of Rome, antiquary
as

p. 93),that this bas-relief formed

to

this the

being the
the
a

of

the other
cities
"

sides three

of

square

pedestal,
emblems of

site of Vetulonia, takes

an oar

figure with Argoconsi-

whose other

sides bore

to

represent

Telamon,

the Twelve
; and

of the Etruscan think

a

naut.

Dr. Braun
of

suggests,from
in

Confederation the
relief
was

they
near

that
statue

as

deration
was

this monument,

that the
so

there

found

of

probably a pine-wood
of Vetulonia.
is such
a

neigh-

Claudius, the
Cities of Etruria
on

pedestal originally supthat the Twelve

were

bourhood that there miles and

of
a

It

wood

happens extending for

Telamone

ported that statue, and

in

symbolisedtherethat emperor

along the
forest yet

shore

between may

compliment
a

to

having
To
me,

Orbetello,which
more

be the remains in ancient

written

history of Etruria.
the relief appears

extensive

however,
have end

rather
one

to

times. Dr. Braun is of

in which opinion,

formed

part of
on

throne, for at
both sides.

he is

it is decorated

304

VETULONIA.

xlvhi. [chap.

it.6

In

truth, the
to

little mention
it
as

made

of it
to

by

ancient
at
or

writers,seems
before the time
of

mark

having
thus
on

ceased

exist

of Roman Strabo
is

domination.7
also best

The

total silence The

in

Livy

and

explained.

absence

of Roman with

remains
this view.

the

site of this that Vetulonia

cityis

accordance
or

Yet

existed,

rather

re-existed,in Imperialtimes, is proved by the

made of it
at

mention

by Pliny and
Arezzo.8
The

Ptolemy,
many
Roman

and

by

an

found inscription
in the

remains

immediate

of vicinity

and this site,

further

inland,

it is not unlikely that belong to that colony ; and probably lain desolate for like Veii, had previously the ancient city, to be established, centuries,and that when a colony was a to the original chosen in preference spot was neighbouring the unhealthy too abandoned as near was site, which

swamps
I have this
some

of the coast. the satisfaction of

learningthat

my

opinionas

to

in by Vetulonia, is concurred citybeing the long-lost of Rome Germans of the leading antiquaries as
"

well
that

as

Italians.
have
;

But

be it Vetulonia

or

not, it is manifest

it must

been
as

of

great importance in the early

one

days
land

of Etruria in

it is
none

surpassedbut by
in naval

cityof

that

size,and by

and

commercial

tages advan-

of situation.

Signor Pasquinelli remarks

the confusion
were

that blocks
in

even

the period specifies

of

the

city's

from

in

which

the

destruction,
s

of masonry the

found, overturned
of the

Grater, p. 1029, 7.
"

foundations with
matter

minbuildings,

Q
p

"

spvrinnae

f.
.

gled
burnt
had

fragments
and

of

pottery, with

qvintiaxo
.

fused

metal, this
a

city
de-

eq
aedil

pvbl
.

lavr

lavjn

probably undergone
"

violent

nviR
.

cvrat arret
vetvi.h
.

struetion. This
was

kalexd

pleb vbl

given
but has
a

out

by Dempster
as a mere

cvr

(Etrar. Reg. II. p.

56)
been

m.nmy.m

plebs vrbana

conjecture;
as
a

assumed who
i.
.

fact

by

recent

writer,

n
.

n
.

ANC1FNT

TOMB,

SATUKNIA.

CHAPTER
SATURN
IA

XLIX.

."

SA

TURNIA

few

rude

monuments

of mountain

stone

Survive

; all else is

swept

away. Wordsworth.

Ed Che

io

maestro,

quai

son

quelle genti,
arche quell'

dentro seppellite

da

Si fan sentire ? Dante.

One
which the

of the most

ancient

of Etruscan the

sites is

Saturnia,

lies in the
sea.

of valley
be

Albegna, twenty
either
from

miles from
or

It may

reached

Orbetello

Grosseto.1

Saturnia 13

is about

28

miles

from
30

by
but

the
16
or

direct 17

track the

through Sovana, high

road

Cosa,
from

from
11

Scansano,
or

nearly

by

through

Grosseto,
II.

12 from

Pitigliano

Manciano.
X

VOL.

30G

SATURNIA.

[chap.xlix. the

The

road

from

Orbetello

runs

on

left bank

of the

Albegna,passing through Marsiliana and Monte which is to this latter place, and is carriageable
miles from

Merano,
but three the
more

Saturnia,
must

Those

who

would
at

take

direct track
on

leave

their vehicles of the

Marsiliana,and
But
this

horseback

follow

the banks

Albegna.

will not
no

do after

as heavy rains,

the river has to be forded

less than From

fourteen times !
I took

Magliano
or

the

route

of

Scansano, a
way
a

town

some
a

nine

ten

miles to the north.

a

Half
on

is Pereta,

small

with village,
a

ruined and
a

castle

hanging height,over-

deep valley ;
to

steep ascent
is
a

of

some some
no

miles

leads
near

hence the

Scansano.
of
a

This

town

of

size,
interest

summit

mountain, but

with

Grosseto and between beyond being the only halting-place Saturnia. Bianchi Inquire for the house of Domenico the lack of comfort will be as far as possible atoned for by Grosseto is sixteen or seventeen and attention. civility
"

miles

distant,and
For

the road

is

excellent,but
from

terminates it
crosses

at

Scansano. the

the firstfour miles

Grosseto

a plainto Istia, a

ruined

on village

the

rightbank
is crossed

of the

Ombrone, with
of

double

circuit of Here the

crumbling walls,telling
river

vanished

greatness.
when swollen much
my

by

but ferry, transit.

by heavy rains,it
to
a

is difficult of

I had
on

ado
return

cross

it hours
as

on

my

way

from

Scansano,but
so

few

it had afterwards,
to rival the
"

oversteptthe modesty of its nature

as

Tiber,

nine times its volume,

"

the

sayinggoes
fanno
un un un

Tre Tre Tre E

Ombroni
Ami Teveri fanno

Arno,

Tevere,
Po
;

fanno

tre Po
un

di Lombardia

Fanno

Danubio

di Turchia

"
"

and

as

to

obligeme

to

leave

my

vehicle

behind, and

do

308

SATURNIA.

[chap,xt.i

x.

The

modern

of the ancient Saturaia is the representative It but occupies

a a
"

merely in name. original area,

church house of
"

fractional part of the

and

is

miserable
of

and

some

score

with a luogliettaccio" hovels,and only one decent

that of the Marchese

Panciatichi Ximenes,

noble

Aragonese blood, whose

hundred
a a

for the last two

has possessed this manor family and fifty It were to folly years. There
is indeed

expect an
called heard
an

inn in such but osteria,

hamlet.

what

is

peep within of its horrors, and determined

in the

it confirmed
me

all I had
a

to effect

ment lodgeThe
modate accom-

palace. This
of the

was

no

difficult matter.

or agent fattore, me

Marchese, readily agreed to

as being offered, a rope fetching
"

and

the heifer

Sancho

would

say, I

was

not

long in

Quando
Corre
con

se

diere la

vaquilla soguilla.
a

la

Moreover
"

he furnished

me

with
I

guide

to

the

antiquities
to

one

Domenico

Lepri,whom

can

recommend

future

visitors.

The the
more

form

of the ancient

angles facing the

than
two

miles

by
resembles

the character

rhomboid, cityis an irregular cardinal points. It may be rather in circuit,2 its extent mined being deterbreaks into of the ground, which
In this

cliffs at the top of the

cone.

respectalso
Cosa
and

Saturnia

Orvieto, and
no

differs from The

Rusellae,

which erected

have
on

cliffs. ruins

existingfortifications were
ancient the in the
use

the
are

of the

fifteenth

tury, cen-

and

evidently priorto
calls the
circuit

of

artillery.3

Sir

R.

C.

Hoare

never

seen

three hut It
can

miles is

(Classical Tour,

I. p.

52),

that
3

I did In
a

and regret plan of Saturnia, not it myself, measure

a

that

certainly
the

an

overstatement.
two

few
work
"

parts

are

remains and

of reti-

scarcely he

miles

and

Roman cidatum
"

optis incertwm

half which
p.

Santi ascribes to it.

I.

Viaggio,
I

the

repairsof the still earlier

88, cited by Midler,

3. '.',

have

fortifications.

chap,

xlix.] In three

WALLS

OF

POLYGONAL

MASONRY.

309

spots only could

The finest and hard castle,

perceiveremains

of

the

walls. original

the ruined

portionis on the south, beneath Here is a gateway, by the village.

whether
from the

called Porta
which it opens,
or

Romana,
from

direction in
not.

its evident

matters antiquity,

On

either hand

of it is

polygonalmasonry,
surface and the
same

that of Cosa

in its smooth

like precisely close kissing

" "

of its joints ; but whether

courses

cannot

zontal way with horibe determined, the loftiest fragment feet.4 work The

topt in the

not

above rising
over

twelve the

gateway, though

now

arched

with

of the middle

festly ages, is mani-

into

here running for the masonry coeval with these walls, usual at forms horizontal as angles,terminates
an

5 and there are of traces no ; abruptlyin doorposts like those ancient arch, the gate having been spanned, Cosa and kindred sites, by a horizontal lintel of stone

at
or

wood.

The

pavement

of the

old Roman

road

stillruns

through the gate

In the eastern above

into the

city.
a

wall,at

spot called II Marrucatone, just

the

Campo Santo, is another

masonry. may

Only

two

courses

are

now

fragment of polygonal and there standing,

these show the
more

be about

twenty blocks
Romana.

in all ; and

than and horizontality tendencyto regularity

at the Porta

portion

On

the

side opposite

of the

is a city

third

in fragment,

The Two

blocks of the
"

here

are

not

of

great
to

he

had

not have

given

the

date

of his visit
ever

size.

largestI found
4 ft. 7 in.

be

I should been the

at

doubted

that he had

respectively 5
4 ft. 7 in. 3 ft. 2
ment

ft. 7 in. in

length,by long,by fraggiven

is

Saturnia.

It is

that surprising
so

in.

high ; and high. A

walls

view

of this

character peculiar could polygonal, decidedly his eye.

as

of this masonry, have

escaped
to

of the

of Saturnia

His inaccuracy in
must

it describing attributed his than

in Ann.
5

Inst. 1831, tav. d' have

been

Agg.

E.

macigno

also be
; and

It must the

the led
as

horizontality Repetti
"

want

of observation
it is "rather
can

opinion
Etrus-

in

doorposts that
this masonry of

to

that

Roman have

speak of

composed

of If

can,"
See

therefore

little weight,

great blocks

squared maceV/Jio."

V. Repetti,

p. 206.

aiO

SATURNIA.

[chap.xlix. walls.

the foundations
not
nor perceive,

of the modern

Beyond
were

this I could any remains

could I learn,that there

of the ancient

fortifications; but it is almost

tour

to impossible account

make

the entire

of the walls scattered

on externally,

of

the dense
a near

thickets and

rocks,which

in

bid parts forthese these

approach. Unlike Cosa, Saturnia has but left of her former might, but membra few disjecta suffice to attest it ew pede Hercidem.
"

The
"

wide

area

within the walls is in

a

summer

cornfield
are

; in winter seges ubi Trojafuit but few relics of the olden time..

sheep-walk. Here
Near

the Marrucatone

singular square Bagno Secco ; but

a

is

inclosure of artificialconcrete, called that it

was
a anciently

Bath

is very

doubtful. The
most

It must

be of Roman
are antiquities

times.6 within the

few other remarkable

village.The

is

tall massive

but rounded

at the
one

back, and
and the

pilaster, square in front, having a fluted half-column,

hewn
out

engaged

at

corner,

of the blocks
If not
a

of

travertine which ancient date, it rather than There

"

compose

structure.

of

more

probablyformed
arch
or

part of
as

Roman been

temple,

of

an

gateway,

has
"

supposed.7
"

are

also
"

sundry

scattered relics
all of Roman

tablets times.

altars

cippi"statues did I perceive that

Few than
ancient

cornices" could be

Nothing

pronouncedEtruscan.8
have
more

sites in Etruria

natural beauties

Saturnia.

Deep

vallies and

towering heights all

the

in every quarter. Here around, yet variety

cliff-bound,

hill olive-spread

of Monte

Merano

; there

the elm-tufted

It has
but

only two
the
a

courses,
are

each
20

2 feet

as

to

be

but scarcelylegible,

could of

high,
7
8

blocks

feet feet.

in

perceive
Marcus of the

them

to

be

of the

the

time

length.
In

It forms

square

of 49

Aurelius. Piazza is There

a

On

side opposite

Hoare, Class. Tour,

front
two

I. p. 52.

Roman
are

sepulchral
other

of the

Marchese's of

house

monument.

inscrip-

stand with

large altars

travertine,
defaced

tions built into the wall of the church.

very

so long inscriptions,

chap,

xux.]

SEPULCHRAL

REMAINS

AROUND

SATURNIA.

311

ridgeof
Labbro

Scansano
and

and

there
From

the

hoary

crests

of Monte
you the

Santa Fiora.

the northern the

ramparts
You
see

command
stream

the whole

of valley

Albegna.

from a dark gorge in its escape from the bursting it is not lost befrost ; and where hind regionsof mountain the rock-mingledfoliage the slope, on snakingits down the valley shining ; and its murmurs way joyously the fainter sheep-bell from the echoing come up with Whatever hollow. Saturnia be within, it has a paradise around it. If you be an artist, forgetnot your portfolio

when
nature

you
"

strollaround these

the walls.

These

ruins of art and

and clematis,
"

crumbling walls, half-drapedwith wild vines these rugged cliffs beneath

"

ivy,
them

this chaos of crags and

trees

on

the

slope
"

revel among
more

them, and declare that

studies of Here

never

have

rock,wood, and
Porta
Romana

you found ruin ! Some

vating capti-

is food for the

also. antiquary
he

few hundred
among

yards west
mass

of the

will observe
one slope,

the crags of travertine about

which

strew

the

upright
bear its purpose,

fifteen feet of
man.

high,whose
What
may

squared faces
have
been

marks

of the hand he is at
a

loss to of

will espy the remains

conjecture.High at one end he of stepshewn in the rock, a flight

the

and

formerlyleadingto

summit.

Let him

scramble

sunk in or graves up, and he will behold three sarcophagi of the mass, each about the size of a body, the level summit

having a ledge for

or more

the lid, which

of the

a was probably dead. Strange this

may have been of tiles, slab of rock carved into the effigy trio must
have half appeared, singular tion posiin

as rising

it

were

from
"

the tomb.

This is a far
as

for interment Etruria.9

unique,as

is

yet known,

The natural rock is used

for sepulture, abundantly

In

the island of Thera

are

in the Greek several such

isolated rocks them.

with

sarcophagisunk
calls them

in

archipelago,there

Professor

Ross

Btjkcu

312

SATURNIA.

[chap.

xlix.

but

the

tomb

is
"

either here

beneath,

or

within, the
it. For

mental monu-

; facade

alone it is above

the

rock

itself has been

on

carved

with architectural decorations, perhaps southern

one

each face,
The

though the
extreme
as

alone

retains
seems

such traces.1
to mark

of simplicity Etruscan.
I

the details

this monument

No but way
on

other
the

monument

could

perceivenear
ancient
more

the walls
on

to

slopebeneath the Bagni, are

but of smaller di

the

cityto

the south, and

the

several

tombs, similar in
ruined than
those

character

size and I
am

in the Pian

Palma, which
Pestiera.
on

about to describe.
Saturnia

This does

spot is called
not

La

The

of necropolis

around, as at Volterra, or on slopes in the low the oppositeheights,as at Tarquinii ; but grounds on the other bank of the Albegna,two miles or from the city. Tins may be in great measure more owing would of these slopes,which not the rocky nature to admit of excavation Italians always readily ; for the early sought the easiest materials for their chisels,and never attempted the marvels in granite, porphyry,or basalt, achieved by the children of Ham. all roads On these slopes traces of several Roman are of the usual polygonal pavement.2
lie
so

much

the

"

Ann. Kai6ix-f)rai. Mon. have Ined.

Inst.

1841, pp. 16, 19.

XXVI. the
necro-

chisel the

committed
or

to

it far of
are

better which

than
most

Inst. III. tav. them also in

tufo

sandstone

observed

Etruscan
seems

monuments

hewn,
none.

it

polisof
1

Syracuse.
are

probablethat there
Sir R. C. Hoare
"

were

Here

two

with pilasters

square sup-

traced

five of these

abaci, of

most

simple character, by
a

portingan
in the

architrave,which
sort

is divided

the

middle

of

chimney
the

"

running from Saturnia towards Siena, Rome, Monte Argentoro,Rusell"e, which The and Chiusi, respectively. first,
roads issues from
for perfect This
must

whole but

in very
a

low

relief,forming
smooth of figures
from

the Porto
some

Romana,
Clodia.

isalmost the
See

indeed

panellingto
No
traces

distance down the Via

slope,
Vol.

face of the
or

rock.

be

of inscriptionsare hardness preserve

of

and visible,

I. p. 463. the

The
of

second, which
the
on

led down traced

the would

the
any

travertine,which
such works of the

valley

Albegna, I
the ascent

by

its kerb-stones

from

Scan-

chap,

xlix.]

FARE

AT

THE

FATTORIA.

31:3

As

an

excursion half
a

to

the

in necropolis

the Pian

di Palma

demands

day, I

deferred it to

the

morrow.

On

his and returningto my quarters I found the fattore Whether peopleabout to sit down to their eveningmeal. had been preparedon my account, something extraordinary certain no I cannot English peasant sits say, but I am
to such a supper this,which needed no as nightly apologiesfrom Signor Gaspare. There was soup, beef, and a dessert of dried fruits and cheese, kid, poultry, game, in the spacious cooked all the produce of the estate it was hall in which served, and by the labouring men, of and partook who dish to table sat down a on bringing and excellent meal it. It was a patriarchal

down

"

"

Prorsus

jucunde

coenam

produximus

illam !

was

no

less satisfied with credit

the
to

accommodation the of

up

stairs,

where

did everything

for,be it known,
there
was

to all this

crew

and his men fattore ; and swains shepherds

not
"

one

or Charyllis, Phyllis,

sweet

Amaryllis

"
"

not

"

one

fair

for spirit

minister." Saturnia the

in

Let

future visitors to the

follow my

and example, of
and
course

exchange
can

for hostelry

receive

accommodation double what

palace. No one this way gratis ;

in the

if the
no

traveller pay

he would

he is osteria,

loser, seeinghe gains comfort,preserves temper, and

retains
who
a

his skin and

his

Happy
no

he

in his

of the place. pleasingremembrance meets by-road wanderingsin Italy

worse

welcome of

than

from

the sun-ruddied

face and

smile jovial
That
to

SignorGaspare!
is also
some

sano.

Rusellse

very

the the

north, which
Porta di

traceable of that

; and

I observed

vestiges
that
to

probably Montagna, I

led did

from
not

running

eastward

; but

perceive.

314

SATURNIA.

xlix. [chap.

Let the traveller eschew

to Saturnia. most

the

summer

months

for

visit

In

of spite

its elevation the ariaccia

is then

arisingfrom the sulphureous pestilent ; whether wafted from the swamps or in its neighbourhood, springs the coast, it well-nighdesolates the spot ; and when on within the walls. the harvest is cut scarcely a soul remains
Ere

the

sun

had

risen, I

was

di Palma.
a

The

track down

the

way to the Piano slopefollowed the line of

on

my

Roman

road, probablythat leading to Rusellse.

was

The
a

Albegna

still swollen

but

fordable, and

about

mile

with beyond it I reached some ploughed fields strewn stones and slabs. fragmentsof pottery,mingled with large Here lay the tombs of the ancient dwellers of Saturnia.
It may be remarked

that the various

name

attached
of

to ancient

and it is well Italy, In some the local appellation. to know placesthey are in some, ipogei tombe sepolcriin others, though rarely, in a few, camere, cette in many, grotte here theywere or of these,but depositi. In truth theyrequired none a peculiar as they differed from anythingto be seen elsewhere name, in Etruria. They were of blocks and ; piles very numerous slabs being scattered over each bearingtraces of the plain, regulararrangement, yet this was so often disturbed or almost destroyed that the original character of the monuments could only be learned from a few which remain entire, and serve as rangular keys to the rest. They are quad-

differs in sepulchres

parts

"

"

"

"

"

chambers,
lined with

sunk

few

feet below

the

surface,

on upright,one each with two side,and roofed over huge slabs resting each other so as to form a rude penthouse; or else against with a single of enormous size, coveringthe whole, one and laid at a slight inclination, apparentlyfor the same off the rain. Not a chisel has touched purpose of carrying these rugged masses, which are justas broken off from

rough

slabs

of

rock, set

316

SATURNIA.

[chap.xi.ix.

the earth has been

removed

or

washed
the

away,

so

as

to leave

the structure
is startled
our own

standing
the

above

surface.

Here

the eye
of

by

resemblance striking
one

to the cromlechs

country. Not that

such monument
;

is actually
remove

standing above
earth and
from any

ground in
one

an

entire state
with
a

but

the

of those

in the three

uprightslabs,with
have

single cover-stone, their shelving, overlapping

Kit's
;

Hd, you

the

exact

counterpart of
of antiquities the

Cotty House,
and unhewn We
know
masses,

and

other like familiar

is not
even

Britain
in

the resemblance
but

only in
of the

form, and

the

in the dimensions

of the structures.
or

also that many

cromlechs

kistvaens

of the British Isles have sometimes them

;

been

found small

inclosed in barrows,

with
from

circle of

upright

slabs around

and

analogy we
Here is
a

so originally

buried.

infer that all were may further point of resemblance

In
some

to these tombs moreover,

of Saturnia.6
are

of the

lechs, crom-

which

inclosed in tumuli,long passages, roofed

;

lined with

upright slabs,and
been found tombs

in with

others
similar

laid sages pas-

have horizontally, in these

cannot
now

whether
were

the

of Saturnia

also covered

in,

be determined.

The

shelvingor dip
has

of the cover-stone
to antiquaries

in the cairns

or as

cromlechs Druidical
the blood
now

induced

regard

them

formed altars, of the victims

with this inclination in order that

might

more

run easily

off.

But

agreed,from the remains generally monuments; them, that they are sepulchral
it is
this

found and

within
can

there

Chapter, which
tombs 18

represents
and

one

of

to

have
6

heen

quadrangular,
only
one

these
1G
or

with

singlecover-stone,
way, The
about
as

observed

instance

of

feet each

tumulus
it is

encircled

by small
of the

slabs ; but
custom
was

foot in
as

thickness.

tumuli,

far
were

it

is 25

possible to
or

ascertain,
which

about

30

feet in diameter.
one

Mr.

probable that the general; the small size a temptation to offering

to
remove

these slabs

peasantry

Ainslcy remarked

appeared

them.

chap,

xhx.]
no

TOMBS

LIKE

CROMLECHS.

-'317

be

doubt

that these structures

of Saturnia

are

of that tradition

character, though nothing beyond analogy and

now

remains

to

attest

it.

Here

the

slopeof
ages

the

cover-

stone

is

to evidently

These dismantled unclean

now

tombs
"

carry off the rain. have stood for so many haunts

no

open

and

the
"

of

the

and fox, the porcupine,

of the ancient

reptiles that
At
a

traces

dead
strews

are

visible, beyond the broken

the banks

pottery which
west

the
cli

plain.
these

spot called II Puntone,

of the
at

of the Pian
more on

Palma, and

nearer

Albegna, are
La Pestiera

of the it is
I

Those singularsepulchres.
have been already
on

south of Saturnia that possible

more

mentioned

; and

exist

other sides of the

but city,

could not ascertain the fact. These

of
monuments

of Saturnia them

are

worthy particularly
seen on

notice,as

nothing like
Similar
at
no

is to be

any
in

other ages
at
on

site in

Etruria.

tombs, however, have

past been discovered Santa Marinella;8 but

either site. tombs
in the I have Pian

Cortona,7 and
traces
seen

of late years remain of them now of description

am

never

any
nor

these

di Palma

aware

that any

traveller has visited them, besides Mr. To what

era,

and myself.9 Ainsley

are we

and

to

what

race,

to

attribute

these tombs
for that

1 Prior to the Roman constructed

we

conquest they must

such rude
to the Etruscans

be,

peoplenever
Can

burial-places
"

for their dead.

assign them

to

MS. Baldelli, III. pp. Etrus. Ut supra,

quoted by Gori,Mus.
75"

appears

after

hard But

rains."

Classical appear have

Etms. Mon.
8 9

G, and

Inghirami,

Tour, I. p. 52.
to

he does not
or

IV. p. 72. page

8.

have

seen

them,

he

must

been

struck

by
p.

their

character. peculiar those

Sir R. C. Hoare
subterraneous

merely

states
are

that still

Repetti(V.
on

207) only mentions

describes them

"

several
in

grottos

the

slope beneath

Saturnia, towards

open there many

the

neighbouring fields,but
reason

the
as
"

Bagni, and

simply
and

is great
more

to

suppose

that

fosse copertc da lastroni di traverbones

exist

undiscovered, for in
water

tino," containing human

various

spots the

suddenly

dis-

nothing else.

31 S

SATURNIA.

[chap.xlix.

decoratingtheir tombs with with painting and internally architectural facades, or 1 If we to regard are have so many proofs we sculpture, tomb of Caere,with its regular, squared the Regulini-Galassi
that
race

of whose

care

in

masonry, rude

as

of

surelysuch Pelasgicantiquity,
as

savagely
Be
"

structures

these

cannot
are

be

of later date.

it

whollyunwrought not the hammer-dressed, but simply splitoff from even port rock ; the principal laminous lyingin the transdifficulty
remembered
that the
masses

of them

to

their

present
can as

sites.

If not

of

Etruscan

to whom construction,

they be
we or

attributed 1 The ancient then the

prior

occupants
were

of the

land,

learn from
and Siculi,

writers,

first the the

Umbrians

Pelasgi.
with

As

of antiquity

these

monuments

is connected

that of the

we city-walls, we

will consider

both, in reviewing
writers.

the few notices

find of Saturnia in ancient

Dionysiusmentions
and

Saturnia of the many

Alsium,

as

one

Pisa, togetherwith Agylla, either built by the towns

taken

united

and Aborigines, or Pelasgi inhabitants.1 original of it. We learn

by
it

them this
one

from there

the
is

Siculi,the

Beyond
that
was

littlemention Roman
name

of the

colonies in Etruria,that it had

of Aurinia
2

that it

was

in the in

borne the originally of Caletra, territory year

of

and

that

it

was

colonised

the

Rome

571

183).3 (b.c. Though we

1

may

not

be

able

to

accord

Dionysius
qui
ante
men-

Dion.

Hal.
some

I. p. that

16.

It may

be

Plin.

III. 8."" vocabantur."

Saturnini

thoughtby
to

Dionysiusreferred
on

Aurinini tioned
ed
as

It is also

the
"

originaltown
"

the
nunc

site Roma

of

Rome est"
that
as

Saturnia, ubi
but

colony by Ptolemy (p. 7"2, by Festus Bert.), and a prcefectura

a

(Plin. III. 9)"

this town other

it is evident
was

of Etruria

intended,
are

(r. Praefecturae). The Etruscan family" Sauturini " of " Sauturine," or name

all the
this

places mentioned
are

(Vermigl.
313),
3 seems

Iscriz.
to

Perug.
some

I.

pp.

267,
to

in

land, and

said

by

him

to

bear

relation

have

been

afterwards

conquered

by the

Saturnia.

Etruscans.

Liv- XXXIX.

55.

chap,

xlix.]

THE

CITY

AND

ITS

WALLS

ARE

PELASGIC.

319

unreserved
we

credit in his accounts

of such remote

periods,

admit his testimony to the great antiquity as may safely The very name, the earliest appellation of Saturnia.
is Italyitself, corroborative of this fact.

of

We

are

fore there-

for prepared Yet do Micali

not

relics of very ancient times on this spot. fain have would it that its polygonal walls
a

indicate

and high antiquity,

date only probably

from

the time

of the Roman
has been
;

repeat what
the

said

colony.4 It is unnecessary to in a previous in refutation chapter

was

of his views

but what

there said in

support of

of this style and Pelasgic of masonry,5 origin antiquity with more than usual force to Saturnia, which has applies the addition of historical testimonyin its favour. It is enough to entertain doubts in those cases where we have record of a definite Pelasgicorigin. Where such no record exists, we may take it to be authenticated by the

walls, if of accordant

structure, and

the walls to be characterised

by the tradition. Either alone may be open but together to suspicion, theysubstantiate each other into we are genuineness. In the case of Saturnia, moreover, entitled to ascribe these walls to that people, particularly the rule,rectangular with whom was polygonal masonry the exception, rather than to any subsequent race. For the doctrine of the material having alone determined the character of the masonry, is here utterly at fault. It is which is said to split not limestone, into polygonal so readily
forms
; it

is travertine, which The cleavage.

all the world

knows

has

horizontal

natural

of the superfluities

blocks

Pop. Ital. I. pp. 144, 196. Micali's objection is mere supposition si credere pub potrebV "forse
"

Ant.

masonry

wherever
or

found Minor
;

"

Greece,
are

Asia

Italy, though we
instances raised
to

in

"

"

"

"

"

"

well assured of this

remote

that in many

essere"
merit

"

or uses
an

assertion is the

; the

only

argu-

walls in

description

were

he

high
to

finish of the

very

times, prior
pages 279 286.

the

masonry, any

argument

which, if it have
all similar

invention
s

of the arch,
"

force, will

apply

Ut supra,

320

SATURNIA.

xux. [chap.

were

not

squareddown
cut

as

the Romans

always treated
forms which of

this

material, but

into

those

angular

best
structive con-

the builders.6 So much pleased to as applied necessity

But have if the walls of Saturnia

for the Saturnia. be

doctrine

the

same

accord

better

the tombs can Pelasgic, would rudeness origin? Their primitive with walls of unhewn Cyclopeanmasonry, Monte

like those above and

seems

Fortino, or

at Civitella and

Olevano,

of the may
same

racter chahardlyconsistent with the highly-wrought the polygonal style, it is difficultto believe that
"

hands

constructed favour of
a

both tombs

and

walls.

Yet it

be

urged in

for the former, origin Pelasgic

tombs found
at

that

they are

very that

similar to ancient
coast

Santa

Marinella, on
settlements
them

which

is studded

with

Pelasgic
among

; and

the

resemblance

the

least rude

of bear to the sepulchres with gabled roofs) (those favours a Greek Paestuni and of Magna Grsecia generally, of a like the structures origin. They are, however, more conceive the Umbri such or ruder as we people, may

Siculi,the earliest possessors

We learn from

of the the

land,

to

have

been.

the

that Dionysius, Pelasgi in expellingthe

Aborigineswho

joined

Siculi from

Etruria, had

cemeteries of tumuli
of their tombs here
no

but of the internal structure like this,

we

furniture
be

have we nothing.7 Unfortunately But remaining to assist our inquiries.8

know
"

it may earlier Etruscans

objected
of
a

if these

be

the

of sepulchres
are

the the

occupants
? It is

the

site, where

those

of

which question many

Roselle,Cosa, Pisa, and

6

may be asked at Fiesole, where no excaother sites,

found
as

It has

been
was

asserted
never

that

polygonal
of
tra-

The
at

articles

in

a
as

similar
can

masonry vertine this

formed
p.

tomb

Cortona,
the p.

far

be

(Memor.

Inst. III.

90),
walls

but

gathered from
delli (ut supra,
as

of description

Balit

is contradicted

by

these

of

317),seem

to mark

Saturnia.
'"

Etruscan.

Dion.

Hal.

I. p. 12.

chap.

xlix.J

WHO

CONSTRUCTED

THESE

TOMBS?

321

vations

have

been

made.

Future tombs

research, either by
be

sonic finding

of these rude

intact,or

others of
on light

different character,may

by discovering to throw expected

the

subject.9

can hardlybe indicative of sepulchre is so rude and The structure any one race in particular. itself to any people, that it might have suggested simple, and be naturally state of civilization. adopted in an early

Yet this form of

very arrangement his house of cards. building

It is the

the This

child makes

use

of in for
;

accounts simplicity
over

the wide diffusion of such monuments for

the Old World

they are

found

in different climates and

widelydistant
Ireland to the shores of the the

from the mountains countries, deserts of Iberian

eastern

of Wales

and

Barbary,and
to

from

the western

Peninsula
coasts

the

and steppes of Tartary,

of Hindostan.
on plains,

They

are

found
in

on

tains moun-

and
sea-coast

in and

continents

and

islands, on
in the

the

far inland, by the river and

desert,

and solitary
3

grouped
coarse

in

multitudes.1

That

in certain

The

of quantity
over

broken

pot-

gigantic proportions. The

tombs
near

very similar contained

tery strewn
character

the

of their contents

plain,hints the ; but llepetti

in the similar

Santa

Marinella found

articles like those

in the earliest

(V.
tombs

p.

207) says
on

that

the

other

side of

Saturnia,

sepulchresof Etruria,of very archaic character" some even purelyEgyptian,

'

found human already mentioned, were of articles bones without alone, any and fictile vases, or sculpture, urns, the usual
"

How
in the
are

numerous

these

monuments

are

British Isles is well known, found also

on

They
of of

the

continent the north

furniture

of Etruscan
e una

tombs. di

in Europe, particularly

Di

tempi incerti
che
il

specie
indicate
il

France

and

also

in

the

Spanish they
autilittle in the

Camposanto

ci

fu

no'

campi
ossa

sotto

poggio c
dentro

prcsso

Bagno
delle

Peninsula, though to what exist there is unknown,

cmities of that land have

extent
as

di Saturnia, dove
umane

furono fosse

trovatc

been

coperte da
senza

lastroni

di

travertino,

alcun
senza

(See investigated. Spain, Chapter VII.).

of the Mediterranean

Borrow's On

Bible the
are

shores

senza oggetto di scultura,

urne,

they

partiother
in

facili a e cose simili, tcrraglie nei di etrusco scuoprirsi sepolcreti nome." If the peasantry hones found may here
be
were

vasi di

Besides cularly abundant. sites in Etruria, two they arc Sardinia

not

the

found

ere-

and

the Balcarics

; and

it may

dited,the
VOL.
Ii.

of

be

known generally
Y

that

they exist

322

SATURNIA.

[chap.

instances

they may
seek for

be

the
to

work be

of the

same

people in

different countries
to necessity

is not
one or

of these monuments,
I trust that

but there is no gainsaid,2 race as the constructors particular of the type. as the originators even

this notice of the tombs

in this

of Saturnia

will

unfrequentedspot, and lead to field This district of Italy is a new further investigation. have been made, nor excavations to the antiquary. No above ground.3 researches for monuments even From Saturnia you may Sovana, proceedto Pitigliano, is a carriage-road There and Sorano. to those places On from Monte Merano, only three miles from Saturnia.
excite
interest
in

abundance

in the

Regency
and has

of Tunis,

stated

that he

near

Chittoor
seen a

in

North mile of

of Carthage, as ancientlythe territory I learn Mr. far from the

notes

Arcot,

had

square

sketches

of

ground
natives

covered

with and

such

monuments,
the

Catherwood,
into that

who

penetrated

mostly opened

destroyed by
of the blocks few

unexplored region, and

of its
ments monuas

for the sake

which

possesses of
to

artistic records such value and

interest From

composed them, yet a to entire to testify the

the
rest.

remained
of

character found
phagi, sarco-

demand

publication.
I learn desert and that

these of
in with

In the

them
bones

were

documents

the

tombs

with

of the black
ware.

dead, and

the

African

exactly accord
measurements

pottery of red
were

and

They
in
one

construction the

here entered

paved by
a

with

large slab,
hole formed the

better-known The them of

monuments

of
on

this which

and

circular

character.
he

three

sites

of the walls.
2

upright slabs,which
Isles and

found

were,

Sidi

Boosi,
Welled

to

the

north-east
and
were

Hydrah,
At the

Ayar,
I
not

In the British

in

France

Lheys. numerous. particularly

that
any but

first

place tliey
am

they are
In
the

probably of Celtic construction.

Peninsula and the isles of the
be

aware

have
in

been

discovered
are

Mediterranean

they

may

of

Punic

in

Greece,

Asia

they
and
on

not

wanting. Captains Irby

describe of the
a

Mangles
the banks
p. 99.

origin,like those in the Carthage ; though those

and

territory of
of Sardinia the

group

of them

Etruria of the On
a

are

more

probably
to

Jordan. Libr. been of the of have edit. found

Holy Land, They

among
are

work
3

Tyrrhene-Pelasgi.
the E.S.E. Le
are some

Colon.
to have

said also the

tains moun-

hill three miles

of Saturnia the
searches re-

ruins, called
no

Caucasus,
;

and

on

Murelle.

had
but

steppes

Tartary

and

recent to

them, visiting
I received

from
not

the

opportunity of description
Roman
remains

brought them
the

lightin
For
in
a

the

Presidency of Madras.
read
at

they are concamerationes, probably the

of
a

I doubt

letter

Asiatic

Society.
Newbold

villa.

On there

other
are

spots in the neighbourhood,

said to be ruins.

January 17th, 1846, Captain

321

SATURNIA.

[CHAP.

XL1X.

that

Caletra
in its

stood

somewhere
The Fiora

in

this has

district,
here
the

for

Saturnia ter charac-

was

territory.6
Vulci
"

same

as

at

rapid

stream

overhung
rocks
are

by
the

lofty
same

cliffs,
tion forma-

half

draped
dark
"

with

wood.
brown like

The

of

red

or

tufo,

overlaid cake
not

with with its till

stratum

of of has

white

travertine,
;

wedding
are

top-crust
the cake

sugar been

but

as

the

plums

visible soft

cut, hard

so

you

can

only

see

the

volcanic it has

rock,
been

where broken

the

aqueous

deposit

which

covers

away.

"

Liv.

XXXIX. that

55.

It

will

be of

served ob'a

has

been

already
that site and in

observed

(ut suggests

supra, for
of

Livy
name,

"does

not

speak
of
an

p.

2.97),
a

Repetti
the

town

of Saturnia

this

merely
civium

a/jer

Caletra
"

neighbourhood
would

"

colouia Caletrannm

Romanorum deducta

Magliano,
;"
from
with

some

identify
between

it that

in

agrum from

est

the

newly
and

found the

city
;

and

this,
notice nomina Caletranus
town

and

more

clearly
"
"

village
reason

sea

but

there the

is

no

Pliny's
veterum

(III.

8)

oppidorum
Crustuthat exist which site. It

to

suppose
have

from of

only
that
it

two

retinent
"
"

agri
it appears

notices of

we

Caletra,
as

was

minus,
the before

ever

such

importance
which

tliat

site
witli

Etruscan

had times
"

ceased fact its

to

would far

indicate,
more

corresponds
to

Imperial
assist

probability

the

ancient

may

researches

for

Vctulonia.

FOCOLARF.

BLACK

WARE

OF

CHIUBI.

CHAPTER

L.

CHIUSI."

CL

USIUM.

The

City.

pray

you

let

us

our satisfy

eyes

With That

the memorials do
renown

and

the

things of fame,
Shakspeare.

this

city.

Musseum

ante

omnw.

Virgil.

must

transport
I

my

reader
at

from close

the of the

banks last

of

the

Fiora, where
to

left him

the

Chapter,

the door

of the

Convent
some

of S. Antonio

in the little town

to

of Citta
and

della
the

Pieve,
Roman

forty miles
He He
will

the
have

north-east,
no reason
on a

within

frontier. of
scene. a

will

to regret

the change

find himself

height,commanding lofty
a

with wide, deep valley, which

Clanis wanders
flowers."

many

slopeand undulation, among

"

sweet

Through

com,

and

vines, and

:3:2G

CHIUSI."

The

City.

[chap.l.

Chiusi, once
clad eminence
lonorange

the

of Porsena, crests proud capital the other the right on on ; and

an

oliveis
"

hand
towns

of
its

wooded

heights

studded
nearest

with

Cetona, with
teano,
on

impending*castle

the

eye

Sar-

beyond ; still farther,Chianciano into one all reblended and Montepulciano, presentativ apparently of Etruscan beneath towns, and all nestling of Monte Cetona.1 the majestic Alpinemass of remote Citta la Pieve retains no traces antiquity, have been found in its neighbourthough Etruscan urns hood.2
the hill-brow
"

But who Perugino, letters and will

as was

it

contains

numerous

works

of

Pietro

born

here, to say nothingof his genuine

traveller from
to

the paint-pots, induced

Orvieto

to Chiusi

probablybe
the
inn
at
an

halt for the

night.
a

Let him

eschew
and tini
"

called La

Luna, which
with the

is
name

mere

bettola,
"

knock
over

house opposite

of and

Valen-

the

door, where
abundant

he will find bed

attention.
to

board,

average

comfort, and

It is but six miles from La Pieve

is

Chiusi, and

the road

delightful, throughwoods of brave old oaks,baringtheir lichen-clad boughs to the bright winter sky ; the luxuriant the broad vale of Chiana, and Thrasymene with its islands, in the distance ; and the Apennines stretching
their
in the
snow

half

across

the horizon. Chiusi.3

The

frontier is crossed

below valley

The

road

from

to Pitigliano

Chiusi It

houses. done Baths

numerous

The
one

entire

distance

may

be

is
runs

hardly carriageable throughout. through Sorano, crosses

to

in

the

road

Florence

near

the Ponte

highCentino,
of
de'

of San

day,by startingearly. Casciano are proved by

to

The

remains

be

of ancient

date.

skirts the base

of the wild

mountain Casciano

Repetti (I.p.
for

22.5 ; V. p.

25) takes them

mentioned

Radicofani, through San

the

Fontes

Clusini

by

Bagni
track

and
runs

Cetona,

to

Chiusi.

Another

Horace
-

I. 15, i)). (Epist. Its name, also

through Acquapendente, but

avoided
because it enters the the
tra-

Lanzi, Sagg. II. p. 53.

from
a

is to be Roman

derived

Civitas classical is
10

seems Plebis,

and territory,

exposes

to indicate
*

origin.
from

veller to the annoyance

of two

custom-

Chiusi

miles

Arezzo,

CHAP.

L.] Chiusi is the

ANTIQUITY

OF

CLUSIUM.

327

of Clusium, representative

magnanimous
among
it would

Porsena,

one

of the most

of the city ancient in Italy,

the

the Twelve appear

"

of the Etruscan
a

Confederation

;4 indeed

that for
The banner Was

time
of

proud

Clusium all."

highestof

them

Its

originalname
Cortona, about Cetona,
as

was

Camars,5
took her Rome. struck unquam
tum
was

whence

it has

been

22

from

35 from

Orvieto, Sarteano,

in

the

war

which

Etruria,under waged against

of Senate Clusium
"
"

5 from 8 from

many
12

from from

chieftain The
terror

Porsena,
very into
name

Chianciano,
20

Montepul23

ciano,
from

from

Radicofani,
20

from
48

the
tantus

non sena-

Acquapendente, Siena,and 88

from from says

Pienza,
Florence. Clusium

alias ante

terror turn

adeo valida invasit, magnumque A

res

Clusina
nomen."

Polybius (II.25)
three

erat,

Porsense whose city,

ruler

days journey from

calls it 800 is less than

Rome

; Strabo 100

Liv. II. 9. the forces

cannot

headed

(V. p. 226)
miles, which
the modern Via

stadia, or
the distance than

of the whole

Etruscan second-rate
10.

State,
portance. imDion.

by
the the

have

been See

of

road, and

by
to

Florus, I.

ancient Antonine

Cassia, according

Itinerary.

V. pp. 303, 304. Plutarch (Publicola) also says Lars Porsena had the

Hal.

greatest power

among is
no

the

princes
however
on

of to

Italy.
occasion
the

There

reason

believe, that
took

though
a

Clusium

this

was, the The

prominent part among cities of the she Confederation, as Dempster (II.p. 71) infers,
Etruria.
to

metropolis of
further claims
one

This among

city
the

Table, Peutingerian
incorrect.

in the

part of

has

rank of the

this road very

after Sutrium, is defective and

Twelve, as being
assisted the

five which the first

Latins

against

Tarquiu.
3

Dion. X.

Hal. III. p. 189.

Liv.

25 ; cf.

Polyb. II. 19,

5.

Niebuhr
that in
at

(III. p. 377), however, thinks

refers to Camerinum says time and

Polybiushere improper
Camars
arc

Umbria,
an

Livy
that

remembers
was

Clusium

called

in Etruscan. certain
on

There

coins both kam,

with

the

type of
the

wild boar,
ka
or

sides, and
which
are

legend
to

ascribed
4

Camars, or

Clusium.

Yet

That

Clusium
from

was

one

of the Twelve

the

is manifest

the prominent part sin-

legend is peculiar in running from left to right, and if the letters arc

328

CHIUSI."

The

City

|I'llAT.

inferred that it

was

founded

by
age

the its it

Umbri, the
it origin,
a

earliest

inhabitants of Etruria.6 that from

a

Whatever

is certain

very

remote

was

cityof great

and that it maintained this condition might and importance, throughout the period of Etruscan independence. iEneas against Though Virgil represents it as assisting

Turnus,7 the earliest notice of it that

can

be

regardedas
;

Etruscan, the word

of

would

be

kas.

One
to

Cluver. Midler the

II. p. 567

Cramer,

I. p.

those

illustrated
on

by Lanzi,
side, adds
on

the of

219.

legend ka
raet, in

one

that

siders (Etrusk. einl. 2, 12) conancient of the city, name

a

Etruscan

letters,

the other. hints that

to

Camars,
of Umbria

to

be
had

proof that

the Camertes Cluver

Midler
the
kas

(Etrusk. I.
may native

p. 332)

once

occupiedit.
Camertes, the

have possibly
name

reference of Caere

thinks

that these of

original
driven

Cisra, the
ynpra, p. had

(nt

inhabitants
across

Camars, by
retained

were

22)

marks, city,as he remuch certainly necessity

"

which

the

Tiber

the

Tyrrheneancient ; and
name

as

Pelasgi, and
name

their

for
raet

coins
"

as

Clusium

"

and

that

"

Ka-

in their

new

settlement the

that
of

may

find

in Ccerete. its equivalent this type

the

Pelasgi gave Lydian, as 167),who

That between Camars

citythe
of
states

Certain have the

coins, however, with

Clusium, from

Clusius,son
Servius however

Tyrrhenus (ad
its Mn.

legend
and

kaji

in

Etruscan

racters, the chaleft.

an

running
the

from

rightto
boar
was

X.

leaves and

origin
an

Lanzi

thinks

wild

doubtful chus. Umbrian

is the
us more

Clusius
or

Telemawas

appropriatetype for
II. pp. 24, 56 ; tav.

teristic Clusium, charac-

Gamers
a

of the country. See Lanzi, Saggio, I. 1, 2 ; Guarnacei, 206.

tav.

rather

than
as

Pelasgic name Lepsius assures

the Greek. is

probable,
derived

Orig.
p. 1 96.
on

Ital.

II.

p.
Ant.

VIII.

it is not Inst.

from

Mionnet,
what

Med.

p. .07 ;

Suppl.

I.

Ann. made

1836, p. 201.
36 ; 20

Mention

Yet

has pronounced, Millingen

not

of these Camertes IX.

of Umbria
19 ;

by
227

does authority
are

appear,

that

Livy,
pro

Pliny,TIL
;

Cicero,
;

these coins Anc. other

all counterfeits.
There

Numis.
are

Balbo,

Strabo, V.
463

p.

Italie,p. 170.
series of coins

two

Sil. Italic. VIII.

; Frontin.

Strat.
tions men-

which

have

been

I. 2, 2.
a

riiny (loc. cit.) also

Clusiolum The
above

to assigned respectively

Clusium On
the
an

Vetus
obverse

Intcranma
of

in is

and is
a

Clusium

Novum. the
of in

Umbria.

Camers

Umbria

wheel, on
the mark
or

reverse

anchor,

with
CH

value Etruscan

and

the

legend
cl.

(I. pp. 262, 274) supposed by Cramer to have occupied the site of Camerata,
a

cha

characters.

town

between

Todi

and

Amelia,

but

Marchi III.
tav.

and

Tessieri,yEs
IX. But these
;

Grave,

Cluver
with

(II. p. 613) thinks

now

it identical
on

VII"

cf. Bull.

Inst. the

Camerinum,

Camerino,

the

1839, p. 124.
attribution
cannot

Lepsius thinks
coins
to

borders
'

of Picenum.

of

Camars

on ground. justified any Italischen des MunzsysVerbreitung

be

where Virg. yEn. X. 167. Virgil elsehad (X. 655) says Clusium a

king Osinius.

tems, p. 6!? ; Ann.

Inst. 1841, p. 108.

chap,

l.]

HISTORY

OF

GLUSIUM.

329

historic is that

with

and Arretium, Volaterra?, Rusellae, the Latins

Vetulonia, it
Priscus.8 their chief We

sent

aid to
no

against Tarquinius
on Tarqnins, Porsena, its king or

hear

more

of it till the induced their of

expulsionfrom Rome,
Lucumo,
to

espouse deeds
of
our

cause.

That
are

war,

its the

events, stirring
cherished here. Yet

its

heroism,

among
no

memories

boyhood, and
from

need
us

record

modern
"

criticism snatches
old credulities to nature

Those

dear,"

and

teaches

us

to

regardthe
mere
"

deeds

of

Horatius,Scawola,
strels, min-

Publicola,as Cloelia,
sung

fictions of the old Roman

in the heroic
next

Lay

When

Clusium

appears

of the destruction of Rome the year 363

Tarquins."9 in history it is as the occasion by the Gauls. It was in

of the

that (b.c. justafter the capture of Veii, 391), Aruns, a native of Clusium, having been dishonoured one who had debauched his Lucumo, his pupil, by a youthful from the law, wife, and not being able to obtain justice owing to the young noble's rank and influence in the state, determined
his
to

have

his revenge,

even

at

the sacrifice of

country. The
sold Gauls
to

prototype
to

of

Count

Julian, who
induced

for the

vengeance

Spain
take

the
his

Moslem, he
cause,

Senonian the the

up

tempting them
of
"

and the oil, figs,

above

all the rich wine

by Tuscany
"

have it may royal Montepulciano, terrified againstClusium. The citizens,

been
at the

to

marcli

strange and
unlooked-for

ferocious

aspect,and
III. p. 189.

the vast hosts of these

Dion.

Hal.

digiesand
not

miracles,which
annals fables"
"

Niebuhr

of this war,
a

(I.p. 551) maintains that from beginningto end, not

can

in

our

would Tunc

they now-a-days be
were

accounted

ilia Romana

incident single is evident

pass

for historical. had

some

lt Muprodigiaatque miracula, Horatius,

that the ancients

cius, Cluclia
hodie forent,

quae

nisi

in

annalibus

such

themselves, for suspicions

Florus

fabulce videreiitur.

(I.10) speaks of the heroes, as

"pro-

330

CH1USI."

The

City.

[chap,l. bound
to

foes,sent
no

to

beg

succour

of Rome, alliance. martial

though
Flattered

tie of

or friendship

by

this

by ment compliin
an

her

to their power

and

evil hour hordes the

interfered,and
Clusium
to

the Romans spirit, the fury of the diverting

Gaulish for

from

themselves, opened the way

fellunder the Roman

capture and destruction of the Seven-hilled City.10

year Clusium

In what

yoke is not
fatal rout the Vadipelled com-

recorded

not, however,
in the

of the Etruscans monian

to

after the immediately (b.c. 309) at year 445

was

Lake, though Perusia

surrender
x

in consequence year
459

for in the

Roman

legion was
the

left

with

Etruscans, and

(b.c. 295) a before Clusium, during the war there cut to piecesby the was
In the
same

Senonian
the

Gauls,their allies.2
of

year also,after
in the

great rout
a

the Gauls

and

Samnites

territory

of Sentinum, sustained We
hear

in the Clusini,

with conjunction

the Perusini,

defeat from Cn. Fulvius the Roman

more

propraetor.3

no

of Clusium
next

in the time

of Etruscan

dependen in-

; for the

notice of it is that the Gauls

marched
near

third time
in

to this

city, justbefore
the Punic fir for
an

their defeat

Telamon

529.4

Clusium, with
in the Second
corn,

other cities of

Etruria,assisted Rome
the

War, supplying
of his

fleet of than
near
a

Scipiowith

and

ship-building.5
army

More
foes

century later Sylladefeated

cities in the espousing

had joined others Clusium, which, it is probable,

of the

Etruscan

cause

of Marius.6

1,1

Liv. V. 33, 35 ; Dion. XII.

;

Hal. L

Excerp.

Liv. 479.
was

XXVIII. The

45

cf. SI

Ital.

Mai.

24,
Diod.

25

; Flor.

13 j Plut. p. 321, ed.

VIII. sium

grain,indeed,
Rustics, II. 6.

of Clu-

Camillus Rhod. of Aruns

Sic. XIV.

celebrated Re

for its whiteness. Mar-

version Dionysius' differs somewhat

of the story from

that of

Columella, de
Clusium.
6

tial (XIII. 8) also recommends

of

the meal

Livy.
1

Liv.

IX.

39,
30.

40.

Vel. Paterc. I. 89.

which
a

II. 28.

Appian.
the
two

Bell.
been

2 3

Liv. X. 25, 26. Liv_ x.

Civ. found

An

has inscription that

shows
to

Clusini
years

Polyb. II.

25.

raised

statue

Sylla,

332

CHIUST."

The

City.

l. [chap.

than
"

have

at

his

elbow

Giambattista
claims landed

the Zeppoloni,
to

souter

Johnny"

of

Chiusi, who

be

at

once

"

shoemaker, saddler,cicerone and

Chiusi retains few
traces

proprietor."
times drawn
on

of Etruscan
museums,

her from

site,
the

beyond the contents around. sepulchres

are
or

of

her

Of her ancient fortificationssome these

are

ments frag-

extant, but
to

continuous

the

city.

Where

of the mediaeval is beneath di

abundant sufficiently the precise determine limits of extent or stillstanding, they form the foundations walls. The fragmentof most easy access
not

the

Duomo,
of

near

the

Porta

delle

Torri, or

Pacciano.

It is few

travertine,a
shallow
"

composed of rectangularblocks of small and large size,but generally

cement.8
seen

all without
to

Another the

ancient walls is

be

beneath of

portionof the Prato, or public

blocks,

promenade.
rather
more

This

is also

travertine,of similar and

; but

regular masonry

still of small

and never three feet in length, much so rarelyexceeding be seen from the Giardino in height.9 It can two as this garden, the Prato. which Beneath Paolozzi, adjoining
seems

the site of the

ancient

and Acropolis,

is stillcalled

La

Fortezza, are
are

some
a

buttresses
courses

of Roman

work, under
Etruscan

which

also

few

of the

or earlier,

masonry. The styleof all these

of

fragments is very
very unlike

similar

to

that
more

Perugia
I
am

and

Todi,
find

and

that

of the

to surprised 720) describingthis

Repetti(I.p.
as
"

taming
9

marine

which deposits,

prevails

masonry it is
or

of

in this district of

large polygons ;
zontal
as

"

when

as

hori-

Though
any

of

Italy, opus quadratum, it is not

blocks
are

that
so

of

Perugia
He

Todi,
errs

isodomon,
without

and

the

arranged
relation The
to

though
in

not

regular.
The

also

symmetrical
or

calling it the
walls.

only fragment
travertine from
for
a

of the
must

those above

beneath
a

them. brick

finest the

Etruscan have been

portion
further vary from

is below

arch, at
The in

brought

distance,
the hill of
con-

end

of the Prato.
15 to 21

courses

from probably

Sarteano,

inches

height.

Chiusi

is of that friable sandstone

chap,

l]

ANCIENT

WALLS

AND

OTHER

LIONS.

333

northern

cities
"

Vol terra, Fiesole,

or

Cortona; the blocks

uniform, and the more being much smaller,the courses sharpness of the edges,preserved by the hardness of the travertine,giving the whole a much modern more
appearance.
In the Piazza

del Duomo

are

more

traces

of this ancient

of the buildings of the city, well as masonry, and in many in the fences without the walls, are as largeblocks of

travertine, probablyfrom
is not
a

the

ancient

this fortifications, as

local stone.
are

There Chiusi.

many

relics of

earlydays,scattered through
built into
a

Fragments of
Over
a a

architectural decorations
street

the houses.
stone

well in the main

is

sphere of

in a quaintstyle, sphinx, carved on each side. On Signor Paolozzi's gate are two similar monuments, with lions instead of sphinxes.1 But and urns, the Prato hard by, are numerous on sarcophagi and like those with a menagerie of wild beasts, more which "the learned stock the constellations" than anything
on resting

cube, with

that
ness

ever ever
"

trod terrestrialdesert beheld

or

"

the most

uncouth

savageof

conceived, grotesque caricatures

ferocity the majesty of the king of beasts relaxed to ridiculous grin buffos of the leo species. a In the Paolozzi garden is a so-called Labyrinth." The mere word brought to mind the celebrated Tomb of at Clusium, and Porsena, described by Varro as existing I eagerly rushed To my disappointment into the cavern. it was extent. merelya natural hollow in the rock,of some
"

"

5) gives

Inghirami (Mon. a plate of

a

Etrus.
a

VI.

tav.

can

cippi,or
us

tomb-stones.

They
at

rc-

similar

monu-

mind

of the

sphere and

on cylinder

and a a griffon, lion, sphinx, his each side an on litit/us, augur respectively.The style of art is very with archaic. These
were

ment, with

the tomb i.e.

on

of Archimedes,

Syracuse
"

the real

sepulchre discovered
V. 23), not the
name.

by
that

Cicero shown

(Tusc. Qurest. now-a-days under

probably

Etrus-

334

CHIUS1."

The

City.

r.. [chap.

hut

without

passages.2 But sign of labyrinthine

in the

beneath the Palazzo immediately height, subterranean singular Paolozzi,are some passages, running far into the heart of the rock, yet being half filled with been water penetrated. It is asserted, they have never cliffs of this
verv

however, that there

are

seven

of these
at

but whether strade,

like the Sette Sale running parallel from

one

Rome,

or

radiating
hollowed vault ; the says

pointlike

the Seven The

Dials of the Great

was a

Metropolis,

I could not
in

the

marks
there

onlypassage I saw sandy rock, and rudely shaped into of the chisel being very distinct.
many other such passages
;

ascertain.

Rumour
whole and

are

the

city, by
may

indeed, is supposed to be
subterranean have served is

undermined

by them,
purpose

chambers, though what

a

they

mystery

no

one

can

fathom.3

On
a

complaining
passage few years had

of

tliisI

was

told

and

was spacious,
was a

opened,and
well.

on

one

side

that

been

discovered it
was

of it

small

Signor
two

Flavio ground underand

here,

since, but

not

Paolozzi

has also discovered

penetrated, being full of water perceive no traces of it. In

are 3

; I could

streets, about
10

feet wide up with

this

den gar-

high, partly
blocks takes them

built

large

remains
entrance
"

of Roman
to these

baths.

squared
Sozzi many
found

of travertine.
to be

Capitano
cotta water

One

underground
of San the Piazza

conduits,because
terra
were

"

streets

is

near

the is

church
on

pipes of
them.

lead and

Francesco. del Duomo.

Another
In

in them, and Bull.

because Inst.

still
99

1830, in lowering this

chokes
"

1831, pp.
two
seven.

Piazza, four diameter,

were

round

holes,

feet
and

in

102.

Perhaps
has house
to

it is these

which der UnDei is

were

discovered,
be for
over

they
square

rumour

into multiplied of be the

a

found

to

a lighting

the also

Nardi passage,

chamber, vaulted
of and travertine,
was

with

great blocks

known
or

opened
it is

divided

by
of

an

arch. in it

forty
said
to

fifty years
a

since ;

and

It
were

nearly
found of
a

full of earth, but

that

reverend

large flask
About

glass, ments fragmarble,

tant feet dis-

penetrate
that with
a

it, but
had

found

prelateventured it so rinthine, labyprovided

never

swords, pieces of
100

he not
he

self him-

broken
was

columns. another
to
a

clue,

would

have

mission light-hole, giving ad-

seen some

second

vault,about
its extent
In

27

feet
could

again the light of day. It is by pretended that these subterranean

form but will be

deep,but
not

so

large that
to

passages

part
that

of the this

Labyrinth opinion
in
a

be

ascertained. the

the

Bishop's profound

of Porsena, unfounded

is

garden, close
subterranean

Piazza, another
very

shown
are

quent subsemore

chamber,

Chapter. They

much

chap,

i..]

MUSEO

CASUCCINI.

335

for the sight-seer, has not, like Vol terra, Chiusi,unluckily

its Etruscan

relics
numerous

scattered

in

gathered into one publicMuseum, privatecollections. By far important

Next
to

but the

largestand
Ottavio Paolozzi ; and the
others

most

is the his have

property of Signor
that of

Casuccini.

ranks
a

Signor
fresh

these two

alone

permanent character,

varying from
diminished character

year

to year, increased

by

discoveries,or
miscellaneous
Don

by
are

sales.

The

collections of Conte

those

of the

Ottieri,

SignoriLuccioli and Ciofi. Those in the of CapitanoSozzi and Signor Galanti are now The Gabinetto," in the high street. bishop has a of choice vases, and number the canons Pasquiniand Carducci, besides the ordinary Mazzetti,and the arch-priest
Luigi Dei,
the
"

articles, are
are

rich in scarabcei.*
access.

None

of these
a

collections

difficult of

request from
he

stranger will
received with Tuscan

meet

with prompt

attention,and

will be

all that

which courtesy and urbanity

the distinguish

character.
Museo

Casuccini.
Etruscan

collection of This,the largest private

in
urns

ties antiquiof its

second in the Italy, only to the Museum

a

number
of

and

interest

Volterra, is the produce

Bonci

of

many

season's

excavation, by Signor Pietro

first

of the present proprietor. To the grandfather Casuccini,

visit it should would

gain an

of every traveller who object with the peculiarities of the acquaintance

be the
with the

probably connected
sewerage bers houses the may
or

system of
chamcellars to

they
the lowed

seem

to

bear

close

analogy
are on

to

; and

the subterranean been either

Buche

de' Saracini base

which hill

holwhich

have

in the

of the Ut

idea

of

to temples. However, favissce a labyrinthhas been con-

Volterra
166.
4

stands.

supra,

pp.

165,

nected
a

with

such passages, for

more

than

Captain

Cecehini

has

now

disposed

century

past.

See
From

Maffei, Osserv.
the

of his collection.

Letter. V. p. 314.

description,

386

CHIUSI."

The

City.

l. [chap.

Etruscan
"

relics of Cliiusi.

On
"

he entering,

is instructed

how

to

observe" by this notice

0 1

voi che qua

niovete

il passo

amico

pregiad ammirare del bello antico, e sia per gliocchi Qui posateogn' impaccio, la man tocchi. Libero il giro, ma non

This

collection is crammed

into three

chambers.

The

objectthat first arrests the eye, is the figureof a female, seated in the midst of the room, almost as large as life, holdingout
a

pomegranate,
The

as

if to

present it to whoever

excited is one of feeling astonishment at its singularity ; the next, of amusement than Egyptian rigidity at its droll quaintness its more of anatomical expression. It looks like a its utter want not of that form which tempted angelsto sin, stone effigy, artist'slay-figure.5 Further but of a jointed or an doll,
"
"

approached her.

first

examination

proves
even

this stiffness to arise from the crown,

the

arms,

head, and feet,

removable This
urn

fixed in pleasure, of the effigy figureis at once

at

being in separate pieces, their places by metal pins.

the deceased, and found
within

the

to

contain
a

her

ashes, which

were

it ; in

truth,it is but
the
limbs
were

of repreof the Etruscan practice variety senting coffins. The dead reclining upon their own of the jointed,probably from the inability them from the
same

artist to

carve

block, or
would
not

from
allow

the of it.

brittlcness of the

material, which
Mrs.

This

has figure

been

styledby

beauty which
to
"

almost

melted of

Hamilton
p.

Gray
"

(Sepulchresof Etruria,
of Chiusi," and said It

tears.

Instead beautiful

Mrs. Gray regarding it as solemn

manever see

475),
"

the gem
a

the

most

and

to be
were

in

beautiful that

paying
Her

styleof lady a poor

a

art."

ner

of

embellishing death, that

a

complito

entered in
a

mortal's
a

head,"
of
own

I could

ment

to believe she took

note

that

it
woman

only

caricature her for

humanitycoffin
"

effect.

in after livelyimagination,

made

in-

of ""ontemplation with could

a

the

invested figure,
not

it

teresting only
undoubted of art.

its

its singularity, archaic

halo
I

it docs

possess. of that

Nor

and antiquity,

style

perceive any

moral

CHAP.

L.]

SINGULAR

STATUE-URN.

337

The

pedestalof
with

the

chair
"

on

which

the and

figuresits
foot-races
"

is

decorated

bas-reliefs

chariot

of

Red archaic character. corresponding paint is to be traced on the drapery, sandals, and seat ; and the whole coloured. It is of cispo, monument was originally probably fetid limestone, a yellowish brittle material, much used or in the most of this district.6 Upright ancient monuments Etruscan statues in stone, be it observed, are extremely of those extant being of bronze or terra-cotta. rare ; most
From this Museum

the

traveller

will learn

that the

For

plate of
Ined. the

this monument
tav.

see

Museo

Casuccini, but
is

only

20

inches

Micali, Mon. height of regards

indicative the soul. of
a

XXVI.

The

high. Bull.
There
a

Inst. 1836, p. 29; 1837, p. 21. close between affinity these

figureis

about Micali the

four feet.

Bull. Inst. 1838, p. 73. its

(p. 152)
chair
as

earlyworks
those of
a

of the Etruscan

and chisel,
in

position in
supreme

corresponding period
Let any
one

of the

beatitude

of

Hellenic with

art.

compare

Inghirami gives
similar statue found XVII.

illustrations
near

these and
and

the

terra-cotta

figuresof
found
at

very

Chiusi

Minerva

another illustrated
der
are

female

(Museo Chiusino, tav.

which and
were

he

takes to represent the ashes the of

XVIII) ; Proserpine,
deceased the
was

Athens,
LVIII.

by Stackelberg
5
or

in his Graeber

Hellenen, taf. LVII.

thinks

the

They
are

only

inches

deposited in
to

effigy of
the
to

high,but
of
are a

in similar

attitudes,and

Queen

of Hades, because
be

soul
her

supposed

committed

ing. keepMicali

analogous style of art ; but and green, painted red, white, blue,
very

Bull. Instit. 1831, p. 5.5.

and

the ornaments

are

gilt.
similar
a

Sir C

lows Fel-

(op. cit. tav.

a

XXVI.
a

2) also represents
man,

gives
terra

cut

of in

in figure

similar
at

figureof
Chiusi
;

found
a

in

cotta, found
Asia
most

tomb

near

Abyof of

tomb and
statue

the

face

portrait,
colossal and in

dos. The this

Minor,

p. 81. monument

the

body being
a

hollow.

remarkable

of

male, with jointedarms

discovered of this

descriptionfrom
a a

the the

tombs

in

was position, sitting

Chiusi,was
representing
a

group,
man on

size of life,

1839.

One

of most description,
bust

couch,
stood

bracing em-

archaic

the style,
lower

of which

is the
on

and the lid,

urn,

half of the

has

recentlybeen
Another found
and

body, the placed in the

his

winged geniuswho was hip. A boy and dog

feet. Even this
was a

sitting
at

their
urn,

cinerary
couch,

British Museum.
urns

of these statue-

for in the it was

a

drapery
on a

of the
man's

has been curious

Inst.

of alabaster, yet of

where
was

folded

the

thigh,
gave

very

Bull. have

1840, p. 150.
found
one a

Egyptian-like style. Similar figures

at

hole with
to

stopper, which
Bull. Inst.

access

the

ashes. has become learn.

1837,

also been
"

inferior size,

of much Chiusi, with a pomefemale, very

like this in the

p. 21.

What
cannot

of this

singular

I coffin,

granateinher hand,
VOL. II.

338

CHIUSL"

Thr

City.

l. [chap.

tombs

of

Chiusi and

its

neighbourhood yieldarticles more

in

quaint,and singular,
any

archaic

character, than

those

of

other

part of Etruria, with the exceptionof Veii

remarkable
of these

and

Ca3re. the are earlymonuments of cippi, sometimes round pedestals supposed to square or of the fetid limestone, be altars. They are almost invariably to this district. Their interest lies in being, peculiar bronzes, the earliest and most to the next genuinely of the Etruscan chisel. Though possibly national works is always characteristic archaicism of different epochs, a in very low, almost flat relief, are : the figures preserved and and with a strong Egyptian rigidity severity.The be said to be peculiar to these monuin fact, may ments, style, and in some measure may be owing to the material, of the finish and which would not admit delicacyof the are high reliefs in alabaster and travertine.7 The subjects funeral rites and cereor also purely national monies religious of civil or domestic life figures in processcenes sion, or dancing marching to the sound of the double-pipes, The
most
" "

"

with Bacchanalian

furor

to

the

same

instrument

and

the quently fre-

tyre.8 There is no introduction of Greek the sepulchral on urns. represented

7

myths, so

So
to
a

brittle find
a

is this stone
monument state.

that

it is of it

and pedestal,

must

have
a

been

cippus.
a

rare

formed Whence

in
been

perfect

it has these before

monu-

Inghirami gives singularmonument

"

plate
of this
a

of

very

description figure chaplet. In sitting

two
one

imagined that unnecessarily pedestals were purposelybroken being placed in

inents
are

square

with cippus,

female
a

on sitting

the top, holding

are

the tomb.

Such

the relief below, di

two
a

females

found
some

throughout
even

the Val

opposite,and holding
them. in

chapletbetween
these upper
are

Chiana, and
8

at

Perugia.
is

Inghiramithinks
the

One

of

this

subject
tav.

given by LV;
"

Tartarus, and
stand to p.
to

in
mo-

Micali,Ant.
in the

tav. Pop.Ital.

LIV. II.
are

and On

Elysium.
nument

Against the
two

sides of the

Museo

Chiusino,

V.
traces

as large figures,

if

the

top of the monument

of In
as
a

supporters
Mus. Chins,

the

female

on

the

top.

animals, probably lions, couchant.

this
case

185, tav. CXCI.

seen

I do not

it

can

hardly

have

served

remember

have

this curious relic.

340

CHIUSI."

The

City.

[chap,l, art.4 Akin

latter

arc

by
a

no

means
a

in

so

of earlya style of wrestlers.

to this is

relief with
most
common

contest

But
monuments

the

on subject represented

these
on

is the death-bed. and

The

corpse lie

is stretched

beneath it, neglected the relatives stand mourning around, and the prceficcE, or their hair. In another similar are tearing wailingwomen, child is closing the eyes of its parent, while the a scene, around are figures tearingtheir hair and beating their its

couch, the helmet

greaves

breasts.5

On

round
to

cippus are
the

fragments of

three

warriors,

marching
sound

of the double-

pipes; probably part

of
a

funeral

cession. proa

It is in very art.6

rigidstyleof
One
of

the
in

is figures

shown

the annexed

cut. wood-

glance
Museum

round will

this

show that the Etruscans of Chiusi,as Vol terra,were

to

of

wont
ETRUSCAN

burn
4

rather than

WARRIOR,

MUSKO

CASUCCINI.

Micali,Mon.
aurigce have
; the trees

Ined. the

tav.

XXIV.
round

2. their
;

archaic.

I recollect

no

other

instance of

The

reins tails
are as

this in early Etruscan

bodies
and
as

horses' which

are

knotted
are

except in the
faces
6 are

cases

or reliefs, paintings of Gorgons, whose

the much

introduced
those in

always represented (Mon.

the
same

in full.

like

paddles

the

Micali

Ined.

tav.

XXV.

1.) gives
these

painted tombs.
5

pronounces
monument
one a

this to be in the best archaic

On

this

of

the

style.
an

In

plate Micali
another
on

figures is represented with though

the

full face,
so

illustration
with

of

of

style

of

art

is

very

monuments,

warriors

foot and

chap,

l.]

INTERESTING

SARCOPHAGUS.

341

The cinerary most urns are bury their dead. numerous, but of sarcophagi there piled up from floor to ceiling, but two three examples. The most remarkable of are or these bears on its lid the headless figure of a female, richly to be of draped and ornamented, and in too good a style carved about her neck is very jewellery curious, and its counterpart in gold has been found in the tombs of Chiusi. The relief on the body of the monument represents the farewell embrace of a married pair. He is ;" in Etruscan characters ; she designated Larth Aphuna has the feminine inflexion, Aphunei ;" and it is probable, there is not the usual inscription as to set forth the name of the deceased,that this figure and family represents the above. She is gently drawn lady who reclines in effigy from her husband's arms by a female winged demon, the The
" "

date. early

messenger

of
woman,

Death, whose
named
"

name

is almost
"

obliterated.7 contraction of

Another

"Thanuh"8

their daughter, Thanchvil,or Tanaquil probably laysher

hand

on

the old man's

shoulder,
him

as

if to

rouse

him

from

his sorrow,
to life.

and
Four

remind others
a

of the ties which

yet bind him

three of them of these, called

of his

stand by, family One

son
a

males, each with

"

scroll in his hand.

is the evidently

Larce

Aphuna,"
Next
to

of the female

severed

couple.9
horseback,
and above
axe some

this group
with that
a

stands

demon,

armed

swords
in

prainomcn
8

of the of her

dying wife,
name

Argolic shields, like

wood-cut,
one

the

Part

is obliterated, but
. .

but

others with
a

battleother.

the

feminine of

termination is

ei,

proShe the

in

hand

and
was,

bow and

in the

bably
men

Aphunei,
taken

remaining.
and sister, the
of

This
in the

monument

may

be

still, has
"

been

for the

of possession who

Dr.

Emil it to be

Braun, of
of
the

for the

brothers
"

husbaud.
"

Rome,
most

pronounces

Mus.

Chius. loc. cit. the

Aphuna

seems
or

magnificent style of
were ever

which

the Ann.

equivalent to Apponius.
,J

Latin, Aponius,
called
"

Etruscans

capable."
Valeriani this

Inst. 1843, p. 359.

7

The

other and

males
"

are

"

Vel. The

Migliariniand
p.

(Museo
name as

Arntni,"
female But is

Larsa
"

Chiusino, II.
Fasti

213) give

designated
I read

Lartiii
"

Purnei."

(Fausta),and

regard

it

as

the

as if,

it,it be

Pursnei,"

3-42

CHIUSI."

Thb

Crnr.

l. [chap.

looking arm.1
a

on,

with

some
"

nondescript instrument
Vaxth."
"

under of the

her
scene

She
or

is named

In the

corner

Fury

Fate, called

shoulder, and

CtTLMU,"with naming torch on her from a large shears in her hand, is issuing sarcophagus is
a

of Death.'2 gateway, the portal On

another

male

recumbent head and

figure,
features.
tion, domina-

than larger Like

life, with

remarkably fine
be of the times Etruscan

the former, it must

of Roman

though
The
or

with

an

attached. inscription
are

urns sepulchral

of Chiusi

of usually
are

travertine,
like those

sandstone,

rarelyof
an

alabaster

yet

much

ofVolterra

in size and

character, and
of style
art.
on

in differ chiefly

being

of generally retain which

traces
were

earlier
of

They
the the

colour, both
and

frequently recumbent figures,

more

paintedred,
these reliefs
I to

on

reliefs below.

The
;
"

of subjects
and
were

are

very

often identical similar, of the

"

give a

detailed be

account

ash-chests
a

of this of what

Museum,
has been

it would

little more

than

repetition
fine con-

said of those
my
a

of Volterra.

I shall therefore

have

some

regard for

reader's of the

and patience,
most

my
monuments.

to descriptions

few

remarkable

her

name

will be

equivalentto
Porsena.

Lartia

The from

shears Greek

seem

also

an

adoption alludingto
of
or

Porsena,

the feminine

of the celebrated

fable, whether
cuts

chieftain of Chiusi, Lars

1

Atropos,who by who Proserpine,

spun
out

the

thread

life
to

It bears

some

resembance

to the in-

her

sister Clotho,
severs

struments

of torture Grotta

used by the demons

the

hair

from j"n. The

in

the

Tartaglia of Tarquinii.
and

the IV.

head 698

of

the

doomed.

Virg.
147.

Vol. I. p. 348.
-

; Stat.

Sylv. II. 1,
this
monument
"

Migliarmi
of
but

Valeriani

think
to

the the

late shown

date

of

is also

name

Culmu
to

belongs

not

by the
in

material

marble, which
works of the

Fury,
II.

the gateway. For

XIII.

Mus.
see

Chins. that

is found Etruscan

very

few

p. 213.
tav.

illustrations XIV LX.

a

chisel ; There

never

in those of hi"h
are

work,
Ant.
ment

and This

Micali,
monu-

antiquity.
urns

several of the
not

other
same

Pop.

ItaL

tav.

in

this

collection

is evidently of art,
as

Etruscan

is

period in proved by the attiflow

of

late

stone, which, however, does

to

appear

be from

the

quarriesof

Luna.

tudes,full faces,

and

drapery.

"

hap.

l.]

SEPULCHRAL

URNS.

343

It has been
on

often asserted,that the recumbent

urns

figures
the

Etruscan

and

sarcophagiare

of portraits

"

and age with the of sex correspondence of physiogand the individual peculiarities inscriptions, nomy, stance inHere is a singular attest this beyond a doubt. of portraiture. An elderly gentleman is represented blind.3 Yet he was no (Edipusor Belisarius ; he was not dependent on others for support as well as guidance. He been a noble, for he wears to have a seems largesignetskilled in augury ring; and as a Lucumo, he was probably perhaps a Tiresias,a blind seer of the will of heaven, deceased.

The

who

knew

alike the
Os

past,the present,and the future

eoj"ra,

"

rd f]8q

rd

tacrofxeva,

irpo

iovra.

One

of these

urns
on

bears
the

on reclining

it, as
and

of a wedded pair effigies banqueting couch. Both are the with

one

half
on

draped
his

decorated
while

ornaments.

She
on

lies

bosom,

he
"

has
a

hand of

hers, the
con-

other
nubials

holding

patera,

specimen

Etruscan

a highly edifying. The relief below displays troduced infurious combat, a contrast, perhaps, intentionally to show of this life, the turmoil and struggle as opposed to the blissfulrepose of a future existence,which the Etruscans of sensual could only express by scenes pleasure.4 These urns of Chiusi have not so frequently subjects from the Greek mythical Yet as those of Volterra. cycle, there are a few of the favourite subjects Pyrrhusslaying Polites5 Paris kneeling on altar defending himself an againsthis brothers6 combats of Greeks with Amazons,
"

"

"

3Mus.

Chius. tav. XXIX.

He

is not,

severed hand.
5

head

of

Menalippus
tav.

in

his

however, represented blind in this

4

plate.
as

Mus.

Chius.

tav.

XXV.

XXVI. combat

Mus.

Chius.

Inghirami Amphiaraus

interpretsthis
before

calls it the death

G

of

Inghirami Astyanax.
LXXXI.

XV.

Thebes, with

the

Mus.

Chius. tav.

844

CHIUSI."

Thk

City.

[chap.l.

now

one,
"

now

the other

victorious7

"

Centaurs

off carrying

women8

and
"

sundry illustrations
Of the dark
sorrows

of the Theban

line."9

An

unusual

has fled for

forefathers

subjectis Hercules slayingLaomedon, refuge to an altar,hard by the ashes is standing, and a female demon with
of the scene.1
a man

who of his torch

inverted,at each end

In
one
a

relief reclines
or

with

patera in

one

hand,

and

pen

feather in the other.2

Many of these urns have combats, sometimes, it may be, in classic mythology;3 well-known event a representing contest between sometimes, an ordinary warriors,without
any individual

reference, or
"

illustrativeof

some

unknowrn

native

tradition

"

The
And

reflex of

legend past
into

settled loosely

form."

Of

such

character

appears

the

scene,

wrhere

two

men

kneelingon an altar,one holding a severed head their foes.4 hand, are defendingthemselves against
7

in his

Mus.
is
a

Chius.

tav.

XLIII. this

CXCII.

so

to

There
8 9

sarcophaguswith
Chius. tav. XCIII.

subject.

illustrates

also it. Micali, who distinguish this monument (Ant. Pop.

Mus. Museo

CLIX. LXXVII.

Ital. tav. LIX. any

4

5, 6, 7), does

not

attach

Chiusino,

tav.

signification. particular
There in
are

CLXXXIX.
1

some

urns

with of

this subut
a

So

this

urn

is

explained by Inghitav.

ject

the

Museum
n.

Volterra,
it
"

rami

(Mus. Chius.
for the
as

LXIII)-

Were
be

supra,

p. 180,

2.

Inghirami puts
Perseus the followers

it not

lion's skin, it the

common

might

strange

on interpretation

interpreted

subject of
tav.
a

contending
Bacchus,
or

with the

of

Pyrrhus
2

and

Polites. Ined.
not

the opposition
in

Bacchic the

Micali

(Mon.

XLVIII.
but
a

rites encountered adherents Mon.

tav.
scene

Greece, from
LVIII. akin
which

307) calls this "sacred bough," and

4, p. into
3 a

pen, the had

to

the old I. tav.

It
seems

! religion Pelasgic

thinks who

figure

Etrus.
A 5. in
as

LIX.
to

; VI.

represents the deceased

entered

another lie interThebes,

purified

state.

this Museum,

One

of these combats

is

interpreted prets
(Mus.
Mus.

Amphiaraus
I. tav.
XXV.

before

as

Achilles

overcoming

Mne"s

Chius.

Chius. tav. XXVII.),

but there is nothing

chap,

l.] The

SEPULCHRAL

URNS.

345

representedat generally such scenes, ready to carry off their victims,or rushing in between the combatants.5 demons of opposite Sometimes characters are to present, both waiting,it would seem, claim the soul. Charun, with his hammer, plays a conspicuous part, and is often attended by a female demon with a torch ; as in a farewell-scene, where the departing soul stands in the very gate of Death, guarded on either hand by one of these fearful spirits.6
death
are

ministers

of

In

truth

there is

is
an

no

lack

of

such school
urns,

monsters

in

this

Museum,
Etruscan

which

excellent What here

for the

demonology.
seem

with

study of and sarcophagi,

we pottery,

to have

specimens
are

"

Of all the demons In

that

found

or fire, flood, air, underground."

here wielding anchor an subjectis Scylla, in each hand, as if combating an invisible foe ; there, armed with an oar, contendingwith two warriors. She is sometimes winged, sometimes not ; alwayswith a double

favourite

fishes tail.7 Other

"

marine
"

emblems

are

abundant and it
"

"

winged
urn

horses sea-

dolphins hippocampi ;
a

on

one

is

horse of

with galloping, Neptune.8

Nor

dolphinabove

double

emblem

is there any and

"

lack of terrestrial monsters

"

Gorgon's
acanthuswomen,
or

heads, winged
leaves
"

snaked, sometimes

set

in
or

centaurs

griffons devouring stags

a

As
a

on

an

urn

where

winged Fury
between the

'

See

Mus.

Chius.

tav.

CXVII.,
CXI.

and for

with Theban hands.

G

torch

rushes

in

Micali, Ant.
an

Pdj).Ital. tav.
one

Brothers, flying by each other's

Mus. Chius. tav. LXXVII. demons have
nor

illustration of the

of these

urns, in

CXC.

which

monster, being apparentlya

rather p. 182. Glaucus than

These

occasionally male, represents anything

to

neither

wings, buskins,
from

Scylla.
8

lit supra, Chius.

but the attributes in their hands them tinguish

dis-

Mus.

tav. CLXXXVIII.

ordinarymortals

34G

CHIUSL"

The

City.

l. [chap.

overcoming warriors
A it is

"

and

chimsera
a

with

human

head,
and

lion's body,and the hind parts of

dragon.
on

patera is
The

very

common
a

device

these urns,

set generally

between

shields.9
not

favourite

half-moon or pair of peltcB, sport of hunting the wild-boar is

omitted
The
urns

in these

reliefs.1 sepulchral
cotta
are

of terra of those

very

numerous.

They

are

than rarelymore the lids on twelve or fifteen inches long, but the figures at a as not reclining banquet, but are generally are stretched in slumber, muffled in togas.2 A few of unusually decorated posture, large size are even in a sitting wrought torques, and with with very long and highlywhich for size might be coveted by Pope or Sultan.3 rino-s, much is never varietyof subjecton these urns. There moulds. abundantlyfrom the same multiplied They were and Eteocles,and mutual The slaughterof Polynices with the plough the teethJason or Cadmus vanquishing warriors, are the most frequentdevices.4 These sprung all painted both the figureon the lid, little urns were miniatures
"

in

stone, being

and

the
"

relief below

; and

many

retain vivid

traces

of

and yellow. colouring red, blue, purple,

Some
are

of the inferior sort of

with bell-shaped,
The

of terra urns cinerary in red paint. inscriptions

Its reference be
to

cotta

patera in these scenes, has been

a

the

sepulchre

may

taken by

fanciful writer, whose

theories

perhaps
3

shown

by these

recumbent

to represent a nautical distort his vision,

figures,
The
art

compass
1

Etruria

II. p. 270. Celtica,

Mus. The

Chius. tav. CCIV.

figures is
in the cotta
urns

displayedin these large seen superiorto that usually

of stone. Indeed
seem

toga, which
article of
was

Etruscan the

an originally borrowed dress, by

was

these terra-

monuments

in

general of
is little

Romans,
a

used, in Juvenal's
alone in great part of

^ater date.
4

time, as

shroud

Here,

however,

there
at
"

III. 171)" Italy (Sat. Pars magna Italise

variety" parting-scenes
marine
monsters
"

gateways"

griffons gorgonia
two
a

est, si

verum

lion's head any each

between

pellce agate,
"

admittimus, in qua
Nemo

without
mortuus.

but figure,

simple

fillet

togam

sumit, nisi

hung

on

side.

348

CHIUSL"

Thk

City.

[chap.
in

to

the

stranger

"

he

finds
ware

himself is not

a seen

new

world

of

Etruscan

art ; for this

to be

in the Museo

Gregorianoat Rome,
nor

in the

Louvre, in the British Museum,

the

in any

other

of

with Italy,
seen

exceptionof Florence,

where, however,
ware
"

it is

the
every

jugs, pots, and

form

The smaller imperfectly. with handles moulded goblets, but

or

into minute

of

real life,

unreal, and

bands

of

than figures of mysterious import and more and shapelessness is not less archaic Egyptian rigidity and curious, though not confined to this districtof Etruria. the are Perhaps the most curious articles in this ware i ; of which, however, there are or no recipient focolari specimensin this collection. And how, oh reader! superior
"

shall I make square,

thee

understand

what

is 1 afocolare open in

It is

wall-sided tray,half paw-footed,

set front,

at

pages

92, 101, 352.

Ital. tav.
tav.

See XXII

also Mieali,
"

the

symbol
is said of
no

of

athletic

and

gymnastic
ware

Ant. Mon. Mus. XLV.

Pop.
Ined. Chius.

XXVI XXXI.

; ;

exercises. It formed
when

XXVIII" XII. This XIX

ware

that

this

black

is that
a

tav.

"

XXI. is not
un-

peculiarearth, aud
it colour sometimes from the shows

LXXXII.

broken

merely sun-dried, and varnished. glazed, though slightly

baked, but
is

gradationof
the

surface

to

It

centre, where
the

it is of the

natural

generally designated
thinks it was for
not

"

creta

nera."

yellow of
who

Mieali
but

of

ordinaryuse,
It is

differ from

and Ruspi, clay. Depoletti the ordinary opinion in

to

merely

sepulchralrites.
more

consideringit
black hue
was

be

baked, think
obtained.

the

certain that it is creed religious

any

illustrative of the the Etruscans

in

thus
vase was

When
a

of

than land. this which

moulded, the
of space,
as

put into

tacle recep-

other

pottery
took the the the

found

the
on

larger
well
as

size ; the the

or vase

intervening
was itself,

Inghirami
ware

chimseras
monsters nature
"

for

"

chaotic order The of

filled with

shavings,
the

sawdust, and
with

preceded
Chius.
so

(Mus.
crests

the whole
as

plasteredover
escape

mud,

so

I. p.

11).
to

cock, which

to

prevent
then
matter

of the smoke.

many

of these

is thought by jars, been

an

the of

Being
woody
smoke.

placed in

the

furnace, the
and its with

same

writer

have

augury

carbonising by slew
the
vase

to prosperity
a

the dead.

It had

certainly

equal heat, coloured They

that effect

sepulchralreference,but in what way evident ; it is symbolical is not very Gerhard as of the funeral perhaps games, remarks (Bull.Inst. 1831, p. 58) that
the cock in Greek and Etruscan
art
was

ascertained

by
the

ment experidesired Inst.

by this process
be

might

obtained.

Bull.

1837, pp. 28"30.

chap,

l.]
with

CURIOUS

TRAYS,

CALLED

FOCOLARI.

349

about
to

prominent figuresof
the
of spirits
; and

veiled

women,
or

supposed
of

representLarva,
or

the dead,2

winged
and

demons, masks,
found in of

chimseras

it contains,that is,when

the

tomb, the strangest set of little odds

Mrs.

ends

which crockery,

Hamilton

Gray naturally
the
blance resem-

enough
the

mistook

for

tea-service.3

Indeed
is

to that useful

pieceof
are

furniture

striking, though
the
cups

outnumber sugar-basins inconveniently

;

and

saucers

but

there

these,
same

as

well
ware.

as

spoons
a

and

ladles,of the

black

quaint,clumsy, primitive thingas of art apart might have peculiarities

"

you

and milk-jugs, It is justsuch could imagine

"

served

as

tea-tray

in the time

sturdySaxon ancestors could have condescended to such effeminate potations. Certain however, quite upset the tea-tray unstrange articles, in the forms of cocks,4 auentaria, or perfume-bottles vases flat strips and tablets of ducks, and other animals or
our
"
" "

of

Alfred, if

black pottery, sometimes which their purpose The Some

pans
"

scratched

with Etruscan
"

have
"

purpose think for

or

jocularly styled in visiting-cards." of these focolariis matter

intended others
a

been

inscriptions, ignoranceof
of

dispute.

them

for the

and toilet, for

the pots and

perfumes;
braziers

take

them

culinaryapparatus,
them
as

; while

third consider

purely
of

and meaning. in application sepulchral be correct, I should still regard them

If the latter view

as

imitations rather

domestic

furniture

once

in actually than
to

use,

and

taining per-

to the triclinium

the

toilet.

Being raised
444.
at

Mus.

Chius.

I. p.

17.

Here

re-

Sepulchres of Etruria, p.
The

presented,thinks
survivors the

Inghirami,to
in Gerhard
to

remind

middle
is in

pot in the
the foi*m

woodcut of
a

of their duties

performing
thinks the
sacer-

page

325,

cock,
is not

sepulchral rites.
have

it though, being fore-shortened, very

and

they may

reference Bull. Inst.

shown, but clearly

the

beak, crest,

dotal costume.

1831,

p. .58.

wings

are

visible.

350

CHIUSI."

The

City.

l. [chap.

from stand
to

the
over

ground by
a

their claw-feet, they

seem

intended

to

fire. In domestic
or

life they were

probablyused

keep

meats

the

Museo the

of the braziers in hot, like some liquids At the sepulchre, Borbonico. they may have
same

served

purpose
for

for the

funeral

feast, or
the

they early

may
or

have

been
cars

fumigation, equivalentto
of

censers,

wheeled

bronze, sometimes

found

in

Etruscan Not

tombs.5
all the

pottery
in

in

this Museum

is of this

archaic,

un-Hellenic
vases

character.
tazze

There
various

are

specimens

of

figured

of Etrusco-Greek styles For while Chiusi has a pottery peculiar art. it to itself, that is found in other produces almost every description Etruscan cemeteries, from the plain black or yellow ware of Volterra, to the purest Greek of Tarquinii and vases Yulci ; and it is a singularfact that the largest the vase, and rich in figures most in discovered ever inscriptions from the soil Etruria, the king of Etruscan vases," was of Chiusi.6 It must be admitted, however, that the painted of this district is by no ware abundant, or in means so as generalso excellent,either for clay,varnish, or design, that of some other Etruscan sites,7 though occasionally articles of extreme beauty are brought to light
"

and

the

Inghirami
as

thinks

the}- were
were

not

are

to be

seen

in almost

every

Museum of

used actually in the

tomb

braziers,but
the substitutes had
been

left

of

such

antiquities. Illustrations
are

at
as

close of the funeral for those of

focoktri
ItaL Mus.
6

given by Micali, Ant.

XXVI.
tav.

Pop.
also

ceremonies,
bronze which

tav.

XXVII. XXXI. XXXII.

ft

See

used.
cars

Mas.
or

Cbius. Ut supra,
at
a a

XL. It
was

Chius.
censers

I. p. 29.
"

These
"

wheeled been

pp.

99, 115,

seq.

have Ov/xiar-lipia
most

found
"

found
about
7

spot called
west

Fonte

Rotella,

in

the

ancient
at

tombs,

viz.

the

mile

of Chiusi.

Grotta
and vetri
tav.

dTside

Vulci

(Vol. I. p. 423),
; cf. Mus.

Micali,

Mon.

Ined. that
on

p. 212.

It

has

the Grotta

Regulini-Galassi at Cerp. 48
;

been

remarked

the

paintedI
common

(ut supra,
XXXIX.
p.

Chius.

and
find Bull.

patera

of Chiusi, it is
on figures

to

Micali, Mon.
Etruscan

Ined. tav.

just

twelve

the

outside.

VIII. nary

66) ;

and

specimens of the ordisepulchres

Inst. 1840, p. 149.

braziers

of

chap,

i..]

POTTERY

AND

BRONZES.

351

or Among the curiosities of pottery here is a rhyton, with a in the shape of a man's leg,kneeling, drinking-cup, human minating face at the upper part of the thigh.8 Rhyta, terin animals' heads are common enough, but of this

form, they are

In the middle

very
room

rare.

are

found copiesof paintings

in the

Etruscan This strainers

"
"

tombs Museum

of Chiusi. is
"

rich

in

bronzes;

"

tripods jugs
" "
"

strigilsa largeround
are

shield,embossed
numerous
"

pons wea-

idols, though these

not
some

and

or

mirrors, some
nor

and figured,

gilt. Neither
numerous.

specula, the gold

ornaments,
As

the scarabcsi, are other

in every

collection of Etruscan
is here
no

in antiquities and catalogue,

public or Italy,
unless the

there private,
have

traveller

the
own

friend,he is left to put his

the
and
a

guidance of some knowledge to the

are mere

learned
test ; for

guardians of
in the Museo

these

treasures

doorkeepers ;
of the fair

Casuccini

the visitor will look in vain for the

ray of

from light antiquarian

flashing eyes
the

custode.
The
are

choicest
in is this
one

vases

in

the
but

of possession in his

Casuccini The
most

not

Museum,
in the

Palazzo.

beautiful

best

Greek this is
the

the representing style,

one

Judgment
of
art
ever

of Paris ; indeed

of the finest works

of

rescued

from
not

tombs with

Clusium. three

The Idaean
a

shepherd is ladies," as Spenser happy

warrior, a female
are

alone

"the

calls them,
to

for

Mercury, Cupid,
a

thought
to

be

(Enone, and
charms.

Victory,
vase
was

also

present

inspecttheir

This

found

in the

tumulus, singularlabyrinthine

called

Poggio

Micali,Ant.
Onus. face
to tav.

Pop. Ital. tav.

LXXVI. that of

CI.

12 ;

thinks

its

position is manifestly synithe

Mus.
the

Micali

takes and

bolical of

mysterious birth

of that

be

Bacchus,

deity.

352

CUIUS!."

The

City.

[chap.I..

Gajella.9 Another
Ericthonius.1
But
in the

beautiful

vase

represents the birth of

the most

remarkable
ware

monument

here is

black peculiar

of

Chiusi, studded

with

large juggrinning

THE

ANUBIS-VASE"

BLACK

WARE

OF

CHIUSI.

masks, and
three times

banded round

with

the

in figures, body of the above

group

of

six,repeated
first of these
in

vase.

The
is
a

shown figures,

in the

wood-cut,
1840.
'

inonsrer

An
vase

illustration
are

and

description of
Braun in his

See
Ann.

also Bull. Inst. 1840, p. 148. Inst.

this work

given by Dr.

1841,

pp.

91

"

98.

on

the

Poggio Gajella, Rome,

Braun.

Mon.

Ined. Inst. III. tav.

XXX.

chap.

l.

THE

ANUBIS-VASE.

353

human

shape with

the

head

of

to be beast, supposed

dog, which, from its resemblance to the Egyptiangod, is Next to him is a winged deity, called Anubis.2 generally Mercury the conductor of souls ; then a Fury probably from her breast, with Gorgon's head, and wings springing is gnashing her teeth for her prey, and with hands raised upabout it. The rest of the to springupon seems
group who

represents a

veiled female

between

two
are

warriors,

though in
put upon
remote

the semblance
to

of this world Various

are

to have

reference

the

next.

the

supposed tations interpre-

that it bears

festly scene singular ; but from the maniof the monument, it is probable antiquity reference to any subject in the Greek no in

this

but illustrates some doctrine or fable mythical cycle, the long perished creed of the mysterious Etruscans.3

Museo
The

Paolozzi. interest

collection

next

in

at

Chiusi

is that

of

SignerFlavio Paolozzi,once
of

much

more some

extensive

than at

present. It stillcontains,however,
Etruscan art. early Among the most remarkable
is

excellent

mens specicippi

one

of the

square

There
to

is

no

necessary

relation,
was
mona

XXXIV.;
p. 63.

however,

Anubis

; for there

Micali, Ant. Pop. Ital. III. 20, tav. XXII. ; Bull. Inst. 1830, p.
Levezow it as Perseus, interpreted
to cut
a

tradition among
sters

the ancients

that

of this

were description

common

attended

by Minerva, about

off the

in

mountainous writer
more on

regions. Ctesias, the India,declared

a

Greek
were

there
of

or

Gorgon's head ; Mercury and Gorgon in front ; the swans

The Due tie

genius
indicat-

than

hundred
2.

thousand head

ing the neighbourhood of the Tritonian

lake.

them.

Plin. VII.

The

of this
like
as a

Luynes
Circe

saw
or

in
a

it

however, being as much figure, bull's as a dog's,may mark it

Minotaur, which
sented
3 on

Ulysses conducted
to

by

the

the infernal regions,indicated

Sibyl by the

usuallyso reprepaintedvases. and opiIllustrations, descriptions,

of this
vase are

is

Gorgon, Fear, the Minotaur, and the Ann. Inst. 1834, Stymphalian birds.
pp.
as

320

"

3.

Cavedoni
some

also regards it hero

to the lower

nions

rami, Mus.
VOL.
II.

Chius.

p.

given by Tnghi29, tav. XXXIII.

the descent of Ann.

world.

Inst.

1841, p. 59.
A A

354

CHIUSL"

The

City.

l. [chap.

of fetid limestone, with death

her of
an

archaic She

reliefs, the representing

is stretched
on
a

Etruscan

lady.
"

couch

"

several women, has just fled perhaps hired spirit her, tearingtheir cheeks are wailing around mourners,
and
to

hair drown
"

"

subulo

at

the foot of the couch is endeavouring shriller

notes

their while in

cries in the
contrast

of his double-

pipes
sound
with
one

with

all this leans

on

extravagance of
couch,
attitude proclaims

and

a littleboy gesture,

his mother's

hand

to his

head

; and

his subdued

stone of his can as speak, the intensity strongly remarks, could not have as Inghirami grief. His feelings, skilful artist of our been better expressed by the most are prceficce, days. On another face of the monument with dishevelled hair,beatingtheir breasts,wringing their A third hands, and tearingtheir cheeks and garments. with wands, and an augur side shows some togaed figures with his lituus taking part in the funeral rites. What
as
"

the females

on

the fourth side

appear
to

are

about

is hard raiment

to

mine. deterof

They
deceased On much
sound among

be

parting the

the

them.4

this

cippusstands another, of round form, and of a later style, representingwomen dancing to the of the syrinx. On this is a slab with a bilingual
and

Etruscan sepulchralinscription,
4

Latin.5

Another

This

cippus has

been

illustrated I. tav. 53
"

by
56,
56.

tore

their flesh to make the

to

the blood the dead

milk V.

flow,
were

Inghirami,Mus.
and

Chius.

because

souls be

of

by Micali, Ant.
similar to VI.
tav.
as a

Pop.
Z 2.

Ital. tav.

supposed
blood.

pleased with
ad

and 78 ; laws

It is very Mon.
more

relief at But

Perugia.
it still of its

Serv.

Virg.
III. 67. the

Mxx.

Etrus.

Varro, ap. eund.

of
women

By
Twelve thus

the

resembles,
the

regards

two

Solon

and
were

by

Tables
to tear

sides,another
in in the Museum

cippusfrom
of

Chiusi, once
now

forbidden
to

Mazzetti

collection,and
Berlin.
;

their Cic. de
5

cheeks, and

wail

the

dead,

Abeken, 1840,

Leg. II.
Etruscan
vl
.

23.

taf. Mittelitalien, Ined. p. 150.

tav.

VIII.

Micali, Mon.
Inst. their breasts, the

The

would
.

run nuvi

thus
.

"

XXII.

Bull.
beat
out

alphni

The

prafcce
squeeze

cainal

it is said,to

milk, and

if rendered

into

Latin

letters.

The

:',:,ii

CHIUSI."

The

City.

I.. [chap.

for the the

Ganymede of the goblets

or

Hebe

to stand

on

while

replenishing

revellers.7
are

In this collection
or

some

curious
are

specimens of Canopi,
same

head-lidded
as or

jars. They
of

of the

frill-bellied

form
stone

those

alabaster

instead of Egypt, but alwaysof pottery, they are surmounted, not by the ; and heads of dogs or other animals, but always by those of men,
or

what

are

intended

for such.

The

jar

itself

represents the
ther fur-

bust, which
marked

is sometimes

and by nipples, either in the moulded annexed

to

by
on

the
the

arms

jar,as
or

wood-cut,
shoulders
are

attached

the

by metal pins.These all cinerary urns, and there

or

is a hole either in the crown,

at each
FTRUSCAN

shoulder, to let off the

of the
ashes.
some

CANOPUS,

MUSEO

PAOLOZZ1

effluvium

The

heads

are

of portraits

the

deceased, though
or

imagine
the

them
sex,

to

represent Pluto

to Proserpine, according

the

seeingthat the charge of those

Mus. Chius. tav. CXXXIX. the

soul of the
deities.8

deceased

had

passed into

~"
8

national

character

of the

physiognomy,
veritable portraits"so

Inghiramithought
the

ised jar symbolthe in siding prethe that

are

the agreement
no

of the these the

facial angle, leave

are

world,

and

the
true lids

head

doubt

that
much

deity. It is the Egyptian canopi,

the heads the
and of

more

important, as
any

generally sarcophagi
to

and they faithfully show

our us

without

lishment, embel-

known the

hut from divinities, Etruscan

the

analogy of
urns, and
more

forefathers."

physicaltype of Ant. Pop. Ital. III.

are

of the heads

in terra-cotta,

p. 11.

Illustrations of canopi Chius.

tav.

given
49, 67
Ined. the few
;

it is much them

reasonable

suppose

by Inghirami,Mus.
Mon. Ant. tav.

tav. .5 ;

here
of

to

be

portraits.

"

The

great
says

Etrus.

VI.

Micali,

variety
modes

the

countenances,"
ages,
the the

Pop.
33.
ware

Ital. tav. 14, 15; Mon.

Micali, "the

different

various

They

are

generallyin
a

of wearing

hair, the purely

black

of this district, but

chap,

l.]

MUSEO

PAOLOZZI."

CANOPI.

357 the

There

are

numerous
on

small

urns

of terra-cotta, with

usual subjects The

such

monuments.9 is of chiefly

pottery here
or

the black
some

ware
a

of

this

with district,

without

reliefs;

with

metallic

if fresh from as varnish,bright The bronzes Paolozzi

; and
"

the maker's
once

hands.

collection
are
"

was

renowned
"

for
mirrors
"

its

there

still many

remaining
other

paterce
domestic
small other
or

candelabra

cauldrons, and
use
"

articles of

culinary or

sacrificial

figures purely Egyptian,

votive

animals, and

other
or

offeringsand
"

many

of gods figures

Lares, of marine

monsters, and

chimaeras,which
were

the Etruscans

to honour, delighted

which of

symbols of

their creed.

There
can

is also

cabinet

medals, coins, and

which scarabcei,

be

spected in-

special permission. only with the proprietor's In the high street has recentlybeen opened a Gabinetto," or shop for the sale of Etruscan relics ; chiefly from the collections of Captain Sozzi and Signor Galanti.10
"

are

of

yellowclay.
have been

The

eyes

are

some-

of All his
9

the

earliest

days

of

Etruscan is

art. to

times
Some

representedby
found
; others

coloured

stones.
on

of earthenware

resting placedon

stools small

analogy, however, opinion.

There
was

opposed
remarkable

formerly a
In the
a

chairs,in form
in

very

like those

of rock

monument

of this material

in the Paoof the

at

the tombs of Cervetri (ut supra, pp. 34, 35, 59), either of oak,preservedby a

lozzi collection.
scene

centre

sat

woman

with

babe

her

of calcareous coating
cotta.
must

matter,

or

of terra-

breast, taking farewell

who stood

of her Hard hammer other

as
"

husband

Bull.

Inst.

be curulc
of dignity

1843, p. chairs, and

68.

They jars
the

by
an

her

side.

by
in
a

sat
one

indicative Such
to

Cliarun,with his wonted hand, and

which Etruscan Greek
"

of the

the defunct.
a

oar

in

the

fact the the

evidentlybear

close

analogy
also

removes

all

doubt

to to

statues, like that sitting are Casuccini, which

urns. a

in the Museo

Charon and he
to
was

being
Gate

akin

cinerary
shows

waiting to
hand,
wild

conduct

The

styleof art epoch.

be Yet

likewise Micali

his victim

the
at

of Hell, which surrounded

similar p.

(Mou.
the

yawned
with the
surmounted

close heads

Ined.

151), while
of very
statues

to caiiopi
noimces

admitting early date, proto

of

beasts, and

by
victim.

Furies,
and Bull.

brandishing
1840,
p.

the

be

as

late

as

their

torches

threatening their
Inst.

the seventh Abcken other

or eighthcentury of (Mittelitalicn, p. 275), hand, thinks the canopi not

Rome.
on

expected
153."
10

the
to

Braun. I looked in vain in the

be

Gabinetto

35S

CHIUSI."

The

City.

[chap.l. and

The

articles

are

of pottery principally
;

bronze, and

the

pricesare
well reminiscences

attached

and

for the

visitor who of the

It would be very moderate. intends carryingaway with him

city of Porsena,

this chamber
may thus

before

making
a

eye round purchases elsewhere ; as he

to cast
an

learn

somewhat
is

Here anticaglia. bronze the

a

of such market-prices singular canopus with a pendant of of the bracelets of the

is
a

in

one

ear,

and

same

metal.

But

strangest monument

pot of uncoloured

with clay,

standingon the lid,of most archaic largefemale figure attached by metal pins; holdingin character,with arms hand an one apple or other fruit. Her body is hollow, and
the effluvium of the ashes in the hole in her of eleven
and
crown.
urn a

She

rises like

passedoff througha from a circle giantess

on

females Lilliputian round the outer edge

with of the

hands
urn

their breasts
seven

stand

other

similar

with large heads of snakes or alternating figures, are able removdragons,with open jaws. All these figures at pleasure, by being merely attached to the urn This is
one

pegs.
seen

of the

most

remarkable

articles to be

at Chiusi ; in

truth, though its details find analogies

as a

elsewhere
monument

in

Etruria,

whole

it is unlike

every

other

couth antiquity }retdiscovered,and in the unand their fantastic arrangerudeness of its figures ment, land Zearather the work of New to recognise you seem of classical Hawaii, than a production antiquity.1 or for its Ottieri's collection is very interesting Count

of this

for

some

monuments

had
on a

seen

in

the

originof
stood
a

the

Roman

Catholic
"

sa-

Signor Sozzi's
visit to

possession,
On
one

former the soul

crament

of extreme
at

miction foot
of

while

Chiusi.
was

urn,

third

the
to

the

couch,
one.

of

female

representedbeing led
of

waving
Micali

fan

cool

the

dying
XLVIII.

by

the

minister the

death

through
on

the

(Mon.
urn

Ined.

tav.

3)
feet

portal of bed, and

upon

lower
a

world.

Another her death-

givesan
'

illustration of this monument, stands about three

relief showed
two

female

This

others
"

pouring

ointments

in

height.

It is illustrated

by Micali,
33 ; cf.

her

head

which

recalls to mind

Mon.

Ined. p. 1 88, et seq.

tav.

chap,

l.]

THE

GABINETTO

AND

PRIVATE

MUSEUMS.

359

archaic

articles.

Here
feet

are

three
a

fetid limestone, four that

same

and

of figures Egyptian-like half high, extremely like

if not

from

the

Grotta

d'Iside, at Vulci, and

same

by
are

the
also

hand, evidentlyof the

"

period.2 having

Here
a

some scene

bas-reliefs, the chief of them

of

banquetinghave

very
to

rigid style,the figuresin

robes
"

which

red

borders

their

one

of many

illustrations of the from the Etruscans.3 black

ware

which toga preetexta,

And of

the

Romans

received

here,
are some

moreover,

besides
vases
"

the usual
a

Chiusi,

painted
"

beautiful

patera,

with

banqueting-scenes
seized athletcB ; all in the
visitor

holding his hoop,

with The
the

pelike, Gairymede representing by Jupiter and a large skyphos

"

Perfect omit

style.
to
see

should the

not

the

painted vases
his and bronzes

in

of possession

Bishop, taken
;
nor

from

excavations
in

in the

Poggio
of
also
no

Paccianesi

the and
;

pottery
Don he who

the houses Ciofi has

will find
canons

Signor
some

Luccioli

Luigi Dei.
studies

Signor
beetles

bronzes
matter

and

lack

of

in the cabinets

of the reverend

Carducci, Mazzetti, and

or most, Pasquini. As all,

of
no

these
offence

gentlemen
will be

are

to part willing

with

their treasures,

given by inquiringthe pricesof the

Inst. 1843. small female
us
"

articles.4

Bull. Inst. 1843. p. 361. Micali

p. 3 ; Ann. takes
;

See Liv.
; IX.

Vol.

I. p. 422. I. 5 ; Plin. VIII.

the and
was

I. 8 ; Flor. 63.
was
a

figures for
that the

Junones
seven

reminds
a

74
4

number number

sacred

or as

There

marble

cube

in

the is

mystic
well
as

among the

the Jews

Etruscans and

Canonico said
to

Carducci's be

garden,

which

among of

other

quite sublime
of 151. Notices

for the

magniInst, articles years

will be

people
to

antiquity, being
to

supposed
of human XI
;

ficent

style
p.

its reliefs. of

Bull. the

have

relation Censorin. ap. eund.

the Die

term

1840,

life. Varro.
seven
"

de

Nat.

cap.

discovered
at

during
and the its

the last twenty

cap. XIV.
rerum

Cicero omnium

calls fere

Chiusi in

neighbourhood
at Rome.

numerus

found

publications of

the

Ar-

nodus.
Somn.

Repub. Scip. I.

VI.

18;

ap.

Macrob.

Institute clucological

6 ; II. 4.

DOOR

OF

AN

ETRUSCAN

TOMB

AT

CHIUSI.

CHAPTER

LI.

CHUJSl"CLUSIUM.

The

Cemetery.

Have Of

they

not

sword-players,

and

every

sort

gymnie

artists,wrestlers, riders,
and

runners,

Jugglers,

dancers, antics, mummers,

mimics

Milton.

No
On

Etruscan
some

site has
centres
;
on

more

general interest
;
on

than

Chiusi.
;
on

this
museums

in

walls

others, in tombs
historical
an

these, in
Chiusi

those,
not

in
to

associations.
extent.

combines

all, though

equal

Her

ohap.

li.]

TOMBA

DEL

COLLE

CASUCCINI.

361

point is her fortifications; but for this she makes Her amends by her mysterious underground passages. excavations yield as abundantlyas those of Vulci, though rival that of different roba ; her museums a together may of her necropolis, and the Volterra ; and in the extent and rich decorations of her sepulchres, singularity, variety, she is second only to Tarquinii. As regardsher painted
weak

tombs, it must
of Tarchon and

be confessed

that she is inferior to the

city

Tages, and not in number merely; there is here less varietyof styleand subject. Nevertheless, of Chiusi display the sepulchral of great scenes paintings
and spirit in many interest,differing

pointsfrom kept
open
one

those of

Corneto.
The tombs

of

Chiusi not,

which
as

are

for the side of

miles

visitor'sinspection are
the

at

on Tarquinii,

city,but
;

lie all around the

it, sometimes

several

apart
on

and

as

foot after wet procure

travelled country tracks are not easily for weather, it would be well, especially

ladies, to

beasts
tomb

in the
has its

town.
own

Another
who custode,

venience inconmust

is that each be

from dispatched expressly

runs

Chiusi
the

with

the
not

keys,and
finding;this

the visitor in his rounds

risk of

keeper at his post at obligedto pass by some for their inspection.

The
most

the

appointed hour,
to

and

of the lions, or

return

being expressly

of

accessible

of these

paintedtombs
CASUCCINI.

is the

TOMBA It lies
"

DEL

COLLE
east

short mile
a

"

to the

of Chiusi. It is hollowed

in the side of in the open

and hill,

is entered

by

slope.
are

At

Chiusi, indeed, almost

in this manner,
at

level passage all the tombs

cut
now

entered

instead of

by

ing descend-

of steps, as flight

Corneto, Vulci, and

meet

Cervetri. its threshold.

The

marvels

of this tomb

you

on

362

CHIUSI.

"

The

Cemeteky.

li. [chap.

The
a

entrance

is closed with

each folding-doors, You

are

flapbeing
at

single slab of travertine.

sort

startled you

this

un-

usual eyes

of door

"

still more, these

when

hear, what

your

confirm, that

doors of the

ponderous slabs are the original when tomb, still working on their hinges as

twenty and odd centuries since. they were first raised,some there are none speaking, Hinges, strictly ; for the doors side lengthened into a pivot above and have below, one
which

work pivots

in sockets in
were

made

in the stone

lintel and

threshold ;
and cities,1

just as
as

the

doors

early gateways himg in the middle

There
;
can

of Etruscan ages
be
no
"

those doubt

of the of the

Alhambra

for instance. these doors

of antiquity

it is manifest
a

in their

very arrangement buried beneath a

must

; for

the lintel is

weight of
none

of huge mass superincumbent earth ; slabs

were

rock
and

have

been

laid

the after

in their
committed

places ;
their
much

and

it is obvious that
to
to

but those who have

not

treasures

this

would sepulchre, them.2 which This

was

taken
a

so

labour

preserve

was

common

mode
one times someor

of
more

the tomb, closing

slabs of rock, often

done with generally fitted to the doorway,and

in the Grotta

as highlyadorned with reliefs, Inscrizioni at Tarquinii.3

delle

Just outside the door

small

chamber
or

opens

on

either

hand, probably for the freeclmen

The with tomb

slaves of the
two

family.
is the

itself has

three

chambers,

only decorated
of its

The first the third unfinished. paintings, of two and has a doorway in the centre largest,4
1

Ut supra, This

pp. 150, 153.

'

With

the

exceptionof longer
p. 3), of
an

one

tomb
be
seen

in

ancient
at

doorway

is shown

in

this

no necropolis,

to

the woodcut The leaf

and the

the head

of this

Chapter.
each

Inst. 1840, (Bull. instance known

this is the

only
tomb
as

door
or

is 4 ft. 4 in.

high, and
inches

Etruscan

flap is
than

about
4

18

wide,
of iron

preservingits door,
was *

still working

it

more

thick.
16

The

depth
The

raised. The dimensions

of this chamber 10
are

architrave
are a

is

inches. addition.

handles

modern

14

ft. 2 inches

by

ft. 2

indies

the

"

Ill I

CHIUSI."

The

Cemetery.

li [chap,

cypresses and

The action of both men cupressus fwiebres. is natural and horses easy ; the latter especially,
"

have more and freedom spirit peculiarities, than any of those in the paintedtombs of Tarquinii.7 the left of the central door, are To representedthe First is a pair of wrestlers, or it may be foot. on games

though with

native

tumblers, for
his

one

is inverted

with

his heels in the air and

body restingon the shoulders of the other, who is resemble in the certain figures kneeling.8 They strongly tombs of Egypt. An agonothetein blue pallium, painted and holdinga wand, stands by to direct the sport. Next,
a

naked

man,

whose

attitude
at

may

remind

you

brated of the cele-

dancing faun
opponent, to
which the

nary Naples, is boxing with an imagiA female sound of the double-pipes.9

same

follows, dancing to the

music, and
is
a as

to

the

castanets

she rattles herself. She

gown,

draped with

boddice

and her

lighttransparent
shoulders
like the
;

and

cJdamys or
well
as

scarf

on

and

in attitude

costume

she is very
to

in the dancing-girls is
a

tombs with

of

Next Tarquinii.1

this group

naked wavy

man,

crested

helmet, round

shield, and
foe ;
or

long
wont

he may
were

be

ancients

running as if to charge the armed dance, such as the an practising is a naked to perform.2 The last figure
spear,
is very like
;

'

The
on a

whole

race-scene

de' has Mus.

1

Dei,
no

who

has

an
one

opponent.

He

one

relief in the Museo latter is

more

Casuccini

cestus,though
Chius.
tav.

fist is closed,

but

the

stiff and
are

archaic,
of

CLXXXII.

and

the

chariots
supra,

trigcsinstead

See That

Vol. I. pp. 275, 289.

the Etruscans

bigce. Ut
lned. tav.
s

p. 339. 2.

Micali, Mon.

"

had

armed

XXIV.

dances
turntav.

is

proved by

other

monuments,

For
see

illustrations of Etruscan

biers LVI.

Micali, Ital.

av.

Rom.

figure seems beating nothing but

hands, and
he is
a

This

at the

first to air with

be his

vessel in very especially by a silver gilt Chiusi. at found Demparchaic style Etrus. ster, I. tab. 78 ; Inghir. Mon. IV. 1, 7) Miiller (Etrusk. III. tav. XIX. that the Etruscan is of opinion hietriones, who formed
an

time

with

his feet ; but

that

essential

part of

the

is rendered pugilist similar figure in precisely

evident the

by

pageantry
because

of the

circus,danced

armed,
Valerius

Deposito

they are

compared by

chap.lt.]
man,

FEASTING

AND

GAMES.

365

himself exercising

with halteres,or, in

plain English,

usingthe dumb-bells, which,

same

with the ancients,served the

purpose as with us.3 Half of the frieze in this chamber the other half is

being

devoted

to

games,
are

five

couches, each
beardless,
absence

with the banquet. Here pictured all males, bearing a pair of figures, crowned

young

and

and half-draped, of the fair

sex

with blue this

to

chaplets. The

shows

be

and varied, symposium. Their gestures, animated betray the exhilarating influence of the rosy god. One holds a another third a branch, apparently a flower, a of chaplet,

myrtle,and several have patera, which the slaves are whole to replenish. The forward to the hastening goes music of the double-pipes. end of the scene At one stands with a largetriple basin, either a wine-cooler, a tripod or the palatesof the to containingthe beverage, mixed revellers ;4 and slave is busied at it,replenishing winea who, with arm is giving jugs. A second figure, uplifted,
Maximus
And

(I[. 4, 3)
armed dances of Mars, which

to

the of the

Curetes. Salii in
one

lead.
are on

Those

represented in this
form
as

tomb

the

nearly of the
Museum,
an

now
on

in use, but
some

honour

accordingto
Ma. VIII.

the painted vases,

in the

tradition
were

(Serv. ad
Veientine
to
an

285)

British of flat, the

they
the

are

represented
a

of

institution,Midler
Etruscan
in

oval of

form, with
hand

hole

for

would The tomb the with

refer

origin. painted

insertion

(Bull.Inst.

figure,however,
of Chiusi, can
who Salii,

this
no

have
in

relation to

183G, p. 29), as they are described by Pausanias (V. 2G) who, however, speaks
of

brass of

purple robes, belts,helmets, swords, and

a

danced

their

handles shields basin of the A

as were seems

like attached,

those

by which
4

grasped,
to
answer or

bucklers

peculiarform, described
(Nunia), and
Etruscan Florence.

This

the

by Plutarch
on
a

represented
gem Ut in the

purpose

crater,
similar
on
a

ordinary
basin
and

singular

mixing-bowl.

UffizjGallery at
p. 106.
3

supra,

tripod is
and

shown

bas-relief funeral

from feast

Chiusi, representingthe
VII.

Mart.

67,

"

dances, in very
the

archaic Thomas

now style,

gravesque Halteras cf. XIV. facili rotat Juv.

draucis
"

in

possessionof

Blayds,
on
a

lacerto VI.
;

Green Esq.,of Englefield

(Micali,Mon.
also sin-

49;

Sat.
4 ; LVI

421; Pollux,
were

Incd. p. 140, tav. 23) ; and

Seneca, Epist. XV.

X.
c.

17.

Seneca

says

they

of

gular sarcophagus recently discovered at Perugia. Mon. Ined. Inst. IV. tav. 32.

366

CHIUSI."

The

Cemetery.

m. [chap.

the

slave
"

directions is

"
"

Deprome,
this
as

Thaliarche,
and

merum pended sus-

diotd !"

evidentlythe butler;
wall marks excited
to

the
as

patera
his

on

the

corner

pantry.

Should

be curiosity

the

costume

of butlers in

two or three-and-twenty centuries since, I Italysome as must reply that this Etruscan worthy is in leathers," the Spaniards say, though not in buff,chamois, or cordovan. holds a long ladle of the slaves in this scene One or capidula with a handle bent into simpidum, the rim on a hook, for the purpose of suspension of the wine-vessel. Such simpida,in bronze, shown in the annexed woodcut, are occasionally
"
"

"

found

in Etruscan inner

tombs. is of smaller

The

chamber

dimensions,5

surrounded frieze of
"

by a bench of rock. It has also a here only fourteen inches high figures,
of
S1MPULUM.

another youths;one with " patera, with a chaplet, has the double-pipes, and a third fourth a lyre, a by which they regulatethe dance. are naked, with the exceptionof a light on chlamys
a

chorus

All their

shoulders.6 The natural

of interpretation

these
the

scenes

is that

represent the

funeral

rites of
renown

Etruscans. attached
a

of great antiquaries meaning to them, I

have
no

they Though symbolical

not

see

reason

why they
usual in Etruscan

should

About

ft. 10

in.,by 7 ft.

in. ;

than these

tombs.

One

of red
a

and
6

it is 7 ft. 8 in. This

high.
may be introduced
;
as

figures, not
rest, must

being painted
be intended

chlamys
sake

like the it
woman.

for

merely for the

varies"

of the colour and

They
in

have

all been

carelessly
;

red, black, blue,

For
are figures

white,in
also,
with and

scratched and
to

before
not

succession. these

variety'ssake
made
to alternate stems

the

artist has

being coloured always adhered

in
some

which his outline,

cases

lias

trees, all

both painted black,

not

been evidently is

retouched.
one once

This

chorus the

and foliage,

paddle-shaped, like
chamber,
nature

very

like

existingin
n.

those in the outer

but

branchfreedom

inner

chamber

of the Mercareccia Vol. I. p. 362, 7.

tomb

ing out

with

more

and

at Corneto.

bbap.

w.]

PECULIARITIES

OF

THESE

PAINTINGS.

367

music, dances, and representthe feasting,

palsestric games,

It is possible of the dead.7 that held in honour actually and symbolical.This is descriptive they may be at once which is at liberty to hold his own a point on every one opinion. in these paintings The outlined are generally figures The colours are hardlyso well preservedas with black. the blues and whites are the most in those of Tarquinii; been Yet vivid. all have injured. Let the seriously he moves visitor have a care as through these tombs. The
were now

medium,
laid on, remain

whatever

it

were,

with

which

the

colours

effaced

by

having perishedafter so many ages, they in mere powder on the walls,and might be touch of the finger, or by the sweeping of a
no are

garment.
These
have paintings

chiaroscuro,no

foreshortening ; the
sometimes

attitudes
"

always in elongated;the limbs clumsy; the unnaturally folds rigid arranged in stiff, regular ; the drapery
of archaic character.
Yet

faces

no perspective, profile ; the figures

all features

there

are

more

I may

add

to

what

has

been

stated

to the

scenes

in

this tomb, because

food

the

elsewhere
rami

(Vol. I. p. 296), that

such virtuous
scenes as
"
"

Inghi"

usual the and

tables

for

regards

an

figm-esare
souls
in

drinking,not
be

being wanting, eating;

served with

apotheosis of
represent
the
sorrow

souls
scenes

i. e., do
not

bliss would Ann.

that the figures in these

nectar

alone.

Inst.

1835, p. 22.
indicates
a

survivors, thus
for the of the

express-

But

this difference

merely
of
a a

ing tluir
bolise

dead, but
of

Bym-

instead drinking-bout
"

regularmeal deipnon.
In in feast,

the

souls the

departed,thus
sensual had
no

symposium,
case

not

depicted in
other of of

enjoyment
the

either
its

it may

be than

funeral

because pleasures,

ancients

late, rather
trees

way

representingthe delights
In

the

of

the

early stage. dancing-scenein

sees
"

In the

Elysium.
that
could

truth,

some

of

thorn the
in

inner

chamber, he
and the

the

"

fortunata
"

considered

the

highestreward
on

nemora,"

luci opaci JEn.

of the

gods
tion.

bestow
an

the

virtuous

Elysian regions (Virg.

673), and
VI. further
to

VI.

639,

another

life was

of eternity Plat.

intoxicaII. p.

quotes
thp

Musteus, ap.

Repub.

647)

prove
scene,

Virgil (iEn. orthodoxy of the

363, ed. Steph. Inghirami thinks such

an

lyre in

this

the interpretation

more

appropriate

368

CHIUSL"

The

Cemetery.

h. [chap.

ease

and

such
who

power signs of

could

paintingto by
them. of

found in connection with usually the work of a man antiquity. They seem but who either felt tombdo better things, be a degradationof his talents, or strained rewas

than

arc

conventionalities
are

from

the

free exercise
of the

of

These

of later date than most

paintings

be of Etruscan times; they can Tarquinii, yet must domination, still hardly belong to the periodof Roman to the decadence of art.s less,as Inghiramiopines, discovered in May 1833, by accident, This tomb was bonifications while making to the soil. It must have rifled in past ages, for nothing but fragments of been
" "

pottery and

urns

was

found

within

it.9

Deposito
On from

de'

Dei. about
with
are

the the

oppositeside of Chiusi, and tomb just described,is another

three

miles

similar, that on entering strikingly you your guide for leadingyou back to what
seen.

so paintings ready to abuse

you

have

already
of

The

resemblance and

is not

only

in

mode subject,

treatment,
almost tomb

style of

art, but

individual

are figures

identical,and
and
same

afford

convincing proof that

were

this

the Tomba hand.

del Colle Casuccini Even

in the

decorated

by
But

the

of the

chambers, these

number, and arrangeplan, ments correspond. exactly sepulchres

more

the

de' Deposito

Dei has suffered flaked

off

from

time; the
the whole

surface of the wall threatens

a

has

and largely,

speedy decay.1
'

Inst. 1835, p. 26. Illustrations of the scenes

are

Ann.

This

tomb
in

receives whose in of

its

name

from it it

in

this

the Since

family
its

ground 1826,

lay.
has

tomb tav.
see

given
"

in

the Museo For further p.

Chiusino,
notices acq.

discovery
the hands Chiusi. the

181

185. Inst.

passed into
Giulietti of miles from

Signor

Felice
two

Ann.

1835,

1.0, ct

It lies about the

"

Inghirami.

to city,

north-west,

chap,

li.] The

DEPOSITO

DE'

DEI."

FUNERAL

GAMES.

3G9

frieze round
games.

the

chamber principal is
a

is devoted

as in the bigce, and spirit.The other tomb, but drawn with more variety from the ground,as in the gallop, steeds are springing but and in their rearing and the middle pair is refractory, plunginghave broken the shaft and kicked the chariot stillholding high into the air, and the unluckyauriga, reins and whip,is performing their heads. a somerset over of the subjects There is a repetition of the Tomba del Colle,but with some variety.A female is dancingwith crotala to the music of a subulo, two pugilists are boxing with the cestus, one being the exact counterpart of the is performing in the other tomb, man a naked an figure armed dance,2 another leaping with the dumb-bells, a tumblers, in almost the same or pairof wrestlers, position, his staff and seeingfair with an on agonotheteleaning play; and a pot of oil rests on a slender pole hard by, which from they may anoint their limbs. In addition, about to cast his quoit, there is a discobolus, with two long poles, which I cannot a man a explain,3" articles attached to a string4 boy with two nondescript four youths about to contend in a foot-race, under the who appears to be marking the directions of a pcedotribe,

to entirely

Here

race

of three

"

"

"

"

"

"

in

from hill,
name

which

it has received del

the al
it

does

not

attempt

to

describe

it ;

nor

second Moro.
under

of Tomba Kestner of

Poggio

does Micali

Chevalier the
name

describes

(Ant.Pop. Ital. III. p. 110), thoughhe represents this man (tav. 70) as

Grotta

delle Mo-

nache
2

Inst. 1829, p. 116. It is possible that this figure is into

are

Ann.

holdinga long curved pole. Inghirami (Mus. Chius. II. tav. 125) more coi-divides this into two which rectly sticks,
he takes for darts.
*

tended there games

of

hurlinghis lance. If so depictedin this tomb all the the Pentathlon, or Quinquercastingthe discus and wrestling.

be

Kestner

cles for
more

takes these arti(loc. cit.) quoits ; but to me they seemed

tium, viz. leaping (here with dumb-bells)

"

like

unguent-pots, such

as

are

the

foot-race

"

"

sometimes
to
as

the hurling
3

spear

"

representedtied by ribbons candelabra (ut supra, p. 37), and

have been discovered in Etruscan Bull. Inst. 1832. p. 194.
B B

Chevalier

Kestner it
a

(Ann. Inst. 1829,

p.

118) calls
VOL.
II.

damaged figure,and

tombs.

370

CHIUSI."

The

Cemetery.

[chap. m.

or two men playing at ascolia, tryingto starting-post,5 which is tumbling one leap on to a greasy vase, over
"

and a pair of figures which I can unsuccessfully6 only explain as an athlete,playing at ball with a boy, i. e., for he has one knee making the boy his ball," la Risley, with his hand raised as if to catch the boy, to the ground, he has tossed into the air. Hard by, are a couple whom of stout sticks, to propt againsteach other,which seem to do with his operations.7 have something in the pediments The banquets in this tomb are painted In each scene three figures, the side-doors. over are another cushions. One playsthe lyre; males,reclining on
"

holds
a

flower

branch a third,

of olive ;

fourth offers

a slave is busy neighbour. In one corner In like that in the Tomba del Colle. at a mixing-vase, be a dog, or a each pediment is something which may saddle, or anything the imaginationpleases ; it seems introduced merely to fill the angle. But what is more has the of the figures remarkable in each pediment one

goblet to

his

"

The

meaning
132.
tav.

of

these

figureshas
Chius. of
;
one

ing
It

on

it.
an

Schol.
amusement

Aristoph.Plut.
much
akin

1129.
to the

been

doubted

by Inghirami (Mus.
131), because
a

was

II. p. these

greasy
own

pole and
rustic the the
on

flitch of bacon and of

of

our

youths
was

has

stick in

his hand

fairs action

merry-makings, hopping in this to be applied to

loc. Aristoph. Inghirami (Mus. the
man

but the
6

subjectis
not
"

obvious.

From but used with game,

It

generally vases,
a"rKo\
"

term

came

leathern

bottles

that

were

hopping

any

occasion.
c.

in this sport ;

or

filled goat-skins

cit. Pollux, II.

4.

wind, and

as greased, Virgil (Georg. II.

"

Chius. tav. 124) fancied

stum-

384) describes them

Mollibus
utres.

blingover
"

the vase, than

yage

was

gatheringdust
no

more

enough,
.^ the
arena.

doubt

"

and

in

unctos pratis

saluere

per

^ which

^
to

contained

dust with

strew

See
an

also

Pollux, IX. cap. 7.

also of Bacchic of the

This

was

Micali

(Ant. Pop.
"

Itai. III. p. 110) *7 salto del cavalsticks balanced,

amusement

Athenians,

this game, designates formed Ictto," These may

and

it

was

character, for the

the sport had
to

by boy

two

goat whose

skin furnished sacrificed

became

represent the
the

spring-board,
into the

previouslybeen
god.
him The who skin

the

jolly
of

by
air.

which

is thrown

succeeded

in

prize keeping his foot-

the

372

CHIUSI.

"

The

Cemetery.

[chap.m.

Deposito Not far from

delle

Monache.
"

justdescribed,is the Tomb sepulchre from containing the ashes of not of the Nuns," so called, far as ancient religious so virgins Etruscan civilization, learn, never having encouragedvoluntary we can celibacy but from in either sex being in the grounds of the
the
"
"

nunnery from

of Santo

Stefano.

It lies about
a

mile and

half

Chiusi, to the north-west, in

It is
a

hollow, called Val size,rudely

d'Acqua.
hollowed

vaulted

chamber

of small

rest inteno unpainted;possessing of its monuments, just as beyond the preservation of a few which discovered,with the exception they were
have been

in the

rock, and

sold.

There

are

stillten

left
"

two

sarcophagi,

for unburnt travertine.

bodies; the rest,cinerary urns, of alabaster and

of the its reclines a figure, seven sarcophagi nearly painted black, and its drapery eyes are

On feet

one

long;

retains traces of colour. One The

cap. A

of the

urns

exhibits the colour

bull

yet
man

more

relief representsa Another stands

man runs

goring a

in

distinctly. Phrygian
in hand.

to his

deliverance, spear

by, holdinga second bull by the nose; and she seems to to be the good genius who urged the man the rescue; on just as the Virgin is often represented bull by the horn, or a runaway modern a ex votos,seizing horse by the bridle. The robes of these figures, as well as the wings of the Juno, are of a rich red, the old Tyrian all coloured are hair,lips, purple ; and her eyes, eyebrows, of this district are more The urns sepulchral naturally. paintedthan those of Volterra; but the polygenerally
Juno
individual.
This tomb

Bull. Inst. 1833. pp. 49, 51.

is illustrated and Ant.

III. Onus.

pp.

108"111. 122
"

Inghirami, Mus.
133.

described

tav.

Kestner,

Ann.

by Micali,

Pop.

Ital.

tav.

6", 70.

Inst. 1829.

pp. 116"120.

chap,

u.]

TOMB

OF

THE

NUNS.

373

chrome
at

system of the Etruscans

and

is

seen

to most

advantage
;

Cetona Of
the

Perugia.
urns,
one

other

has

wild

boar hunt

another,

some

not easily third,the a explained;2 legend, On device on urns. figureof a panther an uncommon full of expression. Pass him not the last reclines a figure,

Etruscan

"

for he is called hastily; the recognise you may the Etruscan

"

Arnth of

Caule

Vipina"

"

in which

name

Vibenna, Ca3les, or Cselius,

the against

chieftain who gave

his
name

assisted Romulus
to

Sabines, and
what

the

Cselian hill.3
to

From know

citythat illustrious warrior came he was not;4 though it seems probable

Etruria.
urn

Rome,

we

from
are

this district of

The be

individual whose

ashes

inclosed in this

illustrious race. presumed to be of the same But this is an interloper he is not of the familyto which the sepulchre of which, from the majority belonged, the epitaphs, Umrana." This is that of was evidently may
"

"

It is illustrated in the Museo

Chiucit. II.

remaining.
would the read

Miiller it
"

(Etrusk. I. p. 117)
of which The

sino, tav. 212.

the Theban the

Inghirami (op.
it may
;

Volcientes," because

p. 206) suggests that Brothers

scene

represent
there is

to neighbourhood of Volsinii,

but

city he Lucumo,

would whom
as

refer

the

hero.

nothing in
A

to favour

this view.

Dionysius (II. p. 104) coming

"

warrior, fallen from

a

his
;
a

horse,
in

is

represents

to

the

assistance
a

supported by

comrade and
a

figurewith
hand,
A

0f Romulus, the buhr

from

Solonium,
Miiller

cityof
Nie-

Phrygian cap, seizes probably a genius,

warrior stands

torch

Etruscans," both

and

the bridle.

opposite. Chaplets are suspended behind, and a column supportinga

3

(I. p. 297) identifywith Cteles such cityis menVibenna no ; but as by

we

tioned bable

any

other
text

writer, it is prois corrupt ;

vase

stands

in

one

corner.

that the

though

The

bronze

tablet fourid at of
an

Lyons, by

whether
as

should

read

"

Vetulonium,"

a containing fragment

oration

Cluver
"

(II. pp. 454, 473) imagines,

as

the
as

Emperor

Claudius, represents him

friend of Mastarna, Tullius.

or
"

Volsinium,"
as

Miiller

opines,or
and
to
"

the chieftain and Servius

Populonium,"
have The
name

Casaubon
not

others deter-

afterwards p. 502.
4

Gruter,

would mine.

it is it,

easy Vibenna

of
"

Vipi,
on

Festus
name

(v. Tuscum
in

Vicum),
makes

who
two

chops his
brothers

half,and

out

of it, seems is

to hint at Veii ;
"
"

Vipina, Vipinanas has been also sepulchralinscriptions and Perugia. nclla,Volsinii,

found
at

Tosca-

but the word

imperfect

cntcs

"

only

37 I

CHIUSI."

The

Cemetery.

u. [chap.

;in

fact,for interesting
; and

in this word

we

the recognise

name

of Umbria

it is

of confirmatory
between

the historical record

and

of the

earlyrelations
tomb
was

that

country

this

city

of Clusium.5
This

discovered

in

1826,

by

some
a

it is said,dreaming that peasant,

he found

clairvoyant on sepulchre
when

this

spot.

But

the fact loses much

of the marvellous

of tombs around Chiusi discovery the neighbourhood being so is of every-dayoccurrence; he would full of them, that on any spot a man might select, probablymeet with traces of ancient sepulture. But such where the made of" in Italy, is "the stuff that dreams are consult lower orders place implicitfaith in them, and and somnipatent books for the interpretation soothsayers Italian's the In lotterymatters, dreams thereof. are dream of oracles. Before purchasing a ticket he tries to
"

it is recollected that the

buoni

numeri

"

or

if

no

numbers

enter

into his

visions,

the and

circumstances

of the dream

determine

its character,

the

phantasmagoria of
far from
a

his somnolent

hours

are

latable trans-

into numerals.

Not

the Tomba

del Colle,and
Tomba del
or

to the

east

of

called sepulchre the postmaster of proprietor,

Chiusi, is

Postino, from
sometimes

its

the town,

Tomba

The

last

of syllable

Umraiia
as

is but Titi is

often derived
"c.
name

from

cities, rivers, regions,

a

the usual formed from Museo

augmentative,
On

from

and

the

discovery of
at

familyis
cor-

Thine, from

Pumpu,
an urn

Pumpuni,
in the

of this character
of

Chiusi

Vipi,Vipina.
Casnccini
as

roborative may
be

the

historical observed

record. the
to
"

It

the very word

as

Umbria,
be
in the
as
a

further

that

apthe

expressed

well

it
no

can

Etruscan, which

has

B,

occurs

Livy pellation kindred foreign

mertes

(IX. 36) attaches

of the has
one

Clusians, "Caits equivalent hi

family-name
"

"Larthia
relation

Umria between

Puia." Caof
ex-

Umbri,"

From
mars

the
or

known

this tomb, for in

names are

of the

epitaphsthe
"
"

Clusium, and
(ut supra,
find
traces

the

Camertes

coupledtogether
Cumerunasa
"
"

Phastia

Umbria

p. 328), we

might

Umranei of the be
"

which,divested

pect
the

to

of that connection

in

adventitious Cumere.

would terminations,

names

of families, which, among other

the

Umra

Etruscans, as among

nations,were

chap,

li.]

THE

JEWELLER'S

FIELD."

SCARABS.

375

di

Pomponini. It by
have

contains made been

seven

chambers, full of

urns,

the the

fruit of excavations cliff hard covered

in the

neighbourhood. In
many
urns

discovered

in

niches,

with tiles.6 this

a on

Beyond
you pass

the way

slope called
Field," from

Depositodel Sovrano, Campo degli Orefici,or the

to

the

"Jeweller's

the

number

of scambcei

there

broughtto light. For

which
on are

these valuable relics of ancient

more

days,

of

abundantlyat Chiusi than the produce site,are very rarely any other Etruscan her tombs,7 or the fruit of systematic research, but
found much
"

the unlettered
from

ploughboywins
the fun-owed soil."

The

casual treasure

Why
any

they should
other
around

be

more

abundant

on

this

the
can was

town,
be
no

is matter doubt
on

than on slope, for speculative of

not

inquiry.
ancient
even

But

there

that this branch if extensively,

Etruscan

art

carried

at Clusium.* exclusively,

tians earlyChristoo like those of Rome and its Campagna, are ; which and Syracuse, notice. to require Naples, particular At the foot of these slopes of Chiusi, lies the Lake a piece of water about two square miles in extent, and of no of the the charms great beauty,yet heightening Chiaro surrounding scenery. Though often styledthe this
are

Not

far from

the Catacombs

of the

"

di

Chiusi,"it is the muddiest

lake

I have

ever

seen;

as

Near

a this,

tomb

was

discovered

in

Bull. Inst. 1829, p. 13. of

Other
are

artidisas or

1837, having
can

two

Charun,

as

in

high relief
hammers

in

figuresof the Etruslarge as life, sculptured the doorway, and armed

if to

cles

jewellery,however,
in the tombs

covered
acorns

of Chiusi, such laurel

of

gold,and
in Vulci.

of chaplets
same

with chre

as

guard
Ann.

the

sepulhas

other those 180 ;

leaves of

the

metal, like
Inst.

againstviolation.
258.

Inst. 1837. tomb

Bull.

1829, p.

2, p.
been

Unfortunatelythis

1840, pp. 2, 61.

rcclosed.

376

CH1USI."

The

Cjsmktkuy.

l1. [ohap.

golden in
Its eastern

hue

as

the Tiber, the forms the frown

Tagus,or
defiance
at

the

Guadalquivir.
other, and

shore
two

frontier,and

at its southern

extremity
seem as

towers

each

to
names

words say, in "Beccati

"

In

the olden

time

yearlyto wed this Venice espoused the

great
reason

appliedto them "Beccati and quest'altro." questo," the chief magistrate of Chiusi used the Doges of littlelake with a ring, as
Adriatic
;

which

have

been

yet the Chiusians

had

no

to be

fond

of their misnamed

for its Cliiaro,

in cityunhealthyin summer, is spiteof its elevation.7 The atmosphere at that season less impregnated with miasma or more ; it is always balorda" grossa"sometimes even

stagnant

waters

render

the

"

"

Deposito
"

del

Gkan

Due

or

del

Sovrano/' is
Crown.

so

called from

lyingin
as

the

property
della

of the

It is also known

the

"

Camera

Paccianese."

It lies nearly two

a so

miles to the north-east of lake. the

"

Chiusi, in

entering ;
blazed before
not
me
"

slope above the unexpected was

gorgeous revellers
arena.

was

startled Yet the

on

sight.
no

walls

with
no

colours

Bacchanals
"

danced athletce sombre.

! with

lay on
All
over was

their couches

no

contended But
neat

in the
was

colourless and
in
a

the tomb masonry

vaulted

arch perfect the benches

of travertine ;8 and

on

around

'

Chiusi

stands about

nearly 500
1300

feet above the level

It has been
ments out

asserted

that the

measure-

the lake, and

of the
8

above

of this tomb with the

correspondthroughdivisions
is known

sea.

The

masonry

is not
10

massive, the
to

the Tuscan
be

multiplesand which braccio,

the
ancient

of
to

courses

being
the in

from blocks

18

inches

just double
it is hence

Roman

foot;
the the

high, and
to

3"

feet

varying from 2 -J length. It is entirely

The
tomb is

and

inferred fairly
that that
measure

that from

Romans

took

without
6 in.

cement.

12

ft. is

Etruscans, and
unaltered
to

it has

descended of

long,by

9 ft. 9

in. wide, which

the modern the

inhabitants

consequently the span of the The heightis 7 feet 1 1 inches.

vault.

Tuscany.
architect

See

observations

of the
to

Del

Rosso, appended

Ver-

chap,

li.] TOMB

OF

THE

GRAND

DUKE."

ARCHED

VAULT.

377

lay the
more

urns

as they were exactly

found, undisturbed
If other show

for

than

two

thousand would

years. suffice to

proof were

this wanting,

tomb and

that the Etruscans

the arch.9 practised without of travertine,some There are here eighturns with reliefs recumbent their lids ; and none on figures of great interest Gorgon'sheads, winged,and snaked sea-divinities and hippocampi a patera between two halfshields ; the most is a male moon striking ridingon a Bacchus. The inscriptions, panther, probably representing which are paintedin red or black, show this to be the understood
" "
"

tomb The

of the Peris

"

one

of the noble families of Clusium.10

doorway of this tomb is worthy of notice. It has a lintelof a single stone, but above that is a low, camber from the masonry of arch, of cuneiform blocks,springing which seems introduced to lessen the presthe doorposts, sure of the superincumbent earth upon the lintel. The
door shown
was

formed

like that of the Tomba

at the head

del Colle Casuccini, but chapter, works on longer

one

in the woodcut

of this
no

flapis now hinges.1

removed, and the other

discovered

its

This tomb

was

in 1818.

From

the

of style
tomb

of this tomb, Pedescription miglioli's I have often been struck 1819. rugia, with this
same

and

friable

to

admit

of

being
"

excavated.
10

accordance,
and Tuscan

on

measur-

One

of

the

males, called
must

Au. have

ing ancient
ria with be observed
at

masonry

tombs

in EtruIt may

Pursna. been

Peris.

Pumpual,"
race

the

braccio. of these other

of the

illustrious the
or

of Porsena Etruscan The

in several What of down

a

sepul-

chres
can

Chiusi. shown

instance
measure

of by a mother family of Pumpus, other Peris. males Au.

"

great

Pompeius.
"

be

standard

are

called
"

Au.
"

Pulphna.

being handed
so

unchanged through

Seiantial."
"

Ltli. Peris,
. . .

many
9

ages ?

Matausnal." The famales

"
"

La.
"

Pulphna. La."
Thania.

in the slopeof the hill, Though now it is probablethat this tomb was originallybuilt up as an independentstruc-

are

Seianti. PePerisalisa."

risal."
"
"

Thana. Arinei.

Arntnei.

Thana. The
as

Perisalisai."

ture, and
method the

then

covered

with
seem,
was

earth

"

'

door wide,

is six feet

high,and

about

adopted,it would
in this part

because too

half

ground

loose

378

CH1USI.

"

The

Cemetery.

[chap.u. of its construction,

its urns, it may

rather than from of pronounced TOMBA

no

the character

be

of period early

Etruscan

art.2

DELLA

SCIMIA.
an Pellegrina,

On

the

Poggio Renzo,
a

or

La

oak-covered

about hill,
was

mile

from

Chiusi

to

the

tomb north-east, a

of singular opened in March, 1846, with paintings For though the style interest. proves them to be of very earlydate, the subjecthas features which recall the days of chivalry.I shall call it the Monkey Tomb."
"

This rock

is entered by sepulchre form and

deep passage
it bears
a

sunk

in the
blance resem-

; in

arrangement tombs, painted

is surrounded

great

to the other

but has four chambers.3

by a band of figures, The thirtyinches high, representingpalsestric games. beneath the shade veiled,sitting only spectatoris a lady, of an umbrella, just like those of modern times, and it is probable, of her rank and dignity.4Her indicative,
That
centre
2

in the

tomb

very
was

similar

to in

this

in

double

the size ; and

he

assignsto

it

every the of
was, It
a

respect
mile

opened
south

1839, in quarters
It

Vigna Grande, about

to

three

high antiquity. Monuments very Lydia and Phrygia,p. 5.

3

of

the of

of Chiusi.

The

fourth

chamber there is

opens

in the
a

however,

larger

dimensions. showed
"

where side-wall, door in the other The

merely
are

false

contained
be

eight urns,
vault familydoor
was

which of the

paintedtombs, already
here ceilings The first simiouter
or

it to

the The

Phetwo

described.

rini."
leaves

of perfect,

larly
chamber

coffered. is
The

of travertine, working of the had Tomba

a

just like
each

16^
inner

ft. wide,
one

by 13^

ft.

that

del Colle ; and

deep.
ft.
are

is 11 J ft.

by 9"
There of

leaf had
was

handle

of bronze, which Inst.

"

These remains

two

only
of

are

painted.
in

broken
3.

off.

Bull.

1840, pp.
of this in
I

nails

the

walls

2,

in Signor Ciofi,

his

Visita ai Se-

these chambers.
4

polcri presso
tomb neither
seen
as

Chiusi," speaks
were

Umbrellas
are

and
as

parasols,be
old
as

it

re-

if it of my I

still open Chiusi

; but have

membered,
vain. into in

the

sun

and

visits to
was

Though
olden has

of modern
were

introduction well-known the East from the time the de-

and it, with

told that

it had

been

this country, they the time.

been

reclosed Mr.

earth. describes
in
a

In

Steuart

tomb

near

umbrella

used

Afghan Khiu,
t""

this in

Phrygia, very construction, though nearly

similar

immemorial, groat ; and

though proud

chiefly by
oriental

is the

380

CH1USI.

"

The

Cemetery.

[chap.li.

an

agonothetein
of open
on
"

pair
hand robes
armour

high-lows," seeing fair play. A boxing with the cestus, holding one pugilists,
blue
"
"

for
a

defence, the other closed for attack

them.
"

; their

stool between

man

in

white
wavy

helm, cuirass,greaves,

Argolic shield,and

has the two long; his helmet probablya gladiator A vases. cockades, so often representedon the painted who been hurling a long to have naked seems figure, straightlance, having a looped cord attached to it,is taking a flask of oil or wine from a boy, who also offers him a bough. A minstrel with lyreand bough. A trumpeter with a specimen of largehorn, a peculiar spear
"
" "

"

ETRUSCAN

LITUUS

OR

TRUMPET,

OF

BRONZE.

this instrument, which

wras a

of

Etruscan

invention.5
brown
wear

"

priestess, distinguished by
crossed
on

stringof huge
female demons
on

beads,
their
"

her

bosom,

as

the

bands, is bearinga tall candelabrum

dwarfs with
"

her

head.

Two

tutuhis and with one bushy black beards subido is teaching the double-pipes to a youthful chaplet, of fair proportions ; the other,bearinga largepaddle-like leaf on his shoulder, has Ins arm seized by an athlete, who

It

is not

the

round
on

trumpet
the
but
urns

or

pension.The
was

trumpet

above represented

corn/a

represented
a

of

found

at

Vulci, and
at

is Rome

now

in

the

Volterra like
be

(ut supra, p. 188),

or

curved it
must

pedum,
that
name.

lituus

and

Gregorian only specimen

of
an

Museum

; it is the
to

I remember

have its
on

seen

of

sort

designated by
Vol. I. p. 312.
cross

the The

Etruscan

trumpet,
not
"

and

exact

latter curved and

at

See

counterpart is
native
ture.

to be

found

any

part is supported by
the

bars,
sus-

monument,
It is about

painting or

sculp-

extremity is a ring

for

four feet in

length.

chap,

li.]
to wish to

DWARFS

AND

MONKEYS.

381

seems

instruct him

in

to gymnastics,

which

the

littleman Dwarfs
so

naturally shows
and

reluctance.6
our

monkeys are associated in in those of the Etruscans. apparently

ape

minds

and

Here, amid the

his action he foul weed

sits an athletce,
seems never

chained to

rock

from

to

be

a pinch of snuff, though the taking

tickled Etruscan
to the scene,

nostrils.

introduced lintelof It is character

a

and it may awkward to fillan

tion apparent relabe that, like the dwarfs,he is He has

no

space under

the

projecting
mediaeval

door.
to

not impossible

be

struck

with It

the

of much

of this

scene.

no requires

great

in the to see a imagination castle-yard days of chivalry.There is the warder with his horn, the minstrel with his lyre, the knightin armour, the nun with her rosary, the dwarfs and monkey of the and even some would not be out of place. Yet the style other figures of art, bearinga close resemblance to that of the Grotta delle
"

exercise of the

Inscrizioni at the most least four Below

Corneto,proves
of the

this to be without

doubt
at

ancient
or

paintedtombs
the
on

of Chiusi, and
era.

five centuries before the Christian

is a band of figures meander-pattern. Above them

the

Egyptian and
the
on cornice,

Greek
each

wall,is the head of

The
on

female with dishevelled hair. has

"

inner chamber

each side-wall.
or

onlytwo figures painted one a flask of They are boys ; one holding
a a a

wine
outer

oil ; the other this has

one corner

bill-hooked

lance.
hewn

Like from

the the

chamber
;

couch sepulchral

square mass be intelligible, not the arm were hardly

on

rock

but in

is left, which would of

a

chair

painted
case

the wall above

its analogy to the curule it, indicating of Cervetri.7 The

arm

chairs in the tombs

in this

f'

Some

of these athletce have

7

leathern

pads to

their knees

and

heels.

lit supra, pp. .")4, 59.

3S2

CHIUSI."

The

Cemetery.

u. [chap.

represents a
wont to

snake, a proof among spotted

nations of

many

others,
their

that the Etruscans, like other introduce imitations

of

were antiquity,

animal

life into

furniture. Above

the seat, the wall is painted to represent

drapery.
In the

square

coffer in the
as

with leaves,alternating dishevelled hair, hands and grief, The

two

are ceiling paintedfour ivy Syrens,each with longmany

to

her

bosom

as

if

it beating

in

sexes

pairof wings,like the of the figures in this

their colour
;

Cherubim tomb
are

of the Jews.
as

usual

tinguishe dis-

by
the
drawn

the males
were

being a strong red,

in, then
with

females with

white.

Many

first scratched

strong black
show

outlines, and

filled up

colour.

Some

that the artist made the form

before he could draw Hard

attempts many to his satisfaction.8

Monkey," a remarkable circular well or shaft has been recently discovered,sunk to and having windows at intervals a great depth in the hill, opening into tombs, of which there are supposed to be but the well has not yet been fully several stories, vated. excaby
the
"

Tomb

of the

The it as
a means

absence

of niches

in its walls

seems

to mark to the

of ventilation rather than

of entrance

tombs. della Scimia, is a below the Tomba hill-slope tomb which contains the only Etruscan opened, recently inscription yet discovered on this site, graven or painted in the inner the rock. It is cut over on a large body-niche chamber, as in the tomb by the Ponte Terrano, at Civita but does not appear is legible, Castellana. The inscription On the
to be
a

proper

name.

Near the
same

this tomb, another

was

opened
chain-

art

was

very

inferior,and
so

the it

walls

at

time, having
of
of
a

three

bers,
the

one

which

was

painted with
a

scene

hare-hunt,
tombs.

novel

sub-

not was dilapidated, thoughtworthy of being kept open for and therefore was public inspection,

much

that

ject in

Etruscan

The

of style

reclosed

with earth.

chap,

li.]

TOMB

OF

ORPHEUS

AND

EURYDICE.

383

Tomba
About
a

d'Orfeo
more

d'Euridice. of
at Chiusi,
a

mile

or

to

the west

spot

called I Pianacci,is another years

since, and

now

from

paintedtomb, opened a few and humidityalmost neglect

destroyed.9It has three chambers, two of them with In one, a man, walls. with a light palliumon his painted shoulders,is playing the lyre in the midst of a group of of whom is a female. dancers ; one of high Antiquaries credit think to see in this scene Orpheusfetching Eurydice from the shades ; and the inclination of the two figures
towards each

other, and
seem

the

outstretched this

arms

of

the

female, would
the other

to

favour

opinion. In

this case,
and

dancers

animated be the

by
real of
a

the

might represent souls magic of his lyre. But

scene,

attracted I doubt is
no

if this

purport of the

for there

other

instance

being depictedon the mythological subject It more walls of a tomb. the ordinary probably represents dance at the funeral rites. Trees,more drawn than freely usual, alternate with the figures.
The other chamber
contains

festive

scenes

"

males

at the banquet, the pipes, and a a subido playing reclining with a satyr paintedon it, standing on the mixing-jar,

also the ground. Here were with a lance,and by a figure but that the surface
now

funeral games, another been is with

so

as

indicated
;

dumb-bells

of the

wall has

much

injured,

littleis

It distinguishable.
tomb

evident, however,

that in
to every

this pointof design,

has

decided

superiority
have

other

yet discovered
this and

at Chiusi.

The

in paintings

the Tomba

della Scimia

This lock
cease

tomb and
to be
come

has

not

been

placed
It list

of lions, and

will not

be

shown

unless
a

under
soon

key, and worthy

into the

will therefore of
a

demanded. especially
restorer

One
at

Monni,

visit.

of

vases

Chiusi, knows

its

does

not

cicerone's

whereabouts.

334

CHIUSI."

The

Cemetery.

[chap.li. bnt

never

been

described, as far
will

as

am

aware

they have

been

copied,and
Institute hill
near

be published by shortly

the Archaeological

of Rome. the

Gajella, called Poggio Paccianesi,or del Vescovo, because it is episcopal property, and chambers, arranged like atrium with seven is a tomb of which bear traces of paintings some triclinia, ; but little to be distinguished is now be}^onda pairof parti-coloured of the pediments. As the tomb is often lions in one flooded, these lions may be left unbearded by those who the other paintedtombs. Here were found the have seen in the possessionof the Bishop of beautiful vases, now
In
a

Poggio

Chiusi. The novel wonders of the

Poggio Gajellademand

separate chapter.

APPENDIX

TO

CHAPTER

LI.

ETRUSCAN

FAMILY-NAMES.

Among

the Etruscan and its

families mentioned the

in the

sepulchral inscriptions
of which
are

of Chiusi well known

are neighbourhood,

following; many

in their Roman

form:

"

Achni, Alphna, Ani, Aphune, Apluni, Arini, Arntni, Atina.

Caina,

Cae,
or

Camarina,

Carcu, Carpna, Carna, Cumeruni,

Causlini, Cenci, Clauca

Cutlisna. Larcna
or

Clauce, Creice, Crisu, Cucuma,

Larcne,

Latini,Lautni.
Pethna,

Marcni,

Matausna.

Papasa, Patislana, Peris, Perna,

Purna,

Pherini, Phulne,

Phuphle, Plauti, Presnti,

Resna.

Pursna,

Pulphna, Pumpu.
Sentinati, Sethna, Thesnti, Thurmna, Umria,
Urinati
or

Reicna, Remzana,

Satna, Seiati, Seianti,

Tanasa, Tetina,

Sethre, Spaluria,Stenia.
Tlesna,
Vrinati.

Titi,

Trepu, Tulus,

Tuna,

Tutna.

Umrana,

Varna, Vecnati, Velsi, Velthurus, Vensi,

Veti, Vipi,Vipina,Vusine.

CHAPTER

LII.

CmUSl.-CLUSIUM.

POGGIO

GAJELLA.

Crede

mihi, vires aliquas natura

; tumulos

sepulcris
suos.

Attribuit

vindicat

umbra

Seneca.

Ut

quondam

Creta

fertur

Labyrinthus in

alta

Parietibus Mille

textum

caecis iter,aucipitemque

viis habuisse

dolum, qua signasequendi

irremeabilis
error.

Falleret

indeprensuset

Virgil.

It

is

notable

fact that

but

one

of description writers
;

an

Etruscan tomb
was

tomb
at

is to be found

in ancient

and

that

Clusium

"

the

mausoleum
as

of Lars

Porsena.
"

It is thus described "He where each

was

by Varro,
under the

quoted by Pliny :

he

side and

cityof Clusium, in a spot in rectangular has left a monument masonry, is three hundred whereof feet wide, and fifty
within the
square

buried

high,
in

of

the
no

basement
one

is

an

inextricable without square

a

out labyrinth,

of which
ever

who
an

ventures

clue

of

thread, can
stand five

find

exit.

On

pyramids, four at the in the centre, each being seventy-five and one feet angles, wide at its base,and one hundred and fifty and all so high, terminatingabove, as to support a brazen circle and a hung by chains certain bells, petasus, from which are stirred by the wind, resound afar off, which, when as was the case at Dodona. formerly Upon this circle four other pyramids are based, each risingto the height of one
VOL. II. c c

that

basement

386

CHIUSI.

"

Poggio

Gajella.

[chap. 1.11.

hundred

feet.

And

above

these, from
Varro
was

one

five floor, ashamed

to

more
tion. men-

the height whereof pyramids,

The

Etruscan

fables record

that it

was

equal to

that

of the rest of the structure." This

even

is description

so

extravagant,that

it raised

doubts
not

in the mind

of the all-credulous

who Pliny,

would

commit Varro.1

himself Can
we

it,save by recording
wonder

that

the

in the very words moderns should

of
be
a as

inclined to
mere

rejectit
"
"

in toto f

Niebuhr

regarded
the

it

as

dream,
of

inconceivable, building totally except

"

the work

magic,"
same

no

more

substantial than

palace
as

of Aladdin.2
But
at the

time

that

we

allow

such

an

edifice

Plin. N. H.
et Italicum

XXXVI.

19, 4." Namconrex

uem

puduit adjicere.
eandem
:

Fabula;

Etruscan totius

que

dici (labyrintlnmi) sibi Porsenna simul quoque

tradunt

fuisse,quam
dementia nulli

venit, quera
Etruriae
uoi'um

fecit

operis
terea

adeo

vesana

qua;sisse

sepulcricausa,
regum Sed vanitas
cum

ut exter-

gloriam impendio

profuturo.Pra;tamen

ab

Italis fabuin

fatigasse regnivires,ut
1
.

lau*

superetur.

excedat

omnia

utemur lositas,

ipsius M.
verbis Clusio
:
"

Varronis

major artificis esset. 3 Niebuhr, I. pp. 1 30, 55

Letronne

Engl,trans.
pp. 386 than
"

expositione ejus
inquit, sub
monumentum

Sepultus est,
;

(Ann.
it
an

Instit. 1829.
more

urbe

in

quo

loco
:

395) thinks

nothing
Etruscan

the

reliquitlapidequadrato

fragment
in
of

of

preserved epic,
also

singulalatera pedum quinquagenum

intus si
;

alta lata triceniim,

the the
on

and religious

traditions poetical

inquc basi quadrata labyrinthum incxtricabilem : quo

sine

country.
it
a

So

Orioli, who

puts
Ann. der

quis improperet
invenire

glomere lini,
Supra
id

Inst.

mystic interpretation. 1833, p. 43. Hirt (Geschichte

I., p. 249) according to
on

exitura

nequeat.
stant

Baukunst

quadratum quatuor
imo
in

pyramides angulis,in

quinque,
una :

maintains Miiller,
reserve.

this Due

medio

in

The

subjecta prudent de Luynes,

de

lata; pedum

quinum septuagenum,
:

however,
believed have
from p.

and

Quatremere
whole

Quincy

alta; centum

quinquagenum
summo

ita fastiet

the

tale

and literally,

gatte,ut
sus unus

in

orbis
sit

ameus

petaquo

attempted
the

to restore

the monument Inst. 1829,

omnibus

ex impositus,

description. Ann.
Mon. Ined.
lias also made monument.

peudeant exapta longe agitata, qua; vento

catenis

tintinnabula,
sonitus refer-

304"9.

Inst.
a

I.,

tav.

XIII. of

Canina this

tion restora-

ant,
quern

ut

Dodonse orbem

olim

factum.

Supra
insuccn-

Archit. The

Ant. father

quatuor

pyramides
alta;
uno

per,

exstant singula;

pedum
solo

Seg. Sec. tav. CLIX. Angelo Cortenovis

prove it
was

worthy
a a

wrote

treatise to

tcniim.

Supra

quas

quinque
Varro-

nothing

else than

huge

pyramides

; quanim

altitudinem

machine. electrifying

388

CHIUSI."

Poggio

Gajeli.a.

[CHAr.HI.

from

the map would

ment Italy.5 The site,too, of such a monube at Clusium, his capital. That naturally

of

it

Lars
to

is

an

Etruscan

prcenomen, rank

posed supand

and

Porsenna,

but

in any
541

case, thinks

be

of significant

Niebuhr is Etruscan genna,

(I. pp. 500,

mate ), the penultiother Er-

as dignity,

Etruscan

princes seem
name
a
"

always
Porsena,

long,from gentile
Martial

the
names

analogy of
"

to

have

had

this
"

Lars

Vibenna,

Lars

Tolumnius
to

titleof

dominus. The

honour,equivalent Etrusk. I. Miiller, lation appelYet

or

Perpenna,Spurinna; and
(I.22; XIV.
blunder Mr. of
"

he pronounces

p. 405.

fact of its being the of the household

of

"

decided

in

98) guilty shortening

his
"

also

deities of

the

penultimate.
"

Macaulay, in
Ancient Rome

the Etruscans the frequent

favours
occurrence

this view. of this name,

or
*

admirable

Lays
modern
a

(p. 44), questionsthe right of Niebuhr

or

its varieties,"

Lart,"

Larth," in

any

other

to

pronounce
"

on

to deprive seems inscriptions, sepulchral and to show it of any peculiardignity, haps Perused indiscriminately. that it was the the distinction drawn by marians gram-

the
must

quantityof
have times

word and

which heard he

Martial
a

uttered

uttered

hundred
and

before

left school XVI.

;"

cites Horace

(Epod.
poet.

4) and
in
roboration cor-

is correct of significant
was

"

that Lar, Laris,was

Silius Italicus

(VIII. 391, 480)

The

deity,and

Lars, Lartis,
The from them Thus Ital. X. took have both used

of that
484.

Compare

Sil.

the

Etruscan

prcenomen.

following prose"

Romans,

however, who
seem

writers, though their authoritycannot

affect the
"

the Etruscans,

to

also spellit quantity, II. 9 ;

sena." PorSext.

Muller, indifferently.
we

I. p. 408.

Liv.

Cicero, pro
On the other

find

Lar

Herminius, consul in the

The its old
name

21 ; Flor.

I. 10 ; Val. Max.

III. 2. 2 ; hand

year

306.

Liv. III. 65. derived other

cian patrifrom

Tacit. Hist. III. 72. there is the VIII.

non

gens Lartia

great

authority of

Virgil

Lars, justas
were

many from Lanzi

formed

gentilenames prwnomina. Lars

(^n.
is Nee

646)"

Tarquinium ejectum jubebat;

senna Por-

supposed by

but it is more divas, to be equivalentto

even

(II. p. 203) to signify believed generally

"

lord ; " the

and

it is

followed

by

Claudian
tantum
"

(inEutrop.I. 444)
fluvio Porsenna

maintained from

that the

English word
Some

Quaesiit,et
remotus

is derived
take the

Etruscan.

Lai-s to be of of

analogy Pelasgus; and

at

from Pelasgic origin, Larissa, daughter of seek its

source

by Pliny (II.54
XXXVI. Benef.

XXXIV. Seneca

13,

39

19), and

others

in

V. 1 6), for the

"

(Epist.66 ; of the lengthening

the
can

Phoenician. with least, with

However

that

be, it

be all its derivatives,

traced

to certainty

the Etruscan. called

Porsena Clusium
or

is

often

King
King
Lucumo
"

of

penultimate Porsenna; Plutarch (Puband also has T\op"ri]vas, Dionylicola) Servius sius (lib. V.) TlopffTvos. (ad iEn. that Virgil VIII. asserts 646) indeed
added
as

of Etruria.
seems

Pliny (II.54),
him of

an

for the

sake is
was

of the short.
at

metre,

however,
Volsinii.

to
was
"

call

the

penultimate Macaulay

Now,
to be
on

He

chief properly

though Mr.

to liberty

of Clusium, and
in

King

of Etruria

only

virtue

of commanding

the

forces of

adopt either mode, right in his choice

account

I believe

him

of Porsena

; not

the Confederation. The

name

is

spelt both

Porsena

the

or assertion, authorityof Horace, Martial,

of Servius'

because and

chap,

lii.]
of

ANALOGIES

IN

EXTANT

MONUMENTS.

389

was

dimensions extraordinary
;

and have

splendouris likely
been
"
"

enough

otherwise
"

it would
tomb

not

worthy

for such

worthy wight

memorates comhistory would it have been thus traditionally corded. re; nor of regular That it had a square basement masonry, is supportingfive pyramids,as described by the legend, no way improbable,seeingthat justsuch a tomb is extant the Appian Way at Albano, the well-known on sepulchre vulgarlycalled that of the Horatii and Curiatii.6 And and of Republicandate, it though this tomb be Roman shows the existence of such a stylein early times ; and the antiquity of its model. its uniqueness also favours the analogy was carried further in this monuWhether ment it is impossible to say, for its cones now support do that without even nothing but themselves, and cannot

the greatest Etruscan

prince and

hero whom

"

assistance.

The

Cucumella

of

Vulci, with its walled

and

ment base-

and

pairof towers,

square

and its Lydian conical,

royal sepulchreof Sardis, with its diadem of five termini, though both are circular in the basement, bear also a strong affinity to the Varronian picture.7 For
Silius Italicus and

cousin, the

outweighs genius of

that

of

Virgil
more

shows

that

the

pyramid
Tombs

had

specific
fact not square for

Claudian, but
the

because

it is

form, distinct from

to

the cone;

agreeableto

the Etruscan its

be

questioned.
of of earth, or
or

with

which gives us" language,

Pursna," as
and
was

basements mounds

large size, either

for the

equivalent (M"s!y"ra, p. 377);

the "Ceicna"
ten
6

justso
writ-

support of
Ut supra,

of the Etruscans
or

pyramids
are

cones, like that of Albano,

at

Ctecina

Csecinna, by the Romans.

are

still extant

Cervetri.

In that instance,however, there

not

p. 5.9.
7
a

cones, is

pyramids,but
some

the latter word have had

The

cippi

so

commonly
form

found

in

thought by

to
to
a

Etruscan catod times

"

tombs, in the
on

of trun"

genericapplication
the

anything having
flame. Cauina

cones

square

pedestals
one

some-

tapering form
Inst. the II.

of

several much

(Ann.
this
on

1837, 2. p. 56) objects to

bear

from rising analogy to

basement

the

pyramids
to

authority of Cicero
who, however,

(Nat. merely

of the Clusian tomb

at

legend, still more

the

Deor.

18);

Albano.

390

CHIUSI."

Poggio

Gajf.u.a.

lh. [chap.

further
himself

it is analogies

not

necessary the

to

seek, though Varro

the

suggests
is

one

for

bells ; because

just that part

of the

which edifice,

superstructure offered a

of the legend-mongers.8 imagination feature of Porsena's tomb the distinguishing But was which alone led Plinyto mention it. Here, the labyrinth, consider the tradition to speak if in any point,we may be shown, a close anatruth ; and here, as will presently logy Now the be traced to existingmonuments. may being within the basement, was in all probability labyrinth underground ; which may account for its not being visible in Pliny's day. The upper portion of the monument, whatever it may have been, had probably been long previously in the Gallic or Roman of Clusium, sieges destroyed with the sepulchral and the labyrinth itself, chambers, may been have completelyburied beneath the ruins of the its site had been forgotten.9 that even so superstructure, had existence, That this labyrinth, an however, actually tinguish there is no ground for doubt ; such is the opinionof discritics who have considered the subject.1
field for the

Dr.

Braun

between existing of Etruscan from and

as

points out the analogy roofs the far-projecting

"

the monument sonry, it could

had
not

been

of entirely

ma-

have possibly

utterly

houses imitations

as

we

know

them
urus
"

so especially disappeared, earlyas Pliny's

the

in

cinerary
Varro tier of

time
a

and
or

thinks

it

was

more

probably

the x"ctasus,which
on resting

describes

hill

mound
Ann.

like the

area Capitoline

the lower

pyramids.
coi He
3.

of Rome.

Inst. 1841, p. 34 ; MitIn

Laberinto

di

Porsenna, comparato

telitalien, p. 245.
the
the

this
was

case,

when

sepolcridi

Poggio Gajella,p. gives a plate of such an urn, lime-stone, found shape

roof,
to
"

surrounding masonry
rest

removed,
would and
soon

of fetid the

of the

monument

at

Chiusi, in
an

lose into
a

its artificial character natural mound

;

sink

of

house, with

whose
one

every

overhanging singular aspect recalls who has regarded such

an

yet though all the

tomb

external have
lowed
'

might the labyrinth, perished, being holin the

adornments

of the

monuments

with

experienced eye,
tomb
of Porsenna

the
"

rock,

must

have with

remained,
extrava-

of peculiarities

the
a.

Niebuhr, struck
of Varro
once
as

the

(op. cit. tav. VI.

taf. III. 6 ; Bull.
9

cf. Abeken, Mittelital.

Inst.

gance it at

's

condemned description,
as an

1840, p. 150.)
that justice,
if

fabulous, which

hisIt is

Abeken

remarks

with

torian

he

was

in doing. justified

chap,

ui.]

LABYRINTH

IN

PORSENA'S

TOMB.

391

It is not idle then

to

believe that

some

of vestiges

this

labyrinth may stillexist,and to expect brought to light. If subterranean, it was

excavated
effaced. in the

that it may
in all

yet be

rock, and

traces

of it would

probability be not easily

found
"

In truth it has often been the

and sought,

in

the
on

opinionof

seekers, who

have

placedit generally
passages

in the subterranean the site of Chiusi itself,

of

garden Paolozzi,or in those beneath the city ; misled But "sub urbe Clusio" expression, perhaps by Pliny's its position, that such was the general analogy of the
the

sepulchral economy
It must
one

of the Etruscans outside the

forbids

us

to believe.
were

have

been

walls, and
be

if it

in

of the

around, valleys

it would

equally(i below

the

city."
few
was

Some world

years since,the attention of the antiquarian of Porsena, in conmuch drawn to the tomb sequence
at discovery

of the

Chiusi

of

monument

not

only novel in character, but with peculiarities strikingly and in extent analogous, surpassing every other Etruscan

sepulchre.
About

three miles to the north-north-east

of Chiusi is

the termination of the range on Poggio Gajella, which the city stands. There is nothing remarkable in of this height; it is of the yellowarenathe appearance ceous earth the
same so common
as

hill called

in

this

district ;2 its crest

is of

conical form

most

of the hills around, and

Miinchner Abeken

the the
are

province of
details and

the

antiquary to
how and
a

view

Akademie,
(Ann.
Instit. who

I. p.

41.5) and
p.

consider
reason

far

they
dis-

1841,

33 ;

supported by
between

analogy.
and lower

Mittelitalieu, p. 244)
2

cites him.
a

Miiller, therefore,makes
tinction the

decided

Gruner

calls it is

this rock

volcanic aqueous

upper
and

nenfro,but
and other

decidedly of
substances.

part of the structure,

not

is of
an

opinion,
existin

often containing deposition, oyster-shells, marine when It

only
but

that

the
was

latter had still extant

ence,

that it

the So der

compact

moist, but

extremely
chalk, it

days
also

of Varro. think

Etrusker, IV. 2, 1.

friable when has occasional

dry

; and, like

Thiersch

(Abhandlung

layersof

flint.

392

CHIUSI."

Poggio

Gajella.

[chap.lii.

it is covered with
reason

avooc! of light

oaks.

There

was

no

to not

suspectthe existence
a mere

of ancient
a

sepulchres ;

for

it

was

tumulus, but

raised by nature, not hill,

by
a

art.

Yet

it has

cemetery in
"

rather or provedto be a vast sepulchre itself a potyandrion an isolated city of

" "

the dead of
a

situated like other ancient cities on

fenced around of the with walls and

the summit

hill
"

filledwith fosse,

into the very forms,and adorned with the very decorations and furniture of those cating of the living, arranged in distinct terraces,and communithe abodes

dead, carved

by
I know

the usual network

not

of streets and

what
owner

first induced

alleys.3 Signor Pietro Bonciexcavations of his here

;

Casuccini,the
it may have

of the hill, to make

been

merelyin
on

pursuance

longand

researches
1839-40

his estate. and applied,

But very

in the
soon

systematic winter of

the

spade was
base

broughtto
unearthed
a

the light About

marvels the

of the mound. of the conical crest

was

blocks of travertine, circuit of masonry, of rectangular uncemented, from two to four feet in length ; and around this
was
a

fosse three
from

or

four feet wide.

Many

of the
at

blocks,removed
the base and
will be found

their
; but

he original places,

scattered

of the mound
to

mark

the fosse may still be circumference of more a

traced,
than

nine hundred

feet.4
crest

Above

it the

of the hill rises

some

and in its slopes feet, open the tombs, but in several tiers or
3

not

in

or fifty forty a single row,

terraces,
of
not

one

above

the other

; and

Conical

mounds

or

isolated rocks

Abeken
285

(Ann. Inst.
metres, which A
are

1841,
equal
and

p.

31)
fosse
at

other
uncommon

are forms, full of sepulchres,

says feet have

to 938

in Asia Minor.

Mr.

Steuart

English.
been

similar wall

speaks of one at Dogan-lu,in Phrygia (Lydia and Phrygia, p. 11), and Sir
Charles
one

found and

tombs encircling Selva la Rocca round

a

Sta Marinella
a

; and tumu-

Fellows

describes and illustrates

fosse is cut

in the rock See

atPinarain

Lycia.

Fellows'

Lycia,

lus at Bieda.

Vol. I. p. 271.

p. 139.

chap,

lii.]
in

POLYANDRION

OF

POGGIO

GAJELLA.

393

not

regularor
of
at

continuous

order, but

in groups.

single passage
hill,and
leads
open

great length cut into the heart of the

with the girdling fosse, generally angles right into a spacious antechamber, or atrium, on which several smaller chambers, or triclinia, justas in the of Csere.5 Both of rock
atrium for

tombs

and

triclinia are

surrounded

by

benches

sarcophagi.The
in recessed

support of the bodies or of and coffered are flat, ceilings generally

or as oblongs,

the

squares

in the and

other tombs rafters.

of

Chiusi, or they are

are

carved

into beams

They
certain almost
as a

in painted

the usual

chambers effaced

have and
in

and the walls also in style, which though often painted figures,
no or case

very

distinct, may

be

traced

those of dancers

the apartments in athletes, circling benches

frieze,about
are

twenty inches high.6 The

of rock hewn
at
one
"

not

left in

into the form

unmeaning shapelessness ; they are of couches, with pillowsor cushions

into seat and

end, and
so

the front moulded

legsin
are

relief than

many

patternsof Etruscan
for

furniture, more

durable

the articles themselves.

"

Many

of these couches

double

made

are

pairof bodies to recline side by side,as they representedin the banquetspaintedon the generally
a

walls.

They
were

prove

this monument

to be of

periodwhen
second

bodies The
tiers.

buried,rather than burned.7

most

importanttombs
the

are

on

the lower and is

one

On

lower, the
It is

most

remarkable

that

opens
in

to the south.

about circular,
centre

feet twenty-five
a

diameter, supported in the

"The antechamber
an

by
of very

huge

column

still more

nearly
as

They
two
an

are

resembles roof has

atrium, inasmuch
most

the

colours archaic

simple character only,red and black, and

Bull.

of in

in

instances

fallen

in,

style. See
doors

Inst. 1841

leavingit open
6

to the

sky.
these
to
e

p. 10.

The in
a

principal of
group of tombs

paintings rightof

The

of these

tombs

are

all

are

the

moulded
an

the circular

tomb, marked

in the Plan.

Egyptian form, with lintel. overhangingsimare-headed

in the usual

PLAN

OF

PORTION

OF

THE

PRINCIPAL

STORY

POGGIO

GAJELLA

^tjv

Entrance Antechamber Recesses.

from

the
or

south.

vestibule.

I'oor to the Circular

principal chamber.
from the rock.

chamber. hewn
or

Column,

out. cut in the rock, not yet cleared aa. Cuniculus, leading to chamber of the passages. Original mouth Passages, varying in size, and inclination, but only large enough to admit a fours. At * the original cuniculus to have ni seems terminated, or to have ) m another direction ; the rest of it to s being narrower and more irregular. 11 of the passages, Spurious mouth opening much higher in the wall than i. n n funiculi, partly unfinished, partly not yet excavated.

Cuniculus,

passage

l]

man

on

all in

turned

Antechamber

to

the group

of

square

tombs,

opening

to

the

west.

Chambers,
In
s are

more

or

the

mouths

less rude, and of the cumculi

all
m

unpainted,
and
n.

with

rock-hewn

benches.

"J
Antechamber
A tomb to

found
now

tilled with encumbered

large stones.
with earth.

Chamber,
Hecesses The

in its walls.

shaded

part represents the rock

in which

the tombs

and

passages

are

hewn.

896

CHIUSI.

"

Poggio

Gajella.

lii. [chap.

found

in

one

hundred
"

and
vase

twenty minute
on a

pieces,now
bronze the
stand

neatly rejoined another stool, with legs like or

of rock
a
"

small

those

on sculptured

couches

cineraryurn
head
some as
a

in the form

of

male

statue, with

moveable

lid
"

many

small articles of of

gold and
to

and jewellery,
walls

thin Iambics

gold

attached

the

of

one

of the
two

tombs,

as

it though originally lining open smaD passages,

throughout. In
On
one

of these chambers tier.10

like those in the lower

the third and of which

were

here of

also

tier are three groups of tombs, highest is supportedby a column of rock ; and found articles of jewellery, and fragments

vases.1 painted

The
are

marvel dark

and

mystery of this

curious

hive of tombs rise to

as

the

wont to excite, ever as speculation ancient or modern, of in works or sepulchral literary, Cheops or Coleridge. They are just large enough for a if to man through on all fours. Here, traveller, creep thrust your arms curious and enterprising,you may up
"

have passages, which such obscurities are

given

much

to

the the

elbows

in

adventures." take

Enter
a

one

of the

holes

in

circular tomb, and

taper, either between

in your will find

your

teeth, or
the

in

your

fore-paw,to lightyou
You of the mound. Here

Nebuchadnezzar-like in labyrinth makes

a

progress. heart
or

quite a

the passage
"

wide

sweep

at random circuit,apparently

10

The

of longest

these passages

extends

suggests that they may

slaves Inst. tombs Some
or

have

been

for the

to

35

or braccia,

67 feet,and Another 3 feet

is not

yet

dependents of
p.
at
seen

the

family. Ann.
the
meanest

fully cleared
which
some

out.

passage,
runs

1841,
are

32. the

But
base

is

nearly
hi
a

square,
iuto

of
a

the

mound,

distance then

straightline
a

the

have

in

these

fourth said

tier,
to be

rock, and

meets

third, at right
tier

though they
on a

can

hardly

be

angles, which
1

is stillfull of earth.
on

different

level from

the

principal

As

the tombs
to

this upper

are

groups,

inferior

those

below

them, Abeken

chap,

mi.]

LABYRINTHINE

PASSAGES

IN

THE

ROCK.

397

there it bends

back

on

and itself,

forms
"

an now

inner

sweep,

again to the circular chamber leading after a longer or shorter abruptly, behold ! it bringsyou to another tomb
the hill.

it terminates
"

course,

and

now,

in

distant

part of

that

the

Observe, too, as you creep on your echoing way, sometimes sink, and rise,sometimes passages
the
same or

rarelypreserve
swell
out

contract,

they occasionally regular and of though generally

mean

level ; and

that

uniform What

dimensions.2
can none

these cuniadi
can

1 is

question every

one

asks, but

Had answer. satisfactorily they been beneath a city, should find some we analogybetween them Etruscan and those often existing not forgetting sites, on the Capitol and Rock Tarpeian. Had they been beneath oracular shrine,we might see in them the some or temple, secret communications by which the machineryof jugglery the mouldering carried forward ; but in tombs was among ashes of the dead, what purpose could they have served 1 Some have thought them planned part of a regularly of which the circular tomb the centre was or labyrinth,
"

nucleus, formed
there

to

preserve

the

remains

and

treasure

and pillage.3 But surely from profanation deposited make then not so they would superfluous many it already had a of access to the chamber, when means entrance. Moreover, the smallness of the passages regular and three feet in height, in than two never more width, as small, in truth,as could well be made by the
"

hand
on

of man, all fours

one

which
;

renders

it difficult to thread

them

the
has

fact that

of their level ; and the irregularity the ceiling, its openingjust beneath

For

plans of

the

several

stories in

The

plansand platesare
artist.
394 is from

by
The

M.

Gruner,

this tumulus, and articles found

tiful

for illustrations of the

the well-known
at page
3

plan given

in the

tombs,
Braun

see

the beauabove.

that work, Inst. 1841, p. 8.

work

of

Dr.

cited

Feuerbach, Bull.

B98

CHIUSI.

"

Poggio

Gajella.

[chap.mi.

the beauty of the walls which destroying another that and with dancing figures,

were

painted actuallycuts
forbid
us

through suppose
were

one

of

the

rock-hewn

couches

"

to

designedfor regularcommunication, or constructed throughout on any determined system. they were

seem

In

truth,the latter facts would

at

to show

that in those
to

cases,

least, they must

Could

be

of

subsequentconstruction
been

the tombs.
the

they then
some

have
or

formed

burrowingsof

animal,

by

former ?

by of plunderers

either

the tombs

in their search

for treasures

To
are

the firstit may and large,

in the upper
to

be

too

in

that these passages objected safely general too regular. In one of the certain passages too therefore in all probability
are

tombs
small

tier, however,
man,

admit

and I

formed who

by

some

animal.

learned

from

the

peasants
been

dwell

at

that the foot of the hill, On the roofs of several been found

badgershave
of the with

killed here.
which I
was

chambers,
earth, I
But it is

told had marks

choked

observed

the

of that animal's these

claws.

to believe that impossible been made by that or any

It is
in

more

easy

to

labyrinthine passages have other quadruped. believe that they have been formed
for buried
treasure.4

by-gone
have

researches
been

That

the

tombs

opened in past ages is evident from the state in which theywere discovered,from the broken pottery and and from the piecesof a vase being found in urns, Yet in general there is too much separate chambers.5 of careless excavaabout them, for the work tors. regularity
In
a

one

there is instance,indeed, in the second tier, very careful and

curious

passage

of

formation,which
overlooked the found

This

was

Abeken's

more

digested
that of

must

have

been

by
case"

the first articles

opinion(Mittelital. p. 244), and

Micali also (Mon.
5

is sometimes as riflers,

The

gold

Ined. p. 36.5). discovered and jewellery

of great value among

being

occasionally

the loose earth.

chap,

in.]

WHAT

CAN

THESE

PASSAGES

MEAN

399

in size as it penetrates the hill, diminishes gradually but in successive stages magna not tapering, regularly parvis like the tubes of an open telescope. componere
"
"

From

careful examination
I

of the cuniculi in this

cannot

all hill,
as

I penetrated, generallyevincing design;

of

which

but

regard
there
as are

them

here

and

traces

of accidental
into I

or

random which form

been
were

excavation, such

the

openings

the tombs
not

think, did

spoiltheir symmetry ; but these, construction ; part of the original

made

they must
passages What
cannot

have which

by

the riflerscarrying on

the

left as this

cul-de-sacs.6

the

design of

labyrinth may

have

been,

Analogy does not assist us here. True, the Grotta della Regina at Toscanella, has somewhat kindred passages, though to a much smaller extent ; but involved in equal obscurity in one these are of the ; and
surmise. mounds
at

Monteroni

there

were

found the

cuniculi of

this

though leading not from description, There the grand entrance-passage.7

tomb, but from

to

seems

be

little

analogywith
ways
the is which

the

system

of vertical shafts and

same

horizontal
in

exists in the

tumulus in the

at

Monteroni,

of Ferento, and necropolis with apparently

; stillmore
are

Capitoline. There
passages

more

the subterranean

beneath
;

Chiusi
but

with the Buche of most doubtful

de' Saracini at Volterra

and antiquity, origin,
can

these and

pose, pur-

Nor not sepulchral. probably

any

affinity

The

passage

which with very the

connects

the
to
as

bench. been

circular chamber

group

the it

west,

narrows

suddenly
opens which the

May not the passages have certain of the tombs ? before May they not have formed part of the
formed

approaches
in of
an more

the

and latter,

in
seems

it

irregular aperture,
recent

originalsepulchre in the circular chamber,

cut

connection and have

with

been

date.

In

circular

into

by

the

subsequent excavation
?

chamber, one opening is regular,and another quite irregular. Yet in one

case

of other
7

chambers

Abcken these

(Mittclitalicn, p. 242) supto

it is the neatest

and

most

decidedly

poses former

have

been

the

work

of

artificial passage

that

cuts

through the

riflers.

400

CHIUSI."

Poggio

Gajella.

L1I. [chap.

be

discovered

to

the

catacombs

of

Rome,

Naples,and

placesin Italyand Sicily.Future researches,either out these passages where they are now blocked by clearing throw some may possibly up, or by analogous discoveries, the mystery. on light
other We like
a

have

now

seen

labyrinthin
have

tumulus, and

characteristic truth substructions go

that
no

something very the heart of an Etruscan sepulchral thus established, by analogy,the of Varro's description, as regards the
monument. not

the

existence

of

of Porsena's
I would

would, however,
have be the of

further. this tumulus

infer, as

some

done,
very the

of

Poggio Gajellamay
The the

sepulchre of
square decorations Yet mark

that

hero.

circular, instead

basement, and
and

contents

late date of its comparatively sion.8 are opposed to such a conclu-

its vast
it
as

extent, and

the richness

ture, of its furni-

of some of the ancient burial-place after so many princesof Clusium ; and its discovery, ages of oblivion, kindred monuthe hope that some ment encourages be unhesitatingly yet be found, which may may of Varro's description.9 pronounced the original of Porsena Be this hope realised or not, the memory and his virtues is beyond decay. It rests not on mausoleum which, without that or pyramid," star-y-pointing the
"

"monument

more

durable

than

brass,"

are

frail and
an
a

perishing records
writer

of
to be

human

greatness; for, as
extant pyramidally

old

observes,

"

but

is

fallacy

in duration."

This

is also Abeken's

opinion. Mit-

seem

to

indicate the basement Here is

a

of

sepulproBut
;

telitalien, p. 245.
9

chral

tumulus.

most

There

is another far

similar, but larger

di

field arising
no

for such have

researches. been be

hill,not
the

off,called Poggio
tradition of has ancient

San
as

excavations
are

yet made
as

Paolo, which

marked
treasures.

and
as

not

likelyto
remains

made

long
of

depository Fragments of

the mound

in the

hands

massive

masonry

also

its present proprietors.

CHAPTER

LIIL

CETONA

AND

SARTEANO.

Molta

tenent

vetusta. antiqua, sepolta,

Ennius.
"

gia furo
oscuro.

ed Incliti,

or

n'e

quasiil nonie

Ariosto.

The
remains.

hills to the The

west

of Chiusi
of

are

rich in Etruscan

several towns

Cetona, Sarteano, Chianthe

ciano and

are Montepulciano

from supposed,

positions

of ancient wealth around occupy, and the mines remains of fortifications, them, not from any extant to

they

indicate the sites of

at

least that

in
most

Etruscan many their environs are

so

cities. It is certain
ancient

cemeteries times.
his tour He
to

the yielding
who

archaic should

relics of Etruscan
not

visits Chiusi

omit

to
a

extend

these towns, for that

they are

all within

distance trifling
he

of

city,and
the
tour

of each

other

and

should

feel little

interest

in their

he cannot antiquities, around

a

fail to be He

delighted
make very
are

with the

glorious scenery
of the whole in

them. the

may

day, for

roads

respectable. is onlyfive or six miles Cetona little town, and a picturesque, on

with
a

from
an

Chiusi

"

clean

olive-clad

height,
it.

ruined

castle of feudal
a

times

towering

above

Moreover, it has

decent

Davide, where
traveller
VOL.
II.

bright eyes

locanda, kept by Alessandro the will look brighterwhen

D
D

comes.

402

CETONA

AND

SARTEANO.

un. [chap.

The

Etruscan in
one

now antiquities

visible at

Cetona

are

all

contained
lias drawn Le

who house, that of the Cavaliere Terrosi, of

most

these

treasures

from

Cardetelle, in the
Chiusi
and

valleyof
This
"

the

spot called Astrone, half way

a

between is not his the

Cetona. very

gentleman'scollection
choicest

but large,

select
are

the

produce

of

excavations. black

Here

some

beautiful
"

specimens of
of rigidstyle

pottery of this district

which
a

the

tall,cock-crested
old

and jars, focolari,

other articles in the

a

Clusian
called

art ; among

fine

with carchesion, There

are

band

of

gobletof the rare form is conin relief, spicuous. figures

in the also, chiefly
a

archaic But

with style, the

gems

painted vases black figures on

this
a

red
are

ground.
two

of

collection female
once

ash-chests.
in

One,
hand,
the

on on

which
a

reclines that

with patera figure, coloured

cushion
an

was

blue, bears in
two

relief below

armed

warrior, seized by
of
a

figures
a

in human

shape,but
hand, stands
with
a as

with the heads

seems

pig and
lifts a the
same

of

ram.

A
in

draped female, who

one

to

have

the warrior's sword

and rod
arm

behind

him,

over

his head entwined mark

scene.

the

other, while

round

is

serpent. Another
a

female, whose
at

attributes of the

her
A

Fury, stands
warrior is

the

oppositeend

sinkingto the ground in death. difficult to recognise in this scene It is not of Ulyssesby Circe.1 the attempted enchantment The bears traces of pink colouring. draperyon these figures
second
1

Who

may

be

the

dying warrior
Braun

is

cate

his death.

Ann. p. CI.

Inst. 1842. Sozzi

p. 48

not

obvious.
be

Dr.

suggests it brought
the

Bull. Inst. 1843. 1842. p. 18) took

dance.

Inst, (Bull.
a

may hero

Eurylochus
was

who

this

scene

for

Bacchic

word

of the fate of his

not

companions,
for it

Micali his

though he
He sake
that

slain

on

this occasion.

fesses

(Mon. Ined. p. 310) conto explain it. An inability

urn

might
of the

he the

introduced

merely
were

the
not

illustration of the Inst. 1842.

tav.

is

given
D. ;

in Ann.
and

composition, Fury seems expresslyto

d'Agg.

by

indi-

Micali, op. cit. tav. XLIX.

404

CETONA

AND

SARTEANO.

L'"AF-""" the

the cushion

on

which

lie reclines and

are

person
are

are

set

purple. These colours out brilliantly by the pure

The

draperyon his and fresh, perfectly

alabaster of the

white

monument.

effect of the whole

is very

rich

and

as

of a high order,the colour does not is not sculpture It is the best specimen of polyimpair the ideality. in Etruria. that is to be seen to sculpture, chromy, applied

the

just

value
a

is set

on

this

for relic,

it is

carefully

in preserved

case. glass

The

Cavaliere his treasures

is most
to

courteous

to

strangers,and permits

be

Cockney tastes
them. Another
is
a

will find

inspected. Those with freely somewhat in his groundsto delight

at Cetona to be seen antiquity size of life, discovered recently

relic of classical of marble, the

Roman ruins

statue
some

among

near

the town.

It

represents a

in an attitude of or half-draped, philosopher poet, sitting, of Roman and is evidently It is in times.3 contemplation, of SignorGigli. the possession If Cetona
name original

be

an

ancient

site,we
we

have have

no

clue to its

; the

earliest record
our

of it

being in

the thirteenth
From

century of
to

era.4

Cetona

Sarteano

there

are

but four
a

miles,and

the road

is full of

beauty.

It ascends

steep and

lofty

heightcovered with wood, and from the summit commands Cetona the vale of the Chiana view over a magnificent which bears its name, at the foot of the mountain nestling
"

mighty mass
5
"

of

hanging woods,

in winter

all robed

in

snow

La Pieve with its twin

towers, like horns

relics have
5

bristling
discovered,
or braccia,

See

Bull.

Instit. 1843.

p. 153, for

can

been recently rises 1957 the

further
4

notices of this statue. For notices of the

see

Monte 3751

Cetona

Repetti,I. p. 678.
on

about
sea.

feet,above

level of the
we Repetti,

excavations

this site

Bull. Inst.

In this mountain, says verified with

one

1839,

p. 50 ;

1842, p. 17.

AtPalazzone,
Etrus-

find looks

the

fable of the

Janus, who regions

of

six miles

south

of Cetona, many

face at

chap,

tin.] the brow

"

SARTEANO."

MUSEO

BARGAGLI.

405

from

of the

long dark

hills which

the eye, on a with its grey and brown valley, intervening the south

Chiusi, nearer

stretch up from rival height the

"

carpet of olive

and

oak
"

woods and

"

the

lakes

distance horizon.

the snowy

gleaming out bluelyin the along the Apennines billowing

brow

plateau, of the Chiana.6 It is a place of overhanging the valley some as large as Chiusi,surrounded by fully importance, The inn, kept by a dame of the walls of the middle ages.
on an

Sarteano

stands

the

of

elevated

ethereal
an

name

of Serafina,but of
more

as

substantial

frame

as

is hostess could desire,

a

in expected
; but

district so of

this range

than might be respectable littlefrequented travellers by foreign hills is much resorted to by the

Tuscans

in the hot season,

both

as

retreat

from

ing the burn-

heat of the low

waters.

and grounds,

for the sake of its mineral

At
"

Sarteano

there

are

three

fociof

quary interest to the antithe Bargagli,

the collections of the Cavaliere

Dottor

and Borselli,

The
on

SignorLunghini. firstof these gentlemenhas

at
a

some

choice
near

urns,

found of

his estate Astrone.

spot called Le Tombe,

the banks

the

One

in its relief Hippolytus attacked by the represents

which sea-bull, his horses chariot to

to

him, and Neptune sent against that they dashed take fright, so
"

which
him

caused
and

his

pieces
littore curium Et

juvenem
at

monstria

pavidieffudcre
of the rise the

marinis.

Vulcan, with

the other

the

realm

lava-cone

of

Radicufani, and
I. p. 683. five

Neptune
midst

; for

though
on

it rises
marine

in

the trachitc of Montamiata,

6

of hills covered

with

subside to

Sarteano the

is road

only

miles

from About

stances, it

gives vent

every hot

Chiusi ;

is excellent.

sulphureous vapours
which

and

springs,
its

called Poggio Montolo, half-wayis a hill, where been

have

completely incrustcd
at
a

painted tombs
discovered.

arc

said

to

hare

base ; while

few

miles'

distance,

40G

CETONA

AND

SARTEANO.

un. [chap.

female

demon
a

or

Fury, holding a torch, bestrides

seems

the

and fallen youth,

warrior

about

to

attack

her,sword

in hand.7
There is a very

good urn

with the trite subject of Eteocles

as

Polynices. The moment, brothers are givingeach other

and
rushes her between

usual,is chosen when

A

the

the death-wound.

Fury

them, not

to

separatethem, but
sets her foot
on
urn an

to indicate

triumph over both ; she her midst, and extinguishes

notice,as
father. Another the about
to

altar in the
is worthy of

torch.8

This

having on
is here
a

the lid,beside

the usual recumbent

which figure,

child also, its male, a little caressing

relief

represents Orestes in Tauris

the

and

cates indi-

that by Iphigenia, discovery

stranger she is Orestes,

sacrifice to Diana, is her

on

own

brother.

naked, sits weeping

the altar ; she, also

naked, stands

leaningon his shoulder in deep dejection. Pyladesis to the same being disarmed by a warrior, to be subjected fill bloodyrite ; and the female attendants of the priestess
up

the

scene.

The

execution
two

of this relief is admirable. young

must

Another old
man

scene, where

warriors

are

an slaying

and and

a maiden, seizing

rape of Cassandra, is in at the death. These

one

Priam

representthe death of female demon, as usual,

in

urns,

with
the

fourteen others,

all, were
to

found

in

tomb, and

show inscriptions
l

them

belong to
was

the

of family
This

"Cumere."

The

door of the tomb

closed

'

urn

is

of the men,

the

polychrome the flesh the flame of the horses,

"

and

weapons

also

of

the

warriors

are

painted.
'

torch,

are

all red ; other

the

drapery, the

The

name

is found

also

with

the

and shield,
traces
8

parts of the relief bear

inflexions

of

Cumeresa, Cumerusa, Cu-

of

yellow.
has

merunia.
her blue

Lanzi

gives other
and

Etruscan the
names

She

wings on
her

brows,

ser-

with sepulchral inscriptions

of

pent

round

neck,

wings
The

to

her

Camarina,
last he

Camurina,
would read

Camas,

shoulders,and red buskins.

wl,i(h
armour

Camars.

Sag-

gio, II. pp. 376, 399, 134.

chap.

Lin.]COLLECTIONS
a

OF

BORSELLI

AND

LUNGHINI.

407

by

bearing the largetile,

The

same

name

it is also in this

collection.

of this familyin of a sepulchre discovery has led some to regardSarteano as the the neighbourhood site of the ancient Camars, without sufficientreason,2though the very archaic character of the potteryfound in its tombs habitation at a remote the existence of Etruscan proves

period.3
Dr. Borselli has
most
a

collection of

vases

; some

of the black

ware

of this district. in black and

urn

but painted, Among the early

ware

pottery are
there

both canopi,
a

coloured
in

and
an

is also

round

of

stone
a

the

shape
for
a

of

Egyptian female's head,

it
was

with

conical cap

lid ; in of

found Of the

bronze

pot containing the ashes

few of merit
a

the been

dead.

the painted pottery,

a

best articles have remain.4

sold of late years, but

Signor Lunghini possesses both paintedand pottery,

ware.5

large collection
in the usual
are

of Etruscan relieved tall and

black

The
rare

most

remarkable

two

of those

very
2

vases,

commonly
as

called

holmi,6a good specimen

with of

Cervetri the

might

reasonably be
ancient Tarof the

vases

supposed
is in its

site of the the Tomb

deeds

mythologicalsubjects the Prometheus Theseus, and

"

because quinii,

Tarqums
(II.p.
in

delivered
arrows

from

the

vulture There
was

by

the
a

neighbourhood.
Sarteano
name,
"

Lanzi

of Hercules.
or

also

451) thinks
the Etruscan
3

may

be traced

seat

curule

chair of pottery,with

bas-

Satria."
urns

reliefs ; much marble Rome.

as

resembling the
of the Falazzo notices few of this

beautiful Corsini at

For

notices

of the
see

in the Mupp.
"

throne For
was
a

seum

30

"

32

Bargagli, (Sozzi);

Bull. Inst. 1836.

1840.

collection,
Bull.

pp.

151

it

years

since,see

(Braun). * An amphora, with Hercules leading Cerberus (here with but two heads) and followed with a by Minerva," a celebs,
a receiving a goblet from similar a female, in very good style," a patera, vase, with athlelce exercising,"

Inst. 1840. pp.

5

On

the the
"

from

148, 149, 153. painted pottery are scenes the deeds Trojan War
"

of

Hercules
nerva

warrior

Europa caressinga horse"

and

the

bull"

Mi-

fauns

feeding

the

ass

of Silenus"
"

fauns

pursuing Bac"c. sacrifices, cups

"

chantes Here

chariot-races" also and

of
some

with

youths holding with Fauns, Msenaa strigils, scyphos, fordes, and sphinxes. There were beautiful merly in this collection some
at
"

naked

the bath,

are

minute

and
the

saucers,

other
a

toys in pottery

furniture
G

child's
was

sepulchre.
also the Hat
or

The

holwos

408

CETONA

AND

SARTEANO.

[chap.liii.

Gregorian Museum. They are about three feet high,and are composed of a bowl-shaped Whether for containing the resting on a stand. vase, tell ; but the ashes of the dead, or for perfumes I cannot for the escape of effluvium.One of these lid is pierced with numerous of men and animals is painted figures vases
of which
decorates the in

separatebands
in relief. But

; the

other is of black
are

ware

with

rations deco-

Both

of evidently

very

earlydate.
an

the most

article singular of
a

in this collection is
or

urn

of stone with
a

in the form

littletemple Each side

"

roof. high-pitched

dog-kennel, in a scene displays

small

the corpse covered very low relief. First is a death-bed with the shroud children on their knees in attitudes of
"

grief
"

wailing-women tearing
their
is cries
a

their

hair

"

subulones On the

drowning
and
at

with of

the

double-pipes.

oppositeside

race

the ends

are

the sports attending

each end is
a

lion
urn

three-horse chariots ; or trkjce, and banqueting-scenes the feasting On the ridgeof the roof at funeral. the symbolicguardians of couchant
" "

the ashes.

The rather

rests

on

the bodies of two

bulls with

human,

or

either riverfauns', heads,7 representing

gods,or,

more

Bacchus probably,

Hebon,

"

bovem. Semibovemque virum, seniivirumque

This and

monument

is

an

archaic severely
rich is the

specimen of the very early of Etruscan sculpture.8 style

Sarteano
of in Etruscan
sures, trea-

excellent

So

soil around

that in the

ordinary processes
a as tripod,

articles agriculture
either

hollow
seat

plateplaced on Pythia
heads
at
are

the

supposed
Ilebou,
the

to

represent

Bacchus
or

of the

when

she

delivered

the

divinityof Campania,
a or

her oracles.
"

Sebcthus, Achelous,
Inst.

rivulet
some

near

These

like that
3.58
on

shown Vol.

in 1.

or

other

city, river-god.
see

that

the This coins

wood-cut
is of
a

page

of

Ann.
8

1841. p. 133. notice

of this urn, Bull.

figure found

many
;

bronze
and is

For

Neapolis of

late date

Inst.

1846.

p. l(i-2.

chap,

liii.]

TOMBS

OF

SARTEANO.

409

are

often

brought
into of research. of the

to

light,

and

the of

various

proprietors
without

of

land trouble

come

possession
In

antiquities
of Gaetano

the

the
I is

hands

Bernardini,
bronzes
in
;

shopkeeper
this
in

Sarteano,

saw

some

very less

curious

indeed than Most

necropolis

hardly

abundant

metals

pottery.
of these
mile relics
are

found

near

the also the

Madonna
at

clella

Fea,

about
in is

to

the

west

others but

spot

called archaic del

of

Solaja,
pottery Trinoro,
de'

the found

same

direction

most

still

further,

towards

Castiglioncel
the miles

wall-girt
or,

village,

with three

ominous
from

alias

Ladri,

the

Robber-hold,

Sarteano,

towards

Radicofani.9

The in

tombs the

of

Sarteano usual.

are

all

hoi-

which, by
a

when

of

great

size,
in

is

supported
the 10. midst, None

lowed

rock,
without but

as

They

are

rock-hewn Ant.

pillar Pop.
for
Ital.

very have

simple, generally

decorations,
a

and

Micali,
remain

III.

p.

single

chamber,

open

inspection.

CHAPTER

LIV.

CHIANCIANO

AND

MONTEPULCIANO.

Reliquiasveterumque

vides

monumenta

virorum. Virgil.

Feom

Sarteano

to

Cliianciano

it is

drive

of

seven

miles amid
the whole

glorious scenery.
district of

This range

of

indeed heights,
"

Chiusi, is prodigal in charms

features missed.
and

an

paradise. There are so many earthly that those which are wanting are not
hill

of

beauty,
are on

Here castles

and

vale, rock

and

wood,

towns

broad heights, picturesque of

islet-studded and
in the

lakes,and
ocean

ranges

Alpine snow
it has
no a

and

sublimity ;

if the
vast

be wanting,
or

unapt substitute
sea

vale

plainof

Chiana

"

warmed

and
a

canopied by

and luxuriance ; while all is fertility and enriched by the glowing sun of Italy, vault of that heavenlyblue, that of
Dolce

color d'oriental

zaffiro,

which
sort

reflects
of

beauty on
which its

beneath everything wins

rather than in

it.

It is the

scenery lies in

grandeur
where
an

not totality, sublimitytakes you not by

imposes, whose features, particular

retires

storm, but

into

element

of the beautiful.
on a

Chianciano, like Sarteano, stands

the brow

of

hill,

girt with
over

corn,

vines vale

and
of the

olives

"

proud site,lordingit
the
twin
town

the

wide

Chiana, and
It is
a

lakes

of

Chiusi

and

Montepulciano.

neat

of about

412

CHIANCIANO

AND

MONTEPULCIANO.

[chap.uv.

Chianciano

is

only four

miles

from

Montepulciano. The
are

road skirts the brow oak-woods

; about

of the

which hills,

covered

with

the Acqua Boglia, a half-wayit crosses and ferruginous spring; and, on the approach sulphureous called Poggio to Montepulciano, passes a bare, conical hill,

Tutoni, or
Tutni
or

Tutona

"

name,

which

from

Tutna, often found in Etruscan

to be very ancient.4

to the affinity in this inscriptions

its

district, appears

of some is a city three thousand bitants, inhaMontepulciano a girt by walls of the middle ages, and cresting height at the northern extremity of this range of lofty that it would hills. It is built on so steep a slope, seem had the architects of the Cathedral leagued with the the inhabitants to impose a perjjetual on priests penance of the town. The most by placingit at the summit out buildingis the church of San Biagio,withinteresting edifice after the designsof Santhe walls, a modern its existence to a miracle of a Madonna, which owes gallo, winked her most to have who is recorded holy eyes in so to a manner at two washerwomen, as fascinating herd of cattle to their knees before her a bring even image. is supposedto be an Etruscan site. Its Montepulciano discovered in its neighbourhood, situation and the remains have ascribed its foundation to favour this opinion. Some Porsena ; 5 others more modestlyhave regardedit as the
"

"

has been

found

one

of the

rare

bilingual
Latin. Roman
in

Etruscan
character

epitaph, was
which
mistaken Museo will be in the
an

probably T,
Etruscan U.

in inscriptions,

Etruscan
run

and

may

The

former

would

thus

easilybe
4

for

letters"
cxi.vr. send, arntnal.

In

the

Chiusino found

(II. pp. 124,

Etruscan
and and

133,226)
^
^^

inI

with scriptions

this ^

which
q.

is translated
sentivs.
l.

family-name ;

by
r.

bot); "%

^^

arria.

xatv".

Cetoua.
5

See
The

Bull.

Inst.

1841.

p.

14. cf. p. 80.

Auctores

ap.

Dempster. Etrur. Reg.

last letter in the second

word

of the

1 [, p. 422.

chap,

liv.]

MONTEPULCIANO."

PALAZZO

BUCCELLI.

413

Arretium

Ficlens of

or Pliny,6

as

the

Ad
we

Novas
have

of the of it is

Table.7 Peutingerian
in the year

The

earliest record it was

must
us

715

after Christ,when
name

called Castellum
a

Politianum.8

Its ancient

remain
some

matter

of

till fortune conjecture, on throwing light walls around

are now

favours

with

local

tion, inscripancient open in the

the

of subject. No vestiges
are

extant,
The

nor

there
of

any

tombs

the town.

only evidence
Etruscan

is antiquity

collection in

of monuments,

and

Latin,discovered

and preserved in the Palazzo Buccelli.9 vicinity, and reliefs from Here are phagi sarcoinscriptions, sepulchral and in the facade embedded urns, a prodigal of antiquarian wealth, which is lost on the eyes of display the natives,but has the advantage of attaching the relics the
"

to the

spot.
"

In the reliefs are

centaurs, gorgons, souls

on

horseback
fi

but

interest. nothing of extraordinary

Some

Dempster.
247.

II. p. 423. Cluver. II. p. 569 ; Cramer, Ancient If this be the case, the is but

I. p. Italy, Villi, copy

seems

of of

the^Table
XIIII.
;

probably a

mis-

Montepulciano give us
ancient
to

to he

off the direct road. the Tables the From the Clusium
west to

North the Via

of Clusium

on followingstations,

second

road

ran

more

Cassia.

Sena, and
the

apparentlyto
same

Florentia, accordingto

Table

414.

CHIANCIANO

AND

MONTEPULCIANO.

[chap.

i.iv.

of
names

the

are inscriptions

remarkable
"

for

having Etruscan

in Roman
TITIA
C L

as letters,1

"

"

A
. .

ABASSA
.

FAYSAL

ARNTHAL

"

FRAVNAL.

Let
"

not

the

traveller omit
of

to

pay

his

devoirs

to

the

liquid manna
if not it
"

the Montepulciano,"

monarch and Redi

of Tuscan,
have

of all other

wines, as Bacchus

nounced pro-

"'MontepulcianocFognivino

il Re."

Hark

to the extatic
"

of jolliness
"

the

god

!
"

Sweet Fill
Fill How
me me

Ariadne the
a

manna

of
and

Montepulciano !
reach it
me.
"

magnum,

Gods

! of roads !
!

it slides to my

heart

by

the sweetest bites

me

Oh, Oh,
I 'm

how how

it kisses me,
my eyes

tickles me,

loosen
I 'm

sweetly in
!

tears finds

!
me

ravish'd !
an

rapt

Heaven

admissible

Lost in Hearken

ecstasy! blinded
all earth !

! invisible !

We, Bacchus, in
To all who ye
reverence

the

might
! to

of

our are

great mirth

us, and

rightthinkers
divine

;
"

Hear, all
Give
ear

drinkers

and

give faith
the

our

edict

"

's Montepulciano

king of

all wine."

Montepulciano commands
vale

most

extensive

view

of the riance luxu-

of the

Chiana, which, after lying in confined

this range
and and

between
here of swells
out

the

triple paps
a

of Chiusi,

unfolds its beauties in

wide

expanse

to the walls of Arezzo northward fertility ; stretching and the tower-crowned heightof Cortona ; and eastward beyond the twin lakes,to the broad and bright-bosomed

Those

in the native

character

men-

(Sejanus),Velthur
"c,
but

tion

the families of Varna (Varius), Tresna or Trepu (Trebius), Tlesna Seianti Latini (Telesinus), (Latinos),

the greater part

families of Leene

(Veturius), Pethni, belong to the and Tetina (Licinius)

(Titinius).

chap,

liv.]

VAL

DI

CHLANA.

415

Thrasymene,and
This
was

to the very base

a

for ages
"

dreary swamp,
now

hoaryApennines. for pestilence ; proverbial

zephyr brings its wings."

of the

But

that is past,and
in its

the

Health

and gladnesson breath,

It is now less

one

of the most

fertile tracts in

than the heightsaround it. healthy change,which had been aimed at in vain for two centuries, has been effected in the last sixtyyears by filling up the 2 and instead of slime and with alluvial deposits ; swamp with oil and wine, and all overruns water, it now putrid the wealth of a southern and in placeof the fish and soil, for wild-fowl,
oxen,

Europe,scarcely This surprising

which

it

was

famed

of

old,3are

milk-white

fair as

the steers

of

Clitumnus, and
and

flocks of sit

tended

by dark-eyedChloes

who Delias,

sheep, spinning
Duke,

by
who

the road-side. A of the plain to the Grand belongs great portion

has
a

palace at Bettolle, eleven miles from and much of the land is parcelled off into Montepulciano, small poderior farms,all built on one and titled and plan,
like papers in a cabinet. In appearance the the plainis much like Lombardy, the productsare similar, the road equal, fertility who would journeyacross
at

small

numbered

almost it
to

as

level. may

The
find

traveller
modation accom-

Arezzo

Bettolle

or

Fojano.4
the Val and the
was project

In

the

Roman

portion of

abandoned.

Tacit,

di

Chiana, the opposite system of drainbeen

Annal.
3

1. 7.').
K\ov"riov \ijxvn7repl must

ing lias
success.

pursued, and

with The

little Clanis

The

of Strabo
this

I. p. 685. Repetti,
fell originally

(V. p. 226)
then under of the small
were

refer

to

swamp,
to

or

Chiana
now

into the Tiber,

water, rather
lakes
near

than

either

but is This

made

to its

fall into the Arno.

course as was

the town, which

change in
as

contem-

plated
Tiberius
sent
a

long

since

the

reign

of

probablyhardly distinguishable, Montepulciano is 13 miles from by the

19

; but the Florentines

of that

day

Chiusi 18
or

direct road, 7 from

Pienza,
or

deputationto Rome change

be
on

such

lands would

deprecating ground that their flooded and destroyed;

the

from
A

Cortona, and
so-called

32

33

from
to

Arezzo. latter

rims diligence

the

cityseveral

times

week.

416

CHIANCIANO

AND

MONTEPULCIANO.

[chap.

uv.

Every
on

one

must

be farms. which

struck

with

the

beauty

of

the white

cattle

these with

royal
grey,

They
in the

are

either
has and
"

purely
a

or

tinged
and

sun

quite

lilac

bloom that

their
to

eyes
wonder

are

so

large,
Juno bull.
the it its
was

soft,

lustrous,

one

ceases

that
with

called

ox-eyed,"

or

that

Europa
At have eminences in low

eloped
various been

spots
found which
times
;

in and

Val would

di

Chiana,
seem

Etruscan that

tombs

some

of

the

vary

surface,
or

must

have

been much

occupied
of

ancient

by
under

towns,
water.5

villages,

though

the

ground

was

There

is

good
13

road
14

through
miles

Pienza

to

also

at

the

foot "Dead of
"

of

the Men's

"

Poggio
Hill,"
of
"

de'

San the

Quirico,

or

distant,
to

on

Morti,"
Etrascan

or

some

high-road
;

from and there

Rome is and and Fonte with

Siena road

and

urns,
"

the

families with
and

Spu-

Florence Siena
5

another Asciano. also

to

rina
ornaments

and
of

Thurice,"
gold
in the

female and best Bull, Mon. Mar-

by
Near the
been

Asinalunga Asinalunga,
farm found Bull. Near of

silver,
and

on

hill

painted style,
have 1843.

vases

latest
to

near

Rotella,
curious

tombs
in

been

brought
37,
tav.

light.
Micali,
2. At

have

articles

Inst. Ined.

pp.
213.

38

cf.

bronze. 126.
"

Inst.

1834.

p. in
"

200;
some

1835.

p.
a

XXXV. the miles

p.

Lucignano,
Grassi,"
urn or

hills,
Belle and disAnd

ciano,

village
a

on

heights
from

by

the

called

Poggi
a

delle marble
been

road-side,
tombs

few been

Fojano, containing

Donne,"
some

Roman Aretine Bull.

of have 1832.

have

opened,
Bull. Inst.

red

vases

numerous

urns.

1830.

p.

202.

covered.

Inst.

p.

54.

CHAPTER

LV.

AREZZO."

ARRETIUM.

Sic terapora verti

Cernimus, atque
Concidere has.

illas adsumere

robora

gentes,
Ovid.

"

Can
"

old.
one

any good come Can any good

out
come

of Nazareth elsewhere

"

was

asked Arezzo

of
1"

than from

in

tablets the numerous on ready to inquire, beholding the streets of that city, recording the unparalleled
is

virtues and of

talents of her
"

sons.

Here

dwelt

"

the monarch

wisdom, ""
"

there
was
"

"

an

this
and

the

mene/' incomparablepupil of Melpothe stoutest champion of Tuscany,

Turks,"
"

dread

terror
"

of the

and

that,
"

the

world

ne'er

saw

his like, for

"

Natura

il

e poi ruppe fece,

la stampa

"
"

'

no

unapt metaphor for

"

of potters, as city
in Arezzo

this
ancora

was

of old.
i sassi
"

Verilymay
"

it be said, Parlano
stones
are

the

very

eloquent of
filledthe
the

the Yet

of past glories
some

Arezzo, and
children's
names

of her have

maternal

pride.
trump,
be

of

her

not of

Tuscan, but

of universal Ma)cenas
and

fame
a

; and

city which

has

produced a
a

Petrarch

may

pardoned for

little

vanity.2
1

This

seems

the
"

of original

those

Even

Msecenas, who, having found

have

lines of
"
"

Byron

his but
one

bard, might well

dispensed
in Arezzo. Duomo
"

Nature broke

made

such

man,

with On

it,has
the

his monument the

And

the die,in

moulding Sheridan."

by grass-plot
to

is
"

granite column

his
E E

memory.

C.

VOL.

II.

4 ]8

AREZZO.

[chap.i.v. of glories

It is not
"

for

me

to set forth the modern

Arezzo

her

Cathedral
"

with

its choice

monuments

of

sculpture
"

church of La Pieve quaint-fashioned the delightful the localities immortalised by Boccaccio promenade on the ramparts the produce of her vineyards, in ancient times,3 and sung at the present day, renowned the juicewhich as
and

painting

the

"

"

Vermigliuzzo,
Brillantuzzo,
Fa

superbo 1' Aretino.

on

But

I may

assure

the traveller that nowhere

his

jourthan

neyingsin
at La

Etruria
or

will he find better accommodation

Posta

Le

Armi

This

large and

at Arezzo.4 Inghilterra, of city is the representative lively

d'

the

ancient Arretium and

we one

or

Aretium,5 a venerable
of the Confederation. The

of the Twelve
no

cityof Etruria, Of its origin

have

record.6

earliest notice of it is,that with

and Clusium, Volaterrse, Rusellse, assist the hear Latins

Vetulonia, it engaged to

of it in the
rest

Priscus.7 "We next againstTarquinius from 311) as refraining (b.c. year 443 Etruscan
an

joiningthe
the town

of the

cities in their attack

Rome

on

of Sutrium, then drawn into the

allyof
and

;8 yet it

must

have

been

war,

for in the

following year,

it

is said, jointly with

C'ilnio tanto

Perusia

Cortona, all three among

Cluver.
II. p. 571.

Msecenati nomine

Arretino,
c." three
sorts
et

Concives

give Arretium.
6

decorati, P. C. Prid. Idus

d. s.

Cluver the

considered

it to

have
to

been

Mai
3

1819,

l.

prior to
of grapes
"

Trojan War,
either there
is
no

and

have
or

Arretium

had

been

founded But

by the

Umbri

"
"

et talpana,

etesiaca,

conseminia
set

Pelasgi.
"

statement

to

"

whose

are peculiarities

forth

by

that effect in ancient

Dion.

writers. p. 189.

Pliny,XIV.
4

4, 7.
miles from

Hal. stated

III. with
a

This, as
to

Arrezzoisl8 from

Cortona,
than
40

already
other Arretium which

reference

the rank
;

31

Montepulciano, more
many from

four

is cities, took
as

proof

of the

from
nnd
5

Chiusi,nearly as
51 from
It

Siena,

one

of the

Twelve

Florence. ways

is fully confirmed
32.

by Livy.

is

spelt both

by

classic

Liv. IX.

writers

; but

ancient inscriptions always

420

AREZZO.

[chap.i.v.

throw
not

on

the

shores

of the

Thrasymene.4
the Punic

The

citydid
made
were

remain

faithful
to

during
off the

War,

but

several efforts

throw

yoke, and
the
sons

the Romans of the

compelledto
and

make

hostages of
on

senators,
the

put

new

keys
war,

the

Yet city-gates.5 furnished

her of

towards

close of the
"

Arretium

quota of supplies
war
"

corn,

weapons, In

and

other munitions
of

for

Scipio's
the

fleet.6
sided victor

the
the

civil contests
and latter, would

Syllaand
have

Marius, she
from

with the

suffered

but for the citizenship, eloquence of Cicero, who pleaded her cause.7 Many of of Catiline.8 the colonists afterwards espoused the cause Csesar and Pompey, Arretium In the war between was Her fertile of the first placesseized by the former.9 one the soldiers of three times partitioned lands were among the colonies established were guished distinthe Republic,and of Arretium Vetus, Fidens, and by the names

loss of her

lands

and

Julium.1

The

former

was

still one

of the chief cities of

Liv.
;

XXII.

2,

3 ;

Polyb.

III.

77,
us

Cicero,pro

Caecina, 33

; ad

Attic.

80

Cicero

(de Diviu.
and

I. 35) tells here

I. 19.
8

that the Consul

his horse

fell

Cicero, pro Murena,

24. 12 ;

suddenly to the ground before a statue of Jupiter Stator, yet he neglected the
omen

Cicero,ad Divers. XVI.

Caesar,

Bell. Civ. I. 11.

l

and

when

he the

consulted

the

Plin.

III.

8.

Repetti (I. p. 113)

Arretium Fidens I.
to

auspices, though
would
to out
5 6

holy
and

chickens refused marched

refers the

colony of
Cicero

not

feed the

he propitiously,

Sylla; yet
confiscated

(ad
of

Attic.

1 9)

regard
to

warning,
destruction.

expresslystates
the he
was

that lands

though Sylla had

the

his

own

Arretini,
from

Liv. XXVII. Liv. XXVIII.

21, 22,
45.
"

24.

prevented by
among
was as us.

himself

Arretini

them triginta dividing Arretium the

his

legions. The
under Frontinus

millia
gaesa,

scutorum,
hastas
summam

galeas totidem, pila,

quinquapari cujusque generis

Julium

established

longas, millium

Triumvirate,

(de
is also

ginta
numero

Coloniis)assures
mentioned
as
a

Arretium

rutra, expleturos, secures, in falces,alveolos, molas, quantum

quadraginta longas
tritici centum
et et

naves

opus

esset,

colony by Ptolemy (p. ed. and as a Bert.), 72, municipium by Isidor (Orig. XX. 4) and by inscriptions,
Dempster,
p.

vigintimillia modium, remigibus-

II.

p.

311.

Cluver have kind been

(II.
a

in

viaticum collaturos.

decurionibus

572)

thinks

it must

que

municipium

of the third

described

CHAP.

LV.] under

ANCIENT

WALLS

OF

BRICK.

421

Etruria

the

Empire.2 Though

said to have
rose

been

destroyed by Totila,the Vandal,

withstood ashes,

Arretium

from

her

all the vicissitudes of the dark

to

proved so

fatal

many

of her

and fellows,
of of

ages, which is stillrepresented

her

by a city,which, though shorn takes rank among the chief pre-eminence,

The
and walls of Arretium their

ancient

of peculiarity
"

Tuscany. renowned for the beauty were of construction, being formed

record
town.

only instance on being employed in an Etruscan

the
that

brick3

of such

material asserted
modern

It has been
the

those

ancient
a

fortifications still enclose

am

city ;
not
a

but after

careful examination, I

convinced

that

fragment of the existingwalls can lay claim to In truth, as will be presently Etruscan shown, an origin.4 if Arezzo occupies the site of it is extremelyquestionable the original city.
by Festus (sub voce),of which
the

the inhabitants

bricks, in size and

with here
cement and ;

form, put together

had

citizenship of
internal

Rome,

and

togetherwith
of their
2 own

the

tion administra-

there

they are patched with larger masonry

of yet
more

city.
2*26.

also cemented, and He

states

recent

Strabo, V. p.
the
a

that

date" middle
In

all

undoubtedly the
and in of
no

work

of

the

it

was

most

inland stadia
is

cityof Etruria, (125 miles) from

than the real

ages, walls

remote

period.
the
are

and
Rome

thousand
;

the

the

which The

less

town, around

the

higher part of Cathedral,there

for

distance.
nearer

Antonine

Itineraryis
the distance

fragments
like that

of

earlier

construction, of
it is of Impebuildings rial fragments are Casentino.
cannot

the truth in making Vt supra, II.

8.
"

brick-work, possiblyRoman,
in

139 miles.
3

pp.

327, 413.
in
....

Roman The

Vitruv.

latere

times.
near

best
del

Italia Aretii
murum.
1

vetustum

egregie factum
49. is

the

Porta

This
be

cf. Plin. XXXV. The assertion

brick-work, if it be Roman,
in the earlier than but may this
even

made

the

close of the
much

Republic,
is

"Sepulchres copied into Murray's speak

far
are

of Etruria," p. Hand
I state

503, and
Book. that
I
so

be

of very

later date, as for ages, and

was style

employed
at

confidentlywhen
the walls

imitated

the present

of Arezzo

from

being
is

brick-work

of the

day. Etruscans, the

hi

The
ceptors pre-

of Etruscan
not
a

construction, that

there

of the would Veii resemble

Romans the

fragment of such
circuit. I

in antiquity

the

architecture, fragments found at

the earlier than rather

entire the this

most

city in
point.

order

paid a third visit to to satisfy myself on

walls
are

(Vol.I.
of later

pp.

15, 16), or Romans,

structures

the

The

for
not

the

any

of that people. style

part of squared stones,

unlike

'["29.

AREZZO.

[chap.lv.

Iu

the

garden

of the
are

Passionist Roman

Convent, in the lower

lation, ruins, of opus reticunot
a

part of the town,

some

commonly
remains in the

called the
to

but Amphitheatre,

seat

cacea

indicate

that such

was

the purpose
of

of the
and the

structure.

Like of

the

amphitheatre
its Roman

Volterra,

theatre
to

Fiesole, this building was

long

sidered con-

be

Etruscan, but

origin is

most

manifest.5
Arretium
was
was

celebrated

of old for her

in and
as was

pottery,which
connection with

of red of it

that
says
sent

Pliny speaks of it Samos, Surrentum, Saguntum,

used for

ware.6

Pergamos, and
and liquids, much is
was

was

dry meats
and
on

as

well

to various

parts of the world.7

It

for

ordinary purposes,
In excavations made

this account

employed sneered at by
the

Martial.8
at

various

times

within

walls

of

the foundations in laying Arezzo, generally of this pottery has the site of of clay,

much

place,indeed,
It is of very

fine

buildings, been brought to light ; in one indicated.9 was a clearly factory with a brightcoral hue, adorned
8

of

Gori

(Mus.
it

Etrus.
to

III. p. 55, cl. I. Etruscan. Did prce-

Mart.

I.

epig.54,
^^

6"

tab.
not

7) took
remains

be

gic ^^ And agam,

testecrystallina 98

of seats, exist

steps, and
the take

ciact tones,
Gorc

beneath should
more

soil, as
the
ruin

XIV.

affirms, I
a

Aretina Lautus That

nimisnespernasvasa,monemus;
erat

for
to

bath,as
to
an

it bears

resemblance

Tuscis

Porsena

fictilibus.
was

certain

structures

of that

description,
the P"ttery "f Arret,um purposes
who used

than
6

amphitheatre.
One XXXV. esculetis
et

Isidor Plin.
in

for ordinarv
XX 4

ie.lsamia etiamlaudantur. Arretium

Persius

"L 130)

als0 proved by 1S SPeaks "f an 8edile

Were

num

Retinet
in Italia
*

breakinS thoSe Just measure;

9

P"tS whlch

not

of

hanc
et
"p
.

nobilitatem
.

""r

calicum
,,
,.
"

tantum,
tt-

Surrentum,
"

r.

A Asta,
*
"

In

laying J
"

the

foundations

of

the

rollentia
"

in

Hispania
. ...

Saguntum,
'

""

new was
.

theatre

in
,
"

quantity of this potteryJ

...

A Asia

r,

found,
the
"

together
and reliefs,

with
remains

moulds
of
a r

for vitri-

Pergamum.
T, Haec ., ultro
.

sic

gentes nobi.
.

...

...

litantur.

quoque

per
.

mana
.

ter"

casting "

tied earth

rasque
^;v

citroque
" "

portantur,

insig-

marking "

the site of

pottery, J

nilms

* rote

" officims.

Bull. Inst. 1830, 238. p. ' r

chap,

lv.]

PECULIAR

RED

POTTERY.

423

rather of flowers than reliefs, maker's

name

of

and figures, of the

vase.

bearing the
In
so

at

the

bottom

form,

totally unlike the produce of any Etruscan that it necropolis, its origin.1 needs the Latin inscriptions to mark scarcely the of art Moreover, the decorations betraya late period eleganceand finish of Augustan times, not the simplicity of the and severity purely Etruscan style very unlike the pottery of the the quaint reliefs on neighbouring The subjects, district of Chiusi. too, are not the strange of Etruria, nor chimaeras of the early monuments the and Greek of Etruscan scenes mythology on the urns, the paintedvases the walls of tombs, and on on ; but in general unmeaning arabesques,like those of Pompeii, is occasionally introduced. As far or two though a figure
material,decoration,
and
" "

styleof

art, it is

as

can

learn, none

of this

ware

has

been
ever

found
in

with

devices ; nor or inscriptions of ones tombs, though often in Roman too much Therefore, though it were
Etruscan Etruscans
never

Etruscan

the
to

earlyEmpire.2
assert

that

the

formed
is of Roman

such

ware,

it is clear that all It is discovered

hitherto found
but chiefly,

manufacture. Arezzo.

not

at exclusively,

Specimens
been found

are

The

maker's
ness are

inscriptionis generally the name alone, though his busithe site of the
"

which

this pottery has with

in

connection where
a

Etruscan
urn

is articles, with
a

and

manufacture

small

marble

bilinin
a

sometimes

added, thus
a
.

was gual inscription

discovered
a

titi

niche
.

in

rock, half

mile

from
vases.

figvl arret

Arezzo,
Bull.
.

surrounded

by

these red 149. But

Inst.
we

1834, p.

from the

Bull. the

Inst.

1834, pp.
stampt
on

102,
these

150.
vases,

For
see

this

can

only
at

deduce had the

not

that

names

Etruscan
;

character disuse of
IV.

wholly
Miiller

Fabroni, Vasi
Bull. hirami
names
a

Fittili Aretini, tav.

XI

fallen into manufacture

period of the

Inst.

1834, pp.
that Greek

102, 150.
some

Ingthese

this

ware.

remarks
are

of he

(Etrusk.
tery
seems as

3, 1) regarded this pot;

; which

proof
2

that

the

Etruscans

regards as employed
believe,
in

Etruscan
to be

but

his

opinion
on
on

formed ancients

rather than

the
prac-

Greek The

artists.

Mon.

Etrus. V. p. 11.
I

notices tical

of

the

only

instance

acquaintance.

424

AREZZO.

[chap.lv. other sites in

brought occasionally
and

to

lighton

Etruria;
the
was

abundance
There
are

of it at Modena.3
two

collections of
the but

at antiquities

Arezzo

"

Museo
once

Pubblico, and
of much

Museo

Bacci.

The reduced
of

latter

great

renown,

having been

and

of neglected

late years, it is shorn

by sales, its pristine

bronzes, ;4 but
ticularly par-

glory. Yet it still contains a largenumber and lares, of deities, small figures with chiefly
there
are a

of

coins

also other

articles, among
a

which curious
urn

I noticed

sacrificialknife,and

in the form
a containing

of

lion ; his

his body holdingthe fire,

to

head
crown

square

pot for the water,

the steam

which

his

serves

as

lid,and

escapingthrough a pipe in
issues

his mouth

"

just as

the

water

from

the

mouths of those is
none

of the

granite
notice,

lions at the

foot of the
Of

or Capitol,

in the Court

of the Alhambra.

pottery there
red

worth

except
3

painted amphora, with

British
ware,

figures, representing
of publications the Archaeological Bull.

In

the

Museum the word It

is
"

tazza
lapi
"

notices in the

of this red
on

with

see Institute, already cited,

it in Roman

letters.
same

was

found,
at

Inst. 1837, p. 10.5.

4

with

others

of the Bull.

description,
1839, p.
28. been

One

is

4 inches qui7icussts, coins

in diameter.

Toscanella.
The in
same some

Inst.

The attributed the prow

obverse
to

which

are

commonly
a

pottery has

discovered Bull.
ware,

Arretium
;

have
an

wheel
or

on

quantity at
And
at

Cervetri. the red

and

anchor
reverse,

the both for

a

Inst. 1839, p. 20. found

in

of

ship, on

the

"

abundance

Modena,
even

is precisely
to

equally inappropriate emblems citywhich

sea was

like
names are

this of Arezzo, seals of the identical

the

further removed
in Etruria.

from does
"

the the

and often
14 ;

potters, which
Inst.

than

any

Nor

(Bull.
"

1837,

legend, in
bear

Etruscan

letters,
to

vpn,"
with
vase
an

p.
as

1841, p.
had
"

144)
its

fact, which

any

obvious

relation

Arretium.

Mutina

also

peculiarpottery
et

More
the
on

appropriateare
wheel
on

those

which,
a

(Plin.loc. cit. habent

sua,
et

Tralles

opera be
plained ex-

the

obverse, have
either and former with of
the
a

Mutina

in
commerce

must Italia)

the

reverse,

crater, or

by
in such
For
an

the

which

existed

amphora.
those

Marchi the those

Tessiei'i refer
to

articles.
account

with
and

Arretium

of the

Arretine

tery potStoria

Vetus,
Roman Ms

latter to the Fidens. V.

; VI ;

see

Dr.

Fabroni's vasi

work,

"

colony
Grave,
Inst.

Arretium III.
pp.
tav.

degliantichi
8vo.

fittili aretini, 1841, Etrus.

the

class.

pp. 1
"

78."

Iughirami,Mon.
And

Bull.

1839,
p. 104.

123"4

Ann.

V. pp.

12, tav. I.

besides

Inst. 1841.

chap.lv.]

MUSEO

BACCI."

MUSEO

PUBBLICO.

425

dance

of Bacchanals, Theseus
a slaying

overcoming
It
was

an

Amazon,
more

and
a

Hercules

warrior.

found

than

of Arezzo, and century since, in the vicinity

a

doubtless

in

Etruscan genuinely Museo Pubblico

tomb.5
contains
a more numerous

The

collection

of Etruscan
name

Each antiquities.

article is labelled with the found

"

of the

spot where

it was

an

admirable
these

plan,
It is

an facilitating acquaintancewith greatly which ought to be adopted in every other

and relics,

collection.

due

to Dr.

Fabroni, the learned

an

director of this Museum.

red
ware,

Here

is

abundance
the

of the

mostly in fragments,
the

and Arezzo.
as

greater part found

is also the

within

walls
as

of

Here
"

pottery of Sarteano, red

the
same
"

well

black,

canopus

from
an

from

Radicofani, with

Etruscan
mind the
so

place, a covered pot inscription,Pupli

"

which Tarlntia,"6 Guido bishop, forms

"

calls to

celebrated

Ghibelline

whose Tarlati, of

tomb,

rich in storied of

reliefs,
Prato

one

the

chief ornaments
in the

Arezzo

Cathedral,
at

tall,paintedvase,
miles

third
"

found style,

Antico, three
same

from

the

the representing style,

return

city, another vase, in the departure of a warrior, and

at

his miles

from

the
on

field,discovered
the road
to

Alberoro, nine

from
are

Arezzo,

Fojano.7
of

Here
recumbent
;
"

also many
on figures

urns cinerary

travertine,without
Etruscan celebrated

their I
urn

but with lids, noticed the

tions inscripname

among

which

of

"

8 Spurina."

One

of late date, found

is remarkable for

in the
a

mediate im-

of Arezzo, vicinity

bilingual

5 6

Dempster, I. tab. XIX. Micali (Mon. Ined.

6) reads
Publius
it

na

me

of
urn

"

Tarlnia
one

"

occurs

on

an

Etrus-

p.

386,

tav.

can

in

of the tombs

of

Perugia.
18

LV.
or

"Pupli
of into

Tarchntias,"
He
a

7
8

Bull. Inst, This

was

1838,
found
in

p. 74. at

Tarchuntias.

may

be

Lucignano,
Val di

for the addition right, would

convert

small
en.

stroke
the

miles

distant,

the

Chiana.

the

Yet

Bull. Inst.

1843,

p. 38.

"l.iti

AREZZO.

[chap.lv. and
"

Here inscription.9
cotta
;

are

heads bronzes

other

articles in

terra

and

also

few

idols, mirrors,and
seem

strigils.1
cularly parti-

Bronzes

to

have

been

abundant tombs
of

in the Etruscan

Arretium, Cortona, and

bear
a

Perugia,and to proportion
the cemeteries

much

larger

the

pottery,than in
the
coast.

near

The celebrated bronze of the Florence

at

Chimaera found

was Gallery

Arezzo

in 1534, but

no

record
And

exists of the
the Minerva

precisesite.2
in the
same

which
a

work

Gallery, is generallythought to be of early Greek art, but

Etruscan,
this site.
was

ETRUSCAN

STR1G1L.

well be may discovered on

which found above. like

also

This

is the

urn as

was

hollow
to

boat effect

; either
on

to

hold

oil

with The

the red vases, Etruscan but

mentioned

soften

the

the

skin,which

inscriptionis very
it
"

perfect,was imin
.

far from
too

pleasantif the instrument

or

seems
v

to
caszi
.

run

thus
.

was

often

violentlyused,
the
run

as

Roman The

letters Latin

clans

Augustus
80)
;
or

experienced (Sueton. Aug.

to

is inscription
"

allow
to

grease
off
on as

cassivs SATVRXINVS

from
.

the

body
See the

scraped by a

gutter.
cognomen, Etruscan. of the III. 262 It
was
"

Scholiast

Juvenal,
deteritur.

Saturninus, being the Latin

finds It is
no

uncle Strigla,

oleum

equivalent
should
the

in

the

generallyof (Mart.
The
rare

bronze, sometimes
51.
"

singular that
be
same

the

Velus

of iron

XIV.

curvo seen
one

desof

Etruscan
in

translated
occurs

by

Caius

and tringereferro), silver. and

state.

I have

Latin, but
See

in other supra, II.

metal

is

always

very
a

thin ;

bilingual inscriptions. Vt
354, 371.
Bull. Caius
to
1

pp.
;

it is
I

in to find strigils

perfect
them Roman

also
p.

Lanzi,
51 ;

p. 342
149.

have

occasionally seen inscriptions.

of different

Inst.

1833,

1834, p.
as an

with

Etruscan
were were

is sometimes Larth.
was strigil a

used

lent equivaafter

strigils
Etruscan above
2

forms, but the

like that in the invariably

The

scraper the

used

wood-cut.

bathing
from
remove

to

remove

perspiration
ostler would
coat.

Vt

supra,
on

p. the

103.

The
"

Etruscan

the

skin

as

an a

inscription
is almost
on

fore-leg Tinscvil,"
with of
a

the curved

foam

from

horse's instrument

identical shoulder

the

"

Tinscil

"

The

part of the

is

the

griffon in

the

428

AREZZO.

[chap.

lv.

only to

the
or

south-east, on
Castel Secco,

a a

height called Poggio

barren eminence of
no

di San

Cornelio,

great
level

elevation, yet much

summit
as

is

so

strewn

higher than Arezzo, with fragments of rock

a

whose
and

pottery,
to hill,

to scarcely

nourish
a

weed.

On

the brow

of the

the north-west, is

fragment of
west
are

ancient
traces

wallingof regular
of
narrow
a

masonry.6
is another thirteen

More

to the

gate.

Then

portionof
rises

the
on

walls, with

buttresses,
of the hill

feet

apart. But

the southern

side

nearlythirtyfeet,and extends for two vals.7 hundred, having eight massive buttresses at short interis horizontal ; and The though perhaps masonry it has suffered so much neatly cut and fitted, originally that brittle, so from the weather, and the rock is naturally
the wall
it

presents as
at

rude

an

appearance
were

as

the

towers to

in the
see

Cucumella

Vulci, which

not

intended

the

of day.8 light I

regret that the circumstances

not

under

which

I visited

it,did
or

permit me
its
are

to

make

plan of

this ancient

town,

to

determine
walls in

These

dimensions.9 precise the buttresses, ; as regards very peculiar

unique
8

Etruria.

They
as

have

the

appearance

of great

In
12

one

part this fragment is

in

high
are

Repetti (I. p.
bracelet, in
p.

585)

says

it is

as

feet, but
the

general it scarcely
The

1240

circuit ; Micali

only (Mon.

rises above
2
or

ground.
18

blocks

Ined.

410) calls it 1300

half form
a

Iraccia,or
; and says

3 feet

long, by
buttresses

inches
ai-e

high.
or

less than

mile, round
of
an

These
and

7
3

feet

it has To
me

the
it

ellipse, irregular larger size,

a

wide,

project about
taken
for

feet.
were

They
it not

appeared

of much
be but

might
for the

be

towers,

Indeed

this hill ancient

may

portion

small
Both

distance walls

between and

them

"

of

the

site,for it is connected

1 5 feet.

buttresses

fall

back
8

from slightly
The

the

perpendicular.
is not 8
extrawas

size of the One

blocks

in. ordinary. unusually long,by 1 ft. 8 in. high,was the stone of the But tendency large. it somemakes at right angles, to split

which

ft. 2

grounds of considerable extent, apparently capable of holding a city of first-rate importance. But having had no opportunityof examinwith

high

ing
For

these

heights,I
notices

cannot

say if

they
see

retain

vestigesof

ancient of

habitation, site

further

this

times

difficult to

determine

the size.

Bull. Inst. 1837, p. 06.

chap,

lv.]

ANCIENT

WALLS

AT

SAN

CORNELIO.

429

and to antiquity.Inghirami took them to be Roman, belong to one of the two colonies qf Arretium, and thought of the masonry the rudeness might be the result of hasty his opinion from form did not he But construction. ocular

inspection.To

me

this

seems

an

Etruscan

town.1

It
was

were

contrary to all analogy

and that site, original Roman was a colony.
have The been chosen

the

suppose much this, so

was

to

that Arezzo

strongerby. that, by
at
a

nature,
that

This

justthe position
;
were

would

by
to

the Etruscans

the Romans.
time with
"

cities of the former had

founded

when

the

inhabitants

strugglefor
law but

existence ing encroach-

warlike,restless, ever neighbouringtribes,

semibarbarians
It
was

who

knew

no

that of sword

and lance.
nature

necessary
to

for them

to select sites where

would

add

the the

of strength
case
was

their very

fortifications. different. At

But

with

the

Romans,

the time the

was

of the at least, latter,

masters

two not

colonies of Arretium

founded, they were

but

of the

to nothing

only of all Italy, greater part of the known world. They had fear from foreign invasion, and it was enough
their cities with
out withfortifications,

for them

to surround

sites which, though adding to selecting would their involve

a

their

strength,
This
was

great sacrifice of convenience.

earlier than

much practice

the establishment instances

of these

Arretine and

colonies, as is shown

whose Falerii,

by the about population,

from the

of Volsinii

the time of the First

Punic

War,

was

removed

original cityon
Yet he admits them Mon.
a

the

Miiller,who
at
as

visited these

ruins

in

the

city.
413.

to

be

of

1839 them the

no

Micali's Etruscan

suggestion, regarded
and the remains of
sets

Etruscan 41 1"

construction. He
and
a

gives
view

Ined. pp. plan of the masonry also

however, city. Micali, original

value
on

bastions

of

the

his

opinion
or

in the
to

latter

(tav. LX.).
hints that

Repetti (I. p. 585)

be says
to

and considers particular,

to
an

them

belong
of with from

this may

the
no

Acropolis
excavations the

advanced

look-out he

post

of Arretium, but have fact.

ever

Ari'etium, which Arezzo,

or

identifies detached

been

made

determine

to

an

outwork

430

AREZZO.

[chap.i.v. This have been

heightsto
the
town
case were

new

one

in the

plain.
Or
at

may

also with
not

Arretium.2

least if the

original
for
cluding conno

deserted, there

is every

ground
on

that the fresh convenient

doubt
an

colonywas
like city, fortified

established

less little
on

site.

However

this be, there

all its

can

be

that the Etruscan

stood fellows,

eminence,
Whether

and

art.3
or

some

of the

by nature as well as by it occupied this Poggio di San Cornelio, I do not determine neighbouring heights, ;
was

but hesitate not site of modern

to assert

that it cannot In fact not

have

stood

on

the

Arezzo.

is identitywanting, but history for it is known that at opinion,

only is all evidence of opposed to the current

least
on

three

several

been ;4 and enlarged city that the original must it is quite impossible site,which have been the circumscribed height on which the Duomo like the Arretium stands, could have held a first-rate city,

occasions have

the walls

of this

of the Etruscans. In
a

word, there is every

reason

to

believe

that the

illustrious

cityof
of Falerii mentioned of

Arezzo

does not

occupy

the site of the

In the

case

and

Volsinii,
of the

completelydestroyed the
but than Yet
as

ancient

walls,

the fact is not earlier

by Rome,

one

this rests

on

tradition,rather

historians
a

only by
of late

on

it is history, that

subject to
the
in

doubt. of the
1111
were

Zonaras,
date. The

Byzantine
town original

writer

it is certain

walls year

of Arretium, in

city were by
not

destroyed
for

the

however, day
3

was

still extant have been

a

Pliny's colony.
ac-

the

Emperor, Henry
more

V., and
a

; but

it may

inhabited,

restored
in

than

century,
a more

like Falerii and

Veii, by

fresh of
more

being ample by
a

1 226

rebuilt
These

with
were

Silius Italicus, writer a than

circuit.

replaced
line,

curacy 7
"

scribebat

III. imagination(Plin. epist. carminamajore cura quam of the

"

fresh and
in Guido

stillmore

extended

commenced 1322

1276, and

ingenio),in speaking
Punic

the

Second

by

completed in Tarlati, Bishop of Pielastly the

erected
meet

War,

notices

"

walls of lofty
a

tramala. rebuilt and

And

walls
to

were

Arretium"

(V.

122)

description
refer
to

altered,from
I. who which

1549

1568,

which, by hypallage,
to

must

rather cha-

by Cosimo
and

the

bastions

the site of the

city than

the

curtains

the eye at the

racter
4

of the fortifications.

present day.
to

I. p. 1 14. Repetti,

Totila, the Vandal, is said

have

chap,

lv.]

AREZZO

NOT

THE

ETRUSCAN

ARRETIUM.

431

Etruscan the the

in

Arretium,
5

but and Cornelio

of

one

of

the

Roman marks the date

town.

colonies
town

of

same

name

as

all
to

analogy
be of

on

Poggio
the

di

San the

earlier that be

than
If

this it be

plain,
an

question

turns

upon

proved
Fidens with Arezzo of the
;

Etruscan but the if the

site,6
town
on

Arezzo the
it

may

the

Arretium be fied identiand site

heights
must

cannot

original colony

city,
of

be

the

Fidens,
;

the Etruscan

later

Arretium
to

Julium discovered.

and

the

city

has

yet

be

That

Arezzo Roman

occupies
is remains.

site

that

were

built,

as

was

the

case

with
been

Falerii that for

to

was

once

abundantly
The the

proved fragments
part
Roman of the of

and which

Volsinii,
had three of the

it

may walls

have of brick

by
of the

its

extant

as

brickwork

around

higher
to

nearly
time entitled Were

centuries

intervened

the been

city,

may if

belong
this be those

the site

Vitruvius,
to

they

would of

have "ancient."

walls,
Julian

which, colony,

the

his

designation
certain
to

are

mentioned ducta

by

it

even

that Etruscan ruins the

Vitruvius

and

Frontinus,
colonia
6

w
"

Arretium,

muro

Pliny
may
be

refer that

the these of that of

walls,
we see

it

lege
It may

Triumvirali."
be

in

but

urged
Etruscan

as

an

objection
site,
the that ancient have brick

to

small

portion
and

ancient which

tions, fortificafrom has

this

being
is

the of of

the the

just

portion
the If cemented

masonry walls
were

stone,
brick.

whereas But that these

massiveness destruction.

masonry the brickwork it the

we

no

escaped
were

positive
were

assurance

walls If

not

strongly pulled
sake of
to

would

of

Etruscan of the

construction.

on

soon

be

pieces
the

by

peasantry,

the

capture

city,

fresh

town

for

the

materials.

ANCIENT

WALLS

OF

CORTONA.

CHAPTER

LVI.

CORTON

A."

COR

TON

A
.

Corythum,
Ausonias
!

terrasque

requirat

Virgil.

Clara Vile

fuit solum

Sparte

iuagnae
est

viguere Mycenae

Sparte

; altse cecidere

Mycenae.
Ovid.

Traveller,
reverence
"

thou
"

art

approaching
of

Cortona

!
as

Dost

thou says,

age is

that

fulness
in

years

which,
% is
"

Pliny

in

man

venerable,

cities

sacred
Here

Here

is that

which the
was

demands

thy
marvels

reverence.

that, which
were

when

Druidical
of of

of thine
"

own

land

newly raised,
which

hoary antiquity
yesterday
"

that, compared
most

to

I(ome

is

but

to

which

other

cities of

ancient

CHAP.

LVI.]
are

VENERABLE

ANTIQUITY

OF

CORTONA.

433

renown

fresh and

green.
"

Thou

mayst have wandered

more

far and

throughItaly nothing hast thou seen venerable than Cortona. Ere the days of Hector Cortona On Achilles,ere Troy itself arose was. bare and loftyheight,whose towered crest holds
wide
"

and that
munion com-

with
ere

the

cloud, dwelt

the heaven-born
;

Dardanus,
and
on

he left

mount

the Trojan race to found Italy reigned his father Corythus,and the
tomb.1

that
was

there

he

laid in

Such

is the

ancient

legend,and
; III.

This

is the Dardanus

Italian tradition. the founder from makes of

It is

loc. and 170.

ad

_"En. I. 380 this

15, 104,

because
was

Troy

believed

to have

come

Cortona ^Eneas

that say"

Virgil(^En. I. 380)

belongs to and cannot mythicalperiod, be as historical, yet may

evidence of the very
remote

All

the be

purely
as

regarded antiquity Corythus

received

Italiam Jove Servius shows Mneas

qusero
summo.

patriam, et

genus

ab

of this It is
was

city.
believed generally
name

that

(in loc.) thus

that elsewhere
to say

explainsit,and (JEn. VII. of Italy

"

the ancient really

of Cortona,

122)

but Miiller (Etrusk. IV. and thinks that it is this,

4, 5) questions
a mere

Greek that that

is made Hie

domus, haec patriaest.

III. 167 ; VII.

referred to tradition, arbitrarily Yet there be doubt no city. can

et

cf. Mu. The

206,

seq.

it

was

so

regarded by
evidence the
a

the

Romans.

of Cortona was name oiiginal thus, Coryfrom called its or Corithus,so

Besides

the

commentator,
clear in

Virgiland his is made identity fectly perof of Silius Italicus

heros eponymos,

Corythus, the reputed

The

passage Niebuhr
"

father of Dardanus. that other

mount. to

legend states
also
on a

(V. 122) which

(I.p. 33) pronounced

Corythus,
cities of His

who

ruled

over

decisive

was Italy,

buried bore

this Pcenus
son nunc

wife

Electra

occupet altos
nunc

Arreti called Dardanus, who, being Jupiter, driven out of Italywent to Phrygia and founded tradition Troy. Another that Dardanus, repulsed in with the
cords re-

muros,
?

Corythi
petat
?

diruat

arcem

Hinc

Clusina mocnia

postremo

ad

Romse, "c.
the ancient
as name

an

combat equestrian lost his

recover

helmet, and
he built

Aborigines, his men to rallying

to

The sake

poet
of

uses

for the

the

verse,

elsewhere

(IV.

it, gained the victory ;

which
a

brate cele-

721)"

cityon
the

the
"

spot,

sedemque
Sacratam There
was

ab

origine prisei

and A

named

it from

his helmet

ic6pvs.
the and VII. in

Corythi.
no

third
to

legend refers Corythus, Virg.

: son

originof
of Paris 167
;

is

reason

to

believe

that

it to

city

retained the

to

Annibal's

time,

CEnone. 206"211
VOL.

Mn.

III. 719

which his
own.

poem

refers, much

less to

IX.

10 ; X.

; Serv.

It.

-5-

ll

is *" a
;
a
"

S
.

9
",

St
o

"

"! a
c3 rt ea ts c3
O

"a
w

":

H5in"l8"S"aOHfi"

3)22!223"5e1

MM

4.36

CORTONA.

[chap.i.vi.

latter made

They may be almost entirely less preserved or traced in fragments more blocks composed of rectangular round the city; and are regularity, though of great size, arranged without much and distinct courses with more regard to horizontality than is observable in the walls of Volterra or Populonia,
a

wider considerably

circuit.2

and

often

Fiesole.

like the masonry of joined with great nicety, At the lower part of the city, they stretch for a
in
an

long
at

distance

unbroken

line

beneath

the

modern

fortifications.3 But

the finest relic of this all is Italy,

regular masonry
at
a

Cortona, and

perhaps in

spot called
and

Terra the
feet

Mozza, outside the Fortress, at the highestpart of

hundred
enormous

is a fragment, one where city, in length, composed of blocks of

it is shown

twenty
of this

magnitude.

of portion Chapter.4 The

in the woodcut

at the head

masonry

is of

grey

and in parts flaky Fiesole, and

sandstone, very like that of but generally brittle, very hard

hewn
to
a

compact

it is sometimes

smooth

surface,

Micali's makes

Plan

(Ant. Pop. Ital.

about

tav.

the

ground, is

10 feet

by
are
more

5.

Just

within
or

VI.)
the

Cortona

10,000 feet
account

the Porta
12 feet in

Montanina but length,

several, 10
shallow

in circumference, but wider the circuit of

takinginto
the he

than

ancient has
been

walls
not

usual.
4

round

Fortress, which
round. than of the

In

one

part it rises
or

to the 25

height of
feet
15

indicated,the citycannot
than be two

have Thus

less

seven

courses,

about

high,
or

miles

it would

but the

generalheightis
is that

about

16

scarcelylarger
the smallest

Rusellse, and
cities of the

feet,which
neated. in. to
5

of the vary

fragment delifrom
2

among

The ft. in
11
or as

blocks

ft. 6

Confederation.
3

The

finest

at this portions
on

end

are

feet to times

about

Porta

Colonia

the north
are

of the
9 to 1 3

are

6 or and from 7 height, in length; and somemuch in depth,as or more

12

where city, feet in

the blocks
more

from than
3

the smallest the wall.

end

is

seen

in the

face

of

length by

feet

in

Here

as

at

Volterra
are

and often

hewn to a smooth height, neatly joined ; and very S. Domenico

measure

surface
about

and Porta

Rusellse, the below,

of
for
as

smallest fill up

blocks the

if to

inequalities
a

on
or

the
14
ten

south, where
twelve

they
at

the the

ground, and

make

basement

12

feet by 2.
or

One,

larger.

the

height of

feet from

chap,

lvi.]

THE

ANCIENT

WALLS.

437

at others leftwith

natural face ; in
are

no

part is it cemented,

though the
appear

blocks

often

so

so, not

admitting even
The
are joints

them.
are pieces

to fitted together as closely tween to be thrust bea penknife and small often diagonal,

inserted to fillup
in every

in the walls of as deficiencies,

to which Fiesole,

respect this masonry

massive, and
on

bears

close resemblance,
more

though more
evidence

the whole

regular.5
These
not

walls bear

of very

tainly cerhigh antiquity,

inferior to those of Volterra

as

and

Fiesole.
cannot

That
be

they

are

earlyas

the Etruscan

domination

doubted raised

by

they are of priordate, either nay, it is probable the Pelasgi and Aborigines, or by the yet earlier
us us

possessors of the land.6 But this leads

to

consider
mount to

the

of history

Cortona.

First,however, let
and

the summit

of the

hill,
of

take

seat

on

the Church

of Sta
scene

terrace cypress-shaded Margherita. Should it be

the

in front of

the hour

sunrise, the
warm

rosy tint half the

round

beauty. A ruddying the eastern sky, and extending the coming day. The horizon, proclaims
will not

lose interest

or

is in deep gloom landscape

"

dark
sun

alone mountain-tops is up, and

are

seen

around.

Even

after the

the rosy red

has

the into gold, brightened the

a

scene

and obscured is purpled

to
snow

by
and

shadow ray

of the mountains wakens the the distant

the

east.

But

sently pre-

of Monte

Cetona,
behind it.

on sparkles

yet loftier peak of Amiata

is the

The

principal varietyobservable
the
are

the the

citywas
them

well fortified in the time the

of

within blocks smaller

Porta very

Montanina, where

Unibri, and

Pelasgionly
assault.
as

took

long

and

shallow, with
Here rather shown in

it from

by a
the

sudden

Lepthe Pelas.

piecesin the
that of the

interstices. wall
as was

sius work p.

regards
of the

walls existing

the line of the within

tin
6

ancient

Pelasgi (Tyrrhen.
there
can

modem,

10); and

be

little doubt Cf.

Plan.

that

they

have

that
1. I. .'?,

antiquity.

According to Dionysius (I. p. Ifi),

Etrusk. Miillcr,

438

CORTONA.

[chap.lvi.

Then
further is

the

dark

mass

of
wide

side

of the

Montepulciano,rising on the plain,like a second Cortona,

the towers, battlements
are

into brightened

life.
at
our

Anon

and

roofs of the town

ere

feet of the

touched

with
in

gold
"

and south

long
a

the

fair face
"

Thrasymene
roll over

the

bursts into smiles

and

the beams

the mountain-

tops in

torrent, and
corn

flood the vast

closing plainbeneath, dis-

of regions
many
a

and

with wood, of vines and olives,

"

farm and village and town a glittering map of and luxuriance,in which the eye recognizes Chiusi, fertility
La

Pieve, and

other

familiar spots in the

far southern

horizon. The
"

of Cortona, origin indeed

that

it has been it is

said, is very ancient

scurity.7 involved in obnecessarily it the city of Dardanus The legend that makes and mentioned. elder sister of Troy has already been of the the establishment Tradition asserts that long ere Etruscan State, Cortona was "great and flourishing8" memorable a city of the Umbrians,9" and that it was who used and Aborigines, taken from them by the Pelasgi it as a bulwark againstthem, seeing it was well fortified, with and surrounded by good pastures.1 Subsequently,
so

remote

"

"

"

This

obscurityis
names

increased the

by

the

and

different
"

city was by known Corythus, Croton, Crotona, Cyrtoniou,Creston, Gortynsea,Cothornia,

we or

which

by Theopompus who coph. loc. cit.),

that Nauos

(ap. Tzetz. ad Lyrecords the

a

tradition

Ulysses,called by (cf.Lycoph.
to at

Etruscans,
in his died, form

1244

; Tzetzes up

Cortona.

The

latter name,

if

loc), sailed
abode This

Etruria, took
there is the Hellenised
no

believe Dionysius (I. p. 21) only given when the citywas made Roman a colony,not long before his day, taking the place of the old appelmay
was

Gortynsea, and
other

says Muller of Cortona, for

can 8 9 *

Etruscan

city

be

here

intended. Hal. I. p. 16.

Etrusk.

IV. 4, 1.

Corythus, we have alreadyspoken. Cyrtoniosor Cyrtonion is the name used by Polybius (III.82)
and

lation,Croton.

Of

Dion. Dion. Dion. of

Hal. I. p. 20. Hal. Lesbos I. p. 16. eund. of cf. Hell-

Stephanus

of

Byzantium.

Creston

anicus The also

ap.

I. p. 22. Cortona is

is found

only in Herodotus, and will be further mentioned presently. Gortynsea is used by Lycophron (Cass. 806),

Pelasgic character
intimated

by
son

the of

represents Jasius

legend, which Corythus, king

CHAP.

LVI.]

ORIGIN

OF

CORTONA.

439

the rest of the them have land

land, it fell to the Etruscans,2 and

a

under
"

it appears to have been been to the interior and what

was Tarquinii

second

metropolis
Even under

to

mountainous

part of the
the retained

to

the coast.3

Etruscan much

domination

it seems

like Falerii to have

character,for Herodotus says that in Pelasgic his day it was stillinhabited by a Pelasgic population, to the speaking their peculiarlanguage, unintelligible peoplearound them, though identical with that of Placia Niebuhr of the Pelasgi.4 the Hellespont, another colony on
of its
of when this his

city, settlingin
brother ad Serv.

Samothrace,
founded agrees

of these with the

coins

to

Cortona, and
Jesuits
most

Dardanus

Troy.
VII.
2 3

^En.

III.

15, 167

207. Dion. This Hal. I. p. 16. would

seem

bution
worthy
as
a

in

garding re-

Cortona
as

ancient

mint, and

the

of metropolis have
a

five other wheel

on

which coiningcities, side

to

be

impliedby

one

only.
See

Ann.

Inst. 1841, pp. 103,

the

of designation

(VIII.
domus."

474)

by Silius Italicus superbi Tarchontis Stephanus of Byzantium (v.

"

it

1 09 ;

Verbreit.

d. Ital. Bull.

Munzsyst.
Inst.

pp.

58,

69.

also
;

1839, p.
Gena-

123." relli. does

Melchiorri Abeken consider

on

1842, p. 126."

KpoToiv) calls

it

"

the

metropolis of

(Mittelitalien, p. 286)
the wheel, or the other mark any

Etruria,and the third city of Italy." Lepsius is of opinion that this is also proved by its coins, for that the entire system of Etruscan, indeed of ancient Italian coinage, proceeds from Cortona. Pelasg. Tyrrhen. p. 10.
The

not

devices

Etruscan

coins,to
he

and sites, particular

and

its

tribution regards the disof these coins to a metropolis bitrary. dependencies to be quite ar-

coins

attributed

to

Cortona

are

Herod.

I.

57.

Herodotus'

ment state-

the

most

simple
as
"

of all ancient

Italian

is repeated

by Dionysius (I. p.
that in the called the

money. from the

All twelve
to the
a

sides of the series,

23), but with this difference

text

uncia, bear

one

form uni-

of

Herodotus

city is

type

wheel. these
corns

Thex'e
as

is

no

Croton. Creston, in that of Dionysius, That

legend to
to

mark

belonging
and

they were

identical is maintained
n.

any

but particular city,

see

Marchi

by

Niebuhr

(I. p. 34,
and

89), by Cluver

Tessieri

in the wheel

Cortona, whose
to

name original

have
"

been
a

"Rutun"
"

K-rutun)
the

rotd

and

symbol they take (insteadof tory settingall his-

the

of

(II.p. 574),
418)
; but

Mannert

(Geog.

p.

aside, they regard it as a colonyof Rutuli,who had a similar device on

yEs Grave
tav.

their coins.

del Museo

Kir-

opposed by (Etrusk. einl. 2, 10), by Lepsius (Ueber die Tyrrhenischen Pelasger in Etrurien, and by Mr Grote pp. 18 etseq.), tory (Hisof Greece,II. p. 348). Miiller and to refer to Lepsius consider Herodotus
a

Miiller

cheriano, cl. III.

III.

Professor this

Creston

in

Thrace, beyond
here possible both sides.
on

Mount
to state

Lepsius, though condemning

as

nation expla-

Athos.

It is not

erroneous,

assents

to the attri-

the arguments

They

will

410

CORTONA.

[chap.lvi. continued

suggests that Cortona

the Etruscans, included
as

may

have

distinct from that she

one was

he thinks Falerii was.5

But

in the

great Etruscan
"

and Confederation,

of

the Twelve her

as one

is chief cities,

unquestionable. Livy describes

in the year of Etruria," Rome

of the with

heads

of and

444, when
sue we

Perusia
is

Arretium

she

was

forced to

for

peace.6 It

find

onlyrecord of Cortona during the days of Etruscan independence. in the Second She is referred to again incidentally
when Hannibal between marched the beneath the
her walls and

that singular

this is the

Punic

War

laid waste

the land
a

cityand

Yet

when

Etruria mentioned
but
a

sent

years later all the fleet,Cortona suppliesfor Scipio's them

she

few

Thrasymene.7 cities of principal

is not
a

among

;8 which
had been
to

is not
one

littlestrange, as

century before
Yet
as a

of the chief in the

we

land.

she did not Roman

cease

exist,for

find her

tioned menwas

her

fate in the

colonyunder the Empire.9 What convulsions of Italy we subsequent

a

know

not, for there is

and

gap of the history of modern

thousand Cortona

years in her annals,

commences

onlywith
local remains

the thirteenth

century of

our

era.1
are

Within
of

the walls of Cortona is a

but few

There high antiquity.2 Palazzo

under fragment of walling

a

the

Facchini, composed of
above named

few

large blocks,

be

found

in the

works,

Dion.

Hal.

I. p. 21 ; Plin. III. 8. also

in especially
s 6

that of

Lepsius.
Cluver

She

is mentioned

by Ptolemy,Geog.

Niebuhr,
Liv. IX.

I. p. 119.

p. 72.

37.
to

(II. p. 575)
the site of year in the

'

I. p. Repetti, There

812. been
a

takes Cortona the great rout

have

been

is said to have Etruscan

large
the of the

of the Gauls of

piece of

walling

under base

52.0, instead (II. 27) fought 246,

7
R

Colonia,as
has that it. But that Ut

Frontinus

(Strat.I. 2, 7)
states

Polybius
battle supra,
was

Spedale Maggiore,forming vault ; another a fragment

Palazzo the These Passerini the all of the
; and
a

the

behind

third

outside

near

Telamon.

pp-

gate of
were

259. 82 ; Liv. XXII 45.

I.

Borgo S. Vineenzo. at destroyed however

seventeenth Etrus.

Polyb.III.
Liv. XXVIII

the

end

century.

Mon. Inghirami,

IV. p. 71.

chap,

lvi]

VAULT

IN

THE

CASA

CECCHETTI.

441

of apparently

the

same

date

as

the the
a

relic of Etruscan

times

within It is

Another city-walls.3 walls is well worthy of the Palazzo my

teously courme

the traveller'sattention.

vault beneath

Cecchetti,just within the gate of S. Agostino. On

to begging permission
see

the monument, it in person.

the He

owner

proposedto
wine-cellar
some

show
a

led

into into
a

his coach-house, raised

; where

of the

juice of
I
was

and trap-door, thought he was his vineyards, but

descended about
on

to

offer

me

that perceived It is of
no

in the very vault I

around looking was seeking.

in span, rather

about thirteen feet great size,

less in

length,and

masonry, excellent Gran

near

lined with regular height, and in uncemented, neatlycut and arranged, preservation.4It is so like the Depositodel nine
in
at

Duca,

Chiusi, and

the

Grotta

di San

Manno,

Etruscan that it is difficult to deny it an Perugia, it as a tomb, yet its to mark origin. Analogy thus seems within the ancient walls is opposedto this view, position and there is nothingto determine its original purpose.5 in Cortona is a fragment The only other local antiquity
of Roman

opus Bacchus, in the

incertum, commonly called the Baths

of

higherpart of
more

the town.
seat

Cortona, for
of has
an

than

has been the centurypast, Accademia

the antiquarian society, volumes Museum of

Etrusca, which
It

published many
also
a

treatises. archaeological found relics,

"

has formed

of Etruscan

in the

neighbourhood.There
3

is littlepotteryhere

no

painted
the subwithin I. p. ."585. back

Inghiraniispeaks of a fragment, 21 feet long, and 32 feet high, in the foundations of the Palazzo Laparelli, in
the Piazza S. I Andrea. Mon. Etrus. IV. p. 77.
"i

It may

have

an

to affinity

terranean,
the The wall walls

tomb-like of

chamber

Tarquinii. Vol.
bare rock vault has been

floor is the of the

; the

sought it in vain.
are as

pulleddown

The
or

blocks

of the

local sand-

stone,
vary and

from
are

macigno, 3 to nearly 7

it is called. feet in

They length,

to enlarge its dimensions. Abcken reAnn. a sepulchre. gards it as undoubtedly Inst. 1841,p. 39 ; Mittelitalicn, p. 250.

1 5 inches

in height.

I 1,2

CORTONA.

lvi. [chap.

vases

of

great beauty
with bands

or

interest ; of small

ware,

often

merely black or red archaic figures in relief.

Italians call them, of
in

Many

little idols, or from

as figurine,

the

earthenware,

four

to

ten

inches Lares

votive height, lower Heads

or more offerings,

the probably

of the

orders,
of the

who
same

could

not

afford deities of bronze.

material,the size of lifeand evidently taining conportraits,

the ashes of the person whose features they represent. of them grotesque.6 Sundry small lamps,some

There

are

several small

urns cinerary

of terra-cotta, with
in subjects

on toga-wrapt figures

the lids, and

the usual

relief. The
The

Museum
most

is

more

rich in bronzes
are
"

than

in

pottery.

remarkable
seven
or

naked

Tonans, about
on

eightinches
Greek

figureof Jupiter high,with an inscription

"

the

stand

in

but unintelligible, letters, a

female
a

with a cock on her head, and the wings of divinity purely Egyptian idols, found in the sphinx, many
"

tombs

around

Cortona,
"

the head

of

negro.

There But

is also

considerable of ancient

collection of Etruscan wonders

in the

coins. of

the wonder
a

Museum

Cortona,is
elaboration

bronze

of

lamp of such surpassing beautyand workmanship as to throw into the shade

every toreutic work yet discovered in the soil of Etruria. Were there nothing else to be seen at Cortona, this alone
would

demand

visit. It merits
I

therefore

more

detailed
individual in
a

than description articles.

It is

have

given generally
from

to

circular, about
like
a

twenty -three inches

the centre
rises

diameter,hollow
sort of conical

bowl, but

attached

sixteen

chimney or tube, to which must have been the rim are chain for its suspension. Round a of classic form, fed by oil from the great lamps,
like which
a

One

is formed

face,with
to

and

other holes in the forehead

and

cliin,

hole in the nose,

by

suspend it,

for the wicks.

1H

CORTONA.

lvi. [chap,

From

decoration of the bottom the higli

of the

lamp,

of the upper part,as well plainness comparative there is every the analogy of similar monuments, as from suspended, to believe that it was perhapsin a tomb, reason a sacrificial as lamp ; which in truth perhapsin a temple, to indicate.1 its remarkable size and beauty seem of art proves this monument to be of no very The style date, yet there is a certain archaicism about it which early and the marks
From in it
as

of ante-Roman
so

times.2

this monument,
can

beautiful in art and how it was

elaborate that the

art
were

decoration,we
admired
and

well understand
and other

Etruscan
so

candelabra

works

of toreutic

prized by
truth,as

the

Athenians,even
in

in the

days
of

of Pericles.3
art
no

In

Micali observes, in

mastery

other

Etruscan

work

bronze, except the larger

statues,can
1

rival this

gem.4
cites
an

It is the

from

such as were hung lyclinus, of palaces or ceilings temples

a

extract

from de
a

Modestinus

(leg.
gave
on

44, Msevia
which freedom condition
in
meus omnes

D.

Manumiss.

testam.),

(Virg.Ma.
and in
as

I. 726

; Plin.

XXXIV.

8),

shows
to

that

certain Roman
at

as

have

been
"

found

also

suspended
ones,

his slaves

his death,

sepulchres
in the Tomb Micali

even

in Etruscan

gia. of the Volumnii, at Peru-

his
et

(Mon. Ined, p. 78) thinks it funeral offering a sepulchral monument a the of the infernal to great god consecrated regions, by some lady of illustrious race, as the inscription seems
"

ing burnkeeping a light Saccus servus : sepulchre Eutychia et Hiene ancillse meae of their
"

sub
monumento

hac

conditione
meo

liberi sunto, mensibus mortis

ut

alternis

lucernam

accendant, et solemnia

to

show.

He

suggests that
to be

it may

have

hung
feast
as use

in the
was

chamber, where

the funei-al

peragant." 3 Micali (Mon. Ined. p. 75) says truly that it is of a stylebetween the celebrated
Wolf Chimaera and
; but

wont

well as celebrated,

of

the

and Capitol,

the

the anuual of

is

The or parentalia. inferice sepulchral lamps by the ancients well known, and rise, in the gave ages,
to

Orator he would

of the refer

Florence it to the of

Gallery
sixth
or

seventh
to

century

Rome,
of the late
a

middle

strange notions
for found it
was

of

which, according

the standard
be too

perpetual fire ;
that the
some were

asserted
in

painted
date. I

pottery, would
should
or

still burning
or

rather

say

the

fifth

tombs, though fifteen

had

twenty
were

century,

the close of Etruscan

pendence. inde-

centuries

elapsed since they kept burning

the interment.
in

It Lighted.
\\cre

seems,

is however, that lain)

sometimes

chres sepulMicali

p. 700
4

c. Pherecrates, 18, ap. Allien. XV. eund. I. 28. Critias, e. ; 22,p. ap.

long after

Micali,Mon.

Ined. p. 75.

chap,

lvi.] This relic of singular

a

ANCIENT

TOMBS.

U5

Etruscan

was antiquity

discovered foot of the

in 1840, at

spot called La
on

Fratta,

at

the

Mount
a

of Cortona,
a

tomb, but in
fortunate

The

Cortona, whose
to the

Montepulciano ; not in ditch,at a slight depth below the surface. is the Signora Tommasi, of possessor is said to have given 700 dollars husband
the road to found
it.5
at Cortona antiquities ;

peasantswho
are

There
one

two

other collections of

of the Venuti family, the other in possession the Palazzo Corazzi, though the greater part of the latter has been purchased by Holland, and is now to be seen in of Leyden.6 the Museum far as I am of EtrusThere is nothingmore, can as aware, in the

interest within traveller to

him

the

walls

of Cortona.

leave the
to steer

his tutelar deities the

Guide-books

the churches,the paintings, and such safely among in the Cathedral rocks as the sarcophagus said to be that of the Consul Flaminius,who lost his life by the reedy and credulity have Thrasymene" on which inexperience the helm when so often run aground ; but I will resume for the tombs of Cortona. we quitthe Gate of S. Agostino, The height on which the city stands is of stratified
"

"

"

sandstone, the
hard least
to

be

composes excavated into easily

same

as

the ancient

walls

"

too at

chambers, sepulchral

tooth by the Etruscans, who had not the aqua-fortis of the Egyptians, and rarely to eat a way into attempted rocks. anything harder than tufo or light arenaceous Here

then, as

at
on

tombs Rusellaa, Cosa, and Saturnia, the lower

or slopes

must

be looked for rather than

in the

around immediately
notices of this

the

plainbeneath, Yet on city-walls.

;

For

illustrations and

354

(Braun)
For

Mon.

Ined.

Instit. III.

lamp see Micali, Monumenti X. pp. 72, et seq. tav. IX.

Inediti,
; Bull. Inst.

tav. XLI.
fi

XLII.
a

of description
in

the

Etruscan
see

Inst. 1840, p. 164 (Fabroni); Ann. 1842, p. .53,et seq. (Abeken) ; 1843, p.

monuments Inst.

that

Museum

Bull.

1840, pp. 97"104

(Janssen).

146

CORTONA.

lti. [chap,

accumulations where ledgesin the slopes, tombs high ground made it practicable, As
a

of soil from
were

the

constructed.

the soil, however,

was

too

it was sepulchre, necessary to the usual and that it might be subterranean, according it was heaped over with earth. Of this description practice, is the celebrated

soft to preserve the form of it of masonry, to construct

Takella the
"

di

Pitagoea,

called from the vulgar so Pythagoras," dwelt and taught in this city, belief that that philosopher not the Croton though it was at Croton in Magna Graecia,
or

Cave

of

of Etruria. stands on the slope two sepulchre below the city. It has been known for or three furlongs and half buried ages to the world, but had been neglected This most remarkable beneath
;

the and

in the }rear 1834, it was earth,till,

vated re-exca-

it
a

now

stands

in all its

majesty revealed
a

to

the

sun,

like

temple of
is
now

the

Druids, amid

grove

of

cypresses. The
monument

in such

state

of ruin

as

at first

is by a The entrance hardly intelligible. doorway, leading into a small chamber, square-headed in surrounded by walls of massive rectangular masonry, One side of this which sundry gaps are left for niches.7 mense, roofed in by five imIt was chamber is in utter ruin. long blocks,8 restingon two semicircular masses ends of the which crowned the masonry at the opposite

sight to

be

'

The

doorway by

is 5 ft. 8 in. The

3 ft. 6 in. wide.

8

ft. 6 in.

6 ft. 6

high, by is only chamber in. Gori (Mus.

entrance

the
Inst.
8

entrance

to

another

tomb.

Bull.

1834, p. 197."
These ft. wide, and of
one

Castellani.
are

cover-stones 22

about

10 ft. The esti-

Etrus. III. p. 75, cl. II. tav. 2) describes this tomb

as

long,3 weight
mated

in. thick. has been

if it had

another

of

them

by

subterranean for such has

passage. been

What

he be

at

10,000lbs.

Bull. Inst. loc. cit.

mistook

provedto

chap,

lvi.]
;

THE

CAVE

OF

PYTHAGORAS.

447

chamber
ones

thus forming

which differsfrom ordinary vault, of voussoirs is

in

that each this,

course

composed

of

block. It is not easy to say if the architect understood single of the arch. the principle The blocks are of course and be in harmony cuneiform, or theywould not fitclosely, with the rest of the masonry. But their needless massiveand the mode in which they are and length, ness ported, supto indicate that they were not raised with a seem

On the other hand, the arch-principle. semicircular blocks,on which they rest, could not have been dispensed the symmetry of with,without destroying Of these five cover-stones, one onlyretains its the tomb. and serves as the key to the whole position, ; a second has the lintel of the door,the other on end still on one resting the ground; and the remaining three have been broken to ness, thickpieces. The walls of the chamber are of immense and the whole is surrounded by a circle of masonry of the same massive description, four or five feet high, a still feet in ciron cumferenc largerbasement, seventy-six resting and now almost level with the ground.9 The the chamber has been
as way Chiusi ; sockets for the stone

knowledge of

the

closed

in

the

same

Grotta

at Casuccini,

of the door being visible in the linteland threshold. flaps The sepulchral character of the structure is manifest from the niches,of which there are eight, for cinerary evidently No vestige remains of such furniture, urns or vases. now
nor

is there any

record of what

the tomb
recent

contained

when
a

first brought to

light ;
most

but

in the
was

excavations around

great quantityof rude

monument.

pottery

found

the

and

feature is the freshness surprising finish of the masonry, especially of the exquisite
terminates small above earth.
ment
see

The

The

wall circling
"

For

illustrations of this Etrus.

monu-

plainfascia onlya it is standing the space

a
"

in

of portion it and

Gori, Mus.

III. cl. II. Etrus. IV. 3.

between

tab. II. ;
tav. XI ;

Inghirami,Mon.

the

walls of the

chamber

is filled with

taf. V. Abeken, Mittelitalien,

448

CORTONA.

i.vi. [chap.

interior.

The from

slabs and the

blocks

of sandstone
are

brought
without

quarry, with
a

and

cement,
mason.

neatness

newly though put together, which might shame a

seem

modern

It is difficultto believe
two

they have

stood

thus between

and

three the other

thousand
same

wall shows circling the analogy of From that

The external years. sharpnessand neatness. there is

a

monuments,
to

no

doubt

this wall

was

the
over

basement the

mound

of

earth,

forminga
The

tumulus

sepulchre.1

of the masonry to imply no high seems perfection massiveness of the blocks, akin antiquity, yet the Cyclopean of to those in the city walls,and above all,the simplicity its vaulted roof,apparently prior to the invention of the earlier than arch, throw it back to a very remote period, of the Cloaca the construction and Maxima, perhaps Nor do the sharpcoeval with the foundation of Rome. ness of its masonry and neatness belie such an antiquity, seeing that other works of the earliest ages, as the Gate of Lions at Mycenae, and the walls of Cortona and Fiesole displayno inferior skill and execution ; though in this of the freshness is undoubtedly much case owing to the of the superincumbent earth. protection I should be inclined to regard this monument almost as coeval with the walls of Cortona, and of Pelasgic origin.
A

slab, however,

which from
to

was

found

near

it in the

late

excavations, and
must

its

precisecorrespondencein size,
one

have

served
an

close

of

the

niches

in

the

chamber, bears
1

in Etruscan inscription

characters.2

Abeken

(Ann.

Inst.
was a

1841, p. 37)
cone

had
2

thinks this tumulus of but Tarquinii,

a

like those
states

surmounted originally For this inscription see

In

it. Ann. Instit.

truncated

; and
a

1841, p. 37.
run

Latin

letters it would

that

square

abacus, topt by
to

ball of
seen

thus,
"

stone, similar
the

what

may
at

be

in

v
.

cusu

cr

apa

Museo found

Casuccini
near

Chiusi, had
as

petrial

clan.

been

the

monument,

if it

It is now

in the Museum

of the

Academy.

"

hap.

lvi.]
It
is

ANCIENT

SEPULCHRES

OF

CORTONA.

449

that singular Pitagora agree almost divisions of the modern

reason

the

dimensions

of this Grotta the

di

with precisely Tuscan

which braccio,

and multiples there is good

to

believe is the that

This Romans

confirms took

foot. just double the ancient Roman opinion alreadymentioned, that the from the very the
same

measure

Etruscans,and that
measures
as

the modern

Tuscans

use

their

celebrated forefathers.3
Near in
traces of other tumuli have this,

been

discovered,
wrote

rounded
states

basements that in

of rock. his time

Baldelli,who
there
existed

in

1570,

three

other

similar to this, and one precisely sepulchres, beneath road leading to Camuscia ; a second of S. Vincenzio
a

close to the the church

but both dreamed

a

had

been

almost

certain

man

who
; and

that treasure
on

destroyed by lay concealed

church
of

within

them

third

the

site of the
room

Sta. Maria The

Nova, removed

to make

for that edifice.4

said

Baldelli states
never

in

his

MS., which

though
the
two

frequently copiedhas
last-named
one

been

that printed, of five

enormous

tombs each

were

composed
as are

stones,
the fifth

forming
"

side of the

quadrangleand
stillextant
own

such it5 precisely covering and resembling the cromlechs Grotta

at

Saturnia,

of

our

country.

Sergardi.

At
and
on

the foot of the hill of Cortona, close to the road

to

Camuscia,

stands Montepulciano,

mound large

Bull. Inst. 1834, p. 198.

8.
was

Ut

supra,

weapons, chral

much

p.

376, n.
4

lamps.

pottery,and many sepulThis record is valuable,

the character of of Saturnia.

In this last tomb

found

large
bronze

as

throwing light on

earthenware

pot, containinga
a

the
5

analogoustombs
Mon. Inghirami,

with chiselled, vase, beautifully

vase

smaller

Baldelli, ap. Gori, III. pp. 75, 76;

Etr. IV. p. 72.

of the

same

metal

within it, holding

; besides

ap.

the ashes of the deceased

VOL.
II.

sundry
G G

450

CORTONA.

IVILCI1A1'-

or

barrow,

vulgarly called
been

II Melone.6

This

"

Melon

"

at suspectedof being sepulchral ; and of Siena,determined Signor Sergardi lengththe proprietor, secured the services of Signor it opened, and to have in Alessandro Francois,the most experiencedexcavator of operationsin the autumn Tuscany. He commenced the discovery of a sepulchreof 1842, and the result was most singularcharacter, bearing some analogyindeed to the Regulini tomb at Ca^re, but a strict resemblance to no other yet disclosed in the soil of Etruria. Unfortunately it had been rifled in previous ages, so that little of value its interest lies chiefly in its found within it ; and was injured. plan and construction, in which respects it remains un-

had

long

long passage
tumulus.

lined with For

masonry
seven

leads into the heart

of the

the last

is divided

by

low
two

thick

wall into
now

yards it widens, and two parallel passages

closed with wooden
in front

which doors.
square

lead The
mass

to

entrances,

wall partition of
a

is terminated

by
as

a
a

masonry,
or

which

probably served
and the passage
a

pedestalfor
on

lion
at
one

sphinx;
of the

opens, square you

a

either hand Enter

its further

end, into

small

chamber.
in
a

wooden

doors, and

are

tomb, communicating by long passage-like

with
an a

way doordoor every

inner

chamber.

The

other

wooden
in

opens

into

tomb parallel

similar precisely

respect.7
The resemblance of this tomb
"

to the

Eeguliniat
its passage
on
over

Caere

will strike you

immediately

not

only in

form,
same

but also in construction,for it is roofed

the

This

mound

is about
46 feet

640

ft. in cir-

length.
these you
can

In

the is
a

inner

wall

of

one

of

cumference,and
7

high.
are

tombs

hole,through
chamber

which
not

The
8

outer

chambers
; the

1 4 ft. long, 1 1 ft. in

look into another

by

ft. wide

inner, only

yet opened.

452

CORTONA.

[chap.i.vi. in the

to have sky, seem tombs. the parallel Though this

been

covered

same

manner

as

"

Melon
once,

"

had

perhaps more
such and
as

than

it

previously opened, still contained few pips; a

few remains in bronze and

been

broken

black very

pottery,a

bone, and

small

fragments of gold
been
seen

silver.
in

These, with everythingelse that has

the

discovered

mound,
; and

are

now

to be

at the Villa

Sergardihard
can

by

it is well for the for he is leisure,

traveller that driven

out

he

examine

them

at

soon

of the

tomb

by
were was

the intolerable Above discovered

clamp.

this tomb, in the three

higherpart of
chambers,

the mound,
of which

unrifled, and embossed, and

of Caere and

very small contained a

a vase

one

large covered

pot of bronze,

of black
a

Veii, with
contained

claylike the most ancient in processionof archaic figures

ashes. Besides these,there
"

relief. Both
were
"

human

of quantity of ordinary small black ware clay and a unguentaria with long slab of stone, apparently part of a sarcophagus, reliefs of very archaic style, of representinga number found figureskneeling. Here also were sundry spearheads of iron,in one of which is a portionof the wooden shaft almost petrified a hoe, a key, and ; togetherwith metal, all much a part of a lock of the same oxydised, small cotta.9 sphinx of bone, and remains of heads in terraan

eleganttazza
"

with similar reliefs

"

This believed
within

tumulus with it.

has

not
reason

been

half excavated, and

many
more

it is he little

good
as

that

chambers

Yet,

the
to

researches

have

proved
seems

so

profitable, owing
9

former

it riflings,
chiore
account

doubtful

detailed

of description

this tomb
illustraSr.

Missirini,Siena, 1843.
of the excavations
see

For

an

and

its contents,
been

togetherwith

also Bull,

tions,has

published by

Mel-

Inst. 1843, pp. 33,49.

chap,

lvi.]

THE

MELON

TUMULUS.

453

whether

they
artificial

will

be

continued. like natural

to

The
the

"

Melon

"

appears
or

wholly
Monteroni

not
"

Poggio

Gajella, honeycombed

the with the

of

near

Palo,
and
"

heights
have stand
not

sepulchral masonry-built
the field

cells

seems

been the off

raised

over

tombs,
Another

which mound

on

very offers
a

level further

plain.
for

far

excavating
is
a

enterprise. city
of

Cortona

great

interest. its the

"

Its

very

high
lost
in

antiquity
the with the dim its

the
"

mystery
of

hanging
remote

over

origin,

perspective early

ages

fables

connected
walls
"

history
of tombs of

the
"

problem

of

its

mighty
them,

paucity

discovered those that

around stand charm

and
all

the

singular
to cast
a

character charm
be

open, of who

combine which visited

"

over

Cortona,

mystery,
have

can

only
site.

fully

appreciated

by

those

the

CHAPTER

LVII.

PERUGI

A"

PER

USIA
.

The

City.

Sint tibi Flamiuius, Thrasymenaque

litora

testes.

Ovid.

Vix

crediderim resurrexisse.

tam

matvire

tantam

iirbem

crevisse, floruisse, concidisse,

Vell.

Paterculus.

Happy of

the

man

who

with
a

mind

open

to the

influences Cortona
to

Nature, journeys on
He passes
in all-beautiful

bright day
some

from
most

Perugia!
scenery
and
over

through

of the the
most

beautiful

Italy, by by

of lakes, lovely the

most
on

ground
in the

hallowed

events

among

memorable the shores

of "the

set his foot

of the ancient world. history reedy Thrasymene," the fierce the proud neck of Rome. on
I

For

ginian Cartha-

The beaten Before Riccio

day

on

which

retraced
in my

my

steps
with

over
a

this wellwhite
stone.

road, is marked
the leaving
to

memory

Tuscan

State, I halted

at

the hamlet panion, chance-comof call.

of

dine, for the worthy merchant, my

wont to

was

make
in

this his house

The
we

padrona
had
not

was

not

long

answering

our

demands, for
manner

arrived and

at sunset,

all expecting

of

sibilitie imposon

unheard-of reasonable

dainties,but
hour of noon,

had
and

drawn had

her
our

larder

at

the

left

chai-.

lvii.]

BATTLE

OF

THE

THRASYMENE.

455

to appetites

her the

discretion.

The

the

room

"

hostess smiled
our on

warmly into scape landa glorious cheerily"

sun

shone

laybeneath
the dishes stood

window

"

and

what
;

mattered

it that

the bare board

forks

were

of tin,and

that the spoons and that the merchant's servant, and a

for the Holy pilgrimin sackcloth, Rome-bound Week, whom, in his pious generosity, companion had my to table with us 1 invited to partake, sat down Travelling bearded
for him Italy, forgethome-bred in who would mix

and with the natives,

can

levels and exigencies, prejudices, pride,

all distinctions. At
at
our

Monte feet

Gualandro, we

entered the

Papal State.

Here

a broad laythe Thrasymene,1 expanse of blue, of the heavens. mirroringin intenser hues the complexion Three wooded isletslay, it seemed, on its unruffled floating surface. Towns the verdant and on villages glittered shore. Dark heights of purplewaved around ; but loftier the Apennines reared their far, and far more distant, and cold, Nature's nobles,proud,distant, crests of snow communion with the herd of lowlier mountains no holding
"

around Such eventful

them.
was

the

scene

on

which

the

sun

shone

on

that

day,when

Rome

lay humbled
of her
From

at
sons

thage, the feet of Car-

when

fifteen thousand their blood.

and

lake with

the

dyed yon plain height of Monte

view.

Gualandro foot of the

the whole

battle-field is within
a

At

the the

hill, or

little further to

the

on right,

shores of the halted the

on

lake,Flaminius,on his way

eve

from
sun

Arretium,
risen
on

the

of the battle.

Ere the

had

morrow

he entered

the pass between

taken from of the the

this hill and

the

The

Lacus

Thrasymenus, Thrasuof it

oldest ancients

native also

dialect, called it

Trasymenus, or Trasumcnus menus, antiquity. Polybius (III.82) calls

which Xi^vr), Tapatfxevr) Manncrt
as

Many

Tharsomcnus, instead of Thrasumenus.

Quintil. Inst. Orat. I. 5.

p. 416) takes to be correct,

(Gcog. probably

456

PERUGIA.

"

The

City.

[chap.lvii.

water, formed

and

by
we

plain, yon crescent-shaped from the lake,unthe recedingof the mountains conscious
marched
on

into

that

he

was

watched

from

these very

which armed

stand, by Hannibal's
that the

Balearic

on heights and lightslingers

undulatingground at our feet concealed the enemy'shorse. Seeing the foe in front,he marched on through the pass, tillit widens into the plain,
troops,and there, enve^ed lake, he
was

and the

Hannibal's
other

main

from by a dense mist which arose suddenly attacked on every side by and force in front,and by the cavalry
rear.

ambushers

in the

Flaminius he
so

then
a

saw more

he

was

but, nothing daunted, entrapped, and strugglefor victory ;

that
that

made
furious

perate descontest

the

ensued, so
an

intent

were

all

on

the work many

of

destruction,

which earthquake aside the their

course

overthrew of

cities in

Italy,
sea

turned up
in

rapid rivers,carried
cast

the

between

banks, and

down

even

mountains of the

mighty ruin, was

"

unknown,

unfelt,by any

combatants,

"

An

earthquakereel'd unheededly away None felt stern Nature rockingat his did

feet."

For

three

hours

the

Romans

maintain

the

unequal

contest, till at

they broke
which
in whose

and

when their leader Flaminius fell, length, to the mountain-steeps, fled,rushing, some
not

they were
waters

suffered to

climb,others

to the

lake,

soughtsafety. Six thousand, theyvainly who had broken through the foe at the first attack,and had retired to a heightto await the issue of the fight, the moreffected their escape, only to be captured on row. carried the news scattered fugitives Ten thousand
to Rome.2

-'

For

this battle

sec

Liv. XXII.

"

7;

15.
same

Pliny (II. 86)

year the
news

states

that

in the

III. 82"84 Polyb. Reb. Harm.

; Sil. Ital.V. ;

Appian.
IV.

of

no

less than

fifty-

p. 31.0,ed.Steph. Oros.

seven

earthquakeswas

broughtto

Rome.

chap,

lvii]

THE

THRASYMENE

LAKE.

457

now overflowing battle-plain with oil and wine, then steepedin a deeper flood,whose hue is traditionally of a brook, preserved in the name of Passignano,where the Sanguinetto to the village mountains again meet the shore. Here the traveller may crosses
" "

The

road

the

for which halt to taste the fish, but reputation;3

not
as

the lake retains its ancient

he

values skin and

comfort, let him

tarry here
for thirsting
"
"

the
his

for legionsof light-armed foes night,

lie

blood,and

the

powers
"
"

also of air and

are

water to rob

mali

culices, ranceque palustres

Thames
on

in

league beyond

him
set

of repose.
the

To
our

fire is the

an

achievement
we

degenerate days, but

of
more

Thrasymene, if
inflammable heaven.4 the

may
was

believe tradition, was

once

and stuff,

burnt utterly On the summit

up

by

fire from
hill
a

of the

beyond

lake,are
; but

fresh

of admiration, in objects

vale of Italian richness

below,
I had

and

ruined towers

of feudal

grandeur above

ere

half studied the

scene,

Magione.
blame

Here

my
was

him, for he
a

myself in the littletown of companion drew bit ; and I could not welcomed by the two sister heartily
from
sex

I found

landladies,and
finest

welcome the
to

specimens of Junos, were enough

fair Clotilda has

the younger, one of the I have seen in this land of

of any
man.

stay the steps

made
a

The

been already

publiccharacter by

Sil. Ital. V. 581. Plin. II. 111.

totum
"

into its waters

"

Trasymenum
Valerius

lacum Antias

Fulmina

Tyrrhenas Trasymeni
:

torsi t

arsisse
narrat.

in undas

It is

pityto spoil a
the pure
be

pretty
waters

Ictusqueaetherea
flamma,

per

stagna patentia

tale ; but in

justiceto

of the lake it must

said, that before

Maximus

Fmnavitlacus,atquearsernntfluctibus ignes
"

Pliny's time, Valerius

7, 6,)had recounted
great
inustum 70
"

(III.
both dira Antias

it among

Hannibal's lacum Italicus

making

mere as

metaphor
a

of what

deeds

"

Trasimenum Silius

recorded have

fact.
a

Strange that

memoria.

(V.

he should his

found

Pliny to repeat

74) also made

Jupitercast

his bolts

folly.

1,58

PERUGIA."

The

City.

lvii. [chap.

Miss

; "Sedgwick

she

is

no

in the full fructification of

longer the unripe maiden, and it may be, with beauty,

"

but less

Of Cornelia's mien

Than

the

air light

of

graceful queen." Egypt's

But

these

are

not

matters

for the

antiquary
"

"Aroint

thee! The

witch!"
road

from

Magione
stream

to

Perugia traverses
seems

the

rich

vale of the its Etruscan

Caina, a
name.5

which

to

have

retained

Perugia is seen at some heightwith crowning its lofty olive-girt

domes and
tower towers.

miles' distance,
a

long level
before

line

of

About few houses

one

two

miles

reaching it, a
tombs around The

with

about
most

it, by the

road-side, marks

the

site of

of the

interesting-

Perugia ;

it will be described in the

following
is better

chapter.
known
as

site is called La

Commenda,
few Etruscan

or

the Torre
is
one

di San of the

Manno. very

Perugia
retains
"

cities that One of the

anythinglike
of Etruria
"

its ancient

importance.
not

heads

of Its

old,it is stillamong

the firstcities

of Central
has it
even

Italy.

gloryhas
for

waned, greatly
fifteen thousand for
me

nor departed, utterly it is yet a largeand wealthy

with city,
It

inhabitants.
describe
or even

is not

to

enumerate

the

manifold

objectsof

interest in

either Perugia, and

five-score

in its

turesqu pic-

streets,its cathedral
in its treasures

churches, or

and of architecture, sculpture,

Those

of the latter art

alone, the works

so

of

painting. Perugino and

the Umbrian

to absorb generally between what littletime and attention the traveller passing Florence and Rome has to spare for a provincial city ; so hour in to the antiquities that few give a thought or an

school,are

abundant

as

Caina

is

an

Etruscan with
at

familyname,
at

Chiusi and

its

met frequently

and Perugia,

augmentativeof

neighbourhood. It is the Gaie,or Caia (Caius).

460

PERUGIA."

The

City.

[chap.lvii. all the ancient

The

best

gates of

and preserved Perugiais the Arco

the

grandestof

d'

Aitgusto,

the avgvsta inscription, pervsia, over of regular masonry of travertine, It is formed arch. inches high ; some of the uncemented, in courses eighteen of blocks being three or four feet in length. The masonry with that below it, and is prothe arch hardly corresponds bably of subsequent date and Roman, as the inscription to testify, though the letters are not necessarily seems The arch is skew, or oblique coeval with the structure. ;
so

called from

the

and the gate is double, like those

Above the arch is
a

of Volterra

and

Cosa.8

frieze of six Ionic

;

colonnettes, fluted,

with alternating

shields

and

from

this

springsanother
second frieze of

arch, now
Ionic

blocked

up, surmounted

by

All the work above the lower not fluted. pilasters, of later date than the original tion construcarch is evidently of the structure, of the gateway.9 The entire height or stands, cannot be less than sixty as it now seventy feet. This gate stands recessed from the line of the city-wall, about and is flanked on either hand by a tower, projecting and rising, narrowing upwards,to a level with twenty feet, the top of the wall above the

gate. The masonry

been

of these

The

gate is 14

feet 6 inches

wide,
feet the

the

keystone of
architects did
not

the of

arch, original
the
to

20

feet 4 inches the

from

deep,and about 22 ground to the spring of

will from

which
structure

the

existing

choose

replace,
della

arch, the keystoneof which

conse-

This Via
"

gate is sometimes
Vecchia.

called Arco

quently ground.

be

nearly
are

30

feet

the
The
not

There round
of

17 voussoirs.

Canina, Arch.
that

Ant.

VI. p. 55.
are
no

He valid

moulding
unlike Fallen. have
now

it is very

simple,
di Giove
seems

says

though
to

there

that
In

the

Porta

at
to

documents
the

prove

this gate older than which the in-

the
on

there spandrils side

a on

time

of Augustus, to refer
a

been

one

massive the
in
a

head,
other
correa

would scription constructed works in

it,it is at
times,

least
to

quite disfigured ;

manner

similar

stone, though not projecting

of the most

ancient

spondingposition.This

head

may

have

chap,

lvu.]
to

THE

ARCH

OF

AUGUSTUS.

461

towers,

the

height of

the

imposts of

the
seems a

arch,
to

sponds corre-

with

that of the

and gate itself, that

be the

structure original

; all above

is of height

later

period.
rises with

Within
to

the

citya noble wall of rusticated masonry unconnected feet,now or heightof fifty sixty
the
it may

the gate, whatever This

have
one

been

of old.1
entrances to

gate
there

still forms

of the

the

city,
Its

though

is

populoussuburb imposing.
"

without

the walls.

appearance

is most

truncated obelisks, them

"

the

rous towers, like pondelofty tall archway recessed between

The colonnettes above
it
"

the frieze of shields and arch

the

second
to

soaringover
"

it may all, a gallery,

be, whence
with which whole

annoy
or

the foe

the venerable

masonry
"

overgrown
a

moss,

dark with the breath of ages

most

form

carries the mind

into forcibly

the

past.
Porta Marzia for

Another
or

ancient
was,

is, gate very like that of Augustus,2

Arco Marziale
mere or

rather
is
now

the

what
which

to be

seen

is the
to
so

skeleton of the
room
a

gate,
olden

was

taken But
to
,

down
preserve

make

for

the

modern

citadel. time the from

curious

relic of the

utter

the architect built destruction, Sangallo the

blocks

composing

facade

into

bastion

of

the

fortress, where, imprisonedin the brick-work, they remain

to be

liberated
seem as

by

the shot of the next

out

of Perugia, besiegers
an

and
would

much

of

place

as

ancient

Etruscan

be in the streets

of the modern

city.

Canina, (Archit. Ant.

the
one

V.

p.

96)
the

celebrated this is with

men,
a

Gate

of

Volterra.

Above

pointsout
an

of similarity
at

this gate to called

frieze of six

pilasters alternating
of shields, three Over of this

ancient

Antioch,
a

instead figures, and two

Gate
2

of Medina. Like that it has

of horses' heads.
"

in
in

one

and spandril, other

on

projectinghead something like one

a

is the

inscription
COLONIA VIBIA frieze
;
same

the

to

correspond, besides
of the

and

below

the
as on

is also the

third

the

top
a

arch, which
to

inscription
AVGVSTA

the other

gate

"

gives

the

whole

resemblance

the

PERVS1A.

462

PERUGIA."

The

City.

[chap- tvm-

The is in the

Museum

Universityof Perugia,and is rich in Etruscan and bronzes the urns, inscriptions especially antiquities, produceof the tombs in the neighbourhood.
"

Among
of cippi

the most

ancient

relics

are

some

small

square archaic

fetid limestone, like those

In
one

of Chiusi, with
a

figures in low relief.

are
on

of these
a

number
;
a

of females

dancing to
One
of these

the

music

of

svbulo

lion is

reclining

each side above.3

is cippi

a death-bed displays A child is stretched embracing the corpse of its scene. are beatingtheir breasts and wailingthe parent prceficce other figures stand with their hands to their dead many and augurs heads in the usual attitude of grief priests round and litui, altar. On with chaplets are an gathering in a rests a tall fluted column, terminating this monument in Etruscan and bearing a funeral inscription pine-cone, other singularpillars columella There are characters.4 three feet high,all bearingsepulof travertine, two or chral inscriptions.5 burned their dead, of Perugia generally The Etruscans discovered this site. The for very few sarcophagi are on similar to those of Chiusi, but mostlyof urns are cinerary of nenfro, similar dark a or travertine, though sometimes
"
" " " "

circular and

grey
3

stone

and

the

urns,

it may

be,

are

of the

latter,
one

Micali, Ant. Pop. Ital. tav. LVIII.

2.
tav.

they had
the

similar
size of

application ; for
been

Inghirami,
These
are

Mon.

Etrus.

VI.

of colossal tumulus

has

discovered

on

2.
5

Alyattes,at Sardis (Bull.

all
in

ments at

abound

phallic. Such monuthis district, especially they

; it is
were

Inst. 1843, p. 58), the

same

though

this maybe

Chiusi. is
no

That doubt

sepulchral
both

Steuart
one

there the

proved
and

by
the

of

taken by Mr. thing that was and (Lydia Phrygia, p. 4) for the termini olpot which Hero" "

on them, inscriptions In in tombs. discovery

by their
Etruria,

dotus
monument.
as

(I.93) tells
Dr.

us

surmounted

that them

Lydia,
of

Braun

regards

traditional

mother-country

Mithraic

symbols.

Bull. Inst. loc. cit.

chap,

lvii.]
on figures

THE

MUSEUM.

463

while the has

find
seen

the lids

are

of the former. and

He

who
not
are

the ash-chests of

of Volterra here
;

will Chiusi,

much

novelty

indeed

these

urns

than for their rather for their inscriptions, interesting The not intrinsic beauty or are subjects singularity. Among them are, combats of the Centaurs very varied. at and Lapithse, the sacrifice of Iphigenia, more common
"

Perugia than on any other Etruscan site,6 the hunt of the Calydonian boar, Medusa's head between flowers, Glaucus, or the Scyllacontending with two warriors
"
"

"

"

his fishes'tails round class, coiling deityof the same armed with a club, a winged female the legsof a man seated on a hippocampus, two men ridingon a sea-horse, the other the lyre. one playingthe Pandean pipes, modes affords proof that the Etruscan This Museum adhered of burial were a to, after the cityhad become dependencyof Rome ; for several urns, trulyEtruscan in in Latin letters ; every other respect, bear inscriptions in some even though a native character is stillconspicuous

male

"

"

of these.7
In

this Museum known

is

an

celebrated inscription,

as

the
no

longestyet
less than

in the Etruscan

character, having

lines. It is on a forty-five three feet and a half high and nine is on of its sides, two and inscription
are

shaft of travertine inches the

square
; the

which letters,

coloured

red, do credit
near

to

Etruscan

Perugia in 1822. vain to guess at. Sundry attempts have is one which which interpretation, among
6

discovered

carving.8 It was The subjectit is in

been made
at

pronounces
Ital. III.

it

Bull. Vermiglioli,

Inst. 1831, p. 10 ;

Micali

(Ant. Pop.
"

tav.

Gori, Mus.
Mon.
7

Etrus. I. tav. 1 72 ; VI. tav. L.

"

Inghirami,

Etrus. Such
as

Thania. Caesinia. Volunmi."

"

"L.PomponiusEfarsini"eCnaius(Gna"L.Volumni. Lai. Theonius."

but his gives this inscription, does it "facsimile by no means justice. It is also given with various readingsby Vermiglioli,Iscriz. Perug. I. p. 85.

CXX.)

Pia"" tus?)

4G4

PERUGIA."

The

City.

[chap.r.vn.
to

to

be

written about in

in choice the

Irish, and
across

be

notice of
to to

to

mariners
to
more

voyage
!9 A

the

Bay

Biscay
it

Came

Ireland

notice

attached

hints

modestly that
In
vases
a

it may

refer possibly

agrarian

matters.

the few

Museum

of

Perugia is
Such

not

rich, yet it
an

amphora of large size, five feet high, in the later style, though The varnish. without subjectis Penelope and her son Telemachus dom, free; the design betraysgreat beauty and in the figureof a female behind the particularly Another in the same chaste queen. vase style represents often found on vases, but never bridal-scene a a subject in the vases urns or on sarcophagi.There are also some with bands of animals, black and purple, earliest style, on a pale yellow ground. beautiful paintedpottery, like that of Vulci and As found at Perugia,it seems is very rarely Tarquinii, bable propossesses
"

worthy

of notice.

is

that
ware

it

was

not

manufactured

on

the

spot.

The
or

which

is most

abundant, is unpainted,of black

red

in relief, with archaic figures sometimes though clay, to Chiusi and its neighbourhood.1 not in the style peculiar There are a few small urns, and several heads, portraits

of the deceased, in terra

cotta.

One

of the

latter has

physiognomy thoroughlyEgyptian.
In bronzes

this Museum

is much

richer than

in

pottery.
men,

Here

are

many

lamina

of this metal, wTith reliefsof

a
a

animals, and
A minotaur,

chimseras,mostlyin
or
a

human

with figure

of art. style very rigid A draped bull's head.

"

female,with
in her hand.
"

bough on her shoulder and an unguentarium A fragment representing a biga the horses
"
"

9 1

Etruria Micali

I. pp. 377 Celtica, says the

387.

the

that figures, Mon.

it is not

worthy

of

pottery of

Perugia

notice.

Ined. p. 217.
'

is

so

in inferior, especially

the design of

CHAP.

I.VII.]

BRONZES.

465

and

beingbroken away. with Hercules shakinghands one bears a four-pronged sceptre the
charioteer
" "

fragments ; who with some divinity other a god, one of the

wielded the

Two

small

nine

great Etruscan
man

deities who who hair,

"

thunder,

graspinga
to

by

the

stay the impendingvengeance.

on

cries for mercy and tries A fragment, beautifully

the beardless Hercules chiselled, representing

bow
two

drawing his
a

armed

warriors.

"

with winged sphinx,

like a foolscap. tutidus, There and very Such other

are

also many

little deities
; some

in figures

bronze

of

archaic,even
is the

oriental character.

nexed goddess shown in the anwoodcut, with two pairof wings,

tutulus

on

her

head, and
has
a

dove

on

her hand. of A

Another

single pair
her bosom. but
one
ETRUSCAN
FOUR-WINGED

from wings springing third is

a

mermaid,
two

with
as

instead of fish-tail,

usual. toreutic

GODDESS.

All these relics of Etruscan art, besides others silver in the

now

at

Munich, and
were

some

reliefs in

British

Museum,
makes

found

in

1812,

on

spot called Castello

but not in
a

di S.

Mariano, four miles from Perugia,

it probable that times.2
or

tomb

which

buried for concealment

in ancient

theywere They are supposed

to be the decorations

of sacred

funeral furniture.3

For

and descriptions

illustrations of

band
3

of British condottieri.

these work bronzes, see Vermiglioli's thereon, Saggio di Bronzi Etruschi, Perugia,1813 ; Micali, Ant. Pop. Ital. III. p. 32-41.
tav. XXVIII. 1
"

Micali,Ant. Pop. Ital.III. p. 40. tav.

XLV.
to

They

have

ofteu the

been

supposed
of
a

have

formed car, but

adornments maintains

6 ; XXIX. 5 ;

votive there

Micali
in

that

1"5,
The

9 ;

XXX.

3,

XXXI. is celebrated

is

nothing

the

form, size, or
to

spot where
in

they were Perugian annals

found for
a

victory
a

of these articles subjects view. of many Duplicates other works in bronze

H

favour of

that

obtained,in the fifteenth century, over

VOL. II.

and
H

them, and silver, equally

fc66

PERUGIA."

The

City.

[chap.lvii.

There

are

also in this in
an

Museum,

some

fragmentsof
carved

curule

chair, turned

elegantGreek

resembling the style,

in Etruscan

of furniture painted or representations

tombs. Of other articles in

censers

bronze
or

there braziers
"

are

very

massive

handles,
"

of probably
some

helmets,

native

monuments
"

ponderoushinges with cheek-pieces, the on as represented a pair of greaves, with the spears
"
"

inscriptionTutas," in
pots and
"

Etruscan
"

each4 letters, on

"

-pater -a",

vases
"

of various forms

strigilsladles
"

"

strainers
or specula

armlets

fihulce and
"

some

very

beautiful

mirrors.5

There A
near

is also

collection of coins.6
was

very

singularmonument
1844.

discovered

in

tomb

Perugia, in

It is

sarcophagus of ne?ifro,
those at the ends with senting reprea

with reliefs on

three of its sides the

at figures reclining

banquet,one
dependence
of this

lyre

remarkable,
spot,
are

discovered

on

the

same

the

cityon

Cortona,
that

preserved in the

Glyptothek at
Letter.

of which

this is the sole type ; and

Munich.
4

the battle-axe
e

of the ancient is expressive initial is also

or,
as

(Giorn. Scient. Vermiglioli

name,

whose

marked

"

di

Perngia, 1840)
tuto

interpretsthis "dethe old Latin

"Verusia,"
rusia Latin
"
"

they

write

it,"Fefrom the "Tuof

fend me," verb Ined.

5

derivingit from
used

wliich

they

derive

by
these
"

Plautus. with is
a

Mieali(Mon.
him.

ferio; just as Todi,

those

they
from the

derive the

p. 338) agrees

tere," the
one
"

on inscription

coins

Among

singular
the Goddess

Tuder,
dendo device of
to
"

now

tudcs, a club, a

tun-

representing Mean,"
Fate, attended
"

or

of

implied by
on

constant

by another
"

called goddess,
or

coins.
names

But

this system cities

Leinth," crowning

Hercle,"
at

HerGer;

the referring
a

of Etruscan

cules,with Cerberus hard, Etrusk.

Gottheiten
6

his

feet.

Latin

originis more
"

ingeniousthan
occurs

Spiegel,II.

taf. CXLI
4.
on

well-founded.
an

Peruse," which

in

der

Etrusker, taf. V.
a

Etruscan
of

in the Museum inscription

seems

Some
a

coins, with
on bipennis

wheel

one

Oddi,
nal

Perugia,
of the

to be

side,and
an

the reverse, attributed

to

with
Pe-

form

word. That

origiMicali, Ant.
been

the

Etruscan

V,

are

Pop. Ital. I.
the

p. 140.
"

the coins with

erro-

rugia by the
and IV.

worthy Jesuits, Marehi

Grave,
class III.
tav.

legend

have Peithesa,"
to

Tessieri. yEs

neously attributed already stated.

Perugia,has
p. 89.

been

183.0. p. ; cf. Melchiorri, Bull. Inst. 123. They think that the wheel shows

I't xvpra,

468

PERUGIA.

-The

City

I.VII. [chap.

supposingthem
some

not

but regularmilitary,

the inhabitants of

border
The

town.7
art

rigid, yet not deficient in is evidently of early date, ; and the monument expression conquest.8 undoubtedlypriorto the Roman Perusia, like Cortona, is of high antiquity. Justin calls 9 while Servius makes it appear that it of Achaean origin ; is as unIts antiquity Umbrian settlement.1 doubted it was an its former as splendourand importance.2 That
style of
is very it
was one

of the Twelve

cities of the Etruscan

tion Confedera-

is established

by

abundant of

We mention after

have made

no

record of Perusia

testimony.3 its early history. The

time
of

first

is of the

Fabius, who,
said

having crossed
was

the dread

Ciminian

is forest,

by
sinates Sar-

"

It

supposed by Signor
this relief

Mela

qui
who

Perusise
were

consederant.
an

The

chiorri, that

represented
of
a

ancient the

Umbrian

tribe,

colony going forth to fulfilthe vow sacred spring," according to

"

inhabited

Apennines.
p. 227

Polyb.
(II. p.
was

the

II. 24, 7 ;
19 ;

Strabo,V.
concludes
to

; Plin. III.

ancient p. 42.

Italian

rite.

Bull. Inst. 1844, with this But

Festus, v.

Ploti.

Cluver

Vermiglioli agrees
has been
to

577) hence
built
because

that Perusia the

opinion.
this Dr. his view H.

Bull. Inst. 1844, p. 143.

long prior by
the

Trojan
driven

war,
out

ably
be

shown
;

by
yet
tims victhe

the Umbrians,

when

Brunn,

untenable

of Etruria

built Sarsina Pelasgi, Servius founded

seems

opinion that
to

it represents a funeral human and other

to

beyond

the

Apennines.
was

with procession,

to hint that Perusia

before X. it

be sacrificed at the tomb

of

the latter

city. Servius (ad yEn.

tradition,that
or

198)
was

manes

the

deceased, though ingeniously records

built solve culty, diffitext

another

supported (Ann. Inst. 1846, pp.

188
"

by

Aules, father
founded X.

brother
as

of

202), does
and
I

not

every

Ocnus, who
tells us.
2

Mantua,
200.

Virgil

therefore
to
me a

offer in the
more

yEn.

what

seems

plausible
it to be
temporary con-

interpretation.
8

Dr.

Brunn

considers

Appian. Bell. Civ. V. 49 SS^av e'xovo-77 a^iciaeccs. apxcuSrwros 3 asserts Appian (loc.cit.)expressly
"

kcu

with the earliest the tombs

An

in paintings

it.

And
twice

Stephanus also (v.Tleppalaiov).

cites it among
"

Tarquinii. ment monuillustration of this singular

of

Livy

the chief cities

"

of Etruria

capitaEtruriae

once

(IX.

is

published in
XX.
1.

the

Mon.

Ined.

Inst. IV. tav. XXXII.

9

it with Cortona and Arre37) classing tium, and again (X. 37) with Volsinii and urbes Arretium
; here

Justin.

"

Perusini
ducunt.

quoque

the calling

ti-io

originem ab
1

Achseis yEn.

validissimae.

Scrv.

ad

X.

201.

"

Sarsinates

chap,

lvii.]

HISTORY

OF

PERUSIA.

469

some

traditions to have the walls of this believed to have

won
"

over victory

the Etruscans,
is
more

under

city a battle which been foughtat Sutrium.

won

rally genethat

However the

may

be, as Livy remarks, the Romans

day, and

Perusia,Cortona, and Arretium to sue for a truce, compelled in 444 which was granted for thirty years.4 This was (b.c. 310). In the following year, however, Perusia joined in opposingthe power of Rome ; the rest of the Etruscans
and

after the fatal rout

out

at the

Lake

of

Vadimon,
have

it still the

held

till Fabius

marched
its

against it, defeated

would

Etruscan

army

under

and walls,

taken

the

by city
We

storm, had it not surrendered

next

into his hands.5

find Perusia

in

with Clusium, in conjunction

the year 459, opposing the propraetor Fulvius ; but the confederates were routed by him with great slaughter. Yet this defeat did not
no

break

the

of spirit

the

Perusians

for

sooner

had

the

consul

Fabius

withdrawn

they excited the rest of the Etruscans Fabius, quickly them anew, Etruria, overcame re-entering slew 4500 of the citizens, and captured 1 740, who were somed ranof brass each man.6 at 310 pieces Not yet even did their struggle for independence, but in the theyrelinquish two other defeats, following one near year, after sustaining the other near Volsinii, in Rusellae, they were compelled, with Volsinii and Arretium, to sue for peace ; conjunction when for forty truce a granted them, on the years was payment of a heavy fine.7 At what precise periodPerusia fell under the Roman yoke does not appear, but it must have been soon after the
than
events

his army, to revolt ; but

last

recorded,as

ere

the

close of the had lost its

fifth

century

of

Rome, the whole

of Etruria other

independence.
in

Perusia

joined the
37. Diodorus

cities of Etruria

furnishing

Liv.

IX.

(XX.

p.

'

Liv. IX. Liv. X.

10.
'M.

fi

Liv. X. 30, 31.

at Perusia. 773) also placesthis victory

470

PERUGIA."

The

City.

[chap.

lvii.

supplies
War
;

for

Scipio's

fleet

at

the of

close

of

the

Second

Punic
sisting con-

its

quota,
corn,

like and

that
fir for

Clusium

and

Rusellee,
It is

of
to

ship-building.8
the year

supposed
a

have

been

colonised
a

about

71 1,9 and
in

few
wars

years
of

after, it played
;

conspicuous
Antonius, Csesar,
and

part

the

civil

Rome

for

Lucius Octavius latter

being
shut

hard himself
into
;

pressed
up in

by
this

Augustus, city,which
He

then the

besieged, by
to

starved

surrender.
one

gained little, however, despair,

; set

the
his

capture
house,

for

of

the

citizens, in
on

fire

and

slew the

himself whole

the
to

ruins

and

the

flames

spreading,

reduced

city
afresh

ashes.1

It

was

afterwards
as

rebuilt, and
over

colonised

by Augustus,2

the

inscriptions
its rank

its

gateways
the chief

testify, and
cities of

it still maintained
even

among

Etruria,
when taken
it

in

the
a

latter

days
the

of

the

Roman and
was

Empire,

sustained

siege by

Goths,

ultimately

by

Narses.3

Liv. This

XXVIII. inference
"

45.

as

patron
Civ.

deity
V.
IV. 49 5 9G

of

Perusia. Cass. Paterc.

I. 41

Appian.
XLVIII. II. 74
;

is

drawn Vibia
"

from

the the
; bein

Bell.
14 ;

; Dio ;

inscription
ancient
cause

Colonia called

on

Florus, Aug.
VI.

Veil.

gate
C.

Porta
was

Marzia consul
;

Sueton. ad
2

9,
833.

; Lucan.

; Serv.

Vibius Cluver.

Pansa
II. 219. p.

iEn. Dion

that

year.

578

Cramer,

Cass. mentioned

loc.
as

cit.
a

It

is

subseStrabo

Ancient
1

Italy,
a

I. p.

quently
of been Vulcan. accustomed
to

colony

by

Except
had

temple

The

(V.
72,

p. 226), ed.

Pliny
and

(III. 8), Ptolemy

is
on

(p.
the

citizens
to

previously
Juno,

Bert.),

placed
Via

by

worship
the

according
but after in

the

rites
catas-

Peutingerian
See
3

Table p. 146. Bell.

the

Amerina.

of

Etruscans,

this her

Vol.

I.

trophe

they

set

up

Vulcan

place,

Procop.

Goth.

I. 16

IV.

33.

CHAPTER

LVIII.

PERUGIA."

PER

USIA.

The

Cemetery.

Hie

maxima

cura

sepulcris
Prudentius.

Impenditur.

Piu

die

non

credi

son

le tombe

carche. Dante.

The and

of necropolis

Perusia

offers

rich field for research has been have directed

been

; to

of late years, since

in

attention

excavations
to

Etruria, numerous
is

tombs

brought

owing to the archaeological principally it is also due zeal of the Cavaliere Vermiglioli, to whom for the student that many of these sepulchres, fortunately of antiquity, remain in statu quo, with all their urns, just light.
This
as

they were

discovered.

GROTTA First and foremost

in

DE'

VOLUNNI.

in interest the most

and rivalling magnitude and beauty, celebrated sepulchres of the land,

which
no one

is the
or even

"

Tomb
passes

of the

Volumnii,"

who
see.

visits,
It is
passes

easy of the very the

should omit through Perugia, to for the high-road accomplishment, door.

a

to

Rome

It lies about low

two

miles

from

in Perugia,

slopeof

eminence, which

rises at the base

of the

47~

PERUGIA.

"

The

Cemetery.

[chap,lviii.

height on lofty
at
a

which

the

citystands.

The

keys are

kept
now

house

hard

You

descend

by the tomb. of steps to a long flight

of wood
was
:

the entrance,
one,
a

closed

by

door

the ancient
"

huge
"

slab of

which travertine,

the mouth outside.

grave, but

of the You

stone on againstit a mere placed rests against the rock sepulchre," now
"
"

enter,

here

is

none
"

of the

chill of the
in
a

the breath

damp
air.

atmosphere ;
summer

of the scirocco, you are that is, in winter, when

course

warm,

it is most

visited ; in On
one

it is of

cooler than the external

which are slabs of travertine, door-posts, in Etruscan characters catches your an inscription the letters cut, and so bright is are eye ; and so sharply the red paint within them, that you can credit scarcely this epitaphto have an antiquityof anything like two thousand years.1 Daylight cannot penetrate to the further end of the is lighted tomb ; but when a torch yourself you perceive with a very lofty to be in a spaciouschamber roof,carved
into the form

of the

of beam

and

rafters,but

with

an

dinarily extraor-

high pitch;
chamber open
save
a

the

slopesforming an
or

angle

of 45" this
all

with the horizon, instead of 20"

nine

25",

as

usual.2

On

others, of much

smaller

size,and

empty,
where with

one

at the further

the entrance, end, opposite

on
a

each party of revellers,

snow-white

couch,

decorated chapletedbrow, torque-

neck, and

goblet
give

The
to

inscription on
be
a

the

doorpost
to

ignorance of

the

language,
The may

to

an

seems

general epitaph
be Arnth Suthi that thus Larth
Acil
"

the
in

readily ; though analogies interpretation

suggest themselves.
fifth and
"

tomb.

It

would
"

written Velinmas

initial of the

Latin
Aruneal

letters

last

words

possiblybe
this

Phusiur
to

Phece."

Th."
-

It
was

seems

imply
the

the

sepulchre
Arnth

The

dimensions
are

of

central
and

made

by

two

brothers

chamber about
of the

24

feet

long,12
10

wide,
the

and

Larth

Velimnas.

Of the rest of the

it were inscription

vain,

in

our

present

top cornice, and 0 in the pediment.

16

high" i.e.,

feet to

chap,

lviii.]

TOMB

OF

THE

VOLUMNII.

473

in

hand, lie
"

mockery of
have bidden
are

the

in solemn of conviviality petrifaction for ages on ages they to which pleasures

"

adieu.
seven urns one

There

in this with
a

chamber, five with

female in
a

bent recum-

of figures
and
one

men,

sitting posture,
;
a

of

character. peculiar
over a

All,except the last, are

a

of travertine,coated

with

fine stucco and finish,

they are
truth
to

wrought, indeed, with nature by no means show them inscriptions

"

skill, a
in

common

Etruscan
one

urns.

The

all to

belongto
as are

Velininas,"or
Four

Volumnius,
of the
urns

it

was

Romans.3

differ in littlebeyond

very the ages of the men, his

that of family, corruptedby the similar, seeming to each of whom is

in half-draped on reclining, luxury, but

banqueting-couch ;

itself which or urn sarcophagus the case ; but the represents the couch, as is generally lid alone, which is raised into that form, hung with and supported while the legs, by elegantly-carved drapery, for the ashes forms a high pedestalto the receptacle couch. On the front of each
at

here

it is not

the

of these ash-chests
a

are

four

one patercB,
"

Gorgon'shead in the centre no idea, longerthe hideous mask of the original of later art but with a pair of the beautiful Medusa serpents knotted on her head, and wings also springing
each
"

with angle,

from

her brows.4

Mliller Volumna

(Etrusk. II.
mentioned

p. 62) thinks

"

"Volnius"

"

is the

correct

one;

and

the

by Augustin goddess
of

this is followed of Varro.

A

by

Miiller in his edition Volumnia of the Salii is

men-

(de Civit. Dei, Voltumna,

Etruria
;
so

IV. 21) is identical with celebrated

Lucia

the

tioned in the songs op. cit.IX.

(Varro,
The Varro from it

also

Gerhard,

Gottheiten that

61.). The wife of Coriolanus

Liv. II. 40. is said her have

der Etrusker, p. 35. this and is

a

It is certain Italian

is well remembered.

very

ancient

name,

goddess Velinia, who (V.

the from
4

by
name

Lat. V.
who

Varro (Ling. probably Etruscan. of Volumnius a 55) speaks wrote Etruscan though tragedies,
" "

7 1 .) to have lake the

The

derived

Velinus, may
same

taken

source.

(I. p. 135, Eng. trans.) says MS. that the reading of the Florentine

Niebuhr

character

of

these

heads

is

sufficient to prove

the late date

of the

b74

PERUGIA."

Tiik

Cemetery.

i.\ hi. [chap.

The

fifth male, who of

occupiesthe post
feast, lies
on a

of honour
more
a

at

the

end upper decorated than

the

couch
on

richly
loftier

those of his
urn

kinsmen, and
monument

much

His pedestal.
In

is the

grand

of the

sepulchre.

arched doorway, and on an represented the statue of at the angle of the urn, sits, either hand and a pairof with bare bosom a winged Fury, half draped, knotted her brows. bears One snakes over a flaming her shoulder ; and the other probablybore a torch on the
centre

is

similar
has
stern

emblem,
broken

but

one

hand, with whatever

it contained,

been

off.

They

with calm sit crosslegged,

but

and eyes turned upwards, as if looking expression, the sepulchre for orders from on high,respecting they are guarding. The archway is merely marked with colour on and within it are the face of the monument, paintedfour and eyes females with her hand the doorpost, one on it turned towards the Furies outside wishing, anxiously to issue forth,but would not daring to pass the seem, threshold through dread of their stern gaolers. The whole has a mysterious, scene Dantesque character, eminently calculated to stir the imagination. is distinguished The sixth urn to a female,who belongs from the lords of her family by her position ; for she sits her like a goddess or her pedestal aloft on on queen throne ; indeed, she has been supposedto representeither Nemesis, or Proserpine,5 an opinionwhich the frontlet on her feet her brow, and the owl-legs to the stool beneath
"
"

urns,

for

in the
or

earlier

works

of art,

meet,

it

was

believed

that
her

it

was

her

whether
was

Greek

Etruscan, the Gorgon

as

marvellous

beauty, not
beholders
II. 616.

hideousness,
Serv.

represented
her.

hideous fearfully

as

that turned
ad
5

into stone.

the

imagination of
See But
to

the artist could wood-cuts

at

con-

JEv.

ceive

the

pages

Vermiglioli, Sepolcro de' Yolunni,

Feuerbach,
Bull. Inst.

244,3.52.
customary
cheeked

in after times her

as as

it became
a
"

p. 42. 1 20.

1840, p.

represent
"

fair-

lass ;

indeed,

extremes

476

PERUGIA.

"

The

Cemetery.

[chap,lviii.

So that here is a precise Cafatia. by a mother named the omission the inscriptions, between save correspondence not at or having cognomina, of Violens,"the Etruscans least never using them in their epitaphs.9
"

for
"

Puia

"

Pup,"
"

daughter. It for Pupli," or

" "

is

clearly
Publius.
"

lino, 1842,
dair Autore

libro donato un'

noi cortesemente
;
e

die

potrebbe

Cafatia,

written

Caphate,"

or

Cacurrence oc-

segnare

anche

epoca

assai rimarca-

phates
bears
358
9 an

in Etruscan, is of
at

frequent

bile ne' fasti delle letterarie stranezze. Noi

stessi

Perugia. Lanzi thinks analogyto Capua. Sagg. II.

Inst. 1841, p. 16.
on

it p.

dovemmo vedere
nuova,

fare
come ma

delle grandi
1' Autore

nel meraviglie,
di

; cf. Bull.

questa

non

speciosissima
altro scampo ed in paradossi, a proclamare
1'

The
been

Latin

has

inscription pronounced a forgery by

"

this

urn

non Etruria-Celtica,

avendo suoi

the
no

da

sostenersi

ne'

author other

of

Etruria-Celtica,"
than that

on

tanti

assurdi, si decise

ground
Etruscan

it contradicts of identity

falsa, e modernamente
latina della

inventata
urnetta

epi-

his fanciful the

"

marmorea grafe ed aggiugnendo gentilezzea languages. bilingue, facilmente nutre Velimnas," accordingto his interpregentilezze, tation, qualche would "lamentations of mean compassione per noi, che ci siamo cosi

theories and

of the
Irish

"

women

and

when

he finds it to

monument

which
form

shows

bilingual be merely

lasciati azzardato di assurdi

come

ingannare.
unicamente

Questo
come a

guidizio
sostegno

the Etruscan than

in
renounce

of Volumnius, rather
he attempts, theory, manner,
to

chiarissimi,oltre
in altri

esser

falso,

his

mostreremo

the

most

unwarranted obstacle

ed gli scuopritori, di

tempi,offende eziandio possessori

che quelli unitamente

overcome

the

by
be
a

the declaring

quell' insignemonumento,
tutte

Latin

to inscription

fraud, and
so

V epigrafe latina incopiarono

a

expresses
a

his

that surprise able be

an

intelligent
as

le

scholar, and
and

antiquary
deceived

istante del loro che niuno

non

etrusche nello stesso epigrafi zio, discuoprimento. Guidi"

could Vermiglioli,

clumsy
of the declare

by so the form a palpable forgery, being

239.
too

si

legge in

niun

libro,in

scritto

che periodico
e

parlaronodi esposizioni
mendicati fra tanti
e

letters its

quite sufficient to

tomba, quella
"

delle nostre
non

modern p.

origin.
An

Etruriaso

iuutili, guidizj per

niun

dire

II. Celtica,

assertion
a

sospetti,che

ebbe

mai

groundless, made

without

sonal per-

ed amatori dotti, intelligenti, che visitarono stranieri,

e

italiani

acquaintance with the monument,

visitano

free

naturallyexcited
those whose

the
was

indignation of
thus

quentemente

quel singolareoggetto
vide
il

honour

itously gratu-

preziosodella veneranda
non

che antichita,
;
ma

impugned, and
Cavaliere merited words
"

called forth from

mai libro

Sig. Betham Betham,

anche

the following wellVermiglioli

nel

di

Sir W.
esser

fra

tante Gli

rebuke, which
:
"

give in
an

his

own

bizzarrie, potea

questa.

studjarcheologici per
ometteremo

meritarsi

il nome cio la ivi

Non

allora

qualche

di

scienza
non

devono vien loro

diffidare di tutto dimostrato

;
ma

esame

sulle troppo

vaghe, arbitrarie,e
alle epigrafi nella W.

che Tomba

nuovc

date interpretazioni Voluuni

da Sir

de'

Volunni,

i monumenti

de'
sua

Betham,

rimasti collocati, lor

sempi-e

nella

prima

Etruria-Celtica, pubblicatain Dub-

e la piena lor integrita, collocazione,

chap.

i.vm.]

GORGONS'

HEADS.

477

But
in

look at the

of ceiling

this chamber.
as

It is coffered of Chiusi,

concentric,recessed squares,
is an
enormous

in the tombs

head, hewn from Gorgon's the dark rock, with eyes upturned in horror, gleaming in the open mouth,10 from the gloom,teeth bristling whitely the brow. and snakes knotted over wings on the temples, confess the terror of the image, and almost expect You
and in the centre
to hear
"

Some

whisper from that horrid Of strange unearthlytone ; wild infernal laugh to thrill
One's
marrow

mouth

to the bone.

But, no
And

"

it

Death, grinslike rigid

as a

silent

stone."

way, Dependingby a metal rod from the lintel of the doorhangs a small winged geniusof earthenware,and to attached a lamp of the same its feet was material, originally A similar lamp was with a Medusa's head on the bottom. of the central chamber. from the ceiling suspended Step again into this chamber, and observe the pediment the doorway you have just past. Here is a large over disk
or

circular shield,with with scales

"

head which

in relief in the centre,

some

set round

head

take to be that

surrounded with laurel leaves, though the scales Apollo, to are as likely represent solar rays ; l others,that of Medusa, on the scalyshield of Minerva.2 of
ed il lor trazioni di qualidimosdiscuoprimento, andavano

sospetta pubblicita" Scavi

"

Perugini,

privi?

Testimoni

1843
10

"

1844

che vi si grandissimo numero affollarono intorno penetrando impaoculari in

The

; cf. Bull. Inst. 1844. p. 144. eyesand teeth are either painted
are

white, or
l

of white

stone

inlaid,

zienti,anche
resistenza nello
stesso

fronte

d'

ogni
sua

tentata
e

Sepolcride' Volunni, Vermiglioli,

22.
as

nelP

ampio
della

sotterraneo,

p.

The
a

sun

is sometimes in
a a

repre-

giorno

apertura,

sented with Ann.

head
as
on

disk

set round

quasineglistessi istanti di essa, e tosto che se ne nella citta e divulgola voce nei luoghi vicini ; onde alia nuova e
classica scoperta fu istante
una

rays ; Inst.

vase

described
; Mon.

in

1838, p. 270

Ined.

Inst. II. tav. LV.

2

data

subito,ed all'
non

Feuerbach, Bull.
writer considers

Inst. 1840, p. 119. it to be rather

e immediate,debita,

mai

This

17

""

PERUGIA.

"

The

Cemetery.

lviii. [chap,

On of

each

side of the
a

shield,and sword, like

a

forming with
of

it

a a

sort

trophy,is

curved
hilt
2
"

cimetar, with

bird

symbolical import, but not of easy explanation. Below, in the angles busts ; one of a peasant bearing two are of the pediments, his shoulder a pedum, or crooked staff,on which is on suspendeda basket ; the stick terminatingin a serpent's face in the oppositeangle is broken The head. away, it is but the long flowing hair is stillvisible ; and behind head. by a griffon's a lyre of elegant form, surmounted these two busts If the face on the shield be that of Apollo, the same deity in his pastoralcharacter, may represent and as the god of music and poetry.3 In the pediment at the oppositeend of this chamber, is

perchedon

the

figure doubtless

but disk,or shield, corresponding It is too much

a

with solar rays, instead

to

of scales.

broken

to enable you

perceive angle

if there has been of the

head

in the centre.

As

in

each

it seems in relief, to pediment is a large dolphin, an apt emblem representthe sun risingfrom the waves
"

of resurrection.
entrance to the

On

the

wall

below,
carved

on
a

one

side of the of

was sepulchre,

demon
are

gigantic
of

size
mere

; but

its sex,

attributes,and

attitude is left There

matters

open

for nothingof it speculation, wing but, ex pede Here idem.

"

beyond a vast was probably

the hand of
Mus.
a

the

in Moon, the symbol of night,

con-

ever,

is

represented in
a vase

tradistinction to the solar rays, marked thinks There

a

decidedly
So

figure on
Chius. p. 253
8

from See

Chiusi.

in the

opposite pediment.
Ann. instance in the
are

tav.

CLXX.

also Vol.

I.

Aheken,
is
no or

Inst. 1842, p. 57. in Etruria of

of this work.

other disk such

Abeken
takes

(Ann.
the of the

Inst.

1842, p. 59),
head
sees

shield

tomb in

; but

pediment of a found sculptured

facades of the See Steuart's

who
a

Medusa's

here
in

as

symbol
the
"

Moon,

these

this position on

the

figures,two
to

Tritons, which
in
means

correspond

temple-tombsof Lydia
"

Phrygia.
this form Such

dolphins

the

oppositepedia

and

Phrygia.
of
are a rare

Swords

in

by no explanation,
ment,

satisfactory

ancient

monuments.

one,

how.

ohap.

lyiii.]

DECORATIONS

OF

THE

TOMB.

479

each side on figure guard the sepulchre.4 such

a

of the

doorway,placedthere
to

to

On

each

side of the entrance

or

the inner the

chamber,

crested snake

from dragon projects

as

ing rockywall,dart-

forth its tongue,

if to threaten

the intruder into this

sanctuary
"

Sibila lambebant

Ardentesque oculos suffecti sanguineet igni Unguis vibrantibus ora.

These

are reptiles

of earthenware, but

their
on

tongues are tongues

of metal

; and

it has been
"

thought
an

that

these

lamps were suspended5 The place serpents hold in

as

unnecessary

supposition.
the Etruscans,

the
Furies

mythology of
and
one

emblems

of the

infernal of these is of
an

demons, snakes,
Etruscan

their presence explains just above the level

here.
of the
on

Below

pavement,
a

which, being inscription,

almost unfortunately It remains
are

stratum

sand-stone,is
there have Some

obliterated. the

to

notice
on no

side-chambers,of which

four eight,

each
urns

side.
were

They
found

seem

never

to

been

as occupied, are

within them.

of them
seem,

have pomp,

They were intended,it would for a long race of posterity, but the familymay become or extinct, they may have been merely for chambers.6 just as a palace contains many superfluous
The four inner
rooms

stillunfinished.

have, each
For
see "

bench

of rock,

Like of 375.

the
a

two

Charuns
at Chiusi.

at

the

en-

the meaning Vol. I. p. 221. This is not

of serpents in tombs,

trance

tomb

Ut supra,

page
s

the

Vermiglioli, p. 16.
1840, p. 119.
on

Feuerbach, Bull.

this

family
was

discovered

only sepulchre of at Perugia, for

in the last
cen-

Inst.

In the

Sepolcro de' Way, which,

much
was

another

opened
the church

Nasoni

the Roman

Flaminian

tury,
this

near

of S. Costanzo,
not

though
the

of

times, has

of

outside

the walls,and

very

far from de'

Etruscan
on

character, a serpent
in the of in this tomb

tomb.

Vermiglioli, Sepolcro
3 ; Iscriz.

painted

the wall almost

same

Volunni, p.
21
"

Perug.

I. pp.

positionas

Perugia.

23.

480

PERUGIA.

"

The

Cemetery.

[chap,lviii.

and and

two
a

have

Medusa's snake

heads

in shields

on

the

ceiling,
the in owl

crested

from projecting
In
one a

the tombs

wall
is

above
an

couch. sepulchral

of these

relief in each corner, Besides the

and

snake's head
now

below

it.

monuments

remaining in
found, such
embossed with

tins tomb,
as ewers
"

certain articles in bronze

a

have been

helmet

"

lions and

fragmentof a shield bulls a pair of greaves

a
"

of figures
"

moulded beautifully of moveable

singular spear
which
to be
seem seen

or

rod

with

number

disks,
are

to have

been

rattled

in the Palazzone

together.7 They hard by. Baglioni

we

all

Before

leavingthis

tomb

must

say

word

on

the

Those of the four gentlemen on similar urns inscriptions. them in the order of their arrangement, are, taking 1 ThephriVelimnas Tarchis Clan." Aule Velimnas 2 Thephrisa Nuphrunal Clan."
"
"

"

"

3 4
"

"
"

Larth

Velimnas

Aides." Aules."

"

Vel. Velimnas
urn

The

grand
5
"
"

in the centre

has,
Aules."

Arnth

Velimnas

And

the
6
"

lady is called,
"

Veilia Velimnei

Arnthial."

needs the analogy of the names to prove scarcely these of one the likeness in their effigies is obvious family, ; yet the preciserelation in which they stood to each other could only be set forth by the inscriptions. No. 1 seems the most venerable, the progenitorof the rest, and in his name "Thephri," in other inscriptions
7

It

It has been

cal instrument

supposed to be a musi(Vermiglioli, Sep.Volunni,

in connection
seems

may band. the

have
A

been

an

accompaniment
instrument, found
this tomb, and and
a

to

similar

in also

p. 21), but its being found with mark

armour

neighbourhoodof
with
a

and

weapons,

to

in company
had

armour

weapons,
man

it

as

of

probably
as

held

to

rattle the

militaryuse, and it was so upright,and shaken together plates ; and thus

small
on

figure of

naked

dancing

the top of the rod.

chap,

lvih.]
"

THE

VELIMNAS

FAMILY.

481

an Thepri," analogymay be traced to the Tiber, which flows beneath the walls of Perugia, and whose name is said to be Etruscan ;8 just as the celebrated family of Volterra bore the name of the river Csecina. Thephri then will be equivalent No. 2 appears to be to Tiberius. his son,9 and the son of a lady of the Nuphruna family, and is certainly the father of the three other males

written

"

Larth, Velus, and

the

Arnth
No.

Velimnas.

No.

6 appears

to be

daughterof
to have

5, the

gentlemanwho
seems

the occupies from

her portrait her
no

post of honour
and nobility

in this

tomb, and she

"

reached

certain
to

age,"and
been

in

of spite

wealth, never
name

have
in her

married, for

matrimonial As
content

is mentioned the

for the

gentleman in
the fashions
2 ;
as

epitaph. who could temple,

name
urn

not

be

with
son

of his ancestors, he his father's

was

another

of No.
more
was

be may Aule ;

though
kinsmen. From

the

modern later

styleof

his

makes
two

it probable than his

that he

by

generationor

the

styleof
on

the

so sculpture,

found generally

Etruscan

urns,

from

to that superior the painting also

Varro
name

(Ling.Lat.
of the

V. 29, 30) states river

and
was

the

Topino.
name

Cluver.

II. p. 700. derived

Its from

that the both

claimed
"

ancient

is doubtless Jove who

was

by

the Etruscans
as

Latins, by

the Etruscan
or

called Tina, I. p. 420. form

ter-

the former

beingcalled after Thebris

Dehebris)prince
latter
as

Tinia.
B

Etrusk. See Miiller, has

not

(the old
named Latins. Etruscan

editions have
;

Thephrisa
"
"

the usual

of the Veientes after Varro

by

the

being
the the

indicative minntion

of the
sa

patronymic ; the
or
"

Tiberinus, king of
seems

isa," beingusually
the
as names

to

incline

to

appliedto females
of their husbands.
to

to mark

Tiberis ; Serv. VIII.

origin. See also Festus,s. r. ad Virg. JEn. HI. .500 ;

Etruscan
"

Yet
names,

it is also
as

found

attached
are

which,

in
can

72, 330.

this case,

undoubtedly males, it
other than

Another

familyof
the
same

Perugia
"

here mic.
"

hardlybe
See

the patronyI. p. 444.

"

Tins, Tinia
rius humor"

bears

relation to

Midler, Etrusk.
be put for of

the Tinia,a streamlet, the "Tinise of Silius Italicus falls into the this

inglo(VIII.
some

Thephrisa" may

sal,"i. e.
relation the word

4.54),which
miles below
n.

Tiber,
now

Thephrithe filial the son Thephris, being further expressed by

"Clan." See
r

city.

It is

called

Vol.1,
I

p. 313.

vol.

1-S:!

PERUGIA.

"

The

Cemetery.

lviii. [chap,

which has monument, principal those in the Pumpus tomb at Corneto, and of the reliefs on the ceilings style
on

the

all the freedom

as

of

well

as

from

the

walls of this

chre, sepulthe
in

there
to

is

no

doubt

that

it is of late

date,subsequent

the

Roman

conquest of Etruria, though before

customs

native those

languageand
of world-wide

had

been

absorbed utterly

Rome.1 discovered
in

This
1840.

sepulchrewas interesting

February,

for the traveller it is the property of Fortunately the Conte relative of the venerable Vermiga Baglioni, and zealous and a gentlemanwhose love of antiquity, lioli, research,are equalled by his good taste.

Let the traveller de' Volunni.

it is not If my

on

no

account

fail to

see

the Grotta

the fault of
one

has failed to interest him, description the sepulchre, which, though of late remarkable charm.
tomb in Etruria. I shall

date, is
has
a

of the most than

common

To

me

it

more

ber always remem-

it as after its

the firstEtruscan

I entered.

It

was

soon

of that I found myselfat the mouth discovery this sepulchre.Never shall I forgetthe anticipation of with which I leapt from the vettura into the fierce delight I awaited the arrival canicular sun, with what impatience I entered the dark of the keys,with what strange awe characters in the doorway cavern gazed on the inexplicable descried the urns dimly through the gloom beheld the family-party their sepulchral revels the solemn at the dreariness of the surroundingcells. The figures on walls and ceilings stirred my fancy. The Furies, strangely with their glaring grins eyes, gnashing teeth, and ghastly
" " " "

Vermiglioli (p. 43)

to

considers of the sixth

tin's
or

urns

must

be
But

of

the

time Dr.

of

the

tomb

be

of the of
even

end

Antonines.

Micali,as
Ann.

Braun foot

beginning
Rome,
the
"

the
as

seventh late
as

century
the

of of

lias observed,
on

generally puts his

Inst.

or

days
that

wrong

date.

1843,

Empire."
from

Micali the

(Men. Ined. p. 154)

art

?"fil.

judges

style of

the

484

PERUGIA.

"

The

Cemetery.

lviii. [chap,

the hill;

one

is in the

form

of

rude

dome

with

beams

relieved. None slightly bestowed so lavishly The

monuments
"

show
on

tion, any of the internal decorathe Grotta de' Volunni.

in them

are

all

urns,

or

ash-chests,of
appear corpse
to have

travertine
been None

no

; for sarcophagi at

it does not

the

custom
urns

Perusia

to

bury
are

the

entire.

of these

equalthose
many
seen

in the Grotta

de' Volunni varied character,

of Volterra In
are

for

beauty of execution,but
though
to him

of

more

who

has

the Museums

and
one

interest. Chiusi, few will appear of extraordinary point,however, they are peculiar. Almost all
"

the lids, and on figures The hues the colours often retain their original brilliancy. red,blue,and purple. The reliefsare sometimes black, are while the ground touched with colour, leftwhite, or onlyjust

painted, reliefs as

well

as

the

"

is

painteda deep
and
were

blue

or

black

and

the

ornaments,
well
as

frontlet, necklace, torque, and

armour

as bracelets,

the

weapons,

are

often

gilt. Gay

contrasts

of In
a

colour

aimed
de'

at,rather than
on

harmony or

richness.

the Grotta
better
traces

Volunni,
at
on

the other hand, which

a

is of
are no

or period,

least in
the

better taste,there where

of colour

sculpture, except

the

lips

and

males are painted.4 eyes of one of the recumbent of these tombs, and touch on I will notice the principal

their contents. Ipogeo

in

de'

Cesi.
"

"

The
is very
seven

tomb

of the

"

Ceisi
a

"

family
"

Latin, Csesius

small, and
urns.

has

low, domed
the
oar

ceihng.
heads coils. And

It contains
double

One

bears

winged
over

with Scylla,
of two

fishes'tail, an brandishing
she has

the her

warriors, whom
several with

entangled in
and
a

In another

is a battle between
a

Greeks

Amazons.
;
one

there

are

as griffon

device

The

painted scene

of the

souls

in

the

doorway, described

above, at page 474,

is

on

the flat surface

of the monument.

chap,

lviii.] for

TOMBS

OF

ETRUSCAN

FAMILIES.

485

remarkable

havingan
Vezi.
"

eye in its wing.

on

The

it observed, is stillthe crest Ipogeo Etruscan Romans. thirteen the The

a

the

arms

of

be griffon, Perugia.5 "Veti"

in

de'

This

name

is written
to

and characters, The

urns.
a

answers

the

Vettius and

of the

tomb In
one

is very

rudely hewn,
was

contains

of them

found, mingled with

mirror. with represents Thetis, sea-horse.
of the
are same

ashes,
most

in another, a pair of gold earrings, is

a

remarkable seated robed

on

one

which

spear,

goddessis

in

or hippocampus, with a veil purple,

The
hue
;

the beast is left white,but his feet and

is colouring

mis

gilt. The
"

thrown

out

by
"

a ""

blue

ground.6
"

Ipogeo Etruscan. several

de' This

Petroni.
was a

Petruni

or

"

Patruni dozen

in
;

virgintomb,

with

urns

curious, and

gilding. Two bear the lid ; in one she has a patera, on case reclining lovingly in one he a gilt hand, and a naked sword in the other vase the only instance I remember of a at these weapon ject subbanquets. On another is the oft-repeated sepulchral of the sacrifice of Iphigenia, here representedin a of figures double row is being; in the upper, the maiden and dragged to the altar to the music of the double-jripes is pouring a libation on her lyre ; in the lower,a priest head, and other figuresare bringing fruit and various Whether there were to the shrine. blance offerings any resem"

highly decorated with colour and married a a pair of figures, couple,

between

the fate of the I know

deceased,and

that of the
observed

daughterof Agamemnon,
that in almost where

not, but I have

and where, elseevery case, both in this necropolis is represented, this subject the figure the on

For

notices

of this

tomb There

see

Bull.

"

See

Bull.

Inst. Two

1843,
other

pp.

19,

"2:3 ;

Inst. 1843, pp. 18/22.

tomb
to

is another
to

1844. p. 136. this

sepulchres of
here,

in this hill which

same

seems

belong

family have

been

discovered

the

family.

486

I'ERUGIA.

"

The

Cemeteky.

[chap,lviii.

lid is
as

female.

Probably the
woe,
as

Etruscan

young

ladies

were

fond of old tales of

sorrows

those

of modern been
as

"The

of

Iphigenia"may

have

and days, populara

were

laywith them, as those of Werter our grandmothers.Here is an urn

to

and Charlotte with warriors

tower
new

with

marching
!
"

the

assault of
to

tower
"

"

round
a

too

men

of

Ulster, look
between

this !

behold

bond
"

of

Etruria and

the Emerald

Isle

fresh

affinity proofthat

the ancient Buddli

scene

of Baal or of were worshippers peopleof Italy and pardon my common-place opinion that the

may
urns

represent the
has
a

"

Seven

before Thebes."

One

of

the

Latin

inscription.7
"

Ipogeo

degli

Acsi.

In the

name

so

speltin

Etruscan

letters it is not of the Romans.8 has fallen in

of

difficult to This is
a

the Accius, or Axius, recognise

largesquare tomb,
urns.

whose

roof

; it contains

many

One

has the sacrifice Another The bears

most

executed finely Iphigenia, favourite

scene

in

high relief.
of
been
"

the

of

the death is
one

of Polites.9

urn singular a

in this tomb
;

form, with cylindrical

coated
or or

conical lid Ipogeo and

it is said to have
"

with lead.
in Etruscan,

de' Fari.

Spelt
to

"

Pharu Barms

Pharus

answering

the

to possibly

the

This
f
.

is inscription
.

petkonivs

1841, pp.
tomb
see

15, b'7. For 1845, pp.

is

notices

of this
;

l
.

noforsinia
are

Most

of the

other

Bull. Inst. 1843, pp. 18, 23

; 106
"

inscriptions
that the that
but
name

in this singular

respect,
"

1844, p. 136
8

8.

Tite, or
as

Titus, precedes
the prcenomen,
"
"

This
"

name

sometimes

spelt

of Petruni, not
as

Achsi
9

in Etruscan,

the

no

men

e.g.
case

Aule
seems

Tite
to

Here
man

there

is

littlevariety. The
on

Petruni,"
answer

in
the
a

which
yas

it

young

kneeling
also

the altar, grasps

and
as

to

in

Latin
has

names,

the wheel the usual

or

held

by the woman,
on

though such
posed
not to

distinction have

been among
in
we

supthe

warrior
; but

rushes behind
; and
scene

to
woman

slay him,
is
a

existed
same

the

snake each
a

Etruscans. of these
recurrence names
"

In

the

way,

others
find
a

dragon
of the
A

in

doorway
a

at

epitaphs of
of such
as an
"

Perugia,

end

stands of
this

Fury
is

with

union

between

two Acuni Inst.

torch.

notice

tomb

given

Vibi Alpha,'" " Sininthi."

Bull

in Bull. Inst.

1844.

p. 140.

Casni," "Cestna

chap.

Lvin.j

TOMBS

OF

ETRUSCAN

FAMILIES.

487

Varius

of the

Romans.1

It has

eight

urns,

and

six

cinerary pots.
So many tombs when easy to know
is burrowed
are now

open have
seen

in this hill that it is not

you

all, as

the entire

slope

treasures sepulchral Most almost too fast for the local antiquaries.2 accumulate of a door, and without the protection of these tombs are have notice announcing the family to which no they of the belong, which must be learned by an inspection

with them.

In fact these

urns

within them.3
In

which stands at the foot of Baglioni, the fruit of the of antiquities, this hill, is a small museum with the site. Many cinerary excavations made urns on and paintedreliefs vessels of terra cotta, in inscriptions and abundance one largevase of Greek great variety but and flowers in high relief, form, with figures painted, not varnished vase one only in the best Greek style coins mirrors gold part of a curule chair of bronze ! a case of bone, conornaments taining a pairof curling-irons the lamps, helmet, articles for the toilet and found in shield, fragment of the embossed greaves, and the Palazzone
"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

the Grotta The

de' Volunni.4 contains these lies sepulchres

to

hill which

the

thinks Vermiglioli
or

this

name

equiof the p. 422, of. 24;

Cesina Luceti

"

Surni
or

"

Anani
"

(Annianus)
" "

valent to the Farms Roraans

Farianus
9 1-162, ;
;

Liceti

Upelsi
"
"

Suzi

"

Pum"

(Muratori,
Bull. lust.

p.

12).
1844.
2

1843,

p. \9

p. 137.

Vusi Larcani puni (Pomponius) Acune Caphate (Cafatius) Apruti (Varus) Vipi (Vi(Aconius) Varna
" " " "

In

1843,
he had

though
than

Vermiglioli says alreadypublished more

monuments

that

bius).
A

Bull. Inst. 1844. of the here

urns

pp.

137,

et

seq. also last in

tomb

Pumpuni familywas
at

500

Etruscan

with

discovered

the

close of the which

are

140 he had still above inscriptions, Bull. Inst. 1843, for publication. waiting

century, the
the Museum.

from
A

now

of sepulchre Velthurnas

p. 21.
has
3

Since

that

time

their

number

Velthurna,
was

or

the family (Volturnus) 1822.

"

increased. greatly these

are

opened
4

near

this

city in

Among followingfamilies

the Petri

tombs
"

of the
or

Vermigl. Iscriz.

Perug. I. pp. 262

3.

"

Casni

Bull. Inst. 1841, p. 14.

k88

PKRUGIA.

"

Tin.

Cemetery.

lviii. [chap,

south

of

Perugia.
the
new

Other

tombs

have

been

found

where, else-

near

Campo Santo, and

monks

also close to the

where city-walls,

the Benedictine

have

made

vations. exca-

The
to be

of Perusia,however, necropolis
we

and only justdisclosed,

may

may be said entertain the hope be of

an

that and

further
interest

researches
commensurate

will prove

it to

extent

with

the

ancient

importance

of the

city.
Tempio
di

San

Maxxo.

This tomb, of La

or

as "temple,"

lies at the hamlet it is called,

on Perugia, and building,

Commenda,
You

two enter

miles from
a

the road descend

to
a

Florence.

mean

of steps into a cellar,as you expect, but flight in a vault, lined with travertine masonry, yourself The vault is but uncemented.5 and regular, neat similar to that in the Casa the

find

very very
to

Cecchetti,at Cortona, and

del Gran Duca, at Chiusi, but is much more Deposito than either, by half being twenty-seven feet long, spacious that in width, and about fifteen feet in height.6 About half way
also
two

down

the
one

chamber,
of which

on

either hand, is

recess,

vaulted, in

stand, in the inner corners,

each blocks of travertine, resemblingaltars,

or

having a

groove

channel

at

the

upper has

edge, as
caused
it
on

the blood.7

It is this "which
a

carry off the vault to be

more

if to

regarded as
was a

temple, though
from

I think

probably
of its

both sepulchre,

and analogy8

account

The

courses

are

from
the
more

12

to

18 in

end, the ancient

but

masonry

is

preserved,
to

inches in

and height,

blocks than

vary
6

has been

broken

through
you
enter.
are

make

length,
and
one

some even

being

feet,
are

the doorway
'

by

which

7 feet 9 inches.
the

There

These
6

recesses

6 ft. 6 in. rather

high ;

twenty-nine voussoirs in
6

vault.

about width.
s

ft.

deep, and
altar-like

less in

The

further

end
at

the
were

wall original
one,

is open, or rather this end, if there

Similar

masses

exist in also in

has

been

destroyed and
with brickwork At the
in
;

the of

sepulchre at Sovana,
Grotta
'

and

the at

vault
a

out lengthened

Cardioale

and

other

tombs

much

subsequent age.

chap,

lviii.]

ETRUSCAN

VAULT

AT

S. MANNO.

489

subterranean altar is in
no

character.9 way

Moreover, the existence

with

of

an a

inconsistent

the
and

of supposition

tomb, for the relation between

templesis well where known; and a shrine, might be made to offerings the Manes, was in ancient sepulchres.1 not unfrequent The beauty, the perfection of the masonry in this vault, not to be excelled in modern times, might have given rise
to doubts

tombs

of its Etruscan

had construction,
an

not

this been

put beyond all questionby

in

in inscription

that

letters, large graven

three

deep in
one

within the arch, from There

are

the masonry, and end of the vault to

language extending,
the other.

and the inscription, for length, lines, may of

rival that in the Museum

as

Perugia.2 With
the

such

proof
and

this, who

can
"

doubt and

that who

Etruscans

knew

the arch, practised Etruscan

shall throw vaults

on suspicion

the
in of

construction

of

certain

and

arches
account

sepulchresand
the

gates in this land, merely on

the

of perfection of the

workmanship and
\ This vault

excellent preservation proves that such

monuments

things may
certain

have

been, and
were,

of them

of

the probability that heightens Etruscan origin. for ages

;

This vault has been the best known of

open

indeed, it is among

Etruscan

sepulchres.Yet
received little of the travertine.

though
; injury

applied to base probablyowing

9

purposes,

it has

to the hardness

Gori

(Mus.

Etrus.

III. p. 81) and p.

Virg.
gives
between

Mn.

III. t"?", 305 Arnobius

; IV.

457 VI.

V.

Passeri it for
a

(ap. eund.

III.

100)

took

48, 86.

(adv. Nat.
proofs of the
and

6, 7)

sepulchre. So also Abeken, Mit250.

numerous

relation

telitalien, p.
for slaves.
1

Ciatti,a

native
a

his-

temples
and

sepulchres, among
been

torian of Perugia,thought it was

prison

the Greeks
-

Homaus.

This

has inscription
p.

published

The

and analogy and tombs

connection is well

between

by Buonarroti,
by Gori, Mus.
of

II. ; 98, ap. -Dempster,

III. class. II. tav. III. p. 107
; and

temples
The

established.

Etrus.

sepulchrewas
who
were

in fact the shrine

V. ; Passeri, ap. eund. II. Lanzi, Saggio,

the Manes,

regarded as gods.

p. 514.

^piiiiiissisi|k

CALP1S,

OH

WATER-JAR.

CHAPTER

LIX.

ROME.

Tokens Of the

of the

dead
....

"

the

wondrous

fame

past

world

Traditions Start forth.

dark

and

old,whence

evil creeds

Shelley. These of sad and

are

sepulchral pitchers, silently expressing

Sir

old mortality, the ruins

forgotten times.
Thomas Browne,

had

intended
out

treating of
in her authorise into I
am

Rome

as

an

Etruscan in

city,
her But

pointing
this would
of

facts both

early history and

us so

local remains, which lead

me

to
a

regard
confine
museums.

her.

too

discursive

field for the limits

this

work,
the

and

convened

to

myself

to

notice

Etruscan

relics stored

in her

These

492

ROME.

[chap.lix.

Vestibule.
Three

recumbent

females, the size of

in terra cotta, a figures life,forming the lids

a

male
to

and

two

sarcophagi.

They
a

are

all highlydecorated; he with

torque, and

rings;

the

women
"

with

of laurel, chaplet necklaces, chaplets,

rings,and earrings, site most abounding

heads
The of

bracelets.2

From

Toscanella, the
horses'
at Vulci.

in terra-cotta
at the entrance

articles. Two
of
was a

found nenfro,
among

tomb

symbol of the A largepine-cone passage of the soul to another world. A funereal emblem. another of urn cinerary square lid,from which terra-cotta, with a rounded, overhanging of the rises,like a handle, a small head, the portrait ashes lie within. From individual whose Veii.3 Many of the deceased, heads in the same material, portraits embedded in the which were placed in tombs, are now
horse
"

the

Etruscans

"

walls of this chamber.

Chamber This
room

of

the

Cinerary
urns

Urns.
or

contains thirteen

of alabaster
were

tine, traver-

from Volterra, which principally before the formation of this Museum. the

in the Vatican

usual recumbent
most
a

on effigies

They bear the stunted ; lids,ludicrously

is at

are

and females,

hold

a scroll, fruit, a fan, or tablets,

patera, in their
of the room,

hands.

The
a

end the

and

has

urn principal on pair of figures

the
"

its lid The

wife

reclining fondlyin
shows

her
of

husband's
(Enomaus

bosom.

relief below

the

myth

overthrown

The

positionof
on

two

of these
one

figures,
hand bent
not

repose tions
see

after

the

feast. entitled

For

illustraGre-

stretched behind beneath

their backs, with

the work

Museo

their
the

heads, and

one

leg
it is but

I. tav. goriano,
:i

XCII.
I. p.

is peculiar ; other,

See

Vol.
see

~"7. Mon.

For

an

illustav.

the attitude of the

banquet, be, of

that

of

tration

Micali,

Ined.

slumber, or,

it may

the

satisfied

XLVIII.

S.

chap,

lix.]

MUSEO

GREGORIANO."

CINERARY

URNS.

493

ill his

chariot.

On

one

side

stands had

who the other, on daughter, Pelops, catastrophe. Two winged Junones In style of art this urn of death. those around These Etruscan it.4

Hippodamia, his broughtabout the

this
as
a

mark

scene

is much

to superior

bear, as

usual, Greek
"

demonology the and Zethus to be slain by Amphion her goods on board with slaves carrying
" "

myths with boar Calydonian

the
"

a
"

mixture

of

Dirce about of Helen, Paris

the rape

shipsof

Lapithae Actaeon, torn to at the altar from piecesby his dogs Paris takingrefuge brothers ; the palm-branch in his hand his wrathful in the public he had just won the prize indicating games with a plough,contending Cadmus Jason, armed or warriors with the teeth-sprung Iphigeniaon the altar, her head, musicians around the priest a libation on pouring the cries of the victim, a slave bringing in the to drown
combats

of Centaurs
"

and

"

"

hind this

which
urn

Diana
no

had

sent

as

substitute.
a

On

the lid of
in relief.

is

recumbent
are

but figure, several

scenes

banquet
a

Besides
last
a

these,there

emblematical

of the

journeyof
a

the soul,represented as
on

toga, seated
On

horseback

a a

demon burden.5
are more

figure wrapt in is leading the

heads
in terracotta,

animal, and

slave follows with the

urns

the shelves above

as interesting

specimens of
has the lower

Etruscan

portraiture

and

fashions.

One

part of the face full of

a

minute

holes,as if for the insertion of

Chamber

beard.

op

the

Sarcophagus.
is of largesarcophagus of the 1834. The effigy
a

In

the

middle
at

of this

room

nenfro,found

in Tarquinii

i
5

Museo
urns

Gregoriano,I.
see

tav.

XCV.
tav.

I. XCIII.
"

For

these

Mus.

Gregor. I.

XCV.

194

R0]\1K.

i.ix. [chap.

Lucumo his

on

on the lid,reclining

his

back, with
all four

scroll in

hand, recalls the

monuments

of the middle
on

ages.

This shows
an

sarcophagus has
altar in the

reliefs

sides.

One

midst, with

lyingon
of

it,which

must

lies on the iEgisthus pair standing over may

body of a female be Clytemnestra ; for the corpse ground hard by, with the avenging it ; and a female sits mourning
in another

the

below, who
scene

be Electra ; while

part of the

Orestes

is persecuted by side
;

Furies, brandishing serpents.

is the in

On

the other

of the here
to

monument

story of the

Theban driven

Brothers

engaged

altercation ; there

which is set forth in destiny, of the relief where the centre they are dying by each Their father (Edipus is here also ; led other's hands. he encounters from the sad scene, a Fury with a away female seated on a rock is probablyJocasta. torch. A

by

Fury

their

At

one

of the of
a

ends
human

of the monument sacrifice

"

is another

sentation repreon

female

being thrust

probably Clytemnestra of Agamemnon.6 At the opposite immolated to the manes end Pyrrhus is slayingthe infant Ast}Tanax, in the arms of his tutor, who has vainly borne him to an altar for protection.7
an

and stabbed altar,

by

two

men

"

semicolossal head A
"

of
a

Medusa, with snakes

"

tied under and

;
a

the chin. Umbrian

one

slab

with

bilingual inscriptionLatin
From

on

both sides.
"

Todi.

Two
;

choice busts the other of

of

youth
corners

with

garlandof
room

flowers

maiden.
In
urns
on

the of

of this
form

are

some

small

cinerary
were

in the pottery,

of rude

huts of burnt

skins,stretched

cross-poles. They
6

stillcontain

ashes ; and

11

can

hardly represent
that of
has been

the sacrifice
at the

"

For

an

illustration

see

Mus.

Gregor.

of

Iphigenia ; or

Polyxena

I. tav. XCVI.

tomb

of Achilles, as

imagined.

chap,

ux.]

MUSEO

GREGORIANO."

ALBAN

HUT-URNS.

495

with found, together

number

of small

pots,lamps,rude
lanceas

attempts heads, in
woodcut.8

at
a

the human

knives, and fibula;, figure,

coarse

large jar of
These
were

brown is

earthenware, such

stands in this chamber,

and

found

in the annexed represented thirty years ago on the Alban

HUT-llRN

AND

OTHFIl

ARTICLFS

OF

POTTF.HY,

FROM

THF.

ALBAN

MOUNT.

Mount

analogy marks them as of very high furniture of the earliest races the sepulchral it is probable, to the foundation of Rome.9 prior, Italy,
;

and

quity antiof

"

The of
one

above

wood-cut

shows

tion sec-

setti, at
close then
to
more

Montecucco,
the
were

near

Marino,
Gandolfo
;

of the

one

of the

containing largejars, and a hut-urns, varietyof

same

road

to

Castel

found

in the immediate

vessels The

of the

material
are

around

it.
so

neighbourhood by Signor Giuseppe Carnevali ; and

urns,

however,
them.

not

found, but

separate, with
Some

always fragments
are

again, a
18 be

party of literati
a

of

discovered of

some

beneath lying inches

correct

stratum

pipe
with used
but

around curious
to

marked

about pepcrino, conclusion

was

thick. that

If this

figures in relief,which
Oscan

their

be

supposed
that

characters,
are

/"t/""rhio

ejected by
is
now

the

it is evident decollations. These

they
urns

merely
found Tomas-

whose the

extinct crater Alban

volcano, occupiedby
monuments

rude
9

Lake, after the

the

remarkable

were

were

in deposited

placeswhere
indeed

they
be

in

1817, first by Signor Carlo

wove

found, these

must

of

4.96

ROME.

T,l\. [CHAP.

Chamber
In the centre
statue

of

Terra-Cottas. stands
a

of this

room

beautiful terra-cotta

of

Mercury,
in

with

caduceus

and
are

petasus,found

at

and of Roman Tivoli, of female statues

art.1 There

also three

fragments
admired.
a

marble, from Vulci, and much

the small the
is
terra-cotta

GenuinelyEtruscan is youthlyingon a couch.

the hound
but it may
at

figureof
his Adonis

From

gash in
some

and thigh,
;

his

bed-side,he
in the
at

called usually young chase.

be

of merely the effigy

Etruscan,
This
is
a

who

met

his death
found

wild-boar

sepulchral urn,
untold

Toscanella,in 1834.2

antiquity. As
the

far back has been

as

tory his-

mark

them

as

among

the

most

ancient

extends, the crater

and filled with

extinct lake. four

relics in
from

Europe,
of
are

yieldingto
Etruria.

nothing
ashes of the

waters

of the

the tombs contain

The

During
hundred

the

siege

of

Veii, about

they

probablythose Longa.
one

years

before gave

Christ, the lake

occasion See for the Vol.
we

inhabitants

of Alba
not

The
as

learned,
to

overflowed, and

however,

are

yet agreed

their

cutting of
p. 31. may built

the

Emissary.
centuries

I.

antiquity ; for
them
to

while be

tains party main-

Many
believe
on

if previous,

another antediluvian,
to

Alba tradition,

the

Longa ridgesurroundingthe
extinct before many
at

was

thinks, from

their resemblance have been

Alpine
formed in the
I of

lake

huts, that they must

(Dion. Hal.
must

I. p.

53), so that the volcano

least twelve
era, It

by
once

some

of

the
!

Swiss Such

soldiers
an

have

been years

Pope's
so/vans.

service

opinion

hundred

the Christian ages earlier. that

heard

broached

at

meeting
these Dr.

possiblyeven
must
more

Bull. Inst. 1846, p. .0.5. detailed has

been account

be

admitted, however,
that these

it is

of

veries discoAlesal

probable
were

sepulchral
the volcanic sandro

publishedby
"

relics
stratum

placed beneath
for greater

Visconti, in his
Carnevali

Lettera

security, especially Signor Giuseppe found the rinvenuti alcuni vasi sepolcrali near seeing that they were sopra Yet Alba dell' antica nella vicinanza edge. though not antediluvian,as Longa,
d' Albano
was

at

first

there conjectured,
remote

can

be

Roma,

1817,"

"

strange farrago of

no

doubt

of their very

All

analogy proves
and

this.

As

the

and fancies,fallacies, antiquity. facts,quotations, For illustrations, can Etrusleaps at conclusions.

see or

Roman

monuments sepulchral

Visconti's Etrus.
There

work,

and

Inghirami,
4.

were

often

imitations have

of
a

temples
much

Mon.
1

VI. tav. C 4, D
B

houses, these,which
structure
as

ruder

is

their
a

type, the shepherd's

far
more

in the Galleria
2

hut of skins,show

primitive
and

Museo

in marble, figure Lapidariaof the Vatican. I. tav. XCIII. 1. Gregoriano,

similar

origin ;

and

the

style of art
this

the and

Abeken

takes it to

represent Meleager.

workmanship

confirm

view

Mittelitalien, p. 367.

chap,

ux]

MUSEO

GREGORIANO."

TERRA-COTTAS.

497

There

are

several

small

urns

of the

same

material,
and

similar to those often described in Etruscan with Theban sprung the usual The subjects. Cadmus with the
mutual

museums,

Brothers.
warriors the

of the slaughter Jason slaying or the teethplough. Scylla, represented than

according to

Greek, rather
frame

Etruscan, idea
for
"

"

havinga
and limbs

double-tail

in dogs' heads. terminating

;
some

Trunks

ashes tiles
"

the containing of the dead, others votive offerings, and antefixce of the deceased, and heads, portraits dant showingabunof feature, and fashion of headdress. expression, variety Some have quite air. a modern
are

of the human

There
not

also certain reliefs in terra-cotta,which later times

"

are

Etruscan, but of much

the representing ing feed-

deeds of Hercules, Mithras

or

the bull,Amazons slaying combatinggriffons.

First

Vase-Room.
"

paintedvases twenty-eight mostly small amphora,in the Second or Archaic style, with black the ground of the clay.3 on figures In the centre of the room, stands a crater, a pedestal, on with particoloured on a very or figures mixing-vase, pale ground, and in the most beautiful styleof Greek art ;
room

This

contains

indeed

it is

one

of the finest

vases

ever

rescued

from

the

names

It may be well here to repeat the of the principal sorts of ancient

them vases, classifying purposes

TT

accordingto
:
"

the

prochus. lecythus, Vases for drinking cantharus, cyathus, cylix, phiala, scyphos,hollicm,
"

they served
for
7.
"

ceras,
.

rhyton.
are

Vases
7

holding wine
.

,,.

or

., oil
"

There
am-

many

more

varieties, which *
here. And the
not

need
.,, , water, always with
7
"

not

be

stated

pkora, pehce, stamnos.

TT

Vases
,

for
,7"

three
","

,,

alahasira, or thought
forms
.

unguent-vases, " I have

to
,

handles Vases

-,.

hydria, calpis.
for

it necessary

specify. The
shown
,
.

" , of all have

been

the

"

mixing wine at the banquet oxybaphon. crater,celebe,

Vases
VOL.

to which Introduction,

I must

also refer

the reader

for the difference of

R

for
II.

pouring

"

cenocho't, olpe,
K

styles.

ins

ROME.

i.ix. [chap.

tombs infant

of

Etruria.
to

It

displaysMercury presentingthe
half-brutal character is

Bacchus

Silenus, whose

the by hairy tufts on his body. Two n}Tmphs, the group. On the littlegod, complete of the lively nurses between of the vase, is a Muse, sitting two of her reverse and striking Vulci. a lyre.4 From sisters, with yellow On a second pedestalis a beautiful celebe, in the Third or Perfect style, a combat representing figures, marked
"

of Greeks The
vases
"

and
on

Amazons. the shelves around of Hercules

"

have the

mostly Bacchic
on

subjects
One

the deeds

Dioscuri

back. horse-

small
a

vase

in the

corner

by

the window

able is remark-

for
to

humorous
who

scene,

where

regardshim it would The god, disguised, seem, in a double sense, bears honest Jack to Falstaff," or a brotherlyresemblance might pass for an antique version of Punch ; he bringsa ladder to ascend to his fair one ; and Mercury,the patron
Alcmena,
"

is paying court Jupiter tenderly from a window.

of amorous,
"

as

of other

is presentto assist his father. thefts,

From In

Magna
the
case

Grsecia.

coloured

and

are sundry articles in by the window glass, showing to what perfection variegated

the ancients brought their works """ Second This

are rare on
a

in this material.

Vase-Room.

room on

five

form
tall

In the centre vases. thirty-nine of the is one pedestals.The most singular bowl called liolmos a large globe-shaped contains
"

stand, like
most

an

enormous

cup

and
and

ball.

Its
"

are paintings

archaic

in

subject

design
and

chimseras and

wild

beasts,

lions principally

boars,

Mus.

Gregor. II.

tav. XXVI.

500

ROME.

[chap,i.iv well

"

name,

Echsekias," is recorded,
whom it was side

as

as

that of the Oxetorides."

of

person
On
"

to

presented
"

"the brave
is
a

the

other

of

the
"

vase
"

familyscene
with his

the

great Twin -brethren"

Kastor"
"

horse,

"

"

and playing with his dog, Tyndareos" Leea" standingby. This beautiful relic of antiquity was

Poludeukes"

found
The

at

Vulci, in 1834.10
vase on
a

fourth

is an amphora,representpedestal ing Peleus

one

the

followed
the

body of Achilles borne to by his companions in arms,

device
on

and

Thetis,
bears is

of whom the
reverse

Trinacrian

his shield.

On

attended and by Fauns quadriga, Second style." Mamades. Cervetri.1 is a calpis, and has for its subjectthe The fifth vase of The Death Hector. hero "of the quick-glancing helmet" is sinking in death, and relaxing his hold on his Bacchus

driving a

arms.

His

beardless

victor stands

over

him

with
; and

drawn

sword.
"

Minerva
some

supports her favourite hero

"

Apollo
behind if in

or, as

think, Venus

stands,bow
arrow

in the

hand,

the fallen
to

Trojan,and pointsan
store

at

Greek, as
vase

the fate in predict the Third style. From

"

for him.

beautiful

Vulci.2
around

The

vases

on

the

shelves

the

room

are

mostly

the Second style of them Panathenaic. amphorcBJD. ; some These may be distinguished of Minerva on one by a figure from that they are prizes side,with an inscription stating
the Athenian

games.
"

: Among the varieties are the following A hydriaof extreme representing Apolloseated beauty,

but Specimens of it,

and

of very inferior
to
at

design
in in the

IT.

tav.

XXII. Ann.

Mus. Inst.

Gregor.
1835, p.

II. tav. 228.

"

execution,

are

be

seen

LIII. Panofka.
' 2

Museo British

Borbonico

Naples,
in
vases.

the

Museum,
in

and

other

large
Inst.

Mus. Mus.

collections of Etruscan
10

Gregor. II. Gregor. II.

tav. L. 2.
tav.

XII.

2.

Illustrated

the

Mon

Ined.

chap,

lix.] the

MUSEO

GREGOKIANO."

PAINTED

VASES.

501

which is speedingits winged course Delphic tripod, the waves. over Dolphinsand other fish are gambolling in the water, attracted to the surface by the music of the and best pregod's lyre. It is one of the most beautiful, served vases yet discovered at Vulci. Third style.3 A calpis.Theseus, having pierced the wild sow of her with a stone, Crommyon with his spear, and wounded has brought her to bay,and awaits her attack, sword in hand, with his cJilamys wrapt round his left arm ; nearly the Spanishmatador encounters the bull in the arena. as Third style." Vulci.4 Stanmos. On the body of the vase is a band of figures the palsestric representing wrestling, boxing,and games In an is a banquet of four chariot-racing. upper band in the couplesof both sexes, very like the feasting-scenes tombs of Tarquinii, but in a more archaic style. Second style. Vulci. A hydria. Nymphs at a Doric fountain ; some going, others returning. Their pots, true hydrice in form, just
on
" "

like the

vase

itself, are

laid

on

their heads

in different

as positions, according they are full or empty ; as may be observed the peasant-girls of Italy at the present among combat, thoughtto day. In an upper band is a spirited Hector against Ajax. In a represent iEneas assisting lower band, boys on horseback are hunting stags. Second style. Vulci.5 a Hydria, with a race of women, very curious scene. Second style.
"

On

the shelf
sort

near

the window

is

remarkable

vase.

It

is that

the neck, towards amphora, contracting under an commonly called a police. Two men are sitting

of

Aiit. Pop. Micali, XCIV. VI. Mus. Mon.

Ital. III. p. 147, Inst. I. tav. 1.

'

Mus. Mus.

tav.

Ined.

Gregor. II. tav. Gregor. II. tav.

XII. IX.

1. 2.

XL

Gregor. II. tav. XV.

502

ROME.

ux, [chap,

olive-tree,each with
is

an

amphora at
"

his

feet, and

one

who would
is the has

measuring
I
were

the oil exclaims,

rich ! "
at
a

0 father

Jupiter!
vase

that
same

On

the

reverse

of the

pair,but
been

for subsequent period,

"
"

the prayer

been

heard, and the oil-dealer cries

filled to
is in

it hath

By boy
which
man,

the window
his

Verily, yea, verily, Second style. Caere.6 overflowing." in the Third style. A also a calpis,
"

has

hoop
to

one

hand, and
stolen from
or

a
a

cock

in the

other,
old

he

seems

have

hen-roost.

An

supposed to
vase was

be his tutor,

is calling him peedotribe,

to account

for his misdeeds.

It is not
as

known

where

this

beautiful

found,

it had

been

in the

Vatican

Library, long priorto the formation of this Museum.7 One is a archaic vases. two most are By the window is the Boar of Calyform. The subject hydriaof singular with don at bay,attacked by dogs,and by hunters armed
The other attached. have their names spears, all of whom is an olpe, with Hector, who and representsAjax fighting
is assisted

by

iEneas.

The these

very
vases

and peculiar design,

to
are

the

mark palaeography,

be

of that

rare on

Doric
any

like those of Corinth, which class, other Etruscan

In the
cases

seldom

found

site than

Cervetri.8
are

by

the window the

of
a

sundry articles in glass

a

and
a

pottery; among
the form

latter notice man's

small canoe,

and

rhytonin

leg.
Vase-Room. the
vases

Quadrant,
This is
on a

or

Third

shelves

long hall along the

or

with gallery,
wall.

arranged
most

inner

I shall

the specify

Mon.

Ined.

Inst. II. tav. XLIV.

1.

schoolmaster's
tav.
s

rod.

Mus.

Gregor.

II.

Mus.
7

Gregor. II. tav. LXI.

Some
see

XIV. Mon.

2.

in this

scene

Jupiterand
old man's than
a

Ined. Inst. II. tav. XXXVIIItav.

"

Ganymede,
wand is

and

the certainly

Mus.

Gregor. II.

XVII.

2. ; Ann-

more

like

sceptre

Inst. 1836, pp. 306

310, Aheken.

chap,

lix.]

MUSEO

GREGORIANO."

PAINTED

VASES.

503

remarkable,
which A

as

near

as

can

recollect in the

order

in

they stand. the hydria,representing

Minerva
a

combat

of

Hercules
Mars
"

with
son.

Cycnus ;
Below
is

assists her
of lions and the

hero, and
Second

his

band

boars.

Hydria. Combat of warriors as represented

their Second

gods

with the
not

in armour, and

of
are

opponents. Jove
"

Hercules

style. Vulci. who are giants, size than larger in a quadriga.

style. Vulci. Hydria. Two men

were

on

horseback, who
for the
vase are

might represent
them.
and

the Dioscuri On

it not of the
"

above inscriptions
contests

the shoulder

of

racers

Second pugilists. Stamnos.

style. Cervetri.
of Greeks
and

Combat

Amazons.

Third

from Vulci. style, Amphora. Aurora mourning over her son Memnon, is lying who lies dead in a myrtle-grove.His armour on the trees. A dove in the the ground, or is suspended from branches above is supposed to representhis soul,or it may be one of the hero's companions, changed,as the legend of the weeping states,into birds. Observe the expression mother. from On the
reverse

of this
"

scene

is Briseis led away

Achilles.

Second

youths and maidens, with branches in their hands, stand by. In an keras or is Bacchus band holding an overflowing upper wine-horn,in the midst of Fauns and Msenades dancingto and castanets. Second style. the music of the double-pipes Hydria.
;

Theseus

style. Vulci.9 slayingthe Minotaur

"Vulci. the over Amphora. Achilles and Memnon, contending body of Antilochus. On the reverse, Hercules and Minerva in a quadrigaaccompanied by other divinities. Second style. Vulci.
"

Mus.

Gregor. II.

tav. XLIX.

2.

504
"

HOME.

[chap.lix.

CaJpis.
Muses.
(

"

Thamyras

with his

very
"

beautiful
"

'alpis.

Poseidon

with the lyre, contending in the late style. Vulci.10 vase seizing JEthra," as she is
"

"

flowers. plucking

Third

style. Vulci.1
"

Hydria.
the

On

the shoulder

of the vase,

Theseus

is

ing slay-

the Minotaur, with

body, Minerva
and

youths and maidens around ; on is mounting her quadriga, attended by

Second
"

style. Vulci. Hydria. A fountain with a Doric portico, havingsnakes The water and birds painted on the architrave. gushes of lions and asses, and flows in waving the mouths from ! On the shoulder of the vase, into the pitchers curves Hercules is overcoming the Nemean lion ; Minerva and Iolaus stand by with a chariot. Second style. Vulci.2 is paintinga stele or funeral monument Hydria. A man in a chariot. Third style. ; another passes him Vatican Library.3 hands with Minerva, salutes Amphora. Hercules shaking Iolaus stands by. On the reverse her with XAIPE. a citharista is playingbetween two athletes,very like the of Corneto. in the painted tombs Third style. figures
Hercules

Mercury.

"

"

"Vulci.4 Two Panathenaic with amphorce, the

of figure

Minerva

armed,

poisingher lance between two Doric columns surmounted with the usual by cocks ; and legend, of the prizes from Athens." TONA0ENE0ENA0LON, On the reverse the publicgames or are races, leaping, Vulci.5 the quoit. Second style, hurling very archaic. Amphora. A youth with the discus. On the reverse in the Third style. A very beautiful vase is a pcedotribe.
"
" "

"Vulci.6
10

Mus. Mus. Mus.

-"ins.

Gregor. II. tav. Gregor.II. tav. Gregor. II. tav.

Gregor.
II. tav.

XIII. XIV. X. 2.
XVI.

'-'.

4 "
r

Mus. Mus. Mus.

1.

Gregor. II. tav. Gregor. II. tav.

II. tav. Gregor.

LIV. XLII. LVIII.

2.

XLIII.
1.

1.

chap,

ux.]

MUSEO

GREGORIANO."

PAINTED

VASES.

505

Amphora.
and

Apollowith
A

the

crowned lyre,
in the

with laurel, Third

rapt in song.
Vulci.7

beautiful vase,

style,

from

Amphora. Hercules and Apollo contending for the endeavours On the to part them. tripod. Minerva dances to the music of the lyre and double reverse are pipes. Third style. Cervetri.8 presents a gobletto her Amphora. "Ekabe (Hecuba) the brave Hector and regards KAA02 EKTX2P son, him with such intense interest, that she spills the wine as The hoary-headed Priamos she pours it out to him. also stands by, leaning his staff, at on looking mournfully is very his son, as if presaginghis fate. The reverse inferior to this beautiful scene. Third style. Vulci.9 with his lyre in hand, endeavouring Amphora. Apollo,
"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

to avoid the blow

axe.

which
vase

Cassandra
in the Third

aims
"

at

him

with

an

beautiful A

style.

Vulci.1

ing to battle ; and receivdeparting Third style. Vulci. a patera from a female. Amphora. Neptune, with his trident, and bearing a rock on which are and fishes, is painted sundry reptiles to be Polybotes. Third a warrior, supposed overthrowing style. Vulci.2 with cuirass, but no Amphora. On one side Achilles,
"
"

Amphora.

warrior

helmet, stands,spear in hand

is
to
a patera filling

on

the other,
to make
vase
a

maiden

with

wine, either
A

libation, or
in the best

offer it to the hero.

very

beautiful

from Vulci.3 style, The large amphora in the recess and both in form and style of art those of Etruria.
"

is from is very

Magna Gra?cia,
different from

Mus.
8

Mus.

9 Mus.

Gregor. II. tav. LIX. Gregor. II. tav. LIV. Gregor. II. tav. LX.
Gregor. II. tav. LX.

2. 1.
2.

this interpret Bacchante.

s
a

scene

as

Orpheus
LVI.
1.

and

Mus. Mus.

Gregor.

II. tav.

'Mus.

1. Some

Grcxor. II. tav. LV1II.

3.

506

ROME.

[chap.lix. and Jupiter Juno

Stamnos.
on

The

gods in

council.
;

seated

thrones, sceptres in hand

their and

Minerva, Mercury, and

; and

Neptune, with
cither Vulcan
"

attributes respective
or

another

pair,

Venus,
"

Pluto and

Proserpine.Third
the midst
are

style. Vulci.4
Stamnos. her
sisters ;
"

Zeus
on

seizing ^Egina," in
"

of

who,

the other side of the

"

vase,

seen

their informing Third Stamnos.

father
"

Asopos ," of his

abduction. daughter's

style. Vulci.5 Hippolytaon

Theseus,

horseback
aided

and

in

close mail, Third

contending with
"

by

Pirithous.

style. Vulci.6 Amphora. Hercules,bearingthe boar of Erymanthus his shoulder, is bringing him to Eurystheus, fied on who, terriat the huge monster, tries to hide himself in a well. Second seems style. Vulci.7 Humour hardlyconsistent with so much of style. severity At the end of this gallery with a warrior is a pelice, the most a gobletfrom a winged Victory. But receiving remarkable thing about the vase is that it was broken of old, and riveted togetherwith brass wire, just as it is Third style. now placed in the tomb. seen, before it was
"

Vulci.8 On several the side of the

vases.

towards gallery

the windows

are

Trojan youth on horseback, probably and has been surprised Troilus, at a fountain by Achilles, gallopsoff,followed by his swift-footed foe. A maiden alarmed is dropping her pitcher. Third style. Vulci.9 Stamnos. The winged Heos" driving her four-horse chariot. Third style. Vulci.1
"

Stamnos.

"

"

4
s

Mus. Mus. Mus. Mus.

6 :

Gregor. II. tav. Gregor. II. tav. Gregor. II. tav. Gregor. II. tav.

XXI. XX. XX.

1. I.
2.

8 9

Mus. Mus. Mus.

'

Gregor. II. tav. Gregor. II. tav. Gregor. II. tav.

LXIII. XXII. XVIII.

2.
1.

2.

LI. 2.

ROME.

lis. [chap.

Cacus the the Centaurs slaying vanquishing overcoming the strikingdown Amazons wrestlingwith Nereus Cerberus from hell contending Geryon fetching triple-bodied with the with Apollo for the tripod in company his great gods of Olympus combating the giants driving chariot with his patron, the grey-eyedgoddess playing between Bacchus and Minerva the lyre, rescuing Dejanira
"
" " "

"

"

"

"

"

"

from

the centaur deeds

vases
"

Nessus.
are

The these

of Theseus he
is

also favourite

subjectson
the of Crom-

contending with
"

the
wild

Amazons,
sow

Minotaur, the Centaurs

myon,
or

the slaying

the securing exercises

"

bull of Marathon.
and
"

Palsestric
"

games

are

also often

sented repre-

wrestling boxing
in

horseback, and
at the strigils

bath. the

racing.Hunting the hare on is very peculiar. Youths with armour, Warriors arming, or engagedin combat.

Scenes

from

Trojan War,
which demand

the especially

deeds

of

Achilles and

Hector. notice is an particular about representing style, Jupiter ; Neptune, Mercury, Mars, and

Among
to

those

in amphora,

the Second

give birth to Minerva in very Juno standing around him ; Cervetri. A celebe, archaic style, a nuptial representing procession ; the wedded

pair drawn amphora, in

An quadriga;also from Cervetri. the Second from the same site,with style, the combat of Hector, assisted by iEneas, againstAjax ; A pdice, lions. the neck is a goddess between two on able with Diana offering is remarkto Apollo, a phiala or goblet as having been found near Norcia in Sabina, on one of the loftiestpeaks of the Apennines. And an amphora,
in
a

with
in

Hercules

and

Minerva

at

the of

gate of Hades, offers

the

its

a inscription specimen on

unknown

tongue,

found occasionally
"

these vases.3
Grcgor. II. tev. LI
I. 2.

Mus.

chap,

lix.]

MUSEO

GREGORIANO.-PAINTED

VASES.

509

Fourth

Vase-Room.

which are or cylices, paterce, inferior in than the uprightvases, and not more rare of the most exquisite specimens of beauty; indeed,some vessels of this form. Etruscan art are on ceramographic I shall only notice those with the most striking subjects, of which are some painted within, others outside the This chamber contains bowl.
Most

of them

are

from

Vulci.
same

the (Edipussolving
caricature
"

riddles of the

the Theban

Sphinx. The prince having a monstrous

hammer, in his hand
to to
;

in

head,
"

and

little crutch, like a

the

mana

devouringmonster"

being reduced
for it is hard

the

of figure

dog,

monkey,
Jason

or

fox,
"

determine

which.4

vomited

he falls.5 The

him as by the dragon ; Minerva catching Rape of Proserpine ; the King of Shades below
:

bearing her
relief
"

to his realms

her ornaments Pelias

are

in
to

rare

feature in these vases.6 the treacherous

being led

the cauldron, where sacrifice him.7 A sick warrior contrasted A

on

Medea
bull

stands
of

readyto
:

Theseus
a

binding the

Marathon.8

couch, his head supportedby his wife

and

the

pain

banquet of
"

lyre ; and another of men preparingfor the arena,

this room,

pressed.9 admirably exbearded one men, playingthe and youths.10 Groups oiathletce

sympathy

are

one

of the most

beautiful

vases

in

naked Several

rivalled, however, by the next, which shows in their hands.1 youths at the bath, with strigils

specimens of
Between

the each

curious

goblets, painted with

some generally

large eyes.
4

pair are
7
8

small

These

two

vases

are

illustrated in

Mus. Mus. Mus. Mus.

Mus.
5

Gregor.II.
Mon. Ined.

tav. LXXX.

Inst. II. tav. LXXXVI.

tav.

XXXV.
1.

" 10

Mus.
s

Gregor. II. tav. Mus. Gregor. II.

more

Gregor. II. tav. LXXXII. Gregor. II. tav. LXXXII. Gregor. II. tav. LXXXI. Gregor. II. tav. LXXIX.
1.

1. 2. 1. 1 ;

LXXXIII. of

2.

LXXXI.
1

But

common

on

those

Magna

Mus.

Gregor. II.

tav. LXXXVI

I.

Greecia.

510

ROME.

[chap.

lix.

Hercules such as slaying Cycnus, figures, warrior galloping, Mercury and Bacchus,
"
" "

mounted
"

warriors, Hercules,

trumpeters, heads
"

of Minerva,

Mercury, and
common

three
are

; but togetherin profile

the most

subjects
more

Bacchic. On the shelves

"

towards

the

windows dead

are

of

these

: Ajax bearing the cylices

body
on

of Achilles.2

Prometheus
his

bound

to

Doric column, with the vulture at with hands. of the world his shoulders.3

liver,talkingto Atlas
Warriors

shaking
Combats

horns. straight of exploit

Trumpeters with longGreeks and Trojans. The

cattle-lifter.
of

the infant
"

Mercury
was

as

The He
And

babe

born
on

at the first peep

day

began playing the same evening did

the

lyreat noon,
he steal away

herds." Apollo's

The

god ; Cyllene

of

is seeking for his cattle in the cave light who, in Maia stands by her new-born son,
a

of

his

cradle,lies hid in
seated in the bowl the
waves

corner

among

the herd.4

Hercules,
of Hector.5
his servant

he had the

received from
vase on

is crossing Apollo,

outside

is the his

Death

Midas, with ass's ears, seated

standing before him
with
one

throne, and

of the tell-tale reeds which

his the secret to the world.6 on Triptolemus wThispered winged car, drawn by serpents.7 not painted Some of the smaller goblets are externally, but have

the maker's
xaipe
kai

name
eiiei
"

inscribed
"

; and

on

not

few is

the salutation

Hail,and drink
ho goblets,

' '

Another
kalos,

often inscription,

seen

on

these

iiais

Mus. This

Gregor. II. tav. is a burlesque.

LXVII.
3.

LXVII. Mus.

2.

Mus.

Gregor. II.

tav. LXXII

and

so

Gregor.
1.
1.

Dr. Braun

it (Ann. Inst. 1844. interprets

II. tav.
4 s

Mus. Mus. It is

Gregor. II. Gregor. II.

so

tav. LXXXIII.
tav.

d' Agg D.) ; but it is more P- 211. tav. of the crooks,represented like one in the

LXXIV.

hands
7

of peasants.

See

Vol. I. p. 333. LXXVI.

"

called in the

to exposition

Mus.

Gregor. II.

tav.

chap,

ux.] that

MUSEO

GREGORIANO."

PAINTED

VASES.

511

shows

the

vase

was

present of affection

to

some

in youth." A few, however, bear inscriptions rather in no a languageutterly or unintelligible, language at all ; for the epigraphs are composed either of letters at random, or of mere dots,grouped shapeless put together

"beautiful

in imitation of words.

The
curious
vases,

glasscabinet
articles in
in the

in this

room

contains

number

of

pottery
"

forms and

of human
as

rhyta,and other fantastic beings or heads, and of

well
as some

various

beasts

birds ;

black

ware

of

Two beautiful phialce, or highantiquity.8 drinking-bowls, in relief, of black ware, with figures not painted, rather are Roman Here than
are

Etruscan. also
a

few
a

paintedvases
from site Persian
so

One,
the

an

bears olpe, the

scene

not literal,

naval
a

beautiful

olpe shows
"

ordinaryforms. the Etruscan cockpit Another designated.9 monarch an receiving

"

of

amphora from his queen.1 A third vase form displays Meneleos sword rushing,
" "

of the
in

same

hand,

to

take vengeance his faithless spouse. on Elene," with dishevelled hair, fliesfor refuge to the Palladium ; but little would the

peculiar patroness, laughter-lovingAphrodite," interposes, stepping

own
"

Minerva

avail her

; and

her

between

the

son

of
at

Atreus the

and

his vengeance. his sword

over

He,

startled evidently and with behind confesses

a

lets apparition,

drop,
him

of Love, who the power hovers while soft Persuasion chaplet, ("Peitho

him.
; in

The

moral

may
one

be

bad, but the

most

") stands designis

"

excellent best On

truth, this is

of the

beautiful and

vases preserved in the a calpis,

in the Museum.
same

Third

Hercules style,
XCVI
'

style. Vulci.2 is seen reclining

tav. IV.

Mus.

Gregor. II. tav. Gregor. II.

XCIII.

Mus. Mus.

Gregor. II.

2.

"

XCVIII.
9

Gregor. II. tav. V. 2.

Mus.

tav. V.

].

512

ROME.

[chap.lix.
to

on

couch

of masonry,
"

and

wakes

find the fauns

have

stolen his weapons.

Room
of

Vatican
Bronzes

Library.3
and

the

Jewellery.

This is of variety One

most

chamber, containing a great interesting

from the tombs
of Etruria.

articles in metal

of the first objects that strikes you on entering is couch of bronze, with a raised placefor the head, and formed of
a

the bottom

work lattice-

of thin bars.

Though

probablyjust such a couch as the earlyinhabitants of to use, it served wont bier,for it was were as a Italy in tomb found at the Regulini-Galassi Cervetri, and bore a corpse.4 doubtless once Around each supportinga it stand four or five tripods, and several handles huge cauldron of bronze, with reliefs, in the shape of dragons' heads, turned inwards to the
bowl.
the
most

These

were

all found

in the

same

tomb5

"

indeed,
from

articles interesting

in this chamber

come

that celebrated Six

sepulchre.
feet in
bossed diameter, em"

three large circular shields,

with

reliefs

like the round

of

bucklers of the heroic

; four
a

age, about

the

aanrCbes (zvkvkXol

Homer
with

smaller

ones,

half the size, decorated

of three

sort

of shell in the small

to

midst have

panthers;

and

twelve
"

disks,too
now

any purpose but ornament the walls of this chamber, and were

served

hang
in the

round
same

found

tomb, where
walls and Observe

the

smaller

ones

were

suspended from
beneath the

the

ceiling.6
on one

of the

shelves

a shields,

Mus. See

Gregor. II.
Vol.

tav.

XIII.

1.
6

flowers.
9 ; XVII.
5

Mus.

Gregor. I.
tav.

tav.

XVI.

.'!,

II. p. 48.

It is about

feet

long, 2
ornamented men,

ft. 3 in. wide, and six

about
It 1
"

Mus.
3.

Gregor. I.

XV.

1, XVI.
XX.

1 foot
was

high, standing on
with

legs.

embossed

reliefs

Mus.

Gregor. I. tav.

XVIII

"

of

lions, sphinxes, dogs, and

chap,

lix.]

MUSEO

GREGORIANO."

BRONZES.

513

instrument singular centre, just like a with and reliefs of

stood

on

wheels, having a deep bowl in the

but dripping-pan,
It
was an

modern

decorated

rampant
it

lions.

incense-burner,

by

the side of the bier in the

All these rather On the

as

be articles,

Regulini sepulchre.7 remembered, are to be regarded

of small
some disks,

the

than Pelasgic walls hang a

Etruscan. number with

a

head

of the horned
centre.
are

Bacchus, others with that of

found have
in
a

lion, in the
and Tarquinii, of the

They were supposed to

tomb the

at

adorned

coffers

ceiling.8 Among the shields is one found at Bomarzo, still it is said, its lining of wood, and braces of retaining, leather ; but you are not able to inspect it closely.9 On the walls also hang many other articles of armour,
defensive and offensive
"

cuirasses, helmets, greaves, shieldbe observed

braces, spears, javelins, arrow-heads,

battle-axes.
a

Among them visor singular

annexed

may
or

face-bit,
; and

shown
a

in the

wood-cut

the long curved trumpet, or lituus, only specimen of that instrument I remember to have seen; thoughit was Etruscan.1 peculiarly
BRONZE VISOR.

Most

of this

armour

is from

Vulci.

half a dozen more these weapons are instruments fans, or the handles of fans,with

Among

peaceful
holes for

"

threads
a

or

wire to tie in

leaves. feathers, or
with

Here, too, is
"

hand

of bronze, studded
a mere

or gauntlet,

votive

gold nails either a almost too attenuated offering,

to have

for the former

the

palm
5, 6.

seems

been of leather.

7
8

Mus.

Gregor. I. tav.

XV.

'A

plate of
at

this
380.

trumpet
For the

is

given

See Vol. I. p. 357

at p. 358.

; and

the wood-

above,
see

page

armour

cut
9

Mus.

Gregor. I.

tav. XXI.

See Vol. I. p. 2-24.

VOL. II. LI.

514

ROME.

[chat.lix.

On

the

shelf

beneath

the and

candelabra,of elegantform
all kinds

armoury fanciful

are

numerous

where conception,

of animal

life are

toreutic artists. Two

furniture
are

pressedinto the service of the specimens of this beautiful sepulchral

the annexed cuts.2

given in

ETRUSCAN

CANDELABRA.

See

also the

woodcut vary

at

page
10

204. inches is

figures.
fluted, or
stem

The

shafts the

generallyrise
are

rectly di-

These
to

candelabra feet in

from the

from

base, and
knotted

often like the

height,but
4 feet.

average

twisted, or
a

between
stand
on

3 and

They invariably
lions,
In
one

of

tree, but
as

figuresometimes
cut.
a

three

either of men, legs, birds. cut, the of three

intervenes
a

in the above

It
cat

was or

horses, stags, dogs, or

case, formed
as

favourite

conceit to
a

introduce bird
up

shown

in

the

tripodis
human

squirrel chasing
and

the

shaft,

by

the

bodies

the bowl

above

has often littlebirds

516

ROME.

[chap.lix.

"

borders

of

flowers,and

elegantGreek
with

patterns, and
Penthesilea these

the
and

combat
her

of Achilles and

his followers

Amazons.

The

beauty

and

of spirit
scene

recall the
times

marbles. Phigaleian
the

The

is

figures repeatedthree
are

round amid combs

body
bone,

of the casket. Within

two

On found

the lid
a

four

heads broken
small

flowers.
of

it

were

mirror, two

glass vessels
more

very rare, not discovered in

and two an hair-pins, ear-pick, These caskets are containingrouge. than two or three dozen having been
are

Italy. They
a

found

in stone principally

the at Palestrina, sarcophagi but this

to
one

ancient Praeneste,in does not

Latium;

from

tomb

at Vulci

any

yet known, and

at

is

only rivalled

in beauty yield by that in the

Jesuits' Museum There also from

and
are
a

Rome.7

few other ciste, but of inferior

a

beauty.One,
sea-horses ;
of the

Vulci, has

handle mermaids

formed
at

of the

two

or winged Scyllas

on setting

feet.8

Another

has

its handle of
a

formed

of

two
"

youths
men

and wrestling,

its reliefs are

character palrestric

boxing with
On the lid
are

the

cestus, or

being anointed
In this

for the contest.

were

marine
of

monsters.

found

three

two unguent-pots,
a

alabaster,one

of wood,

with together

broken On

strigil.9
about
two

stands about

the

room

are

several
on resting

braziers lions'

or

censers,

feet in diameter, curious

On

them

still lie the

tongs, shovel, and

legs. poker,

Mub.

Gregor.
of such Gerhard Whether their

I. tav.

XL" all the

are

XLII.
most

"

ciste mistiche." the character

It is,however, of their

clear

Illustrations of this and

beautiful Professor caskets

from

contents,

given by
the doubt
to

that the
were

only mysteries attendingthem

bath

in his from purpose, contained

Etruskische

those of the female is

one

and

toilet.
in

Spiegel.
the idea

There British

of

these

caskets

the

attachingto
that
of

or

owing
the
have
name

Museum,

bearing the

subjectof
4.

they
the

parare-

the sacrifice of
s

Polyxena.
tav.

phernalia
ceived

sacrifices, they
Italians

Mus. Mus.

Gregor. I.

XXXVII. XXXVII.

from

the

of

Gregor. I. tav

1.

chap,

lix.] rather

MUSEO

GREGORIANO."

BRONZES.

517

or

rake, found
terminate in
a

with
in

them.

The

tongs
;

are

on

wheels,
handle

and

serpents'heads
;

the
a

shovel's human

ends
as are

swan's
in

neck

and

the rake in
__

hand,
These also At
a
"

shown

the

annexed such

wood-cut.
are

from

Vulci, but

found

"_":=::~'~

on

Etruscan sites.1 many is a war-chariot end of the room one

not

"

biga

of Etruscan

but Roman, antiquity,

Roma

found the

many

years

since at
on

Vecchia, in

Campagna,

six miles

the
"

The

body
are

alone

is ancient

wheels bronze
arm

restored,with the

Appian Way. the pole and exceptionof the

a

ornaments.2

By

its side is

colossal time of

of

bronze, also Roman,

of the
and

and of great beauty ; Trajan, a huge dolphin both found

"

the tail of
sea

in the

at

Civita Vecchia. On
the in
or

the

shelves, and
of the
room

in the
are

in glass-cases
FIRE RAKE.

corners

numerous

articles with grappling-irons,

appearance,

or great variety. Creagrce,

six

eight

prongs,

of formidable

and

rious mystewith

or meaning, but probablyculinary for taking up and turningover no

sacrificialinstruments, flesh. One

prongs,

but

similar

branches

of metal

terminatingin

that they may heads, shows sometimes have serpents' of cauldrons, served other purposes.3 Handles or, it may furniture, of elegant and fanciful forms be, of wooden in relief.4 Strigils and rich decorations,often with figures or ending in the heads of rams hair-pins, dogs, a
"

Mus.

Gregor. I.
Mon.

tav.

XIV. VI.
tav.

The

illustrations I. tav. and LVIII

given
"

in the show

Mus. the the

Inghirami,
5.

Etrus.

Gregor.
great
Etruscans

LX.,

taste

elegant fancy
of art.

of

See

the

illustrations Mus.

at

page

435

of

in this branch

Vol. I.,and

Gregor. I.

tav. XLVII.

518

HOME.

[chap.lix.
or styli, writing
"

human

hand,
"

lotus-flower,
of

an

acorn

"

implements
strainers
some
"

ladles
"

various
" "

forms

culenders

or

of

pails vases in great variety, mered uncouth, clumsy forms, composed of plateshamcups

cauldrons

into

Etruscan
"

human,

of the earliest mode together, toreutics ; others more elegant, yet still fantastic and other animal forms, being tortured to the and shape,

nailed

service

of

the

artist.5

specimen
in of
a

of this is shown

the

annexed the

wood-cut form
an

jug,in

of

female

head, with

thus-leaf acan-

at the back

; and

others

are

in the

form

of do

bulls, and

pigs, which

duty as hand-irons. Among the bronze

two
are

ures, figis

particularly
One of Minerva,
on

worthy
a

of notice.
statue

small
an

with of her

owl

the with

back
tiges ves-

hand,
from

and

of

wings on
an a

ders, her shoulThe

arus-

Orte.6 Etruscan woollen

other is
pej?, in
or

tutidus,
BRONZK EWFR.

high peaked
without

cap,

close
a

tunic

sleeves, and
on

loose
a,

pallium
Etruscan

with

broad

border,fastened
arms are

the breast with

fibula. His feet and

bare.

On

his left thighis an

inscription.
Nortia. Got1 ;

5
6

Mus. This
in

Greg.
is
a

I. tav. I

"

IX.
to

Fortuna,
be

or

the Etruscan

representation, said
Gerhard
in her takes

theit. d. Etrask. Mus.

p. 61. taf. IV.

tav.

c"

unique

metal.

it to of

Gregor. I.

XLIII.

1.

represent

Minerva

character

chap,

lix.]

MUSEO

GREGORIANO."

MIRRORS.

519

is very curious,as of the Etruscan aruspew. the banks Certain of the Tiber.7 articles
on

This

the peculiar costume exhibiting

It
was

found

in

tomb

by

the walls stillremain

to be described.

Plates of bronze

with

of the decorations, probably, reliefs, A

vase,

long perished furniture.

embossed, with
site of its moveable
"

like

powder-flask
for the
times handles,some-

handle, is remarkable
Paterce with
a

discovery

Cosa.8

of human
in
one

forms, as

where
her

female

holds the

mirror
; or

hand, while
a

combing

hair with

other

where

Juno, half-draped, supports the bowl

with

her

wings.9 upraised will whose Those patienceis equal to their curiosity, interest in the specula, find abundant mirrors, which or at first only were hang on the walls ; but as the figures them, and as the bronze is often much on lightly graven the subject, corroded, it is not alwayseasy to distinguish
or

even

the

of the decorations. outlines,

traces not

Some,
must

it will be
bered remem-

observed, retain
that
it
was

of

gilding. It
concave

be

the

side, on

which

the

that was used as a figuresare drawn, but the convex mirror. are : Among the most remarkable with figuresin relief Aurora One winged, carrying She might well be taken Memnon. the body of her son
" "

for the

Virgin bearingthe
Gregor. I. tav. illustrated by
of the head XLIII.
some

dead

Saviour

she has

even

Mus.

2. This of the
bear

augurs,

but

Melchiorri would
on

(Bull.
rather of the

Inst.

figure is
ancient
on

1839, p.
them
cent
8

122)

attribute
cres-

coins

Etruria, which
of
an

to

Luna,

account

the obverse
a

aruspex,
on

stamp,
Mus. The
on

in

similar precisely
an

cap

; and

the

Gregor. I.
female the
cover

tav.

X. her hair is

reverse

axe,

sacrificial

and knife,
as

combing
of

two
a

crescents, said to mark

semis. Marchi cl. III. and
tav. to
a

its value

copied
for
a

this been

work

; the

Ms Tessieri, These coins

patera she supports has

Grave,
have where

2.

speculum,

or

mirror.

Mus.

exchanged Gregor.

been

referred
was

the city Fsesulte, Etruscan

1. tav. XII.

XIII.

there

collegeof

520

ROME.

lix. [chap.

halo

round

her

head

to

increase

the
are

resemblance.
of great

"

From

Vulci.1
"

These

relieved mirrors
so

rarity.
ing stand-

Chalchas,"
at
an

called in Etruscan

is characters,

altar, inspectingthe
the Etruscan

entrails of

the

victim.

"Vulci.2

"Tinia,"
"

Jove, grasping

two

sorts

of

and by "Thethis" (Thetis), both winged, as usual with Etruscan Thesan (Aurora), each beseechinghim in favour of her son in the divinities,
"

thunderbolts, is embraced

coming

combat.

"

Menrva"

him that appears to remind of art.3 In a bad and careless style

stands by, and (Minerva) is doomed Memnon by fate.

"Pele"

and (Peleus) is

"Atlnta"

in (Atalanta),
a

the

wrestling-match. He
her loins ; in better

naked, but she has

the last,
"

cloth round

than style
"

Vulci.4 his
"

Hercules, here called

Calanice," from

glorious
"

Aril holds the apples he has justtaken from victory," bears the celestial globe on his shoulders. who (Atlas), In stillbetter style. Vulci.5 and" Thesan" "Nethuns" "Usil" (Phoebus), (Neptune), of art. This mirror is very (Aurora). In a good style its original and might still almost serve bright, purpose.
"
"

"

Vulci
"

or

Toscanella.6

Turms

Aitas," or

the

infernal

Mercury,supportinga
Mus.

This

is

usuallystyled Aurora
Dr. Braun with

and
more

the chariot-race. XXXV.

1 ;

Gregor. I.

tav.

Cephalus, but
Memnon.
XXIII

Gerhard, Etrusk, Spieg.taf.

takes the corpse probability Mon.

; Mus.

for that III.

of

CCXXIV.
5

Ined.

Inst.

tav.

Etrusk.

Spieg.
been
"

taf. XXXVI.

CXXXVII
2.
name

Gregor.I. tav. XXXVI.

Etrusk.

1;

Mus.
6

Gregor. I. tav.
It has be is
; but
a

taf. VII. Abeken, Mittelitalien,

2

doubted
"

if the
or
'"'

of

Gerhard,
; Mus.
scene

Spieg.

taf. 1.

Neptune
Sethlans
Vulcan

Nethuns the the

Sethlns."
name

CCXXIII
;"

Gregor.I. tav. XXIX.

mirrors, is bad.
1. with
a

Etruscan

of

The

is curious, but

the art, as Mus.

figure
be

on

this mirror

in many

of these

with
sea.

trident must

the

god

of the
; Mon.

Gregor. I. tav.
4

XXXI.

Etrusk.

taf. LXXVI Spieg.

; Mus.

Her

cloth is marked
to

wheel,
in

Ined. Inst. II. tav. LX

tav. XXIV.

Gregor. I.

supposed

be

the

sign of victory

chap,

lix.]
"

MUSEO

GREGORIANO."

MIRRORS.

521

soul,called
sias.
"

Terasias," or (orPhinthial) figuresitting by with drawn sword is

Vulci.7 "Menrva" (Apollo),

Hinthial

Tirecalled

Uthuie."" "Apul"

(Minerva),
"

Turan
an

;'

in conversation (Venus) and "Laran" temple. Very bad style. Orte.8

"

before

Ionic

"

Tinia,"
and Hercle

"

Thurms,"
"

and

"

Thalna,"

or

cury, MerJupiter,

Juno.
"

Vulci.9

called by a winged fate-goddess, Mean." Vilae sits by. In better style (Iolaus) than some of the foregoing.Vulci.1 The head of a girlon one of these mirrors is a very unusual subject. Vulci.2
" "

crowned
"

"

"

"

Jove

on

his

with "Orte.3 Aurora

grace

cury, Merthrone,with his sceptrein his hand. the infant Bacchus, is dancing before him.

in her

quadrigadrawn
is contrasted

by winged
with the

horses. of spirit

The the

in the
"

female

steeds.

Vulci.4 the and

"

Apollo in
"Euturpa,"
Etruscan The

midst
a

of three

Muses,

one

of whom

is

faun

called "Eris."

In the

careless

style. Bomarzo.5 meeting of Peleus

the
sea.

and

Thetis.

Phoebus
some

behind,
female in excellent

risingfrom

A In
a

male

genius and

on. figures looking

preservation. This

good styleof art, and mirror is gilt. Vulci.6

"

Gerhard, Etrusk.
d. Etrusk.

Spieg.taf. CCXL;
taf. VI. I. tav. 1. pp. 35, XXXIII. XXIX.

'

Etrusk.

Spieg.

taf. CXLII 2. XXVI. XXXIV. XXXV.

; Mus.

Gottheit.
36.

Gregor. I. tav. XXXII.

2

Mus. Ined.

Gregor.

1;
The
some

Mus. Mus. Mus. Mon.

Mon.
name

Inst. II. tav.

Gregor. I. tav. Gregor. I. tav. Gregor. I. tav.

Ined.
tav.

1.

2. 2.
;

of the
"

sitting figure is by
"

read
8
9

Uthuse

Mus.

(Odysseus). Gregor. I. tav. XXVIII. Spieg. taf.

XXIX.
2.

Inst. II. tav. XXVIII. XXV.

tav.

1.

Mus.
6

Gregor. I.
Mus.

Etrusk.

LXXV

; Mus.

Gregor. I.

XXIII.

Gresor.

I. tav.

522

ROME.

[CHAP.MX. contain and

"

The

cases
"

Coins

by the windows weights small bulls

"

some

curious

relics.

other

in bronze, figures
"

probablyvotive offerings locks handles to furniture jointed articles belt-claspsiron daggers chain-bits,
"
" "

"

in

bone

carved
or

with

reliefs. Here

are

numerous

small around

rude

idols

lares of black earthenware, found

the bier

tomb at Cervetri. Their exceedingRegulini-Galassi rudeness and shapelessness proclaimtheir high antiquity. In truth they must be considered Pelasgicrather than Here is also the curious bottle, Etruscan.7 with a Pelasgic scratched on it, described in a alphabetand spelling-lesson meter previouschapter; 8 and another conical pot with a hexacouplet painted on it, in the same mysterious language.9 Both are from the tombs of Cervetri. But the articles which perhapswill excite most general interest are a pair of clogs clogs, }^es, a pair of Etruscan which, though not of jointed, the form most approved in our days, doubtless stood some Etruscan fair in good stead. of They are formed of cases in the
"

bronze,filledwith wood, which,

in

spiteof

its

great antiquity,
them.

is still preserved within

they must have combined with lightness strength ; and if clogs be a test of civilisation,
the years

Thus

Italians of
since
were

two

thousand

Fig.1.
ETRUSCAN JOINTED

Fig. 2.
CLOGS.

in advance

of

"

considerably the leading nation

CIII. is inscription
of the pot
see
n

of

Europe

"

in

the

'

Mus.
A
at

Gregor. II.
facsimile
p. 54. of For

tav.

Mus.

Gregor. II.
p. 55.

tav. CIII.

2. II.

the

[Tt supra, XCIX. 7.

Mus.

Gregor.

given

the form

tav.

524

HOME.

[chap.lix.

is a large embossed breastplate, striking object of figures sphinxes,goats, pegasi, with twelve bands From the very deer, and winged demons. panthers, it might have hung on archaic character of the adornments

The most

"

the breast of Aaron

himself.3

Next

is a remarkable

article,

broad united by two bands, composed of two oval plates, of embossed, and stuck over with minute figures all richly for decoratingthe head ; the ducks, and lions. It was laid on the crown, and the rest hung down was plate larger Then there are behind.4 gold chains and very massive to embossed necklaces, bracelets of broad gold plates, with the head-dress and breastplate, earrings correspond of great length and singular forms, numerous or fibula work of extraordinary brooches, in filagree delicacy.All with many of the rings, and fragthese things, ments together of the found in a chamber of a gold garment, were of them remarkable Pelasgictomb at Cervetri, most they arrangedso as to prove that when there deposited, decorated a human body.5 of necklaces,brooches,ringsfor the The great variety and and fingers, bailee, buttons, scarabcei in cornelian, ears from Vulci and other sites in Etruria,6 such-like bravery," abler pen than mine, and more would require an knowledge The fair visitor will soon of such matters, to do it justice. discover more excellencies than I can point out. But I
"

"

"

"

"

must
or

say

word

on

the remarkable

collection of

crowns

which chaplets,

will excite universal admiration.

They
though

Mus.

Gregor. Gregor.

I.

tav.

LXXXII.

None of

of them

in

this Museum,

LXXXIII.
4

admirable
one

beauty, rival
the
of

that inimi-

Mus.

I.

tav.

LXXXIV.

table

in

LXXXV.
5

Blayds, Esq.,
supra, p. 50.
"

possessionof Thomas Englefield Green,

at

Ut

Mus. LXXVII.
tav.

Gregor. I.
LXVIII One

which
heen

was

found

Vulci, and

has Ined.

tav. LXVII.
6

LXXV

illustrated

by Micali,Mon.
that,with
an

Mus.

Gregor.
LXXVIII
"

I.

"

tav.

XXL;

or

inscription, Campana

LXXIV. these

LXXXI.

of

in

the Rome.

of Cavalier possession

has fibulie

an

Etruscan

inscription. of

chap,

lix.]

MUSEO

GREGORIANO."

JEWELLERY.

525

oak, laurel, garlandsof leaves and delicately or are myrtle, ivy; and so truthfully they wrought,that in any other place you might take them for the natural articles. on specimens of electrotype gilding No have been more ornament can becoming than such it was these ; though,to tell the truth, not so as chaplets often the brow of beauty as the battered helm of the warrior that they were made to encircle. Most triumphant
are

all in

imitation

of

"

of them from

were

found

in the tombs

of

Vulci,but

one

comes

Ancona.7
same case are

In the
vases,

nearlyall from decorated with reliefs, Some are quiteplain ; others highly of military archaic style, in severely foot and on processions in chariots ; wild animals contending, or devouringtheir
prey where
;
a

of silver cups, bowls and the wonderful tomb of Cervetri.

a

number

cow

and

calf in

lotus-thicket ; and
the

lion-hunt,
is foes, vulture

the beast

on standing on

body

of

one

of his
a

attacked hovers

by
over

others
him

foot and

horseback, while

of her prey. All these expectation decorations are so purely Egyptian that they might be from the banks of the Nile. ral Sevesupposedimportations of the plaincups have the inscriptionLarthia," or Mi Larthia engravedon them in Etruscan letters.8
in
"

"

"

Chamber In the passage

of

Paintings. this
room are

leading to
beautiful I. the
"

several

For

illustrations of these
see

first who

imitated

leaves such

in
crowns

gold
on

and the

wreaths LXXXVI
Tonee

Mus. XCI.
"

Gregor.
These which
are

tav.

and bestowed silver, victors

mean

Co-

in

"

his games.
was

But the

this must first of the

va-

Etruscse from heroes

the

Romans
to

that Crassus who for

was

borrowed decorate XXI. Punic. XIII.

their in their

neighbours, Appian.
de Cor.
was

Romans,
gance;
can

of such extra guilty these

triumphs. Plin.
Reb. Mil. the

Pliny speaks of

Etrusused

4;

XXXIII.
;

4;
Tertul.

LXVI.

in

chapletsof gold having been triumphs at an earlier period.

"

Pliny says

that Crassus

Mus.

Gregor. I.

tav. LXII

"

LXVI.

526

ROME.

[chap.lix.

monuments sepulchral

in stone,

bearing Etruscan
a

One
a

is in the

shape
on

of

house of of
"

or

inscriptions. temple,with
d' Asso.
in the

moulded
a

door,

as

the the

tombs
name

Castel Spurina"

Another,
native

bears cippus,
; the
name

character who

of the

haruspex,be
of March.

it remembered, On the
at

warned
some

Caesar

of the ides

wall

hang
with

remarkable

reliefs in

bronze, found
combat

Bomarzo,

gods
The

and sacrifices, representing in a very rude the giants,

the and

of the

primitive style
with

of art.9

large chamber

beyond

is

hung

paintings,

of those on the walls of the tombs of copieson canvass of those in the British and Vulci, and duplicates Tarquinii I must For refer the reader to Museum. descriptions only here point out, for his previous chapters ; I can the order in which the paintings are guidance, arranged. Beginning from his righthand, on entering, they take the order. following Camera del Morto, Tarquinii.1 Grotta Stackelberg, Grotta delle Bighe, or Tarquinii.2 Grotta Querciola, Tarquinii.3 Grotta delle Iscrizioni, Tarquinii.4 Grotta del Triclinio, Grotta Marzi, Tarquinii.5 or Grotta del Barone, or Grotta del Ministro, Tarquinii.6 The painted tomb at Vulci.7 from still to be seen All the paintings are Tarquinii state as that site,though not in so on a they perfect here represented. But the tomb of Vulci is utterly are destroyed.8
9

Mus.

Gregor. I. tav.

XXXIX.

4"6.

s c
'

Vol. I. pp. 288"298. Vol. I. pp. 329"332. Vol. I. pp. 409, 428"9. These

1 3 3

Vol. I. pp. 298"302. Vol. I. pp. 324"328.

"

Vol. I. pp. 281 288. of the scenes in this tomb

4

Only
is shown.

part

paintingsare
much
too

of the
not

size

of

the
in

frescoes,and original
outline ; but

incorrect in the

Vol. I. pp. 338

"

343.

hard

chap,

lix.]

MUSEO

GREGORIANO."

VARIETIES.

527

Ranged
pottery
"

round

the

room

are

sundry relics
of Etruscan

in stone

or

weightier

matters

art.

flat

circular

like a millstone, with a sepulchral inscription cippus, like a round its edge.9 An uprightsarcophagus, trave, round Ionic temple, the archiand with an on inscription which Thanchvilus Latin found
of the

recalls Masnial."1

the

fair

Tanaquil
"

"

Eca

Suthi

The date

base

to

statue, bearing a
306

of inscription,
at

the

of 305

or

after Christ,
name

Vulci, and

as interesting

determining the

city,whose
Two

treasures.2

cemetery has yieldedsuch marvellous steles of basalt,with Etruscan tions. inscripred

or

of Many largetall jars,

brown

ware,

fluted,
of

with Caere
rows

reliefs in and of

very

archaic of
rim.

style ;
the The

from

the

tombs

Veii.3

Braziers the

same

character,with
vase

round figures

well-known

of

to Triptolemus, presented A cinerary pot whose lid

the
has

Pope by Prince the figureof a

Poniatowski. horse
for
a

handle. Chamber On the

a of the

Tomb.
Bronze

way
small

out

from

the

Room,
a

you

pass

through

chamber, where

stands

tall and

very

vase singular

of bronze, composed of two

bell-shaped pots,

colouring.
the
now

The

are inscriptions

often
;

The from

inscriptionhere, however,
the termination
to

and inaccurate,
on are

sometimes

omitted

and,

seems
a

refer
see

to

other

hand, certain
in

parts which

male

; for the

first part of it

Vol. 3.

deficient

the

originals,

are

I. p. 242.
2

Mus.

Gregor. I tav. CV.

tav

here made

supplied,either
when
or

from

drawings
cayed, dethe

Mus.

Gregor. I.
D.N. RI" FLAVIO SKVER0

CVI
VALE N0

the from

less paintingswere the imaginationof

be

copier. each

It must
canvass

remembered

that

"

"

sheet of wall of
a

BILISSIMO

represents a separate
CAESARI

tomb.

ORD

It is like that in shown Toscanella,

451

Campanari'sgarden
in

ET

POPVLVS

at

the woodcut

VVLCENTIVS

at

page

of Vol. 2.

I.

Mus.

Gregor.

I.
3

D
.

tav. CV.

Mus.

Gregor. II.

tav. C

528

ROME.

[chap.i.ix. with in reliefs, less

united than

by

two

and spheres,

covered
"

no

eleven

bands, of animals
horses
"

lions,sphinxes, griffons,
a

early and found in the Regulini-Galassi It was of art. severe style served as a fumigator.4 tomb, at Cervetri ; and probably from Vulci, one Here also two lions in netifro are on each side of a doorway. Enter, and you find yourself
bulls,and
very
in
a

chieflywinged, in

small

dark

chamber It

fitted up

in imitation of the
most

of

an

Etruscan class of
out

tomb.

representsone
which

having three sepulchres,

the wall, on have

couches

of rock

ordinary standing
are

from

the bodies of the deceased

supposedto
and

lain,surrounded
are

bronze, which
the chamber.

also

by articles suspended from

copy of
an

of

pottery
walls

the

of

This

meagre

Etruscan the satisfy

to excite,but ought not sepulchre may serve traveller's curiosity.

to

Museo Little inferior to the

Campana.

in interest is GregorianMuseum in the possession the collection of Etruscan antiquities of the Cavaliere Campana, at the Monte di Pieta of In truth in some Rome. points the public collection rival the private. To gain admission tion introduccannot an and he will appoint a is requisite, to the Cavaliere his treasures. convenient day to display The first room you enter is a small cabinet,containing of terra-cotta figures statuette, and variety a great number
"

to

borrow

word

from

the Italian thunder

;

"

some

of
to the

divinities,
common

from herd

the nine great of lares and

gods of
manes

down

others, votive
without
tav.

so offerings,

See page

49.

In

form

it is very

like

the

props.

Mus.

Gregor.

I.

the pot represented at page

58, though

XI.

chap,

lix.]

MUSEO

CAMPANA."

TERRA-COTTAS.

529

These, however, like sepulchres. in the Cavaliere's collection, are picked Dii everything selecti, so to speak, though not all are the great rulers of the Etruscan Olympus. To dwell on them in detail would Two swell my are pointedout to the especially page. adored Penates of his own visitor, as suggestive English
common

in

Etruscan

"

"

The

Punch. Duke, and his facetious rival, pass into a double chamber, whose walls reliefs in terra-cotta,which the exquisite
to

Thence
are are

you lined with

now

known

the world

of throughthe publications of

the Cavaliere.5

As

they are
excavations

Roman,
on
.

or

rather of Greek

Appian Way, at and other Cistiberine localities, Tusculum non ragioniam di loro." Do not, however, fail to notice the slysatire on often repeated Helen the sex conveyedin certain scenes in a chariot borne off by Paris ; and again broughtback In the former case the faire Tyndarid by Menelaus. lasse" acts a passive part, and leaves the reins to her takes them into her lover ; but in the latter she invariably hands, and suffers her liegelord to stand a cipher own
"
"

art, the

fruit of

the

"

behind

her.
Ne Ne berza

riscaldata, moglie ritornata,

"

having, says the proverb. The son Atreus, however, thought otherwise,or Troy would
neither
are

worth

of
not

have In

fallen. these
rooms are some

of the have

best
seen.

specimensof
Ladies, as
with
a

Etruscan

sepulchral statuary I

decked their coffins, as life, on reclining large with garlands of flowers on array of jewels, and massive
;

brave

their heads, One

are

torques
a

about

their necks.

holds

wreath

another

bird,in her hand.

Opere
in

There

coffins

Antiche

Roma, Plastica,

1842.
M M

VOL.

II.

530

ROME.

[chap.lix. also smaller

for the entire

body,but

there

are

urns

for the

on ashes, with toga-wrapt figures

the lids, and Cadmus

the oft-told

tales of the Theban

Brothers, and

combating the
in plastics
; one,

warriors,in the reliefsbelow. teeth-sprung beautiful specimens of Etruscan The most

these
whose
rooms are

the

terra-cotta

statues

of

women

dress is

pronouncedamong
Etruscan female

the most
costume

faithful representations
extant

of

;6

two

with hands others,of priestesses, prayer and

save an

raised in the

attitude of

female

infant

boy with an applein his hand ; swaddled, justin the modern Italian fashion,
bust
;
a

that its feet

In the middle

are

bare.7
room

of this

is

most

inches ware, about eighteen plain or chimneys,set round with two heads of horses and four which mark its sepulchral character. It has of Gorgons, have been placedover the burning bottom, and must no incense,on the censer, or on the ground.8 In the same chamber several focolari, are or braziers, still containing with reliefs of archaic figures the ; one charcoal found within it. Sundry large jars,with similar of reliefs
"

singular fumigator with four spouts high,

the usual

ware

of Veii and from the

same

Caere.

And

number

of earthenware

heads

sites, paintedin the

the

which Egyptian style,

formed

to antejixce

ridgesof
One

tiles, or
of them The
around

to the

water-spoutson
the head of
a

the negro.

eaves

of houses.

shows
next
room on

is that of the Vases, which

one,
a

are

ranged
crater,

it

while shelves,

choice Vulcian

f'

Micali, Mon.
3. is
a

Ined.

p.

154,

tav.

mos

gentium
8

non

est.

Plin. VII.

15 ;

XXVI.
7

cf. Juven. similar

Sat. XV.

139. with been the four

or

There

figure in
The bodies the

the of

head similar and

as

of terra-cotta

Gregorian
infants before
nem were

Museum.
not burnt cut

five at

chimneys
this. Ann.

has

found
same

by

ancients,
"

Ruvo,

probably served
Inst.

they had

their teeth. dente

Homicremari

purpose
223

1839, p.

priusquam genito

; Mon.

Ined. Inst. III. tav. VIII.

532

ROME.

[chap. lix.

The heads
show

latter
in

In the same room are mostly Roman. of Etruscan females, terra-cotta portraits ; some,
are

their characteristic features,and

;

various fashions of

head-dress
"

and

there with
a

are

two

of Greek

art, from

Syracuse

one, crowned

ideal beauty; the other, frontlet, an

Bacchante, breathingthe very soul of voluptuousness.

The
next two
rooms

contain the choicest treasures

of the rich

collection. and
"

In

the

glasscases
at
once

are

displayed
"

gems

luxury and necklaces,chains, bracelets, rings for the fingers in such the fair, "bravery" as most delights ears, and manship shop,and in workenough to stock a jeweller's quantity the produce of British fingers far transcending ; rivalling, say those knowing in such matters, the filagreework of Venice
or

rare," evidences

of Etruscan

skill and

Genoa,

or

even

that

of China

and

in truth it is difficult to conceive of And Trichinopoly. delicate or elegantthan many of these anything more ornaments. Perhaps the most remarkable are the chaplets of pure gold in the form of leaves oak, ivy,myrtle, or
"

laurel

"

of which from chiefly

the

Cavaliere There Celts of

"

possesses
are

choice

ment, assort-

Vulci.

three

torques of gold,
rare

like those One

of the ancient
a

of very

occurrence.

also from pendent scarabcei, of this sort I have Vulci,transcends in richness everything seen.2 There are many other scarabcei, mostlyset in rings, of gold, with reliefs too numerous to specify.Lamince in like semi-diadems of art, elegant of frontlets, a good style
"

chain with

number

the

same

metal,also embossed
served
as

with reliefs, and

"

not

few of

which circlets,

stands

to

delicate littlevases

many and

of these

vessels

are

cineraryurns nothing
but

employed
Cavaliere mutilated

in the

probably
A

contained

and excavations, purchased the article the

the in
a

the ashes
2

of the dead. chain

state ; but

missing frag-

portion of this wonderful

one

ment

also found
the

its way
now

into his hands,

was

purloined by

of the

labourers

and

chain

is

complete.

chap,

lix.]

MUSEO

CAMPANA."

JEWELLERY.

533

blue and

variegated glass.3But the most marvellous specimens of Etruscan skill in metallurgy, are perhapsshown
circular
an

in

two

brooches, a

little head
an

of

the

horned

inscription, all of wrought gold; 4 the latter rivalled only by in the possession of Thomas Blayds, that imperial one Esq., Green. of Englefield
"

Bacchus, and

with exquisite fibula,

Etruscan

Here among

are

some a

small vases, and

other articles in silver ;

them

strigil, unique in

this metal.

In articles of

of the

Pontiff

the Etruscan Museum gold and jewellery is even surpassedby this of his spirited

subject.
Here
are a

few of the tall

and jarswith reliefs,

several

of Chiusi and its braziers,in the black ware or focolari, neighbourhood the most ancient and genuine pottery of Etruria ; together with specimens of the black jars of
"

instead of in relief. scratched, Veii,with figures The stands inner

an room

contains

the bronzes.

In

the
to

centre

"ash-chest"
not

of that with loose

metal, similar
reliefs. The

those of

stone, but

decorated
wears
a

recumbent It is the

the lid on figure urn onlycinerary it

was

torque of bronze.

of metal

found, among
This
rare

yet brought to light. Within the ashes of the deceased,one of the

is
in the adjoining displayed discovered at was recently

broad

of gold which chaplets

monument

cabinet.

Perugia.5
Here is
a

bier of

bronze, composed of lattice-work

"

These Etruria.

glass vases They

in the her
are

are

not

peculiar
also in

nician p. 758.

or

Egyptian.
In Etruria Vulci

See

to

found

Strabo,XVI. they are found

Toscanella. and fibula,

ancient

tombs

East, in Egypt, in
in in

at principally
4

and

Greece, and Italy.

were

colonies

Sicilyand
which

For

an

account

of this this

The

estimation is shown it is

they
of of Phoe-

other

jewellery of

see collection,

held and

by

these

stands
were

Bull. Inst. 1 846, pp.

5

3, et seq.
XXI. I. p.

probable they foreign manufacture, it may be

gold ;

Mon. Micali,

Ined. tav.

126.

534

ROME.

[chap.

lix.

almost

the

counterpart of
in the

that

from

the

great tomb

of

Caere, now

Gregorian
with
once

Museum.

On

it recline the

helmet, cuirass, greaves, and sword

Hard

of its quondam

occupier.
with the and

by

is

helmet

adorned deep cheek-pieces,

inlaid

reliefs of casque
two

wild-boars,

with

silver ;

is encircled

by

three beautiful
one

of chaplets

pure

gold,

of laurel leaves You

and

of
some

studs.

fancy this
are

to be

ivy,fixed on with golden elegantcapriceof the

was

Cavaliere, and
discovered
in

astonished
in
a

to learn that the helmet

this state

tomb

at
ever

Vulci.6

Above

it
in

hangs

one

of the

largestshields

found, four feet

one

embossed.7 richly (one with trophies breastplates

diameter, and
"

It is
a

of

number

of

helms, sword-thrust),
time,"

greaves, which

spears, and the

two
;
room.

battle-axes, "all of the olden

adorn
are

There of

Hercules

The

by an are specula

with the Labours one tripods, several elegant candelabra and one mounted surhis spear. Etruscan warrior, brandishing

beautiful

"

not

numerous,
as

but there is

one

of extraordinary

polishedsteel,and having A winged Juno forms in relief on the back. some figures bronze the handle. There some are figurine,among which little Typhon of approved ugliness,bearded, a horned, and winged,with legs of "snaky twine," ending human in serpents' heads ; and a pairof demons on legs,
size, lustrous
all from

if of

Orte

"

are

the most

remarkable.

Not
taste

the least charm

of this collection is the the

rare

exquisite
courtesy

with

in its arrangement, and displayed does the which the gallant owner

honours.

One

of the

golden chaplets of
the

myr-

In
two

the

centre

is

goddess
mounted

hold-

in tle-leaves,
was

Gregorian Museum,
helmet
in
a

ing
naked

each 2"crjasi,

by

also found
at

encirclinga

boy.

tomb

Vulci.

Bull. Inst. 1836, p.

169.

chap,

ux.]

PRIVATE

COLLECTIONS

IN

ROME.

535

Besides other smaller

these

two

Museums,
of rich boast
in in

there Etruscan

are

also

in

Rome The bronzes

collections Museum and

not

antiquities.

Kircherian
and

is

coins,
a

together

with cista of

jewellery,
this
was

can

superlative

bronze, Kestner,
sures. trea-

though
the

found

Etruria.

Chevalier Etruscan of
Emil

Hanoverian The from the

Minister,

possesses have
a

many fine Vulci. has also

Signori
their

Feoli

collection Dr.

painted
Braun,
vases

vases

excavations

at

of

Archaeological

Institute,
and relics articles in the of

some

of and the
at

extraordinary
besides cabinet many of and

beauty
choice

remarkable Etruscan found in

character

art,
the of

boasts Isis-tomb the

of

Egyptian formerly

Vulci,
Canino.

possession

Prince

of

BRONZE

BUST,

FROM

THE

ISIS-TOMB,

VULCI.

INDEX.

A. Abbadia all' Isola, ii.137

on

emplecton masonry, i. 108 ; on the del Castrato, ii.9 ; on the tomb of Porsena, 390 Aborigines,with the Pelasgi, take possessionof Etruria, i. xxxi ; cemeteries of the, 353 ; ii. 320 Achilles,triumph of, i. 449; on vases, ii. 115, 505 ; with Ajax, playing at dice, i. lxxx ; ii. 499 ; death of, 500, 510 ; pursuing Troilus, 516 116, 506; combat with Penthesilea, Acquapendente, erroneous opinions of,i. 501 Acsi, tomb of the, ii.486 Actaeon,myth of,on urns, ii.173, 493 Acula, i. 501 Ad Aquileia,i. 501 Ad Baccanas, i. 78 Ad Herculem, ii.85 Ad Novas, ii.413 Ad Turres, ii. 75 and Alcestis, Admetus vase of,i. lxxxix.,xc. Adonis, urn of,i. 450; ii. 496 Adria, Etruscan inscriptions at, i. xxxv. ; vases of,xxxv., 438 iEgina,painted tomb of,i.55 ; temple of Jupiter Abeken,
Puntone

Albinia,ii.261 Algae,ii. 3 Alphabet, Etruscan, i. xlvi.; inscribed on a pot, 225 ; resembles those of Lycia and Phrygia,
xlvi.
,

Greek, on the walls of a tomb

at Thebes,

ii.138
on a pot, ii.53, 522 ; on Pelasgic, the a tomb, 137 i. 527 Alphia or Alphna, Alsietinus, Lacus, i. 84 ; ii.70 Alsium, Pelasgic originof,ii.69 ; villas at, 70 ; local remains, 71; necropolis, 73. See Palo Altar of iron,ii.49 Alyattes,tomb of, i. 353, 414; extant remains of,415 ; ii.462 ; analogy to the tomb of Porsena,
,

walls of

Amber

389 in tombs, ii. 59, 72, 76

Ambrosch, Dr., on Vetulonia, ii. 216, 300 Amphiaraus and Eriphyle,on Etruscan urns, ii.
175

at, ii. 120

JEneas, scenes
vases, ii.63

of his

deeds, ii. 18 ;

on

Etruscan

jEquum Faliscum, i. 149, 161 Ms rude, ii. 110 JEsar,Etruscan for God, i. xliv. ; ii. 131 Agger, at Veii,i. 15 Agylla, see Cjere, and Cervetri Aharna, ii.93 Ainsley, Mr., on the paintings at Tarquinii,i. 298 ; discoveries at Sovana, 451, 482 ; on the tombs of Caere,ii.35, 38 ; on CastiglionBernardi,214, 216 Alabaster,used in Etruscan sculpture,i. lxxii. ; in sarcophagi at Musignano, 439 ; at Caere, of Volterra, 169 ii. 39; in urns Alabastra, forms of, i. c ; imitation of Egyptian, 421 ; painted in tombs, ii.45 Alae in an Etruscan tomb, ii.483 Alatri, postern of,ii. 122, 276 ; bastion of,272 urns Alba Longa, sepulchral of,ii.496 Alban lake,prodigy of, i. 31 ; Emissary of,lx.,
32 ; ii.496 ; its crater extinct for ages, 496 of, Mount, temple of, i. 520; hut-urns lxvi., 39; ii.495 Albano, tomb at,not Etruscan, but in imitation of,i. 416 ; its analogy to the tomb of Porsena, ii.389 Albegna, ii. 261, 306 ; vale of the,311 Alberese,ii.257 his description of Castro,i.466 ; of ruins Alberti, called Vetulonia,ii. 226, 232

Amphitheatres, antiquity of, i. 96; of Sutri, hewn in the rock, 94 ; its antiquity, 95 ; decorations and niches,98 ; recessed seats, 99 of i. 511" of Luna, ii. 80" of Florence, Volsinii, 93" of Volterra,162" pretended one of Vetulonia, 226" of Kusellae, 252" of Arezzo, 422 Amphora, form of the, i. xcv. Ancharia, an Etruscan goddess, ii.132 Anio, i. 65 Anitianae, quarriesof,i. 208; similar stone from Manziana, 209 ; not at Corneto, 363 ; not yet recognised,514 Annio of Viterbo,his forgeries, i. 90, 190 Ansedonia, see Cosa i. 238 Anselmi, Signor,of Viterbo, i. 493 ; ii. 530 Antefixse, Antella,ii. 113 Antemnae, site of,i. 64 Antoninus, his villa at Alsium, ii,70 ; Itinerary of,see Itineraries Anubis-vase,ii.352 Apennines, i. xxviii. ; Etruscan bronzes and coins found on, ii.107, 112; vase from, 508 Aphuna, an Etruscan family,ii.341 Apollo,his temple on Soracte,i. 179,181; statue of, on the Palatine, lxix. ; at Piombino, ii. 220 ; represented in an Etruscan tomb, 478 ; the Delphic tripod, 501 ; Musagetes, on 505 ; and Cassandra, 505 Etruscan of or names Apul Aplu, Apollo, i. liii. ; 521 on a mirror, ii. ii.26 Aquae Apollinaris, ii. 19, 26 CaBretes, i. 202, 211, 244 Passeris, Tauri, i. 501 ; ii.3 Aqueduct on the Ponte dclla Badia, i. 400 Aquenses, i. 501 Ara della Regina, see Taro.i'inii
"

538

INDEX.

Ara

Mutia?, i. 80
date

Arch,

invention, i. lxiv. ; ii. 47 ; practised 56, 200 ; ii. 150, by the Etruscans, i. lxiv., in connection with polygonal 377, 441, 489 ; found in Greece and Asia Minor, i. masonry lxiv. ; ii.275 ; approximation to the principle of, i. 55 ; ii. 447 ; attempts at, i. lxv.,55 ; ii. by 41, 46, 72, 129, 136, 451; camber, formed
of its

the Etruscans, ii. 377 Architecture, Etruscan, i.lxi. ; imitated by the 131, 202 ; painted, 362, 369, 491; to Romans, be learned from tombs, i. lxii. ; ii. 41 Arezzo, inns of,ii. 418; its walls, three times not destroyed, 430 ; are Etruscan, 421 ; Museo Bacci, 424 ; Museo Pubblico, 425 ; not the site of the Etruscan Arezzo city,427 ; of the but of one Roman colonies, 431 ; 427. See discovery of ancient walls near, Arretium

Argonauts, in Etruria, ii. 259 of Atlas, ii. 520 name Aril, Etruscan Etruscan Ariosto, his pictures from
308

tombs, i.

Arlena, i. 462
of rock, in tombs, ii. 34, 35, 59, 381 Armenia, pit-huts of, analogous to Etruscan tombs, ii. 61 Amine, i. 398 Arno, ii. 85, 87, 93, 110 Arpinum, walls of,i. 107 wine of, ii. 418 ; history of, 418 ; Arretium, colonies three of, 420, 427 : pottery of, 100, not 422 ; of Roman Etruscan manufacture, 423; found on other sites,416, 424; walls of have brick, 421 ; coins of, 424 ; city must stood on a height, and not at Arezzo, 4,.7, 430. Arretium See Arezzo Arm-chairs

tombs, i. 297, 300, lxxxi., lxxxix ; ii. 507 Bacchus, the Etruscan, i. liii. 53 ; the infernal, Bacchus Hebon, i. 358 ; ii. 408, 443, 513 Bacucco, Le Casacce di, i. 202 ; site of Aqusa Passeris,211 Badiola, ii. 291 Baglioni,Palazzo, ii. 487 Bagnarea, i. 511, 525 Bagni di Ferrata, i. 501 ; ii. 3 di Roselle,ii. 247 del Sasso.ii.19, 26 di Saturnia, ii. 323 delle Serpi, ruins of,i. 202 di Stigliano, ii. 26 Bagno Secco, at Saturnia, ii. 310 the tombs on of Cortona, ii. 317, 449 Baldelli, Balneum Regis, see Bagnarea Banditaccia, see Cere Banqueting couch, of rock, i. 59, 272 Banquets, Etruscan, on walls of tombs, i. 282, 290, 335, 369; ii. 36, 365, 370, 383; in the recumbent figures on sarcophagi and urns, i. 444 ; ii. 94, 472 ; on Etruscan 191 ; urns, in a relief, 114, 339, 359; on vases, 509; expressive of glorification and apotheosis,i. 294, 445 ; ii. 367 ; women at, i. 286, 293 ; by lamplight,
scenes

Bacchic
340

in Etruscan

on

vases,

284 ; ii. 37 ; Roman,

i. 287

into Italy, i.344 ; ii.114 Barbers, first introduced urns Bargagli, Cav. Etruscan of,ii. 405 vases Basilicata, of, i. lxxxiii. Bassanello,i. 158 Bassano, i. 105 ; in the Tiber-valley,171, 172 Baths, ancient, i. 230, 244, 274; ii. 3, 19, 26, 163, 225, 326 vases, ii.509 test of the antiquity of Etruscan i. 344; ii. 114 monuments, Bebiana, ii. 76
on

Bath-scenes

Beard, not

Fidens, ii. 413, 420, 427, 431 Julium, ii. 420, 427, 431 Arringatore, or Orator, statue of the, ii. 103 Arsian Wood, i. 245, 377 ; ii. 42 Art, Etruscan, styles of, i. lxviii ; in plastic works, lxvii ; on mirrors, lxxvi ; in painted tombs, lxxvii ; on vases, lixix. ii. 63 Artena, site of,lost, Aruspex, i. 32 ; head of, on coins, ii. 81, 519; figureof, in bronze, 518 of the, in an Etruscan Ascolia,game tomb, ii.
370

Begbe, the nymph, Belmonte, i. 80

Benches Beni of rock ii. 33, 51 in

i. lxi.,447 ; ii. 1 14

tombs, i. 54, 130, 223, 272;

Asinalunga, tombs at,ii. 416 Aspendus, theatre of, i. 208 Assos, reliefs from, i. 359 the, ii. 402, 405 Astrone, tombs near Athens, size of, i. 19; pavement at, ii. 121; lxxxviii. vases of,i. lxxxi.,lxxxii., Atreus, Treasury of,i. 352 ; ii. 160, 161 Atria,an Etruscan town, i. xxv., xxvi. ; ii. 144 ; vases of,i. xxxv., 438 Atrium, in Etruscan houses, i. Lxii. ; shown in tombs, ii. 32, 384, 393 Augurs, i. 312 ; ii. 354 skill in, i. xxxix. Augury, Etruscan Aurora, called Thesan by the Etruscans, i. liii. ; ii. 520 ; mourning her over son Memnon, 503 ; carrying his a on mirror, corpse,
519

Hassan, alphabeticaltomb of, ii. 138 Bernardini, Signor, ii. 409 Betham, Sir William, i. xxxvi. ; his compass, ii. 106, 346 ; interpretationof Etruscan tions, inscrip180, 464 ; on the bilingual inscription of the Grotta Volunni, answered by Vermig476 lioli, Bettolle,ii. 415 Bieda, the ancient Blera, i. 260 ; ancient bridges at, 202, 265 ; roads sunk in the rock, 263; necropolis,261, 267, 269, 271; Duke of,
264 S. Giovanni di, i. 272 of bronze, ii. 48, 512, 533 Biga, in painted tombs, i. 284, 325, 333 ; buried with the dead, 369 Biga, Roman, in the Gregorian Museum, ii. 517 Biers Bilingual ii. 354;

inscriptionin the Museo Paolozzi, in the Dcposito de' Dei, 371; at Chianciano, 412 ; at Arezzo, 426 ; in the Grotta the Volunni, 475 ; in Gregorian Museum, 494

Ausar, ii. 87 Aventine, singular tomb on the, i. 361 Avvolta, Signor, i. 279, 317, 349, 355; warrior-tomb, 353, 369 Aztecs, their computation of time, i. lviii.

Birds Ms

in the hands of female statues, i. 423 ; ii. 371 Birds of divination,ii. 185, 420

B.

Bade, swaddled, figure of, ii. 203, 530 ; bodies not burnt, 530 Baccano, lake of, i. 78, 84 ; inn of, 79 Bacchic rites introduced into Etruria, i. 297

Bisentino, isle of, i. 468, 515 relief in his possession, Blayds, Mr., Etruscan ii. 365; his extraordinaryfibula, 524, 533 Blera, sec Bieda Boar-hunts of Etruria, i. 284, 336 ; ii. 88, 185 Boar of Calydon, on Etruscan urns or vases, ii. 90,96, 115, 493, 502 roads Bolsena, to, i. 501, 514; not the site of 507 ; Roman remains Volsinii, at, 509"512 ; miracles of, 512 ; inn, 513. See Volsinii

540

INDEX.

the site the theatre of F"rento, 207 ; on on Pyrgi, ii. 13, 10; on of Graviscae, 394; on tomb, 47 the Regulini-Galassi town, i. 432 ; Canino, the site of an Etruscan

inn, 431, 432 Monti di,i. 432 Prince of,i. 405, 407 ; his excavations,
408"411

Paolozzi, 356 ; in Canopi, ii. 101 ; in the Museo the Gabinetto, Chiusi, 358 ; at Sarteano, 407 ; on chairs,34, 357 ; their antiquity,357 Canosa, tomb at,like Etruscan, i. 270 Cantharus, form of, i. xevii ; sacred to Bacchus,
xcvii.

can displuviatum, exemplified in Etrustombs, i. 257, 361 Cecchetti,Casa, vault in the, ii.441 Cefalu,i. 270 in tombs, i. 315 ; ii. 363, 393, Ceilings, coffered, 477 ; decorated with fan patterns, i. 408 ; ii. 33, 57 Ceisi,tomb of the, at Perugia, ii. 481 Celebe, form of,i. xcvi. Celere,i. 462 Cemeteries, Etruscan, positionof,i. 34 ; ii.56 ; of the Greeks, i. 34 ; of the aborigines of Italy, 353 of Etruscan, ii. 184; Centaurs, peculiarities Etruscan Centaur in urns,
a on

Cavaedium

Capaneus, struck by lightning,on urns, ii. 176 Capanne, i. 22 ; analogy to tombs, ii. 61 is Etruscan, Capena, historyof, i. 173; name mains, 173; site difficult of access, 175; local re184

343

Capistrum, i. 284 Capitalswith heads, as decorations,i. 451, 491 ; ii. 202, 265 Capital of Paris and Helen, i. 429, 451 Capitol,temple of the, built by the Etruscans, with i. lxi. ; its connection Etruria, 57, 403, 510, 520 Capranica, i. 104 Capraruola, i. 85 Caprium, or Coerium, i. 505 Capua, built by the Etruscans, i. xxv., xxvi. ; amphitheatre of, 97 ; vases of, sought by
356 the Romans, Ixxxiv. c. ; ii. 402 Carchesion, form of,i. xcviii., Carducci, the Canon, ii. 359 Careiae,i. 77 ; ii. 26

painted tomb, ii. 297 Lapithae, on Etruscan urns, ii. 173 Centum Cellae, see Civita Vecchia Ceras, form of,i. xcix. Ceremony, etymology of,ii.25 Ceres in an Etruscan tomb, i. 348 Ceri, ii.27 Cervetri, ii. 19 ; accommodation at, 20 ; Cicerone, 20. See C^;re Cetona, an Etruscan site,ii. 401 ; collection of Cavaliere Terrosi,402 ; Roman statue at, 404 ; roads to, 401, 404 Chaplets in Etruscan tombs, i. 291, 365 ; Greek and Roman, 365 Chariot of bronze, found at the foot of a precipice,
Centaurs and i. 407

Charon,

Caria, i. xxxix. Caricatures,Etruscan, i. 219 ; on vases, ii. 498, 509, 531 Carpentum, ii. 196 Cars, Etruscan, in funeral processions,ii. 196 Cars, fumigating, in tombs, i. 423 ; ii. 49, 350 Carthage, alliance of Etruscans with, i. lviii. ; ii. 23 ; cromlechs in territoryof, 322 Castanets used by Etruscan dancers, i. 291, 332; painted in tombs, ii. 45 Castel d' Asso, or Castellaccio, i. 229 ; its sepulchres, 232 ; inscriptions,233, 242 ; excavations, 236 ; discovery of, 238 ; the ancient Asia, 240 ; town, 239 ; probably Castellum roads to, 230, 461 ; guide, 229 ; fascinum at,
ii. 122 Castel Cardinale, tomb Castel Giubileo,site of Castel

the Etruscan, i. lvi.,53, 310, 350 ; ii. 206 ; origin of,206 ; never drawn on mirrors, 208 ; his hammer, i. 310 ; ii. 208 ; represented black, i. 312 ; his wife and son, 312 ; is the Infernal Mercury, lvi., 314 ; ii.207 ; guardian in a tomb at Vulci, i. 428 ; ii. 208 ; at Chiusi,

208, 375

scenes,

tle ; with an oar, i. 437 ; ii. 357 ; in bat97 ; leading souls on horseback,

194 ; tormenting souls, 207 ; his appearance and attributes,195, 206 ; his attendants, 68, 208 ; the Charon of Michel Angelo, 208 i. Charun, so called on Etruscan monuments, lxxxix., 428 ; ii. 179 Cheeses of Etruria, ii. 82 Chest of Cypselus, ii. 117, 176, 177, 184

Chianciano, roads to,

tombs Chiana, Val di, ii. 415 ; Etruscan in, 416 ii. 410, 412; inns, 411; collection of Signor Casuccini, 411 ; origin of the name, 411 ; tombs, 411 ; bilingualinscription,

at, i.241 Fidenoe, i. 66, 69

Chiusi, atmosphere of, ii. 376; roads to, i. 530; ii.326 ; inn, 331 ; guide, 332 ; Museo Casuccini, 335 ; vases in the Palazzo Castelnuovo, ii. 213 Casuccini, 351 ; Castelnuovo dell' Abate, tombs Museo at, ii. 140 Paolozzi, 353 ; Gabinetto, 357 ; Ottieri Castellum i. 167 ; not Bassano, but 359 ; private collections, Amerinum, collection, 335, 359 ; near the bishop'svases, 359, 384 ; Tomba del Code Orte, 171 Castellum Axia, see Castel d' Asso Casuccini, 361 ; Deposito de' Dei, 368 ; Dedi Trinoro, tombs Castiglioncel posito delle Monache, 372 ; Deposito del Gran at, ii. 409 Castiglione della Scimia, 378 ; Tomba Bernardi, pretended site of Vetulonia, Duca, 376 ; Tomba ii. 214 d'Orfeo e d'Euridice,383 ; Tomba del Postino, di Pomponini, 374 ; Campo Castiglionedella Pescaja, ii.245. or degli Orefici, Castles of Etruria, ii.217 of the Vigna Grande, 378 ; Poggio 375; Tomb Castro, destruction scribed of, i. 464 ; site,465 ; deGajella,385. See Clushjm hewn Church in the rock, i. 93 by Alberti,466 ; remains at,465, 467 Castrum of S. Pietro, Toscanella,i. 453 Inui, ii. 6, 10 Castrum Sta. Maria, i. 455 with trum CasNovum, ii. 6; confounded Sta. Cristina, Inui, 6 Bolsena, i. 512, 513 Castula,ii. 132 to Volaterrae, ii. 145, 156; Cicero,his attachment Catacombs in Etruria, i. 93 ; ii.122, 375 defence of Arretium, 420 Catania, theatre of, i. 99 Ciceroni,their blunders, i. 5, 46 ; ii. 128 in Catherwood, Mr., his sketches of monuments Cilnii, family of,at Arretium, ii. 419 the territory of Carthage, ii. 322 tomb Cilnii, of,at Sovana, i. 500 ; at Montaperti, Cava della Scaglia, tombs ii. 139 at, ii. 3

Guido, ii. 76 Castel di Mariano, bronzes of,ii. 465 Castel di Santa Elia,i. 115 Castel Vetro, relics at, i. xxxv. Castellina del Chianti, crypt at, ii.129

412 di Chiusi, ii. 375 Children's toys in sepulchres,i. 418 ; ii.407 Chimera, Etruscan, ii. 345 ; figureof,in bronze, 103, 426 Chimneys in tombs, i. 123, 130, 361 Chiaro

INDEX.

541

Ciminus, Lacus, i. 189; legends of,190 Ciminian Mount, i. 190 ; forest, 170, 191 ; penetrated by Fabius, 192 at Volterra, ii. Cinci, Signor, his excavations 157, 160, 168, 205 Cincius, an ancient antiquary, i. 510 Ciofi, Signor, ii. 359 Cipollara,tombs at, i. 461 Cippi, Etruscan, ii. 115 ; of Chiusi, i. lxxi. ; ii. i. 448, 452 ; ii. 527 ; 338, 354 ; like millstones, analogy to the tomb of Porsena, 389 Roman, i. 486 ; ii. 3, 159 of the, introduced into Rome Circus, games from Etruria, i. 95 ii. 186 ; proCircus, on Etruscan monuments, bably existed in Etruria, 187 Circus Maximus, i. 95 of Caere, ii. 22, 328 Cisra, native name of Chiusi, ii. 337, 338 Cispo, in monuments Ciste of bronze, i. 426 ; ii. 515; of pottery, 102 201 ; ii. Cities, Etruscan, position of, i. xxx., tions, 248, 429; square form of,125, 251 ; fortificai. xliii., 17, 528 ; had three temples, i. ii. 10, 382, 520; ii. 277 ; change of names, 215 ; discovery of,i. 159, 238, 243, 474 ; ii. 9, 292, 323, 427 Citta la Pieve, ii. 326 Civita site, i. 117; Castellana, an Etruscan neously great size of the ancient city,119, 128; errosupposed to be Veii,128 ; is the ancient Falerii,128, 142, 144; walls, 117, 119, 120; tombs, 118, 120, 125; bridge or viaduct, 117, 126; inns, 127; guide at, 146. SeeFALZKii. ancient port, ii. 1 ; Roman Civita Vecchia, an remains, 2, 517 ; Etruscan remains, 3 Clan, Etruscan for "son," i. xliv.,313 Clanis,change of its course, ii. 93, 415 Claudius, Emperor, his oration on the Etruscans, i. xxiv. ii. 373 ; his history of them lost, Cloaca Maxima, i. lis. ; date of the, lxiv. ; ii. 47. Clogs, Etruscan, of bronze, ii. 522
Clusina

Combats, represented in tombs, i. 318 ; on urns, why introduced, ii. 343, 344 Compass, Etruscan, pretended, ii. 105, 346 Cone, sepulchral,of rock, i. 202, 240, 271, 351 Connubial scenes, i. 282, 439 ; ii. 343, 485 Constructive doctrine of,ii.282 ; upset necessity, by facts, 286, 319 in colour,i. 326, 331 ; of early Conventionalities,
Etruscan

art, lxviii.
an

Corchiano,

Etruscan
name

155 ; accommodation

mains, site,i. 155 ; local reprobably Etruscan, 156 ;

at, 157

Corinth, vases of, i. 356, 357 ; sought by the found in Etruscan Romans, lxxxiv. ; like some tombs, ii. 63, 531 i. 276 ; inns, Coeneto, Queen of the Maremma, 277; antiquity doubtful, 278; remains at, 279 ; cicerone, 280 ; caverns, 363 ; road from Vetralla, 275 ; from Vulci, 397 ; from ToscanCivita Vecchia, ii. 3. See ella, 461 ; from
Tarqvinii

Palus, ii. 415

CixsruM,

of the Twelve, ii. 327 ; coins of, one 327 ; of Umbrian origin,328, 374 ; history of, 329 ; ancient walls, 332 ; local remains, 333 ; subterranean 334 ; black ware of, passages, L 438 ; ii. 101, 347 ; painted vases, 350 ; necropolis

of,360"400;
375 ; Etruscan Porsena, 385 ; Chiusi

scarabcei, 375

families Clusium

; catacombs, of of, 384 ; tomb 331. See Novum,

Cornia, ii. 225 Cornicen, Etruscan, i. 312 Corsica, possessed by the Etruscans, i. xxv. ; colonises Populonia, ii. 236 Cortona, ii.432 ; ancient legends of its origin, 433 ; Umbrian and Pelasgic, 438 ; the inn, 435 ; ancient walls, 436 ; probably Pelasgic, 437 ; gates, 436 ; different names of Cortona, 438 ; coins of, 439 ; a second metropolis of Etruria, 439 ; local remains, 440 ; its Academy and Museum, 441 ; wonderful lections lamp, 442 ; colof antiquities, 445 ; necropolis, 445 ; Tanella di Pitagora, 446 ; cromlech-tombs, 449 ; Grotta Sergardi, 449 Cortuosa, i. 276 ; and Contenebra, 279, 378 Corybantes, i. 295, 348 of Cortona, ii. 433 Corythus, originalname of Vulci, i. 403 ; and not a Cosa, in the territory colony of, ii. 287; site of, 269, 270; road to, 270; guide, 270; walls,271; towers, 272 ; of its fortifications, gates, 274 ; peculiarities 272 ; by whom built,279; Etruscan antiquity of, maintained, 286, 288 ; probable ancient 287 ; history, 289 ; coins ascribed name, to, 289 ; flask found there, 519 of the Etruscans like the Cosmogony very Mosaic, i. xxxvi. Costume, Etruscan, i. 283, 292, 325, 333, 341 ;
ii. 103

Cotyliskos,form
Couches 393 of rock

Cluver, on Castro, i. 466 ; on Valentano, 468 Clytemnestra, death of, on Etruscan urns, ii. 97, 179 ; on a sarcophagus, 494 Cock, a sepulchral emblem, ii. 348 Cock-fights,on a vase, ii.511 Cognomina, not used by the Etruscans, ii. 426,
476 Coins

of,i. c. in tombs, i. 59 ; ii. 40, 58,

Pisae,ii. 89; of Luna, 81 ; of Feesulae, Volaterrae,204; of Populonia, 213; of Telamon, 260 ; of Yetulonia, 302 ; of Clui. 503 ; sium, 327 ; of Cortona, 439 ; of Volsinii, to Graviscae, 388; toCosa,ii. 289; attributed to Arretium, 424 ; to Perugia, 466 ; to Faesulse,519 ; to Luna, 81, 519. Coins, Etruscan, found on the Apennines, ii.
of

131;

of

112

Colle,alphabeticaltomb of, ii. 137 Colle di Lupo, ii. 297 Colli Tufarini,tee Monteroni di Buriano, supposed site of the battle Colonna
ii. 246 of Telamon, Colours in Etruscan paintings, i. 288, 331 ; ii. 38 ; brilliancyof,i.,289, 297, 330 ; Kuspi's of laving on, opinion, 285, 297, 298 ; mode 298 ; ii. 38 ; conventionality, i. 326, 331 i. 12, 38, 80, 101, 155, Columbaria, in the cliffs, 167, 455, 465, 473, 478, 496, 509 ii. 462 Columella?,phallic,

drapery of,i. 293 ; ii. 37 Coverlets,i. 283, 286, 293 ; ii. 37 ii. 120 Cramps in masonry, Crater, form of,i. xcvi. Creagra?, see Flesh-hooks Cremera, i. 8,42, 43 of Cortona, ii. 439 Creston, name Cromlechs, in Etruria, ii. 316, 449; by whom formed, 317, 320 ; not proper to one race, 321 ; wide diffusion of,321 of Cortona, ii. 438, 439 Croton, name Crowns, Etruscan, of gold, i. "66; ii. 525 ; found in tombs, i. 354, 369; ii. 375, 532; found in an urn, 533 ; on a helmet, 534. Cucumella, tumulus of the,i. 399,413 ; its towers, sena, 413; contents,414 ; analogy to the tomb of PorCouch,
ii. 389

Cucumelletta, i. 416 Cumere, family of,ii.406 Cuniculus of Camillus, see Camillus in tombs, i., 455 ; ii. 396 in an Etruscan Cupid and Psyche, tomb, i. 321 ;
on an

urn,

u.

172

Cupra, the Etruscan

town, xxvi.

Juno, i. Ii.Hi. ;

an

can Etrus-

Curling-irons,Etruscan, ii. 487

542

INDEX.

origin, ii. 187 ; in Curulc-chairs, of Etruscan of Cervetri,34, 59 ; of Chiusi, 381 tombs Cyathua, form of the, i. xcvii. ; ii. 507 tomb, i. 348 Cybele,in an Etruscan Cyclopean walls, described by Pausanias, ii.248, 280;" cities, 121, 123, 271;" application of
the term, 281 of

Doric, Etruscan, i. 251, 270, 487 ; ii. 31, 57 pottery, i. 357, 359 ; ii. 63, 531 Drapery, mode of representing, i. 292 Dreams in Italy,ii.374 Dualistic principle, i. xl. Dumb-bells used by Etruscans, ii. 365, 369, 383 Dwarfs in Etruscan paintings,ii. 371, 380
Doric

Cylix, form

the, i. xcviii ; 397

E. D.

Danae, myth of, on a vase, ii. 531 the walls of tombs, i. 283, on Dances, Etruscan, 291, 300, 325, 332 ; ii. 364, 366, 383 ; religious, i. 295 ; Bacchic, 300, 340 ; armed, ii. 364

Eba, i. 473 Ecasuthi, an Etruscan formula, i. 500 Eeasuthinesl, i. 242, 443

Etruscan urns, see Cadmus Etruscan ii.183 monuments, Eggs, found in tombs, i. 166, 420 ; ii. 72, 102 ; of ostriches, painted and carved, i. 420 Egypt, analogy of its art to that of Etruria,
on

Echetlus

Echidna

on

Dancing, philosophy of, i. 295 of Cortona, ii. 433 founder Dead, crowned, i. 367 Death-bed scenes, in a painted tomb, i. 299 ; on cippi of Chiusi, ii. 340, 353 ; of Perugia, 462 ; on urns, 90, 192, 358, 408 of one's craft, Dedication of the instruments
Dardanus,
i. 249

i. lxvii., 53, 233, 247, 300, 331, ii. 48, 62, 202 ; analogies in

338, 339, 408 ; its tombs, i.

Dei, Don Luigi, ii. 297, 359 Delphi, oracle of, consulted

by the Etruscans,

i. 31 ; ii. 23 ; treasure by the at, dedicated Etruscans, 21 legend of, i. 357, 375 Demaratus, guished Demons, good and evil,i. 319 ; ii. 67 ; distinby colour, i. 319; by attributes and

expression, ii. 195 ; contending for a soul, i. 320 ; tormenting souls, 320, 348 ; conducting souls,309, 362 ; guarding the gate of Hades, 321 ; ii. 91 ; in combats, 345 ; as guardian 372 ; their sex, i. 321 ; ii. 196; Etruscan spirits, generally female, i.321; ii. 67; not introduced
on

Dempster

i. 345. See Genii earlier monuments, Twelve the on Cities,i. xxix.

on

wood, i. 245 used by the Etruscans, i. 345 Depilatories, Desiderio, King, forged decree of, i. 195, 197 Desideri,family, ii. 235 292 ; ii. 367 ; lxviii., Design, Etruscan, i. lxvii., attitudes often unnatural, i. 292 ; knowledge of anatomy displayed in, 337 Designatores, officers attached to theatres,i. 98 De Wit, Signor, ii.265
the Arsian Diamicton masonry, i. 107

Diana, Etruscan, i. liv;winged, ii. 117, 173 Dianium, ii. 278 Diatoni, i. 107 Dice, used by the Etruscans, i. 338 ; Lydian invention of, xxxiii.,339 ; Achilles and Ajax playing at, ii. 499 ; found in tombs, 205 Dicaearchia,i. xxvi. Dii Consentes or Complices, i. Ii. Involuti or Superiores, i. lii. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, on the origin of the
"

Etruscans,

i. xxxiii.

Dionysius of Syracuse spoilsPyrgi, ii. 14, 25 Dioscuri, the, worshipped by the Etruscans, i. liv. ; on monuments, ii. 96, 500 Dirce, myth of, on an Etruscan urn, ii. 403 Discobolus, in Etruscan scenes, ii.369 Discs of bronze, i., 357 ; ii. 512, 513 Divination, Etruscan, duration of i. xl. ; by the effects of lightning, i. xxxix. ; by the feeding of fowls, ii.420 Dodwell vase, the, ii.63 Dog buried with his master, i. 418 in an Etruscan Dog-faced men tomb, ii. 371 Dogs, ancient mode of quieting, ii. 234 Dolphin, an Etruscan symbol, i. 220 ; ii. 205 ; in relief in a tomb, 478 Domed sepulchres, ii. 160 Doors, Etruscan, still working, ii. 362, 378 ; similar,unhinged, 377 ; moulded, i. 233, 270, 408, 412 ; false, painted, 338

233, 247, 489 ; ii. 38, 72 Egvptian articles,in Etruscan tombs, i. 419, 421; ii. 8, 59, 72, 442; cabinet of, i. 420; ii. 535 ; Etruscan imitation of, i. 420 ; ii. 48, 51, 525 Elba, possessed by the Etruscans, i. xxv. ; ii. 143, 240 ; iron of,237, 240 ; antiquities of,240 Elephant, painted in an Etruscan tomb, i. 348 Emissaries formed by the Etruscans, i. lx. ; of the Albanlake, i. 32 ; of Lago di Baccano, 78 stances Emplecton masonry described, i. 87, 106 ; inof, 110, 117, 125, 134, 264, 401, 473, 486; ii. 41, 59 Ephesus, stadium of, i. 97 Eretum, battle of,i. 181 Etruria, extent of, i. xxiv. Circumpadana, i. xxxiv., xxvi. Campaniana, i. xxvi. ii. frontier, Proper, xxvii. ; north-west 78 ; geological i.xxviii.; Twelve cities features, bitants of, xxviii. ; fertility of, xxix. ; earliest inhaof, xxxi. ; pretended etymology of, xxxi. ; great plain of, i. 192, 231, 246 ; inferior in civilisation, i. xlviii. ; to Greece chronicles of, xxiii.,xxiv.; her influence on modern Europe, xcii. Etruscan, Confederation,i. xlvi. ; era, i.xxxii. ; monuments found in the Tyrol, xxxiv. ; cosmogony, xxxvi. ; divination, xxxix. ; discipline, xxxix.; thunderlv.,32, 373; augury, of calendar, xxxix. ; language, xliii. ; traces it in the Tyrol, xlv. ; alphabet, xlvi ; words recorded by ancient writers,xliv. ; system of government, xxxix., xlvi.; feudal system, xlvii. ; slavery,xlviii. ; insigniaof authority, 345 ; 26, 376 ; religion,character of, xlviii., li. lvi. ; mode of remythology, 1. ; deities, presenting the bliss of Elysium, 294, 326; ii. 367 ; games, i. 95, 325 ; theatrical performances, 95 ; agriculture, lviii.; commerce, lx. ; piracy, xci ; intercourse with Greece, ii. 148 ; luxury, i. xli., xci.,282, 444 ; modesty, 293 ; indecency, 327 ; civilisation, character lix. ; literature, lvii. ; science,lviii.; of,lvii., skill in astronomy, lviii.; sewerage, lix. ; 14, 40 ; Architecture, roads, lix. ; tunnels,lx., lxi. ; temples and houses, lxi. ; masonry, lxiii. ; sepullxiii. ; rites in founding cities, chres, lxv. ; modes of sepulture, i. 39, 121 ; cities of the dead, 231, 261, 494 ; ii. 31 ; taste in sepulture, i. 126 ; Plastic Arts, lxvii. ; to those of Egypt, analogy of early works
"

lxvii. ; and of Greece, lxviii. ; ii. 337 ; works in terra-cotta, i. lxviii., 57 ; in bronze, lxix. ; in wood and stone, lxxi. ; scarabsei,lxxii. ; mirrors, lxxiv. ; Paintings, in tombs, lxxvii.;
on

in use at the prevases, lxxviii. ; measure sent day, ii. 376 ; whisperer, i. 447

INDEX.

543

Etruscans, called themselves Rasena, i. xxxi. ; racter their origin disputed, xxxiii. ; oriental chaxliii. ; public and analogies, xxxix. of the, xlviii;eminently religious or works xlix. ; superior to the Greeks superstitious, time of woman, in the treatment lx., 286; marilvii. ; military tactics,lviii.; power, medical lightning from skill,lviii. ; draw heaven, lviii.; their connection with the Cisof places, in names tiberine people evident ii. 288 ; practisedthe arch, i.lxiv. ; maligned xci. by the Greeks and Romans, i. 357, 375 Eueheir and Eugrammos, i. xxxiv. Euganean relics and inscriptions, i. 438; ii. 101, 122 Eye, evil, Eyes on vases, i. 425, 434, 438 ; ii. 101, 509; a decoration of furniture, ii. 379; in wings of
"

Fascinum, ii. 122 Fasti Consulares, i. 505 Fates, Etruscan, i. lv. ; ii. 67, 68 ; with
342

shears,

Fauns, i. 343 Favissse,ii.125 Felsina,an Etruscan Feniglia, ii. 270

Feoli

city,i. xxvi.

excavated at Vulci, i. 408 ; collection at Rome, ii. 535 Ferentinuji, of Etruria, i. 203 ; ancient temple of Fortune at, 204 ; local remains, 204 ; is Etruscan, 206 ; theatre, 205-8 ; facade walls, 205; quarries, 208; well-sepulchres, 210

deities or monsters, ii. 182 Etruscan dern, moExcavations, ancient,in Etruria,i.lxxxiv.; 216 ; at Veii, i. 46; Orte, 165 ; Bomarzo, Corneto, 355; Vulci, 411; Toscanella, 456; Bolsena, 512; Cervetri, ii. 20, 33, Volterra,

Ferento, see Ferentdtdm Feronia, an Etruscan goddess, i. Ii., 180, 181 ; inscription referring to her, 113, 182; shrine beneath Soracte, 180; other shrines, 180 annual fair,181 Feronia, town of, i. 180
Fescennine
came

156, 160; Populonia, 242; Orbetello, 265; Magliano, 297; Chiusi, 361, 392; Cetona, 402; Sarteano, 409; Chianciano, 411; Val di Chiana, 416; Arezzo, 422; Cortona, 450; Perugia, 471, 488

Fescennium,

town, i. 151 ; hence tain, 151; site uncersongs, 161 152; probably at S. Silvestro, Fiano, the ancient Flaviniurn,i. 182 Fibulfe of gold, ii. 524 ; with scription, inEtruscan an 533
the Fescennine

verses, i. 152 Faliscan a

Fabii, heroism

of the, i. 28 ; slaughter of,6, 29 ; of the,28, 34, 42"44, 62 castle or camp the Ciminian, i. 192 Fabius crosses Fabroni, Dr. ii. 424, 425 ments, monuon early Etruscan Face, full, very rare
ii.340 of, ii. 119; pavement, 121; Fjesul^:, walls 121 ; arch, 123 ; size of the city,124; sewers, of the Twelve, 125 ; Arx, 126 ; theatre, not one 128 ; necropolis, 130 ; 126 ; ancient reservoirs, coins, 131 ; history,131 ; augurs of, 132 Fairs, held at national shrines,i. 181, 521

FiDENiE, a colony of Veii,i. 62 ; assisted by her, 25, 30 ; battle ground, 66 ; local remains, 68 ; cuniculus, 70; eight captures of, 71, 75; her
desolation
311
a

bye-word,
with

Fidenates, armed

72 torches

and

serpents, i.

Fiesole,see Vxsxrus Figline,tomb at, ii. 113 Fiora, i. 398, 431, 474 ; ii. 324 Fire-rake, ii. 517 Fishing in Italy,ii. 263 Flaminius, his defeat at the Thrasymene,

ii.

Flask of bronze from Cosa, ii.519 Flavii,family of the, ii. 197, 201 Faleria,or Falesia,Portus, ii. 220 Flaviniurn,now Fiano, i. 182 Falerii, historyof, i. 41, 140 ; inhabited by an of the Flesh-hooks, i. 435 ; ii. 517 Argive or Pelasgic race, 140 ; one Florence, antiquity of, ii. 93 ; peopled from Twelve, 141, 148 ; temple of Juno at, 140, 144 ; relics the in Faesulae, 93, 133 ; Etruscan worship of Minerva, Mars, and Janus, 141 ; Uffizi 98 ; bronzes, 103 ; of, 141 ; occupied site of Civita pseudo-coins urns, 94 ; vases, struction gems, 107 ; in the laboratory of the Grand of, 142 ; deCastellana, 142 ; schoolmaster of,144; etymology, 150; Umbrian Duke, 107 lana inscriptionfound at, 188. See Civita CastelFocolari,ii. 102, 533 ; described, 348 ; purpose and Falleri doubtful, 349 Fojano, ii.415 Falisci,an Argive race, i. 140 ; three cities of cans, Follonica,ii.220 the, 141, 148 ; incorporated with the EtrusFonte Sotterra, ii. 128 140, 152 Fontes Clusini, ii.326 Faliscum, i. 141, 148 ; probably identical with Foreshortening in Etruscan i.336 jEquum Faliscum, 149 paintings, Forlivesi, Faliscus, Ager, beauties of, i. 153 ; produce Padre, i. 348, 362 Fortunate of, 154 Island, i. lviii. Forum of Augustus, i. 88, 137 Falkener, Mr. Edward, his sketches of oriental cities and ruins, i. 208 ; cited as authority,ii. Aurelii,i. 391, 398 i. 245 120,121, 275 Cassii, Falleri, porticoed tombs of,i. 130, 131 ; singular Clodii,i. 273 at Vulci, i. 408 inscription in the rock at, 132 ; walls and Fossati,excavated Fosse round towers, 133"138; gates, 134, 135, 137; Arx, tombs, i. 271 ; ii. 392 136; tombs, 136, 145; theatre, Fountain, nymphs at a, ii. 501, 504 136; sewers, not the 138 ; ruined convent, 138 ; the Roman i. xl. ; ii.465 Four-winged deities, Etruscan Falerii,144 ; guide to, 146 Francois, his great vase, ii. 99, 115; excavations, tona, 130, 240; at Populonia, 242; at CorFans, Etruscan, i. 439; ii. 513 450 Fan pattern on ceilings, 1, 408; ii. 33, 57 of the national seat clave, conFanum Voltumnje, Fregena?, identical with Fregelloe,ii. 76 ; no i. xlvii., local remains, 77 195, 519 ; not at Castel d'Asso, Frontlets of gold, ii.532 239 ; site of,disputed,519 ; probably at Monte Fronto's description of Alsium, ii.74 Fiascone, 518; speculationson, 521 Farewell on Fumigators in tombs, ii. 58, 527 ; like a dripurns, i. 349; ii. 95, 193, ping-pan, scenes, 198, 357 48, 513 ii. 313 feasts of the Funeral Farm, an Italian, See ancients, i. 294 of,463 ; quarFarnese, inn at,i. 463 ; antiquity Banquets ries of, 467 Furies, i. 311, 319, 320 ; Etruscan, ii. 67, 68, 97
"

544

INDEX.

Furniture,
ii. 382

with

of animal life, representations

Greek

art in Etruscan i. lxviii., monuments, lxxi.,lxxvii.,Lxxx., Lxxxii., 286,294, 328 ; ii.

Galassi, see Reguuni Galera, i. 78 200 Galiana, tomb of the beautiful,l. 198,

Fescennium, i. 152, 159 ; though an site,158 tomb, i. 348 Etruscan an 369, 378 ; pubFuneral, i. 325 ; ii._363, Games, lie spectatorsat, ii. 187, 378 Garampi, Cardinal, i. 315 i. 89 ; double, cities, three in Etruscan Gates tels' 15 ; ii. 123, 147, 153, 154, 274 ; -with flat linblocks, i. 206 ; with lintels of cuneiform of wood, ii. 150, 153, 275, 309 ; arched, i.lxiv., 383 ; ii. 147 ; with oblique approaches, 154 i. 321, Etruscan monuments, of Hell on Gate
Galiese,
not

Etruscan Gallev, in

can Etruscubit,said to be the scale of some tombs, i.255 ii. 185 Griffons,on Etruscan monuments, Griffon, with an eye in his wing, ii. 485 Grosseto, roads to, ii. 245, 257 ; inn, 247 Grotta del Cataletto,i. 230 Colonna, i. 240 di Riello,i. 230

148 Greek

Grottatorre, ii. 122

Grove, sacred, i. 81 Gubbio, ii. 160 Guglielmi, Signor, his Etruscan Gurasium, i. 504, 51 7
H.

ii. 3 articles,

350 ; ii. 357 from the vale Gauls drive the Etruscans Po to the Rhaetian Alps, i. xxxiv. Gauntlet, Etruscan, ii. 513 Geese, guardians of tombs, i. 327

of the

in the, i. 320, 428 Hades, Etruscan, scenes of wearing, i. 422, 423 Hair, mode Hair-pins, ii. 517 of demons, i. 310, 314, 320, Hammer, weapon 350

his description of masonry Gell, Sir William" Sodo, 40 ; on the at Veii,i. 15 ; on the Ponte Monte Musino, Castle of the Fabii, 43 ; on the sites of Fescennium about 81 ; mistake and Falerii, 118, 128, 145 ; about S. Giovanni di Bieda, 272 ; about riding at the ring, 340 Genii, doctrine of, is Etruscan, i. lv. ; ancient belief respecting, ii. 65 ; lucky and unlucky, 66 ; distinct from Manes 66 ; were divinities, and Lares, 66 ; swearing by, 66 ; of Etruscan

Hand-irons, ii. 518 Hands, iron, i. 436 Hand-mills, invention of, i. 507 Handles of furniture,ii. 517 Hare-hunt in an Etruscan tomb, ii.382 Hatria, see Atria for the, ii. 524 Head, gold ornament Heads on gateways, i. 135, 137 ; ii. 148, 149, 460, 461 Heads of terra-cotta, i. 450 ; ii. 102, 493, 497,
530 Hecuba 532 and death Hecto'r,

origin, 67 ; of Death, i. 250, 253 ; ii. 96.

Demons

See

Gerhard, Professor, on the painted vases, i. of Tarquinii, 286, 291, the tombs on lxxxviii.; 294, 297,328, 343,347; on Vulci, 403,426; of Vulci,425 ; on Vetulonia, ii.230 the vases on Giannutri, ii.278 of volcanic agencies, i. 304 ; Giants, emblems in Greek architecture,as ii. 183 ; introduced
in Etruscan, i. 305

Giglio,island,ii. 261 origin, i. 95 ; Gladiatorial combats, of Etruscan lepresented on urns, ii. 186 Glass, articles in, i. 427; ii. 76, 102, 531, 533;
and the East, 533 of Greece ii. 182 Etruscan monuments, in tombs, Gold, burial of, i. lxxxv.; ornaments ii. 50, 51,59,524, 532; sheet of,113; lamhue like those
on

Glaucus

of, 396
Golden
on

Fleece, myth
an on

Gorgon's head,
vases,

438 ;

of,on a vase, ii. 531 Etruscan decoration, i. 251 ; ii.345, 473 ; in tombs, urns,

of,ii. 500, 531 Hector, on a vase, ii. 505 ii. 177, 493; Helen, rape of, on Etruscan urns, pursued by Menelaus, 511; brought back by Menelaus, 529 Helmet, Etruscan, i. lviii.; with a death-thrust, i. 54 ; circled with gold chaplets,ii. 534 Henzen, Dr., his explanation of an inscription of a tomb at at Falleri,i. 132, 133 ; record Corneto, 350 Herbanum, i. 526 town, i. xxvi. Herculaneum, an Etruscan the deity,i. liii.; makes Hercules, an Etruscan Ciminian lake, 190 ; temple at Viterbo, 198 ; Etruscan on an slaying Laomedon, urn, ii. with Minerva, 504 ; contending 344 ; shaking hands for the tripod, 505 ; with the boar of 507 ; 506 ; deeds of, on vases, Erymanthus, crossing the sea in a bowl, 510 ; called Calanice on a mirror, 520 Herodotus, on the origin of the Etruscans, i.
xxxii.

371, 477 ; in bronze, 443 ; on coins,131, 243; of the moon, on lamps, 443, 477 ; emblem between 443 ; difference early and late,474 Gothic vaults in Etruscan tombs, i.351 ; ii. 46 Gracchi, family of the, ii. 200 Grammiccia, the, i. 183 Gra vises, port of, i. 387 ; site disputed, 389,
394 ;
on

Hippocampi, see Sea-horses Hippolytus, death of,on Etruscan

405

urns,

ii. 355,

of the Marta, 392-4 ; local bank 393 ; coins erroneously attributed

mains, re-

to,

feats of, 188 Hirpini, i. 187 ; marvellous Hirpus, a wolf in Sabine, i. 187 for ludio, i. 95 ; dances of the Hister, Etruscan Histriones,lvii. ; ii. 364 Histories,Etruscan, i. lvii. Hoare, Sir K. C, on the walls of Orbetello, ii. 264

388

Gray, Mrs.

of Hamilton, i. 230 ; on the tombs 281, 286, 288, 299, 309, 314, 320, Tarquinii, at 329, 335 ; on Toscanella, 453 ; on tombs Monteroni, ii. 73; on focolari,349; on the statue-urn of the Museo Casuccini, 336 ; on the walls of Arezzo, 421

ii. 466 inscriptions, Greaves, with Etruscan of, in, i. 55, 347 ; tombs Greece, painted tomb have analogies to those of Etruria, 252, 257, 352 ; ii. 46 Greek architecture ii. 148 in Etruscan

Holcion, form of the, i. xcviii. Holmi, black and painted, ii. 407, 498 Campus Sacer, i. 205, 419 Horatiorum, Horse, Etruscan, peculiar form of, i. 50, 340 ; with warriors, 391, 418 ; ii. 60; emblem buried of death, i. 322 ; ii. 101 ; of the passage of the soul, 193 head of, a sepulchral decoration, ii. 492 92, Horta, a goddess of the Etruscans, i. liii.,
163 ; ancient Etruscan

town,

163.

See Orte

tombs, i. 249 ;

Hostia, a goddess worshipped at Sutrium, i. 92 Hot springs of Etruria, i. 211, 330 ; ii. 300

INDEX.

545

Human

sacrifices made by the 447 ; shown on monuments, Hydria, form of the, i. xcv.

Etruscans, i. 378, ii. 190, 494

I. ii.261 lGn.rrii, i. Ii.; statue of,510 : ii.83 ; temple of, Ilithyia, 12, 14 II Puntone, tombs at,ii. 317 Inghirami, on Etruscan customs, i. 287 ; on the Fonte Sotterra, ii. 128; on Castiglion Bernardi as the site of Vetulonia, 214 ; on the pretended Vetulonia of Alberti, 228 ; on the painted tombs of Chiusi, 367 ; his labours and works, 133 ii. 165 Villa, Inns, i. 213 ; ii. 267, 454 Inscriptions, Etruscan, usual on sepulchral furniture,i. 60 ; cut on the facades of tombs, 124, 157, 233, 242, 487, 496; difficulty of reading, 499; within tombs, 124, 132, 301, 305, 313, 315, 339"342, 349, 368 ; ii. 33, 39, 43, 139, 382, 448, 472 ; in roads, i. 85, 156, 85 ; ii. 113 ; on 259; on cliffs, marble, 83 ; on statues, 103, 114, 202, 426, 515,518; on 107 ; on sarcophagi and urns, i. 446 ; reliefs, ii. 199, 341, 373, 377,480; on a stele,113; on vases, i. lxxxi., lxxxviii. ; on bronzes, ii. 106, 162,443, 466 ; on a gold fibula, 533 ; on silver bowls, 525; inlaid with marble, 27; filled with paint, 201; bilingual, 354, 371, 412, 426, 475 ; found in the north of Italy,i.
XXXV.

Etruscan, i. Ii.; called Thalna, li.; ii. 521 ; hurled thunder-bolts,i. lii.; Curitis, 141 ; temple of, at Veii, 9, 10, 33 ; at 140 ; at Populonia, ii.238 : at Perugia, Falerii, 470 Junon, inscribed in a tomb, ii. 37, 66 Junones, female demons, i. lv. ; ii. 65 ; not to
be confounded with Demons Jupiter,called by the i. Ii., lii.; hurled lii.
,

Juno, the

Lasse, 68.

See Genii
or

and

Tina Etruscans three sorts of

Tinia,

bolts, thunder-

and birth to

wooden statue Alcmena on

of,ii.238
a

vase, ii.498 ;

giving

Minerva, 508

K.

Kalpis, see Calpis Kantharus, see Cantharus Kelebe, see Celebe Keras, see Ceras Kestner, Chevalier, discovered tombs, i. 329, 332 ; on the tombs of Tarquinii,328, 331, 332 ; Etruscan collection of,ii. 535 Keystone, with sculptured head, i. 135, 137 Kings, Etruscan, i. xlvii. Kircherian Museum, ii.535 Kitchen, supposed Etruscan, ii. 158 Koppa, on vases of Etruria, ii. 55, 63 Krater, see Crater Kylix, see Cylix

L.

Greek, 511,531
"

on

ii. 117, 504, 510; in

lxxxviii.; vases, i.lxxxi., unknown an tongue, 508,

La

Latin, in Etruscan tombs, i. 132, 306 ; ii. 37, 44, 486 ; with Etruscan ties, peculiarii. 133 ; referring to Etruria, 182 ; ii, 24, 527 altars, 310 ;" Christian, in ; on 70, 304, Etruscan cemeteries,i. 136, 405 Euganean, i. xxxiv. Umbrian, i. 188 ; ii.494, 515 like Etruscan, found in the Tyrol and Styria, i. xxxiv.

ii. 133 Badia, Fiesole, Labranda, Caria, ii. 121 Labro, ii. 85 Labyrinth in Etruscan tombs, i. 455 beneath Chiusi, ii. 333, 391 so-called, at Volterra, ii. 166; in the tomb of Porsena, 385, 390 ; in the Poggio Gaiella, at in 396 La Castellina, i. 383 La Commenda, ii. 458, 488 Lacus Alsietinus,i. 84 ; ii. 70

of the delightsof the ancient one Intoxication, Elysium, ii. 367 Iphigenia, on Etruscan urns, ii. 97, 485, 493 Iron of Elba, ii. 237 Ischia,i. 273 ; inn at,462 of, i. 419 ; ii. 51 ; pots in form of, Isis,Tomb i. 421 i. 168"170, 469, 514 Islands,floating, of Veii,34, 42 ; Isola Farnese, i. 3 ; not the arx not the Castle of the Fabii,34, 42. See Veii ii. 306 Istia, 264 ; ii. 235 Italian nobles, i. 264 ; hospitality, Italy,little explored, i. 238, 481 Itineraries, i. 85, 146, 161, 273, 388, 463 ;'ii. 4, 12,26, 71, 212, 327, 413 articles in, ii. 102 Ivory, Etruscan

Janus, an Etruscan ii. 205, 260

Jason

god, i. liv. ; head

on

coins,

vomited by the dragon, ii.509 Jewellery, in tombs, i. 417, 457 ; ii. 50, 59, 73, 136 ; Etruscan passion for, i. 444 ; in the Museo Gregoriano, ii. 523 ; in the Museo Campana, 532 ; Etruscan, worn by modern ladies,523 Jewish i. analogies, in Etruscan monuments, xxxvi., 293 Judicial scenes Etruscan monuments, ii.187, on 339

Ciminus, i. 190 Frelius, or Aprilis,i. 469 ; ii. 246, 253 ; island in it, 253 Sahatinus,i. 273 i. 469 Statoniensis, Tarquiniensis,see Volsiniensis Thrasymenus, i. 469 ; ii. 455 Vadimonis, i. 167, 469 i. 468, 511, 514 Volsiniensis, Lago di Baccano, i. 78 Lake Bassano, see Vadimonian Bolsena, i. 468,503, 514 Bracciano, i. 273 ii. 246, 253 Castiglione, Chiusi,ii.375 Garda, i. xxv. Martignano, i. 84, 274 ; ii. 70 Mezzano, i. 467, 469 Montepulciano, ii. 410 i. 84, 274 Stracciacappa, Trasimeno, ii.455 Vico, i. 189 in the tombs of Tarquinii, Lajard, M., on the scenes
" " "

i. 297

Lake, full of Etruscan bronzes, ii. 108 Lakes of Etruria, i. 84, 190, 274, 469; containing cans, islands,469 ; drained by the Etruslx., 78 Lamps, Etruscan, i. lxix. ; ii. 106 ; of Cortona, 442 ; sepulchral,444 Landslips,ii. 110 95 Lanista,an Etruscan word, i. xliv.,
N N

VOL.

II.

546
the Etruscan i. xlv.

INDEX.

Lanzi,

on

tongue,

on

Macigno, ii. 119

Macra, i. xxvii. ; ii. 79 Etruscan origin of, ii. 139 Maecenas,
ment ; monu-

Etruscan

art, Ixvii.

La lvllegrina,painted tomb of,ii. 378 La Pestiera, ii. 312 deity,ii. 521 Laran, an Etruscan origin of the, i. lv. Lares, Etruscan ii. 388 Etruscan prcenomen, Lars, an
from Lars Lars

guished ; distin-

Lar, 388
see

Porsena,

Porsena

Tolumnius, i. 30, 67, 339 Larva; on vases, ii. 101, 349 Lasa, i. lv. ; ii. 68 La Sanguinara, ii. 19 La Storta,i. 3, 22
Lateran

Museum,
Etruscan

relief

with

the

devices

of

i. 404 ; ii. 27, 303 cities, Latium, perished cities of, i. 74; Cyclopean cities of,ii. 121 La Vaccina, ii. 18 Layard, Mr., arches discovered by, in Assyria, three i. lxiv.

Zanibra, ii. 61 Cardetelle,tombs at,ii.402 Lecne, tomb of the, i. 503 i. 287 Lectisternia, Lecythus, form of the, i. xcix. Leghorn, ii. 85 ; relics found at,104 Le Murelle, i. 398 Le Murelle, near Satm-nia, ii. 322 Lepaste, form of the, i. xcviii. cans, Lepsius, Professor,on the origin of the Etrusi. xxxvi. ; on the Pelasgic alphabet, ii. 54, 55 ; on the pottery of Csere, 62 ; on the coins of Cortona, 439 Leucothea, ii. 14 Levezow, on the Gorgon, ii. 243 Levii, tomb of the, i. 133 Lictors, Etruscan origin of, i. 26 ; represented, ii. 114, 187 from lviii., Lightning, drawn heaven, i. xlvii.,
La Le 507

to, at Arczzo, 417 Moeonia, i. 216, 227 Massian wood, i. 79 Magione, ii. 457 Magliano, city discovered near, ii. 292 ; remains, 294, 296 ; painted tomb, 296 ; excavations, 297 of, i. 39; vases Grsecia, tombs of, i. Magna lxxxiv. lxxix.,lxxxiii., Maleos, or Malaeotes, inventor of the trumpet, i. xli., 398 Manciano, ii. 323 Marcina, built by the Etruscans, i. xxvi. Manducus, effigyof, ii. 207 at banquets, i. 446 Manes goddess, i. lvi. ; ii. 68 Mania, an Etruscan city,i. xxvi., lvi. Mantua, an Etruscan Pluto, i. lv. ; ii. 175, 207 Mantus, the Etruscan excavations Manzi and Fossati, of,i. 216, 355, 382 Marble, walls of, ii. 80 ; of Luna, or Carrara, works 83 ; few Etruscan of, i. lxxii. ; ii. 83, 342 ; used by the Romans, 84 ; of the Mar203, 230 emma, Marciano, tombs at, ii. 416 Marcina, built by the Etruscans, i. xxvi. the, ii. 210 ; its wild beauties,221 ; Maremma, 3 ; produce, climate, 222 population and 224 ; described by Dante, 221 i. 488 ; Marine deities on Etruscan monuments,
"

ii. 180 Maritime 144

monsters, i. 220 ; ii. 96. See Sea-horses of Etruria, i. lvii., 220, 329 ; ii. power
on vases, ii. 100, 508 ; none 189 avoid, ii. 251 Etruscan thunder, i. god who wielded scenes on

Marriage
Etruscan

urns,

Marruca, Mars, an
lii.

Marta, Gravisese
of the and Volsinian
on

on

Liguria, confines with Etruria, ii. 78 ii. 137 Lilliano, Lions, Etruscan, i. 49; ii. 333; painted in tombs, i. 301 ; ii. 384; stone, as acroteria, i. of tumuli, ii. 395 251; decorations Lituus, both staff and trumpet, i. 312 Local antiquaries, i. 82, 89, 165 Lorium, ii. 76 Diana, i. liv. ; ii. 83 Losna, the Etruscan Lotus flowers in tombs, i. 53
Luca, ii. 82

its banks, i. 392 ; emissary lake, i. 515 ; ancient cloaca

"

Luccioli,Signor, ii.359, 371 l^ucignano, tombs at, ii. 416 Lucumo, Tarquinius Priscus,i. 375 Lucumones, i. xlvii. site,ii. 78; its port, 79, 81; Luna, an Etruscan of the Twelve, 79 ; local remains, 80, not one 81 ; walls of marble, 80 ; coins attributed to, 81; produce, 82; marble, 83; meaning of the word, 83 Lunghini, Signor, collection of, ii. 407 Lychnus, ii. 444 Lycia, analogy to Etruria in sepulchral monu'ments, i. xlii., 49, 233 ; ii. 392 ; in maternal 133 genealogies,i. xlii., Lydia, the mother-country of Etruria, i. xxxii., xxxvii. ; analogy to Etruria in its monuments, i. 236, 353, 359, 414, 415; ii. 389; in its with xlii. ; often svnonvmous customs, i. xli., Etruria, 284 Lvnceus, ii. 225 Lyre, Etruscan, i. 283, 335

3 the, 392 of,i. 512 Martana, island of,i. 512, 515 Martignano, lake of,i. 84; ii. 70 Marzabotta, bronzes of,i. xxxv. in, i. Masonry, Etruscan, i. lxiii. ; no cement traordinary 18, 120, 215 ; ii. 120, 129, 152, 265, 437 ; excated, fragments, i. 15, 16, 160; rusti67, 137, 218, 266 ; ii. 98, 129, 459, 461 ; determined sometimes by the local rock, 285 ; sometimes independent of, 286 ; ancient in modern materials buildings,i. 87 ; wedgei. 107 ; cmcourses, 263; ii. 120; diamieton, plecton,87, 106"8 i. 88, 111, 136, 215 Roman, Massa, ii. 217 ; not the site of Vetulonia, 217 133 Maternal genealogy, i. xlii., quay

Marta,

town

Matemum,

i. 463

Matrai, relics found at, i. xxxiv. Fate, i. lv. ; ii. 68, 521 Mean, an Etruscan Meleager, statue of,ii. 7 of the, ii. 450 Melon, tumulus city,i. xxvi. Melpum, an Etruscan of Minerva, i. Ii. ; form the Etruscan Menrva,
mirrors, ii. 520 on Mercurv, called Turms
ii. 520 206 ;
; by the Etruscans, i. liii.

; infernal,represented by Charon, statue of, 104 ; in terra-cotta, 496 510 infant,as cattle lifter,

ii.
;

Mexico,

Metcllus, statue of,ii. 103 pyramids of, i. 352 ; analogies of its of Etruria, 352 to those cemeteries Micali,on the Twelve Cities of Etruria, i. xxix. ; the origin of the Etruscans, xxxiii. ; on on
in Etruscan monuments, the orientalisms of Monteroni, ii. 73; on the tombs on all' Arco, 14" ; on the walls of Cosa Porta xl. ; the
and

Mac

avi.ay,

Mr.,

on

Maccarese, Torre

the word Porsena, ii. 388 di,site of Fregenoe, ii. 76

543

INDEX.

Niobidcs, sarcophagus of the, i. 448 ; its value,

of, 449 460 ; number Nola, built by the Etruscans, i. xxv. vases of, lxxxii., lxxxvii., 425, 438 Norba, bastion of,i. 137 ; ii.272 ; sewer

xxvi.
,

of,122,

of, 273 27G; round tower discovery of its necropolis, i. 243; Nokchia, 3; speculations temple-tombs, 247 ; sculpture,251 on, 249, 254; tombs, 256, 494; no
"

inscriptions, 257

excavations, 257

the

Etruscan town, 258 relics anions; Noric Alps, Etruscan the, i.xxxiv. from, ii. 508 Norcia, in Sabina, vase Fortuna, i. Ii.,258, 509 ; Nortia, the Etruscan
at Volsinii, 509, 510; supposed of, 510 ; equivalent to Atropos, 510 Novem Pagi, i. 273, 525 Novensiles, or Gods of Thunder, i. lii.

temple

statue

Nuceria, Numerals,

an

Etruscan

town, i. xxvi.

Etruscan, i. xlvi. ; on tombs, i. 242 Nuraghe of Sardinia,ii. 47, 62, 160 ; described, 161 ; by whom constructed, 161 Nyrtia, i. 258
O.

at Veii, i. 49; at Bomarzo, Corneto, see Tarquinii ; at Vulci,409 ; at 38 ; at the citv discovered Cfere, ii. 35 near Magliano, 296 ; at Chiusi, 363, 368, 378, 383, 384, 393 ; two by the same hand, 368 ; lost or destroyed,i. 167, 347, 367 ; ii. 371, how 382 ; scenes far symbolical, i. 296 ; in, ii. 366 ; particoloured figures in, i. 50 52, 301, 330, 343 ; ii. 38, 384 50 ; injured Paintings, Etruscan, intombs, i. lxxvii., bv atmosphere, 285 ; like those on 301, 328, 343 ; like the frescoes of vases, 53", Pompeii, 306, 429 ; the most ancient, 54 Palaestrie games, represented in tombs, i. 326, 339; ii. 363, 369, 371, 378; on vases, 501, 508, 509 Palazzo Casuccini,vases in, ii. 351; the Paris351, 395 ; the Anubis-vase, 352 vase, ii. 122 Palazzolo, in Sicily, Palazzone, ii. 404 Palestrina,ciste found at, ii.516 Palo, the site of Alsium, ii. 69 ; inn, 74 ; shore Painted 218

tombs,

; at

"

"

at, 75

Pamphylia, shields
Panathenaic

on

tombs

of,i. 252

CEdipus, on Etruscan urns, ii. 98, 175 ; on vases, 509 ; caricatured,509 (Enarea, rebellious slaves of,i. 518 ; thought to be Vulsinii or Volaterrae, 518 ; ii. 142 ; perhaps Monte Fiascone, i. 518 (Eniadce,arched gate at, i. lxiv. ; ii.275 (Enoanda, arches at, i. lkiv. ; ii. 275 (Enochoe, form of,i. xcvii. CEnomaus, myth of, on an Etruscan urn, ii.492
Oil-dealer's prayer,
on a

vases, i. lxxxi.; ii. 504 Panchina, ii. 149, 157, 169 in Etruscan Panthers tombs, i. 285,

vase, ii. 502

Olpe, form of, i. xcvii. Ombrone, ii.306 tomb, ii. 113 Opus incertum, in an Etruscan Okbetello, ii. 263 ; lagoon, 263 ; polygonal 266 ; walls, 264 ; tombs, 265 ; origin of name, inns, 267 of Xorchia, Orcle, probably the ancient name
i. 258

Orestes, on Etruscan urns, ii. 97, 180, 406 ; a sarcophagus, 494 Oriental analogies of Etruscan monuments,
xl. ; ii. 39 Orioli first described

on

i.

Castel d'Asso, i. 238 ; and Norchia, 259 ; his explanation of the Typhon at Corneto, 305 tomb Oriuolo, i. 273 at Sutri, i. 102 ; figure at Orlando, his cave 475 Pitigliano, Ornano, i. 501 Orpheus and Eurydiee, tomb of, ii. 383 Orsini,legend of the, i. 475 Orte, the ancient Horta, i. 163 ; peculiar site, 164; inn, 164; excavations, 165; painted tomb destroyed, 167 i. 508 ; roads Orvteto, not the site of Volsinii, to, 511, 524, 526; site, 526; ancient name of Procounknown, 526 ; not the Urbiventus pius, 527 ; tombs, 528 ; Duomo, 529 Oscan language, i. xliv Osci, the, i. xxv Oscum, i. 82 Osinius,king of Clusium, ii.328 Ossa, ii. 261 Ostrich-eggs in Etruscan tombs, i. 420 ; ii. 72; in terra-cotta, i. 420 Ottieri, Count, collection of, ii. 359 in an Etruscan Owl, in relief, tomb, ii. 480 Oxybaphon, form of, i. xcvi. imitated

296, 301, 327, 330, 333, 343 ; grasped by Diana, ii. 117 Panzano, ii. 115 Paolozzi, Giardino, the Acropolis of Clusium, ii. 332 ; Museo, see Museo Paolozzi Paris, resistinghis brothers, on Etruscan urns, ii. 96, 178, 343, 493 Pasquinelli,Signor, discoverer of an Etruscan city,probably Vetulonia, ii. 292, 295 Passage-tcmbs, ii. 46, 62, 72, 136, 450 Passignano, ii. 457 i. 444 Patera, form of,i. xcviii. ; for libations, of bronze, with handles in the form of Paterae females, ii.519 Patrignone, ii.294 ii. 115 monuments, Patroclus, on Etruscan in tombs, ii. 50,451 ; Etruscan, i. lx. ; Pavement ii. 121 ; ribbed, 121 of dignity, i. 251 Pediments, marks Pediment; half of Norchian, i. 252 Peithesa, coins with, ii. 89 of Etruria, i. xxxi. ; Pelasgi, first conquerors colonised Falerii,i. 140 ; and Fescennium, 151 ; built Tarquinii, 372 ; built the temple at Pyrgi, ii. 12 ; built Agylla, 21 ; built Alsium, 69 ; Pisse, 87 ; Saturnia, 318 ; occupied Cortona, 438 ; introduced letters into Latium, i. xliii. ; ii. 54 ; worshipped the phallic Hermes, of, 12, 13, 29, 284, 285; 123; masonry pottery of, 62 ; wide extent of the race, 284 Pelasgic alphabet and primer, ii. 53, 54, 138, 522 ; hexameters, 55, 522 ; language, 69 Pelasgic towns, see Cyclopean Peleus and Thetis, "on a vase, ii. 116 ; on a mirror, 521 ; and Atalanta, wrestling, on a mirror, 520 Pelice,form of,i. xcv. lv. Penates, Etruscan, i. liv., Pentathlon, in an Etruscan tomb, i. 326 ; ii.369 Pereta, ii. 306 Peris, tomb of the, ii. 377 Etruscan and Andromeda, on Perseus urns, ii.
173

Perugia,
Arco 466

gates, i.

ii. 458 ; roads to, 454 ; walls, 459 ; 15 ; ii.459 ; Arch of Augustus, 460 ; 462 ; coins, Marziale, 461 ; Museum,

P.

Packing-needle, Paglia,i. 525

Etruscan, ii. 295

; singular sarcophagus, 466 ; Palazzone See Pervsia. Baglioni, 487. Perusia, antiquity of, ii. 468 ; history of, 469 ; burnt, 475; necropolis,471"489; Grotta de" Volunni, 471 ; other tombs now open, 484" 487 ; Tempio di S. Manno, 488 ; painted urns,

484.

See Perugia.

INDEX.

549

Petroni, tomb of the,ii. 485 Peutingerian Table, see Itineraries Pharu, tomb of the, ii. 486 Pherini, tomb of the, ii. 378 Phiale, form of,i. xcviii. Phocaei, in Corsica, ii. 23 Phoenician origin of the Etruscan
i. xlvi.

used

by

modern

Italians in pavements, and

in walls, 283 ; type Pelasgi, 284 ; found in various Peruvians two eyes
on an

by the ancient
to the lands, 284, 285 proper

Polyphemus
urn, ii. 205

with
ii. 213

Etruscan

characters,
its

Phrygia, analogy to Etruria

i. xlvi. ; in its monuments, 236, 252 ; ii. 37,61,378, 392 ; shields on tombs of,64, 478 Bacchus, i. liii.; ii. Phuphluns, the Etruscan 242 ; mirror of,i. lxxvi. Piano d' Organo, tombs at, ii.4 tombs at, ii.314 Piano di Pabna, remarkable

alphabet, lx.,49, 124, 233,

in

Pomarance, Pomegranate 171, 336 Pomcerium, Pompeii, an Pompey, an

in the hands in Etruscan Etruscan Etruscan

of female statues,ii.
i. lxiii. ; ii. 250 cities,

town,

i. xxvi

Sultano, ii. 16 of Veii, i. 7, 42; the Arx d' Armi, del Mercatello,i. 511 Piazzano, i. 508 in, i. xxxv. Piedmont, Etruscan inscriptions Pienza, ii. 140
Piazza Pietra

Pertusa, i. 11

Pigmies and Cranes on a vase, ii. 116 Pine-cones, sepulchral emblems, ii. 157, 193,
492

Pine-woods

of old

on

the coast

of Italy,i. 395 ;

ii. 88, 303 Piombino, ii. 220

283, 291, 300, 312, 339 Pipes, Etruscan, i. xli., Piracy, Etruscan, i. xci. ; ii. 14 ; not indulged in by Caere, 23 Pirates, Etruscan, i. xlviii;Tyrrhene, legend of, i. 220 Pisa, ii.85 ; port of, 85 ; antiquity,86 ; site of, 87 ; local remains, 89 ; towers of, 89 ; coins 89"91 relics, of,89 ; Etruscan Piscina,at Vol terra, ii. 162 472 ; roads to, i. 469, 471, 501 ; site, Pitigliano, remains of antiquity, 473 ; inn, 472, 476 ; 4 necropolis,473 i. 121 Pit-sepulchres, to, i. 336 Plaid, resemblance lake, i. Pliny's description of the Vadimonian 168 ; of the tomb of Porsena, ii.385 Poggibonsi, tombs near, ii. 136 Poggio Gajella, ii. 385; its wall and fosse, the 392 ; tiers of tombs, 393 ; paintings on walls,393 ; circular chamber, 393 ; furniture, 395; labyrinthine passages, 396; analogy to the tomb of Porsena, 400 Poggio Michele, i. 48 Montolli,painted tomb of, ii. 371, 405 di Moscona, ii. 247 Paccianesi,or del Vescovo, ii.384 Prisca,i. 489 Renzo, painted tomb of, ii. 378 di San Cornclio,ii.428 di S. Paolo, ii. 400 i. 493 Stanziale, Strozzoni,i. 475 Tutoni, ii. 412 di Vetreta, ii. 218 Pogna, Castro, ii. 114 of the ancient Polimartium, supposed name i. 210, 226 town near Bomarzo, urns, ii. 90, 96, 178, 343, Polites,on Etruscan
"

"

486

Folledrara, i. 419

lxxii., 254, 262 Polycbromy, Etruscan, i. lxii., at Puntonc del Castrato, Polygonal masonrt, ii. 9; at Pyrgi, 11; materials of, 12; at Volterra, 160; at Orbetello,264; at Cosa, 271; at of, at Cosa, Saturnia, 309 ; peculiarities into 272 274 ; topt by horizontal,273 ; runs at the horizontal towers, 274; gates and antiquity of, 280 ; adopted by the Romans, 281, 283 ; doctrine of constructive necessity of its type, 282 ; applied to, 282 ; peculiarity
"

family, i. 307 ; ii. 377 della Badia, i. 398 ; singularity of, 400 ; Ponte struction its castle, 399, 430; aqueduct, 400; conanalysed, 401 Ponte Felice,i. 159 Fontanile, i. 202 Formello, i. 17 i. 17 d'Isola, Molle, i. 67 Salaro,i. 67 Sodo at Veii,i. 13, 14, 40 ; at Vulci, 398 Terrano, i. 122, 125 of wood, i. 18, 401 Pons Sublicius, roads to, ii. 220, 225, 233 ; a colony Populonia, of Volaterrse,143, 236 ; its ports, 234 ; castle, 235 ; remains at, 236, 238 ; walls, 240 ; not name, polygonal, 241 ; tombs, 241 ; Etruscan 2 12 ; coins,243 Porsena, his campaign against Rome, i. 27 ; all of it are legendary, ii. 329 ; in what the events at Clusium, respect a king, 388; his tomb i. 415 ; ii. 385 ; its dimensions greatly exaggerated, at Albano, 387 ; analogy to the tomb of the tomb of Vulci, and to the Cucumella Alyattes at Sardis, 389 ; its labyrinth, 390 ; on analogy to the Poggio Gajella, 400 ; name Porsena Etruscan urns, 377, 389; whether or Porsenna, 388 ii. 146; antiquity of, 147 ; three Porta all'Arco, 150; illustrated by an heads, 148; portcullis, of Volterra, 176 in the Museum urn Portcullis, antiquity of,ii. 150 Porticoes to Etruscan houses, i. lxii. ; 255, 418 ; to tombs, 130, 131, 157, 249, 257, 491, 493 ; Araeostyle,255 ii. 240 Portoferrajo, Portraits of the deceased, painted in tombs, i. 222, 313 sepulchral statues, ii. Portraits, in Etruscan 343 ; in canopi, 356 of Etruria : Graviscae,i. 387 ; Pyrgi, ii. Ports 12, 16; Pisse,85; Luna, 79; Populonia, 143, 234; Vada, 211 ; Telamone, 258, 260, 298 Portus Herculis, ii. 277 Pozzuoli, ii. 121 urn, ii.406 Priam, death of,on an Etruscan Prima Porta, i. 82 i. lxxxi., Prizes in public games, Ixxxii.;ii.379 Processions, funeral,on sepulchralmonuments, i. 249, 253, 309; illustrated by history, 311 ; funeral, on horseback, 193 ; in cars, 196 ; painted on a vase, 197 ; on foot,197 ; judicial, Etruscan on urns, 187 ; triumphal, 188 ; with 348 captives,467 ; of priests, Prochous, forms of, i. xcvii. neously erroProcopius, his descriptionof TJrbiventus applied to Orvieto, i. 527 and the vulture, on a vase, ii. 510 Prometheus 81 Promis, on Luna, ii. 7}), Proserpine, rape of, on urns, ii. 172 ; on vases,
509

Prow, on coins, i. 3S9; ii. 205, 260, 424 Ptolemy, incorrectness of,ii. 216 from received Etruria, by Rome Pugilists,
i. 95

Fuglia, vases of,i. lxxxiii. Pumpuni, tomb of the, at Perugia, ii. 487 form of Pompcius, i. 307 Pumpus, Etruscan

550

INDEX.

Puntone

ii. 7 and necrodel Castratn, ancient town polis be Castrum 10 ; must Vetus, 10 at, ii.8 del Ponte, tomb at, i. 157 Puntone Pupluna, ii. 242 Pyramids in Greece, i. 252, 352 ; ii. 64 ; in of ii.416 ; ii. 59, 389 ; in the tomb "Etruria, l'unicum,
"

Porsena, 385 ; in Mexico, i. 352 Pyrgi, polvgonal Walls of, ii. 11 ; size of, 12, 13; Pelasgic, 13; temple of Ilithyia,12, 14; no towers, port of Caere, 12 ; pirates of, 14 ;'

i. 85 ; inns, 86 Ronciglione, an Etruscan site, Rossulum, a doubtful name, i. 84 Ruggieri of Viterbo, i. 212, 215, 229 Etruscan on Ruins, Roman, sites,i. 215, 392, 402, 510 Ruseix^:, site of, ii. 24" ; walls of, 248 ; not polygonal, 249 ; local remains, 252 ; solitary sepulchre, 254 of Tarquinii, i. 297, 298 ; Ruspi, on the tombs the Porta all'Areo, ii. 147 on

16, 272
cave Pythagoras,

of,at Cortona, ii. 446

; its great

antiquity,448

of Veii,i. 57 ; in triumphs, introduced Etruria, ii. 188 Quay, ancient,on bank of the Marta, i. 393 Quiueussis, ii. 112, 424

Qvadriga,
from

Sabate, i. 273 Sabatina Tribus, i. 273 Sabatinus, Lacus, i. 84, 273 Sabines, ii. 51 relief of a, i. 511 ; ii. 520 ; painting of Sacrifice, a, i. 342, 519
Sacrifices
on

Etruscan

urns,

ii. 189

R.

Races, Etruscan, i, 95, 326, 330, 340 ; ii. 186, 363, 369, 379 ; institution of, 24 of trigce, ii. 339, 408 on foot,ii. 369
of women, ii. 501

Race-horses, Etruscan, renowned, i. 340 Ranks, distinction of, at public games, i. 99 Rapinium, i. 391 so called Rasena, the Etruscans by themselves,
i. xxxi

Ravenna, probably of Etruscan

origin,i. xxvi ;

relics found Etruscan at, xxxv. Ravines in Etruria, i. 127, 154, 259, 474 i. 398 Regis-villa, tion, Regulini-Galassi, Grotta di, ii. 45 ; construc46 ; antiquity,47 ; bronzes, 48,512 ; gold and jewellerv, 50, 524 ; terra-cotta figures, 522 Reliefs 375 ;
on

251"254,
on

sepulchres, i. 249, 358 ; ii. 35, interior, urns, painted, 346, 372, 403, 484
487
; on

the

exterior

of

the

Massa, ii. 218 ; on the battle of Repetti, on Telamon, 246, 259 Rhaetia, connection of, with Etruria, i. xxxiii ; remains Etruscan found in, xxxiv. Rhyta, form of, i. xcix. ; ii. 94, 351, 511 Rignano, i. 185, 186 Rings, worn by the ancients,i. 444 ; why on the fourth finger, 445 ; of iron, 445 ; luxury in, 445 Rio Maggiore, i. 122 Roads, cut in the rock, i. 13, 1 7,35, 1 1 5, 1 1 7 , 1 2 1 , 155, 156, 259, 263, 267, 324, 473, 484, 496 ; ii. 29 ; with inscriptions, i. 156, 259 flanked with Etruscan tombs, i. 263,324,
496 i. 393 ancient,or causeway, paved, origin of,i. lis. Greek, i. 484 Roman, i. 7, 13, 77, 105, 135, 158. 204, 478, 511 ; ii. 124,312 Rocca, Romana, i. 274 Rocks, like Cyclopean walls, i. 226 Rocking-stone, i. 226 Rods, twisted, in funeral processions, i. 253, 310, 312 of Home, size of,i. 19; rebuilt, with the nuns Veii,21 ; distant view of, 80, 191 ; domination of, in Etruria, ii. 223 ; road to, from Civita Vccchia, 5 Musco CamGregoriano, ii .491 ; Musco 535 pana, 52S ; privatecollections, lioma quadrata, ii. 125 Roman tomb of an Etruscan house, resemblance to,ii.483

Saleto,i. 119 their rites,i. 81 ; dances of, 295 ; ii. 365 ; Salii, of the, 106, 365 gem Saline,Le, i. 389 Salingolpe,ii. 136 Salpinum, i. 504, 527 of the Tiber, Salt-works, ancient, at the mouth i. 25, 26, 378 at S. Clemenrino, i. 390 S. Andrea a. Morgiano, ii. 113 San Casciano, ii. 114 de Bagni, ii. 326 San Clementino, i. 389 San Cornelio, ancieut city at, ii.428 ; probably Etruscan, 429 ; and the site of the original Arretiiun, 430 ; or of the colony of Fidens, 431 Sangallo,his chef d'wuvre, i. 116 San Giovanni di Bieda, i. 272 i. 244 S. Ippolito, San Lorenzo, Grotte di, i. 502 Nuovo, i. 502 Vecchio, i. 502 San Manno, Tempio di, ii. 488 ; not a temple, but a tomb, 488 ; an Etruscan inscriptiono-j the vault, 489 San Martino alia Palma, ii. 114 San Martino, site of Capena, i. 1S3 S. Oreste, an Etruscan site, i. 179; probably Eeronia, ISO San Silvestro, ancient city at, i. 160 ; convent of, on Soracte, 179 St. Augustine, legend of, i. 391 Sta. Maria di Faueri, see Faixeri found Santa Marinella, bay of, ii. 7 ; remains at, 7 ; bridges, 7 Santa Severa, site of Pyrgi, ii. 11 S. Stefano, Grotte di, i. 212 Sandals, Etruscan, i. lxx. Sarcophagi, Etruscan, hewn in the rock, i. 124 ;
ii. 311

222, 227; nella,444

in the one ; curious at Musignano,

British

Museum,

i.

ii. 39 ; of a circidar 222, 227 ; ii. 39 ; in the form of couches, Ionic temple, 527 ; in the form value of, to order, 450 ; market i. 445 ; made 460
a possessionof the Etruscans, visible from Populonia, ii.339 ; Sepolture de' Giganti, 254 Sarsinates,ii.468 supposed site of Camars, ii. 331, 407 ; Sarteano,

436, 459; at Tosea; that of the Niobides, 448 ; at Caere, of terra cotta, 529 ; like temples, i.

Sardinia,probably
i. xxxv.
;

not

roads

to, 404, 410

Bargagli, 405
407 Lungbini,

; inn, 405 ; collection 407 ; of Borselli, ; of Dr.

ol'Cav.

Signor

Saturn, an Saturnia,

of, 409 ; tombs Etruscan god, i. liii.

to, Ii. 305, 307, 323; modern guide, 308; the fattoria, 308, polygonal walls of, 309 ; Bagno

roads

village,308;
313 ; ancient

INDEX

551

ii. 65 ; an Secco, 310 ; local remains, 310 ; sarcophagi in Panathenaic anathema, 64 ; on rock, 311; necropolis,312, 314; Pelasgic vases, 65 antiquity of, 318 ; and of the walls,319 Sicily,tombs of, i. 39; pits of, 121; ii. 61; Satyrs in bronze, ii. 443 vases of, i. 425, 438 Savorelli, Marchese, proprietor of the amphiSiculi, theatre the, i. xxxi. at Sutri,i. 100 Siege of a city,represented on Etruscan urns, Saxa Rubra, i. 43 ii. 176, 355 of Roman Scansano, ii. 306 ii. 135 Siena, antiquity, ; inns, 136 ; i. lxxii. ; distinguished tombs in the neighbourhood, 136"140 Scarabaei, described and classified, from the Egyptian, Ixxiii ; collections Silenus, vase of, in the Museo Gregoriano, ii. 498 of, ii. 335, 357, 359 ; where found, i. lxxiv. ; ii. 375 ; a chain of, 532 Silex, quarries of, i. 209, 467 Scena, the best preserved, in Italy,i. 208 Silex, application of the term, i. 467 ; ii. 84. Schellersheim, Baron, ii. 126 Sili, corn-pits,i. 121 Schmitz, Dr. on the Fescennine Silicernium, i. 294 songs, i. 152 School, represented on an Etruscan Silvanus, an Etruscan god, i. liv. ; grove of, ii. urn, ii.191 Scipio Africanus, the first who shaved daily,i. 18,56 344 Silver vessels in tombs, ii. 50, 525 ; with inscriptions, 51 ; now in the Gregorian MuScrofano, i. 80, 83 seum, 525 Sculpture,Etruscan, i. Ixvii lxxii. ; coloured,i. 446 ; ii. 39, 337 lxxii., Simpulum, ii. 366 Scylla, the Etruscan, i. 487 ; ii. 96, 182, 345, Sirens, i. 127, 434; ii. 96; painted in a tomb, 382 ; in bronze, 443 484; the Greek, 497 Scyphus, form of the, i. xcviii. Sisenna,ii. 411 Sea-horses Etruscan Sistrum at Orbetello, ii. 265 found on monuments, i. 220, 329 ; ii. 37, 184, 345 Skeletons, crumbling, i. 54, 354; ii. 61 Sebaste in Cilicia, ii. 121 Slaves in Etruria, i. xlviii ; insurrection of, for " daughter,"i. xliv. i. 506, 518 ; burial of, 124 ; in funeral Sec, Etruscan cessions, proii. 194, 195 Sejanus, i. 507, 509 Selva la Kocca, ii. 76 Smalt in Etruscan tombs, ii. 59, 62, 72, 76 Selva di Vetleta, ii. 226 Solar disk, in the pediment of a tomb, ii. 478 Semeria, Padre, i. 238 Solon, tomb of, ii. 37 Septem Pagi, i. 25, 26 Solonium, opinions on, i. 504 ; ii.300, 373 not Sepulture, modes of, i. 38 ; Etruscan Sommavilla, vases of, i. 188 within city-walls,121 ; exceptions, 385 ; ii. Soracte, like Gibraltar, i. 177; view from it, 441 179; geologicalstructure, 178, 182; quarried by the Romans, 180 ; temple of Apollo on, Roman, i. 121, 385 179 ; wolves, 187 ; cave with foul vapour, 187. Greek, 121, 385 Serchio, ii.87 Sorano, site of,i. 477 ; inn, 476; remains, 478 ; Sergardi, Grotta, ii. 449 ; furniture of, 452 Soriano, i. 159 discovered by Mr. Ainslcy, Sermoneta, Duchess of, her excavations, ii. 7, Sovana, necropolisof, i. 482 ; great varietyof tombs, 483, 495 ; decay 8, 16, 71"73, 76 Serpents i. 221, 311 ; of the city,484 ; local remains, 486 ; La FonEtruscan on monuments, their sacred character among other ancient nations, tana, 486 ; Poggio Prisca, 489 ; Grotta Pola, of Furies,310; orround 491 ; Poggio Stanziale, 221 ; roundheads 493 ; roads to,484,497,; 311 ; bestridden mouldings, 498 ; Etruscan inscriptions, 499. by boys, 323 ; borne arms, by demons, 3ti8 ; represent Genii, i. 221 ; ii. Souls, symbolised by birds,i. 127 ; represented 67 ; symbols of volcanic 183 ; of by warriors, 285 ; passage of, 53, 313, 362, powers, 428 ; in charge of demons, 313, 319 ; in cars, bronze, 162 ; of terra cotta, crested, on the walls of a tomb, 479 320, 439 ; ii. 90 ; on horseback, i. 322 ; ii. 193, 493 ; entering the gate of hell, 358 ; tormented, Serpent-charmers, i. 326 Servius Tullius, agger of,i. 13 ; walls of,ii. 59; i. 348 ; costume of,ii.194 ; fed by the the Etruscans, i. 26 ancients,i. lxxxiv. triumphs over Sow of Crommyon, of Vulcan, i. lii.; ii. i. 337 Sethlans, Etruscan name 520 ii. 358 Sozzi,Capitano, his collection, Sette Vene, i. 83 Spczia, Gulf of,ii. 79 with the Etruscans, ii. Sphinx, Etruscan, i. 51 ; painted on an ostrich Seven, a sacred number 359 egg, 420 ; in stone, ii. 346',395 ; in bronze, with Seven before Thebes, on an a tutulus, 465; on the exterior of a urn, ii. 486 i. lix. tomb, i. 257 cities, Sewerage of Etruscan Spoon of bone, i. 424 87, 112, 118, 136, Sewers, i. 40; cut in cliffs, Spina, a Pelasgic city,i. xxvi. 196, 215, 263, 453, 529; ii. 29; formed in city ii.425, 526 Spurina, in an Etruscan inscription, 121, 276 walls, 121, 151; in Cyclopean cities, at CorStackclbcrg, Baron, discovered Sex, distinguished by colour, in Etruscan a tomb neto, i. 329 paintings, i. 288, 290; ii. 36, 382 to tombs, i. 123, 210, of entrance Stamnos, form of,i. xcv. Shafts,means Statonia, placed at Farnese, i. 463, 407 ; at 212, 237, 302, 361, 490; ii. 45, 382; in the floor of tombs, ii. 37, 72 Castro, 467 ; perhaps Pitigliano, 473 ; site not determined, but near Shepherds, Roman, i. 23, 116; ii. 19; make Tarquinii, 467 ; quarries of,407 ; Lake of,467, 469; wine of, good guides, i. 146 502 Shield, Etruscan singular one found at Boof Etruscan, i. i. 224 ; ii. 513 ; form Statua, ii. 75 marzo, i. lxix. ; ii. 252 ; ii. 512 ; borrowed by the Romans, i.lviii., Statues, Etruscan, in terra-cotta, 530 ; in stone, i. lxxi. ; of females, 422 ; ii. 252 ; decoration of sepulchral monuments, 252 ; ii. 64 ; emblazoned, i. 253 ; ii. 65 ; in 114, 202, 496; sitting,336, 474; of Furies, 474; of Jupiter in wood, 238; in bronzr, i. tombs, i. 370, 417 ; ii. 35, 30, 45, 49; in the lxix. ; of a boy, supposed to be Tages, ii. pediment of a tomb, 477 ; as in Phrygia, 478 ; at a banquet, 36 ; very 515; Roman, of Meleager, 7; Uinbrian, of large, 534 ; in warrior from Greek a Todi, 515 ; kissing of, 149 city-walls, i. 252 ; tombs, 64 ; on
the
" " "

'

"

552

INDEX.

Steub, on

the

relation of Rhcetia

to

Etruria, i.

Stia del Casentino, u. 108 Stone bridges,i. 18 Btraociacappa,lake of,i. 84 ii. 426; of silver, o33 Striirils, i. 101, 222; in tombs,
,

Rome, Superbus, expelled from Tarquinius took refuge in Care, ii. 24, 4:2 forms of Tarquins, tomb of the, ii.41 ; Etruscan
the name,

41, 44, 102

Tarquitia,family of, i. 10 ; ii. 42

Tarraco, i. lviii.
n.

3o, 43

Tartaglia,tomb
Ti
i

81 s ria. relics found in, i. xxxiv. guana, tee Borana for tibicen, l. 283 Subulo, Etruscan engulfed town, i. 190 an
.

Succinium, 279 Succosa, ii. 26."", i. 463, 478 Sudertum,

an

of,i. 34S of,ii. 246, 259, 440, coins of, city the port of the newly found 260 ; was near Magliano, 298 Telamonaceio, ii. 258 Telamone, ii.257 ; its port, 25S, 260 ; antiquity,
oinx,

battle

259.

See

Telamon-

hurled Etruscan deity, who Summanus, thunderbolts, i. lii. Superstitionof the ancients, i. 33 probablyof Etruscan origin, L xxvn. Surrentuni, i. 159; at Viterbo, 197, 199

lxii. Temples, Etruscan, i. lxi., Temple-like sarcophagi, i. 222 ; ii.39 Temples, on heights, i. 520 ; and on Arces, 520 relation
to

tombs, ii.4S9

Surrina,
Svtki.
'

proverb i. SG j history of, 90 ; ancient 86, 91 ; kev of Etruria, 86 ; Etruscan on 90 ; besieged by the 90 ; allv of Rome, name, 91, 379 ; Porta Furia, 91 ; battle Etruscans, in the tombs amphitheatre, 94"100; of
92; 100"102 cliffs,
103 ; house i. of

in Paniphylia, ii. 121 Termessus Terni, ii. 122 works in, i. lxviii. Terra-cotta, Etruscan Terra Mozza, walls at, ii.436 Terrosi,Cavaliere,collection of,ii. 402

Pilate,103
;

tions, ; excava.

Tessenano, i. 462 Teutones, ii. 87

Thalna, the 253, 369

curved
,.,

Etruscan

Juno, i. Ii. ;

on

mirrors,

Swords, Etruscan, scimetars, ii. 478

a

like

ii. 521 Thamvras

of a figure on ; in the hand sepulchral urn, ii. 485 Sylla,his body burnt, i. 39 Symposium, Etruscan, i. 325, 335 ; ii. 365 ii. 157, 312 ; Syracuse, sepulchres of,i. 38, 263; 'tomb of Archimedes, 333; amphitheatre of, i. 97 ; ancient roads of,ii. 121

contending with the Muses, ii. 504 Theatres, antiquity of, in Italy,L 95 ; of Falleri, ii. 126 138; of Ferento, 205 ; of Fiesole, ii. 177, Tbeban urns, Brothers, on Etruscan those of terra-cotta, on common 406; most 346 ; on a sarcophagus, 494 urns, ii. Thebes, the Seven before,on Etruscan
176

Theodoric
T. of statues, ii.170 in th" hands tomb, ii. 1S3 Tablinum, in an Etruscan a forgery, i. 197 Tabula Cibellaria, Tablets 373 ; supposed statue of, Tages, legend of, i. lv., ii. 515 ii. 47, Talajotsof the Balearies, 160
; ner

sanctioned

i. lxxxv., grave-spoiling,

356 form of Tibris,ii. 4S1 Thephri, Etruscan Thera, isle of,ii. 122 ; tombs of, 311 ; on mirrors, Thesan, the Etruscan Aurora, i.liii. ii. 520

Theseus,
vases,

Etruscan monuments, on 501, 503, 504, 508

a on

ii, 115;

on

Talaria, i. 319
form of,l. 301 ; ii. o2/ Tanaquil, Etruscan 447 i. lxi., powers, 208 Taormina, theatre of,i. 98 ; its tcena, in a tomb, i. 368
.

n_

sea-horse, on an urn, ii. 485; called a mirror, 520 Tholi in Etruria, ii. 125, 160, 161 ; in America, Thetis, on
Thethis 161

Tapestry

Thrasymene,
burnt
up,

Lake 457

of, ii. 455

; battle

of, 455

i. 372 Tarchoii, TaRQCINTI.

its

Thunder-bolts,

i. 276, 323, 355 necropolis, Grotta Querciola, i. 281 i. 2S8 Triclinio, del Morto. i. 298

eleven sorts of,i. lii. calendar, i. xxxix. gods, i. lii. Tiber, vale of the,i.171,214; probably

an

can Etrus-

de'Pompej, i. 302 del Cardinale, i. 314 delle Bighe, i. 324 del Mare, i. 328
del Barone, i. 329

ii.481 name, Tibicina, i. 333 ii. 347 Tiles,with sepulchral inscriptions, Zeus, i. 1. ; represented on Tinia, the Etruscan of a family, mirrors, ii. 520, 521 ; the name and of
a

river,4S1

Francesca, i. 332 della Scrofa ""era, i. 335

i. 338, 519 Iscrizioni, i. 358 Ml rcareccia, comparative antiquity of these tombs, i. 344 art, 347: lost tombs fair specimens of Etruscan 3o0 348, 367 ; Tumuli of, 350 ; Mausoleum, Byres, on the tombs of,316, 367 ; excavations site 3o'5, 3S2 ; potterv of,357 ; remains on the della Regina, 383 Arx,'3S2 ; Ara 381"385; buried arch, 3S3: origin of the city, 372 name. Etruscan 372, 380 ; one of the Twelve, tory metropolis, 346, 374 ; his374 ; ecclesiastical delle

Tirvns, galleryof, i. 352 ; ii. 47

i. 311, 321 Tisiphone,

Todi, i. 530 ; ii. 122 ; statue from, 515 mans RoToga, origin of the, i. xlii. : received by the Tombs,
the Etruscans, xlii. ; ii.359 i. lx., lxv. : subterranean, Etruscan, 356 ; u. rifled in past ages, i. lxxxiv ., 49, 236, to houses, i. lxvi., 59, 1:7, 233, 398 ; analo?v i. 262, 493; ii. 32, 393,472, 483; to huts, Lxvi.; 255, 313, 4^.', ii. 61 ; to temples, i. 247. from 491 ; ii. 40 ; to like funeral pyres, i. 271
;

ii. 61 ;

of, 374;

intercourse

with

Greece,

340,
and See

torches with 357': priests of, armed, 380. serpents, 311, 37S; city destroyed, CORXETO

cromlechs, at Sta. Marinella, ii. B : at houses, Saturnia, 316; at Cortona. 449; like guardi. 237 ; ii. 3S ; circular, 8 ; elliptical, with vaulted a perfect 157, 158, 159, 393; arch, 376, 441, 488
i. 271, 417
441
; :

with

trench

and

part, ram-

of Ktrana Tarquinius Prisons, his conquest Etruscan legendary, i. 376 ; introduced the insignia 'into Home, 377 : and the Etruscan garni
-

draining

citv-walls,3S3 : ii. ; within congruity of, i. 100 : ii. 73, 158, 451 ; inexterior and

between

interior, i.235,

of the dead, 262, 255; arc banquetinsr-halls 443; luxury in, 347 ; sacredness of,347 ; pro-

INDEX.

553

of, 102, 118, 157, 268, 316, 359, 474, 516 ; described by Ariosto, 308 Tomb, Etruscan, imitation of, at Toscanella,i. ii. 528 443 ; in the Gregorian Museum, i. lxv., 136, 138, 347, 405, Roman, Tombs, 51 416; Greek, 347; ii. 46; of Greek priests, Tombolo, ii.277
fanation funeral Torch on Toreutic art in

Tunny-fishery at Populonia, ii. 238 ;

270

at

Cosa,

Turan,

the Etruscan ii. 521

an

Venus, i. liii.;

on

mirrors,

Turianus, Turms, or

monuments,

ii. 195

Etruria, i. lxix. ; earliest mode

of his combat with the

of, 423 Torquatus,

i. 67

scene

Gaul,

Torques, i. 444 ; on statues,ii. 346, 533 Torques of gold, i. xxxiv. ; ii. 532 Torre Alfina,i. 527
di Baratti, ii. 234 della Bella Marsilia,ii. 258 di Cbiaruccia, ii. 6

ii. 76 Etruscan artist, Thurms, the Etruscan Mercury, i. liii.; on mirrors, ii. 520, 521 Tuscan order of architecture,i. lxi. ; illustrated by monuments, i. 255 ; ii. 61, 159 Tuscania, see Toscanella Tuscanica signa, i. lxix. ; ii.104 name Tutni, or Tutna, an Etruscan preserved in a hill, ii. 412 Tutulus, worn by priests,i. 341 ; by a dwarf, ii. 380 ; by a sphinx, 465 ; by a deity,465 Twelve Cities of the Etruscan Confederation
"

""

Flavia,ii. 17
di Maccarese, ii. 7 6 Nuova, site of Algse, ii. 3 ii. 458 di San Manno, di S. Vincenzio, ii.226 della Tagliata,ii. 278 diTroja, ii.245

Veii, i. 24, 41 ; Falerii,141, 148 ; Tarquinii, 372, 374 ; Volsinii,504 ; Caere, ii. 23 ; Volterrse, 143 ; Rusellae, 255 ; Vetulonia, 299 ; Clusium, 327 ; Arretium, 418 ; Cortona, 440 ;
Perusia, 468

Typhon,

Etruscan i. 219, 303 ; on monuments, ii. 183 ; in bronze, 534 tomb of the, see Grotta Tarquinii Triclinio
"

Toscanella, inn, i. 441 collection, 441"452

; the Campanari and their of the Calcarello, ; tomb

antiquity of the site, 452; S. Pietro, 453 ; loeal remains, 453 ; necropolis, 455 ; 458 ; Grotta Regina, 455 ; excavations,456 pottery, 457 ii. 125; of Cosa, 272; i. 133"138; Towers, 447;
"

relics in the, i. xxxiv. Tyrol, Etruscan i. lxix. Tyrrhena Sigilla, so called by the Greeks, i. Tyrrheni, Etruscans xxxi. ; often confounded with the Pelasgi, xxxii.

Tyrrhenus, legend of, i. xxxiii.,372

double, i. 453 ; round, represented on an urn, look-out, on headlands, 238, 270 ; in tumuli, i. 413 ; as prescribed by Vitruvius, 134; ii. 272 Towns, Etruscan, nameless, i. 215, 276; ii. 229, 266, 323. See Cities Towns, engulfed by lakes,i. 190, 273 Tragedies, Etruscan, i. lvii. Trajanus Portus, ii.245 ii. 160, Travertine, used in polygonal masonry, 286 ; of Saturnia, 319 ; in the Cyclopean walls of Rusellae, 249 ; in the horizontal masonry of Chiusi, 332 ; and Perugia, 459 Treasure, traditions of hidden, i. 80, 103 ; ii. 58 Treasuries of Greece, ii. 49, 160 Etruria and Carthage, i. lviii. Treaty between Trees, conventional mode of representing,ii.363 Treia, glen of the, i. 119 Trevignano, i. 274 in Etruscan tombs, ii. 483 Triclinia, Triclinium, the only ancient painting of,ii. 37 Trigae,race of,ii. 339, 408 Tripods, of bronze, ii. 49, 512, 515, 534 Triptolemus, vase of,ii. 531 Villa,ii.85 Triturrita, Triumphs, Etruscan, ii. 188 from Etruria, ii. Roman, derived 188 ; descriptionof,by Appian, agreeing with
ii.486 ;

IT. Ulysses and the Sirens, on Etruscan urns, ii. 96, 178; with Circe, 179, 402; slaying the 403 ; Etruscan legend of,438 suitors, Umbrellas, antiquity of, ii. 378 ; in a tomb at Chiusi, 378 the earliest inhabitants of Etruria, i. Umbri, xxxi. ; ii. 318 ; built Camars or Clusium, 328 ; Cortona, 438 ; and Perusia, 468 Umbria, on an Etruscan urn, ii. 374 gual, Umbrian on a statue,ii. 515 ; bilininscription with Latin, 494 Umbro, ii. 257 family of,ii. 374 Umrana, Unheal thiness of the Etruscan coast,i. 390 ; ii. 222, 247, 258, 266 family name, i. 222, 242. Urinates, Etruscan Urns, with head-handles, i. 57 ; ii.492 ; in the form of statues, ii.336,337, 396 ; in the form of with figuresof women Canopi, 356 ; fantastic, and dragons, 358 ; in the form of a banquetingcouch, 355 ; like houses, 390 ; like temples, i. 457 ; ii. 98, 408, 475, 526 ; like huts, i. 39 ; in one ii. 494; numerous, tomb, 158, 159; painted and gilt,159, 171, 342, 346, 372, 403, 406, 484 ; of terra-cotta,i. 450 ; ii. 492 ; of with chaplets, i. 366 ; bronze, 533 ; crowned value of, as records, ii. 168 ; bearing Greek myths, 96, 171, 343, 493 of Phoebus, i. liii. name Usil,Etruscan ; ii. 520 Ustrinoe,i. 418 ; differed from busta, 419

Trossulum,

urns, 188 taken knights, i. 517 ; by Roman not identical with Troilium, 517 of, shown on Troy, Scsean gates of,i. 15 ; war 449; ii. 99, 116, 177 monuments, Etruscan Etruscan, or lituus, i. 312 ; ii. 380,
scenes on

Etruscan

Trumpet,

xli. 513 ; invention of,i. xxxiii., Tullianum, ii. 125 at Veii, i. 46 ; at Tarquinii, 323, 350, Tumuli, 358 ; at Vulci, 413 ; at Caere, ii. 18, 33, 46, 57, 59, 60; at Prima Torre, 6 ; at Monteroni, 71; at Volterra, 160; at Populonia, 242; at near Magliano, 295 ; at the city discovered Saturnia, 315 ; of Poggio Gajella, at Chiusi, teries 391, 400 ; at Cortona, 448, 449 ; in the cemeof the Aborigines of Italy, i. 353 ; ii. 320 ; in Lydia, i. 353, 414, 415 ; ii.61 ; thought i.413 of distinction, to be a mark Tunnel, Etruscan, i. 14, 40

V. Vada

Vadimonian

Voi.aterrana, ii. 211 Lake, battles of, i. 167, 170, 380; Pliny's description of its floating islands, 168 ; erroneously placed near Viterbo, 202
di Trosso, i. 517

Vado

Valentano, i. 468 Valerius Antias, his legend of the Thrasymene,

ii. 457

Valerj, Signor, i. 452 in Italy,i. 77, 410 Vandalism

55-A

INDEX.

Varro, descriptionof the tomb

ii. 385 of Vases

of Lars

Porsena,

Via Cassia, i. 2, 7, 77, 83, 84, 85, 104"106, 244; ii. 413

Etruria, earliest are not painted, i. Isxviii.; of Veii, 56; of Caere, ii. 62; ofCluwith sium, crowned cocks, 101, 347 ; how

blackened, 348 Painted, classified according to styles, i. lxxviii. ; " Egyptian," lxxix. ; " Etruscan," lxxxii. ; "Doric," lxxix.; huts. ; "Greek," "Attic," lxxx., lxxxviii. ; of the Decadence, lxxxiii. ; classified according to form and use, xciv. ; ii. 49" ; why placed in tombs, i. lxxxiii ; Panathenaic, i. lxxxi ; ii. 504 ; with Greek i. lxxxviii,426; ii. 115, inscriptions, 499; with Etruscan inscriptions,i. Ixxxix. with alphabets, 225 ; ii. 53 ; xc. ; inscribed
unknown tongue, i. Lxxxvi. ; ii. 508 ; antiquityof, i. Ixxxix., 425 ; of Veii, fix the date of the art, 56 ; home-made or imported,
an

Clodia, i. 77, 272, 273, 452; ii. 312 Flaminia, i. 43, 67, 83, 161, 177 Salaria,i. 63, 69 Veientana, i. 7, 47 in Etruscan, Vibenna, i. 446, 504, 511; name
ii. .%73

Vicarello, i. 274 Vico, Lago di, i. 189 Vicus Matrini, i. 105 Vignanello, i. 159 Virgin-tombs, i. 354, 356 ; ii. 45 of the Alban Visconti, on the hut-urns
ii. 496

Mount,

with

Visor, Etruscan, ii. 513 Viteeeo, Tetrapolisof, i. 195

Fanum

lxxxvi. ; commerce in, lxxxvi.; with eyes, 425, 434 ; ii. 509 ; opinions on, i. 438 ; adorned with wreaths, 366; king of, ii. 99, 115, 350; restoration of, i.434 ; mended by the ancients, 528 ; ii. 506, 507 ; value of, i. lxxxv. ; burnt, lxxxiv. ; red, of Arretium, ii.422 ; factoryof Roman, 411 ; of Sabina, like those of Etruria, i. 188 ; Murrhine, lxxxv. Veientines,their skill as potters, i. 16, 57. 2 ; walls,5, 7, 15 ; gates, 5, 7, 11, Veii, site of,i. 14, 17 ; of brass, lxx. ; Arx, 7,34, 37, 42 ; cuniculus of Camillus, 10, 37 ; temple of Juno, 10; of the city, 19 ; bridges, 14, 16, 17 ; extent ager, 24; history, 24; siege, 9, 31; kings, 30, 46, 174; wine, 25; tombs, 12, 34, 45; GrottaCampana,48" 61, 343; Columbario, 12 ; excavations, 14, 46 ; pottery, 17, 56 ; ii. 62, 533; Roman mains, recolony, i. 21, 468; Roman 6, 7, 21 ing thunder-wieldVejovis or Vedius, an Etruscan god, i. lii. Vel or Vul, an Etruscan ii. 144 initial, Velathri, ii. 144 Velimnas, Etruscan form of Volumnius, ii. 473 ; tomb of, 471 Velinia, ii. 473 i. 287 ; ii. 144 Velletri, Velsina, i. 503 Velthurna, i. 499, 519; ii. 219, 487 Venus, called Turan, by the Etruscans, i.liii. Aphacitis, shrine and lake of, ii. Ill Verentum, i. 468 Vermi^lioli,Cavaliere, ii. 471 ; his answer to Sir W. Bethani, 4;6 hue of rank and Vermilion, the conventional i. 290, 446; ii. 36 glorification, Etruscan Verona, inscription found at, i.
XXXV.

supposed to be probably Surrina,197, 193; 196; inn, 199; cicerone,229 ; half of the Norchian pediment,
;

Yoltiunnae,

195 ; more ancient remains, Toscanella

252 ; road 244

from

to, 461

; from

ralla, Vet-

Vitorchiano, singular privilege of, i. 210 ; peopled from Norchia, 258 Vitruvius, his definition of emplecton masonry, i. 106 ; on the monuments of Ferentum, 209 ; on towers, 134; ii. 272 Vittori,his work on Polimartium, i. 226 Yolaterrje, one of the Twelve, i. xxviii ; ii. 143 ; walls, i. 107 ; ii. 142, 154; at Sta Chiara, 151 ; at the Seminario, ii. 155 ; gates, i. 15 ; ii. 152 ; Porta all' Arco, 146; Porta di Diana, 153 ; urns of, in the Campo Santo at Pisa, ii. 90 ; in the Uffizj of Florence, 94 ; in the Museum of Volterra, 169 ; in the Gregorian 492 ; their date, i. lxxii ; ii. 160, Museum, 201 ; jewellery, 205 ; pottery, 100, 203 ; sarcophagi in the Museum, 197 ; bronzes, 162, in relief, 204 ; warrior 202 ; position of the city,141 ; history,143 ; ager, 143 ; Etruscan 144 ; maritime fended character, 144 ; dename, by Cicero, 145 ; size, 155 ; necropolis, of the 156; Grotta de' Marmini, 157; tomb Caeeina?, 158; tholi, 160; excavations, 160, 161, 162, 167; Roman remains, 162; Buche de' Saracini,165 ; Saline, 212; scenery, 164 ; See Volterra Porta a Selci, 200. Volnius, see Volumnius Volsci subject to Etruria, i. xxv., 404 Volscian reliefs from 287 ; Velletri,i. lxviii.,
ii. 77

519 Vertumnus, an Etruscan god, i. liii., Verulae, sewers of, ii. 276 Vesentum, i. 468, 515 of Vestibule,singular, to a tomb sere, ii. 60 Veternensis, Massa, ii. 219 Veti, tomb of the, ii. 485 Vetralla,i. 106, 244; inn at, 245; guide, 246 Yetuloxia, falsely placed at Viterbo, i. 195, 200 ; at Vulci, 405 ; at Castiglion Bernardi, ii. 214 ; in the mountains near Campiglia, 226 ; at Campiglia itself, 229 ; at Massa, or in its neighbourhood, 217, 218, 291; at Orbetello,291 ; most probably near Magliano, 299 ; history of, 299 ; insignia of empire derived character from, 300 ; maritime of, 3()2 ; established by monumental evidence, 303 ; coins ascribed certain, of, unto, 302; destruction 303

Volsinii, history of, i. 504; its castles,503; of Etruscan 503 ; coins, 503 ; one name, the thousand Twelve, 504 ; two statues, of 505 ; insurrection slaves, 506, 518 ; site of, 507, 508 ; Etruscan city destroyed, 508 ; local remains, 509 ; temple of Nortia, 509; amphitheatre, 511; excavations, 512; Lake of, 503, 511, 514; islands,514, 515; See miracle, 515; quarries, 208, 467, 514.
Bolsena

Volta, the monster, i. 507 167 ; ii. 141 ; inn, 146 ; museum, Volterra, i alabasters, 146; Baize, 152. Sec Volatikk Etruscan 196, goddess, i. liii., Voltumna, an Vol519; ii. 219; her shrine, see Fajum
TOHKS

Volumna, ii.473 Volumnius, or Volnius, a writer of Etruscan tragedies,i. lvii ; ii. 473 of the, ii. 471 ; inscriptionon Volumnii, tomb the doorpost, 472 ; sepulchral banquet, 472 ; on an urn, 474; urns, 473; painted scene temple-urn, 475 ; decorations,477 ; furniture,
480 ; the Velimnas tomb, 482 Votive

family,480

; date

of the

Vetulonii, ii. 215, 225, 300 Via Amerina, i. 84, 135, 146, 156, 158, 171 Appia, i. 38, 419; ii. 120, 283 Aurclia, i. 397; ii. 6, 75, 212, 261
" -

Vulcan, called Sethlans

ii. 109, 111, 522 offerings, by the Etruscans, i. lii; ii. 520 ; worshiped at Perusia, 470

LONDON

Vl'HITKPRIARS EVANS, BRADBURY AND PRINTERS,

ERRATA

IN

VOL.

II.

Page

27, 52, 83,

note line note

6, 15, 1,

line for omit

5,

for

"Canina

claims,"
read

read

"Yet

Canina

claims."

"depositary,"
this for note. "was
"

"depository."

90, note, 103, 117, 125, 156, 158, 165, 178, 179, 182, 209, 218, 225, 246, 253, 288, 345, 382, 391, 413,
note line
note

line

4,

less

extravagant,"
III. read
tav.

read XXI." read

"was
"

hardly Inghir.

less III.

extravagant."
tav. XX."

4, 15, 6,
8

line for line

3,
"

for

Inghir.

cantharus"
omit
"

"cylix." Chapter
on

3,
the

See for read

the
"

Rome." read
"

line line line line line note line note note line
note

from for from from for line for line

bottom,

damniflcar,"
"Caecina."

dannificar."

13,
12 2

"Cecina,"
the the

bottom, bottom,

for for

"puo," "Syrens,"

read read

"

pu6."
"Sirens."

15, 6, 12, 3, 1, 2, 5, 2,
3

"matricide,"
2 from
"

read

"

mariticide."
"

the Emil.
"

bottom, Braun,"
de to page

for

cerations,"
"

read

"

creations."

Dr. for

read

Dr. read

Emil
"

Braun."

5,

Poggio
note

Vetreta,"
224.
"

Poggio

di

Vetreta."

transfer for line last

"

this

Giuncario,"
13 in 2nd for
"

read

Giuncarico."

column,
1831. for read "It is
" "

for

"TJmbrone,"
read
"

read 1831.
"

"Ombrone." 104."

note line

line,
the
"

p.

404,"

p.

from for line for

more

bottom,

Gorgon's,"
Sirens."

read

Gorgons'."

line
note note is much

7, 2, 7,

Syrens," 4,
read

"

compact."
If this be the

the

sentence,
than nine
"

case,"

"c.,

read

"

But

the

distance

from

Clusium

miles."

427, 516,

note note

3, 7,

line line

3,
3

for from read

ad the
"

Cluver," end,
There for
are

read
"

"

ad is

Cluver."
one

There several

of these

these caskets

caskets in the

in

the British

British

Museum,
one

bearing," bearing,"

"c.,
"c.

of

Museum,

"tst of "gaorfcs
MR.

tit
PUBLISHED

General ^Literature
BY

MURRAY,

ALBEMARLE
PUBLISHER TO THE

STREET,
ADMIRALTY.

LONDON,

HISTORY.
GIBBON'S
OMAN Second
"

DECLINE
Edited With
13

AND

FALL

OF

THE
THEIR

THE
PRIVATE Sir Gardner

ANCIENT
LIFE,
Wilkinson.
5 vols.

EGYPTIANS,
MANNERS,
With AND CUSTOMS. COO Illustrations.

EMPIRE. Edition.

by Rev. H. H. Milman. 6 vols. 8vo. 31. 3s. Map8.

and

By
Third "Sir

Parents to which This is the only edition extant Authorities Academical ought to lardians and of countenance."" Quarterly Review. y measure

Edition.

give

8vo,

41. 4s.
more

Gardner Wilkinson has done known to us people of the Pharaohs Athenceum. contemporary writer."
"

to

moderns

make than

the any

HISTORY
ROM

OF
TO

GREECE.
THE
BATTLE

THE

EARLIEST

PERIOD

OP

MARATHON.

XI.

4 vols. 8vo, 64s. Maps. "Endeavour to become acquainted with Mr. Grote, I expect a great on do is engaged a Greek History. Niebuhr the Historian, to this production." al from
f

George

Grote.

With

HISTORY
THE HINDOO AND

OF
MAHOMMEDAN

INDIA,
PERIODS. New Edition.

By
With

Hon.

Mountstuart
8vo.

Elphinstone.

"

Map.

Lieber. "ofessor

HISTORY
!y Henry
"

OF

ENGLAND.
2

"A work of the greatest authorityand learning" one of thelatestand most valuable works on the Eastern Empire." Robert "Sir Peel. vols. 8vo, 24s.

IIallam.

Fifth Edition.

has great industry and great acuteness. is knowledge is extensive, various, and profound ; and is s mind equally distinguished by the amplitude of its Edinburgh Review, asp and delicacyof its touch." Hallam
"

Mr.

WAR By
Lord

OF
Mahon.

THE

SUCCESSION
Second Edition.

IN Map.

SPAIN.

8vo, 15s.

"Lord ordered

EUROPE By
Henry

DURING
Hallam. Ninth
and

THE

MIDDLE

AGES.

Mahon's narrative reflects a singularlywell it is comprehensive, clear, and mind lively." Quarterly Review.
"

"

xm.

Edition.

2 vols. 8vo, 24s.

SPAIN
Extracts 1700. "A

most "The highly-finished complete among many luable works. It is a series of finely-drawn historical North etches." American Review. THE SUPPLEMENTAL TO HISTORY *** NOTES
"

UNDER
from Lord the Mahon. volume

CHARLES
Stanhope Second
:

THE
Edition.

SECOND;
froml690
to

Correspondence,
Post
"

By

8vo, 6s. 6rf.

very curious

of

value." sterling

Spectator.

F THE

MIDDLE

AGES.

8vo.
XIV.

HISTORY HISTORY
rom

OF
of Christ

CHRISTIANITY,
to the Extinction

OF

ENGLAND,
(1713)to
the Peace of Paris

From in the

the Birth Roman

the

Peace

of Utrecht

Empire.

By

Rev.

n. H.

of Paganism Milman, 3 vols

763). By Lord
"

4 vols. 8vo, 52s. Mahon. Second Edition. 8vo, 36s. Lord Mahon has a very justjudgment of things. He "A safe book for all to read. The divine originof Christianity, rites sensibly, a nd His book has the and the authority of the Holy Scriptures, are clearly, pleasantly. of French without its vacity a memoir, tion, Ediinsincerity." everywhere maintained."" Preface to the American xaminer. by Dr. Murdoch.
"

VI.

xv.

STATE
F KING
l

PAPERS
HENRY

DURING

THE

REIGN
Published

SIEGES
From
"

OF

VIENNA By
Lord

BY
Ellesmere.
to the

THE historyof

TURKS.
Post8vo.
an

VIII.

5 vols. 4to. 20s. each.

the German.
A

2s. Sd.

Authority.
VII.

valuable contribution period." Athenceum.

"

important

RANKE'S
OME.
ustin.
"

HISTORY
from the Edition.

OF

THE

POPES
by
Mrs. It

OF
Sarah AND takes From
"

xvr.

Translated Third

German

SKETCHES
SCENES FROM

OF
THE

GERMAN
AVAR OF

LIFE,
LIBERATION.

2 vols. 8vo, 24s.

now

An

place among

excellent book, excellently translated. the English Classics.""

Tin.

Edinburgh

eview

the German. By Sir A. D. Gordon, Post 8vo. 6s. This is a selection than ordinary deserving more attention. The writer lived among distinguishedpeople and in stirring times." Athenceum.
"

RANKE'S
ie
"

HISTORY

OF

SERVIA.

From THE
"A

By Mrs, Kerr. Map. 8vo. 15s. A work much required, and worthilytakes its place by side of Ranke's Popes ie Mrs. op Rome, Austin." by lorning Post.
"

German.

FALL
candid and

OF
From moderate

THE
the

JESUITS
French. Post Cheltenham

IN

THE
lid.

18th CENTURY.

8vo, 2s.

work.""
XVIII.

Journal.

RANKE'S
ie

HISTORY'
By
Sir A. and is the

OF

PRUSSIA.
Dupp Gordon.

From
Vol. I.

German. 8vo. This

HISTORY

OF
so

Lady

THE

SIEGE
New

OF

GIBRALTAR.
Post "vo, 2s. 6d.

ad II.

By
"A

John hook

Diiinkwatkh.

Edition.

***
uthor.

only

translation

authorised

replete with interest

by

the

be truly a legend of the United United Service Magazine.

and information as to Services of the day.""

[May, 1848.]

Me.

MURRAY'S

LIST

OF

BOOKS."

Biography.

BIOGRAPHY
LORD
COURT
OF Hon. of
a us

AND
OF
THE
Edited

MEMOIRS.
LIFE GREAT OF THE By Rev. G. R. Gleig. OF LORD CLIVE.

HERVEY'S
GEORGE J. W.
no

MEMOIRS
II. Now Portrait.

first published.

Post 8vo, 6*.

by Right
"

Croker.
near

2 vols. 8vo, 36s.

I know interior of

read bring
the

presence, royal circle.

"

and intimate picture of the that 1 have ever other No court. Memoirs so immediately, so actuallyinto not merely of the of the personages but the company such may and venture

LIFE
With
Art.
"

SIR'DAVID
and
"

WILKIE
on

;
Works
o

bis

Journals,
Allan

Critical Remarks

By

Cunningham.

A work

of great interest."
xv.

Portrait. 3 vols. 8vo. 42*. Gentleman's Magazine.

Lord

Boswell

Hervey is, I of George II.

Queen

say, almost the Editor's Caroline."

to
"

LORD

BYRON'S
Portraits.
must

LIFE.

Preface.
"

By Thomas
A work which

Moore.

LORD
ok
"

SIDMOUTH'S
Portraits.

LIFE.

By

the Dean
astonishing is Post.

tion of the historyof

Royal 8vo,15*. always form an interestingpot English literature." Times.

"

Norwich. A book

3 vols. 8vo, 42*.

XVI.

which, for its individual subject,and the it commemorates, importance of the events exceeded by no work that has appeared.''" Morning

OF ROBERT LIFE BURNS. Fifth Edition, fcap.8vo, 3*. By J. G. Lockhart.

LIFE LIVES
OF

OF
read

REV.
a more

GEORGE

CRABBE.

OF

THE
from the

LORD
earliest

CHANCELLORS
"

By By
"

his Son.

Portraits.

ENGLAND,
Campbell.
"

times

to

1838.

Lord
of

7 vols. 8vo, 102s.

"

We never Athenceum.

Fcap. 8vo, 4*. interestingpieceof biography.

A work one of sterling merits of very great labour, LIVES OF BUNYAN AND CROMWELI are satisfied, of richly diversified interest,aud, we Southev. Post Rvo, 2*. Gd. and By Robert value estimation. We doubt if there be lasting half-a-dozen who could produce a Biographical Admirably written lives."" Yorkshireman. livingmen much so Series on such a scale, at all likelyto command xix. the learned, as well as applause Irom the candid among OF MEMOIRS LORD SYDENHAM. from the curious of the laity." Quarterly Review. By G.P. Schope, M.P. Second Edition. Portrait. 8vo,9*. (k "We have risen from the perusal of this work wit much satisfaction." Fraser's Magazine. LIFE OF LORD ELDON. CHANCELLOR
"
"

"

XX. 2 vols., Twiss. Portrait. Third Edition. By Horace EARL DUDLEY'S LETTERS TO TH] post 8vo, 21*. " OF LLANDAFF. Second Edition. 8vo, 10*. C" of every lawyer, BISHOP A work which ought to he in the library "A most interestingvolume."" statesman, and English gentleman."" Blackwood. Literary Gazette.

SIR
NAPOLEON
Nicolas,

HUDSON
AT ST.

LOWE'S
HELENA.
3 vols. 8vo.

ACCOUNT
Edited

OF
Sir

THE
ELIZABETHS
"This

NAVAL

WORTHIES
REIGN.

OF
"

QJJEE]
8vo, 14, Literal

by

N.

H.

Portrait.

By John Barrow. nationally interesting volume."

XXII.

Gazette.

SIR
8vo, 16*.

FOWELL

CORRESPONDENCE.

BUXTON'S MEMOIRS By Charles Buxton.

AND
Portrait. With

LIFE
Notes.
"

OF

EDWARD
II. H. Milman.

GIBBON

By Rev.

valuable "A and necessary and Fall." Monthly Review.

Portrait. 8vo, 9* companion to the Decth

LIFE

OF
no

GENERAL
military
the memoir of

LORD
which
a we

HILL.
Edition. 8vo, 12*.
should
so
"

xxiii.

By Rev. Edwin is "There

gladly place
Dublin U.

Sidney. in

Portrait. Second hands

LIFE
By Robert
Portrait.

OF

DR.

ANDREW
Rev.

BELL.
C. C. Southbi

Southey,

LL.D., and
XXIV.

youthful

soldier."

3 vols. 8vo, 42*.

Magazine.
vm.

ADMIRAL ROMILLY.
2 vols. fcp.8vo, 12*. and

SIR

P. DURHAM'S
Murray.

LIFE.

LIFE
"

OF

SIR

SAMUEL

By His Nephew,
"

Capt. A.

By his Sons. Portrait. Third Edition.

narrative Alhenceum.
A

singularly touching

striking."

" and A very interesting Aberdeen Journal.

well

8vo, 5*. Gd. written inemoir."-

XXV.

LIVES OF BRAHE TYCHO GALILEO, CROKER'S BOSWELL'S JOHNSON. AND KEPLER. By Sir D. Brewster. Second Edition the Tour to the Hebrides. Including A New Edition, Fcap. 8vo, 4*. Gd. revised. 1 vol. royal 8vo, 18*. Gem-like portraitures of threeextraordinary geniuses.'
"

"

We

pronounce

'

Croker's

of an English book Review. *"* Be particular in Osb Volume.

that

Boswell' as the best edition has appeared." Quarterly

"

"

Literary Gazette.
xxvi.

MEMOIR ordering Croker's

x.

Boswell,

in

GEOLOGIST.
"A

Till WILLIAM SMITH, F.R.S. By John Phillips, 8vo, 7*. Gd.

"

OF

and gratifyingrecollection." grateful

XXVII.

Lit. Gazelle

LIFE By
"

OF
Lord

THE
Mahon.

GREAT

CONDF,.
LIFE
"

Post 8vo, 6*.

OF
from

JAMES

A very skilful and Review,

narrative." interesting

Quarterly Translated
8vo, 8*. Gd.

the French,

WATT. By M. Aragc by J. P. Muirhead, M.A

XXVIII.

LIFE By
"

OF
A New

BELISARIUS.
Map. performance."
"

A
Post

NAVAL

BIOGRAPHICAL By W.
XXIX.

DICTIONARY
It. O'Byrne.

Lord
An

Mahon.
able and

Edition-

8vo, 10*.Gd.

of Living Officers.

valuable

Royal

8vo

Monthly Review.

Nearly Ready. LIFE By

SIR
From

JOHN

BARROW'S

AUTOBIOGRAPHY.
Age. Portrait. 8vo, 10*. English book to be added

OF
John

SIR

FRANCIS
Post
our

DRAKE.

Early Life

"Here to the Englishman's

to Advanced is another pleasant

Alheneeum, library.""

Barrow. " Mr. Barrow has enriched "Edinburgh Review.

8vo, 2*. Gd. biographicalliterature.'

Mr.

MURRAY'S

LIST

OF

BOOKS."

Voyages

and

Travels.

XXXII.

A
ATHENS,
Platen
'"

VISIT
AND

TO
THE

THE
MOREA. is very
xxm.

IONIAN
By
Edward

ISLANDS,
Giffard.
'

TYPEE
ISLANDERS Herman
'

AND
: a

OMOO
True

SEA ; or, the SOUTH Narrative of Real Events. By

"

Post 8vo, 12*.

Giffard's work

Mej.ville. book

Mr.

creditable to its author.*'"

The Since

2 vols., post 8vo, 12*. is excellent,quite first-rate."

Blackwood.

"

Quarterly Review.

Crusoe, IN

first read Robinson when we the joyous moment all the more cause beand believed and wondered it all,

TRAVELS By
Robert Pashley, A.M.

CRETE.
2 vols. 8vo, 21. 2s.

we

work

as

believed, we this narrative

with so bewitching a have not met of Herman Melville's." JohnBull.

"

Plates.

xxxiir.

XXIV.

RECOLLECTIONS IN ASIA
and

OF
a

BUSH

LIFE

IN

AN
Including
Cities.

EXCURSION
a

MINOR.
undescribed
28*.

Visit

to

several

unknown
Second

AUSTRALIA, Interior. By A

during
Henry

Residence
am

Willi

Ha

in the of Eight Years ygarth. Post 8vo, 2s. 6c/.

Second DISCOVERIES

Edition. made With

Plates.
a

Impl. 8vo,
Excursion.

Also,
Plates.

during
an

RESIDENCE

IN

NEW

SOUTH

WALES.

Impl. 8vo,

2s. M. PostSvo. Meredith. is a pleasant unaffected By Sir in the British Museum. Meredith "Mrs. writer; and MARBLES THIAN the book derives interest from being a lady's view of New Plates. 8vo, 5s. Fellows. Charles Wales." Spectator. ancient Lycian cities, South has discovered eleven author "Our XXXV. to perceive that Lycia the learned world and has allowed he which has only of antiquarian treasures, of ITS ADVANTAGES SOUTH has a mine AUSTRALIA; Athenceum. scraped the surface." A Description of that Colony ; ITS RESOURCES. AND for Emigrants. of Information and a Manual By George 21. 2s.

ACCOUNT

OP

THE

XAN-

By

Mrs.

"

"

RESEARCHES
AND and
Plates. '" Mr. rative Athenceum.

in
;

ASIA
some

MINOR,
Account of the W.

PONTUS,
Antiquities
I. Hamilton.

Wilkinson, NEW By

Esq.

Map.

Post 8vo, 10*. 6"J.

xxxvr.

ARMENIA

with

Geology

of those

Countries.

By

ZEALAND.

With

some

Account
of

of

2 vols. 8vo, 38s

the Beginning of the British

warmest and his commendations.""
nar-

Colonization

the Island.
of

Hamilton's
in general,

researches, archjeological
have
our

With 2 vols. 8vo, ! Map. and continuous complete history i BritishColonizationinNewZealandwhichbasappeared. E. J. Wakefield. most "The

xxvi.

I
with Remarks
"

"

Spectator. TRAVELS

DALMATIA
a on

AND
Mostar
,n

MONTENEGRO;
Hertzegovina,
and

tnsm"w IN NEW
the

Journey
the

7PAT ANr" ZEALAND,

the

to

Slavonic

Nations.

By

Sir

Gardner

Wilkinson.

By

Routes

through

Interior, with

"atural M.D.

H.s-

Plates and

Woodcuts.

2 vols. 8vo.

t"ry of the Islands2 vols. 8vo, 2is. Central

**

E- D.effenbach,

Plates.

Egypt

and
xxvir.

Syria.

and

South
xxxvm,

America.

TRAVELS
AND
'

IN
HOLY

EGYPT,
LAND.

NUBIA,
By Captains

SYRIA,
Irby and of the

INCIDENTS
I AMERICA.

OF

TRAVEL
2 vols.

IN

CENTRAL
32s.

THE
One of the

Mangles.

Post 8vo, 2s. 6d.

most
"

interesting and
Aberdeen
xxvm.

popularworks

[SECOND 120 Engravings.

These
so

58 Engravings. VISIT TO YUCATAN.

By
It is
we

8vo, John

Also,

L. Stephens.

2 vols. 8vo, 42s,

a to quit grievous
"

present century."

Journal.

volumes ! delightful brimful to overdo wingof what

XXXIX.

store

like best."

Athenceum

MANNERS
ANCIENT Third Edition. "Sir Gardner

AND
EGYPTIANS.

CUSTOMS
By
Sir Gardner

OF

THE
the

ADVENTURES
Wild Tribes
and

IN

MEXICO,
of
the

and
Rocky

among

Wilkinson.

Animals

tains. Moun-

people

of the

With 600 Illustrations. 5 vols. 8vo, 4/. As. the to make more has done Wilkinson than any moderns known to us Pharaohs
"

By

G. F. Rixton.

Post8vo,C*.

contemporary

writer."

Athenarum.
XXIX.

CAIRO,
from Notes made

PETRA,
during
a

AND
Tour
in

DAMASCUS;
those Countries.

" is a capital book, alike Adventures Mr. Ruxton's its hardships attractive for its narrative of travel with and society, for and incidents, for its pictures of scenery and the it imparts as to Mexico information the direct and their incidental glimpses it gives us of the Americans armies in Mexico." Spectator.
"

By

Post 8vo, 9s. 6"i. John G. Kinnear. writes extremely well, and his Kinnear "Mr. Examiner. proclaimhim a good observer."
"

JOURNEYS tions descrip-

ACROSS

THE

PAMPAS.

By
Eclectic

Head. Post 8vo, 2*. Gd. Sir Francis book has all the interest of a novel."" "This Review.
XLl.

ARABIA
tho With
"

PETR.EA,
City
of de

MOUNT

SINAI,

and

JOURNAL

OF

PASSAGE

FROM

THI

Excavated

Petra,"

By
A

M.

Leon

65 Plates.

8vo, 18*.
extreme

of publication

of the Prophecies. the Edom crossing the Andes in THE TO ATLANTIC, PACIFIC Edition. Second Laborde. the Northern Provinces of Peru, and descending the greal Lister 8vo, lis Maw, R.N. River Maranon. By Henry value and interest."" British
XLII.

Critic.
"'

All
"

ministers

and

students

should

possess

this

lume." vo-

VOYAGE
THE
"

OF By

NATURALIST
Darwin.

ROUNE
Post 8vo, 8*. 6d
tn"

EvangelicalMagazine.

WORLD.

Charles

Polynesia
VOYAGE
SOUTH
"The eould
"

and

the

South

Seas.

author is a first-rate The made dreariest solitudes are Quarterly Review.

landscape painter, and

to teem

with

interest.""

xliii.

OF
;

DISCOVERY
By Maps. given
Capt. Sir

TO
James

THE
Clark-

A
AND

VOYAGE
A VISIT TO

UP

THE By

RIVER
William

AMAZON
H. Edwards

POLE

1839-43.
and

PARA.

Ross, R.N.

Plates

have we extracts for the plain,

seem

which

character and

can hardly open a page which ha! Full of novelty ; we speak better thanwe . producl not its picture for the general observer, and L its modest! and manly taste of the author the eartli like Sir Joseph Banks, look on entirely worthy of his high professional for those who, ns vast museum. as oue Quarterly Review signal services."

2 vols. 8vo, 36*. will

Post 8vo, 2*. 6d.

"

Mr.

MURRAY'S

LIST

OF

BOOKS."

Voyages

and

Travels.

Worth

America.
XLIV.

RUSSIA
Translated
from

UNDER
the German.

NICHOLAS. By Captain Anthony

"

C.

ARCTIC
From

VOYAGES

OF

DISCOVERY.

Sterling.

1818 to the present time. By Sir John Barrow. Portrait and Maps. 8vo, 15*. "A book to make one of Englishman. proud of the name of enterprise and It is a record endurance, of resolute and of moral physical courage, which perseverance, and Examiner. take to be peculiar to English seamen." we
"

Fcap. 8vo, 5*. "Lively and comprehensive." Athentsum. LETTERS

FROM' THE
"

BALTIC. styleis full

"A of
ease

Post 8vo, 2*. 6d. By A Lady. series of charming descriptions. The

and

freshness."

Examiner,
LV1II.

TRAVELS
and

IN

NORTH
on

AMERICA,
United

with

Geological Observations

the

Scotia. By Charles Nova 2 vols, post 8vo, 21s. "Mr. Lyell visited America
science the
or a

States, Canada, Plates. Lyell, F.G.S.

not
a

NORWAY
With
"

AND
to

HER
Fisher.

Hints
A

the Salmon
a

LAPLANDERS ; By John Milford.

8vo, 10*. 6d.

merely
man

as sense

man

philosopher, but as world, eminently imbued with

him
an

of

and

of of

pleasantbook, on
an

astute

observer."
XLVI.

"

stitute qualificationsto conLiterary Gazette.

of Examiner.

accomplishedand
LIX.

vation very pleasant subject : the obsergood-natured man."

"

THE
IN
Edition.

CITIES

AND

CEMETERIES

OF

FOREST
CANADA. Post 8vo, 10*.

AND SCENES INCIDENTS Head. Second By Sir George

XLV1I.

The for the ETRTJRIA. result of several Tours made of Etruria. the extant antiquities purpose of investigating Dennis. Map and Ulustrations. 2 vols. 8vo. By George
LX.

LETTERS
UNITED
"Here

FROM
at

CANADA

AND

THE
Or
in

THE
the

BIBLE

IN

SPAIN;
New Edition.

STATES.
is cannot

Americans

2 vols. post8vo, 16*. By J.R.Godley. of which least one the English book reasonably complain." Athenaeum.
"

Journeys, Adventures, and Imprisonments of an Englishman in an Attempt to circulate the Scriptures

the

Peninsula.

By George

Borrow.

MEMOIRS
IN
"

CANADA. The

OF A By Rev.
before is
now

CHURCH
J. Abbott.
us

MISSIONARY
Post 8vo, 2*. 6d. of what genuine account
Under
ao

little work

is

Post 8vo, 6*. out as an "Mr. Borrow has come EnglishAuthor of of Gil Bias, in the narratives high mark. We are reminded man." of this pious, Review. single-hearted Quarterly
"

missionary's life
a

in Canada.

invented

LXI.

name,

in

it is the story of the writer's own experience, told able straightforwardand unaffected manner,with considerpower of description." Guardian.
"

THE

GYPSIES

OF

SPAIN

XLIX.

TOUR
from

THROUGH

THE

SLAVE

STATES,
the Frontiers of Plates. 2 vols.

and to Texas the River Potomac, Mexico. By G. W. Featherstonhaugh.

"

Their Manners, Customs, Religion and Language. Post 8vo, 6*. New Edition. By George Borrow. "A of curious,a very curious work, and contains some of the gipsy the most singular,yet authentic descriptions which have ever been given to the public." Literary race Gazette.
"

8vo, 26*. of Spain. With much taining." enterFord. matter. Post 8vo, 6*. new By Richard New Monthly Magazine. " The best English book, beyond comparison, that ever not merely of the genehas appeared for the illustration, ral topography and local curiosities, but of the national EXCURSIONS NEWFOUNDLAND. of Spain."" Quarterly Review. The Cod Fishery Fog Banks Sealing Expedition,"c. character and manners By J. B. Jukes. Map. 2 vols, post 8vo, 21*. i.xtn. from the the bowie knife
are

are

The notices of the natural history,and the mines, novel and interesting of the heroes of ; and his pictures

GATHERINGS

FROM
Hand-book

SPAIN.

tracts Being Ex-

remarkably characteristic and

"

IN'

"

"

PEDESTRIAN VOYAGE
MEXICO.
"The

TO

TEXAS

AND

THE

GULF

OF

French

and

Spanish

Pyrenees.

WANDERINGS m By T. Clifton

tub

Paris.

Post 8vo, 10*. 6d. Woodcuts. 2 vols, post 8vo, 21*. By Mrs. IIoustoun. better in this admirable "Contain descriptive passages, strikingly information contained work turesque, picand without the least strain and effort, than will be very important to those who have an idea of settling we of recollect in any book the same abroad." Time*. lightpretension." Examiner.
" "

THE JOURNAL A OF with an Account PROPRIETOR, Post Manners. By M. G. Lewis.

"These

WEST
of
8vo. 2*. 6d.

INDIAN
Life and From life."
"

LXIV.

Negro
Jamaica

PORTUGAL
Notes made

AND
during
a

GALLICIA,
Journey
to those

Countries.

amusing

stories of

actual

QuarterlyReview, Europe.
LIII.

Third Carnarvon. Edition. Post 8vo, 6*. It is not only a work. This is a very remarkable partial graphic descriptionof the face of the country, and an imand of the moral and political sagacious account series and but it relates also condition a of Spain Portugal ;

By

Lord

"

DATES Showing what

upon
may

AND
be done

DISTANCES
in
a

the Continent

of

Europe.
LTV.

; Tour of Sixteen Post 8vo, 8*. 6d.

of

adventures personal and who

Months

Europe;
of him

and perils, in modern very unusual to the spirit which, while they do honour exhibit mure sought information at such risks,

THE URAL AND MOUNTAINS RUSSIA ; Illustrated. Geologically By Sir It. Murchison, G.C.S. 2 vols, royal 4to. Coloured Maps, Plates, "c.
"

"

than could havo of the real state of the Iberian Peninsula been obtained inquirer." by a less ardent and less intrepid Quarterly Review.

TOUR
TYROL,
AND

IN-

AUSTRIAN

LOMBARDY,
By
John Barrow. cuts. WoodAthenmum

Many
us.

xcursions

admirable ; but the It is

memoirs

jefore
)f the

crowning impossible,by extract,

LV.

resulted triumph is the have

to

from

these

BAVARIA.
10*. 6d.

great work convey an idea

PostSvo,

value of its contents.""

Athenaum,

"Agreeablywritten,faithful and minute."

lxvi.

"

DOMESTIC

MANNERS

OF

THE

in )escribed from a Year's Residence [lev.R. L. Venables, M. A. Post 8vo, 9*. 6d.

RUSSIANS. that Country. By

NARRATIVE
With Remarks
on

OF

TRAVELS

IN
2 vols.

AUSTRIA.
of that

the Social and

PoliticalCondition

Country.

By P. E. Turnbull.

8vo,24*.

Mn.

MURRAY'S

LIST

OF

BOOKS."

Hand-Books.

HAND-BOOKS

FOR

TRAVELLERS,

respecting Information Steamers, Passports, Moneys, Guides and Servants, Giving detailedand precise and Hints for Tours. with Directions for Travellers,
12.

HAND-BOOK
in
l:in Ki, 5*.

OF

TRAVEL-TALK

English, German,
o

French,

versations HAND-BOOK ; or, Conand Italian. SICILY, AND

FOR
NAPLES.

SOUTHERN ITALY, Map. Post 8vo. Nearly ready.

13.

HAND-BOOK
and the RHINE,

FOR,"NORTH
HOLLAND,
3.

HAND-BOOK
GERMANY
and PRUSSIA. ITALIAN SCHOOLS.

OF

PAINTING

"

THE

BELGIUM,

Edited,with

From the German Notes,by C. I. Eastxake, R.A.

14.

of Kugler. Post 8vo, 12*.

Map.

Post 8vo, 12*.

HAND-BOOK
and
"The the TYROL"

FOR
BAVARIA"
and

SOUTH
AUSTRIA"

GERMANY
SALZBURG ALPS, SEA.
and

AUSTRIAN from ULM

BAVARIAN

the Post

DANUBE,
8vo, 10*.

to the BLACK

Map.

FRANCE and the the PYRENEES, BRITTANY, RIVERS LOIRE, and SEINE, RHONE, GARONNE, FRENCH ALPS, and PROVENCE. DAUPHINE, Maps. Post 8vo, 12*.
15.

HAND-BOOK

FOR

4.

HAND-BOOK PAINTING"
DUTCH SCHOOLS.

FOR MADRID,

SPAIN,
"c. 16. By

ANDALUSIA,
Ford.

HAND-BOOK
GERMAN,
the German Edmund

OF
AND Kuqler.

THE
From
Sir

GRANADA,
Post 8vo, 16*.

Richard

Maps.

FLEMISH,
of Hkad.

Edited, with
12s. 5.

Notes, hy

Post8vo,

HAN
SPANISH

D-B
AND

OOKOFPAINTIN
FRENCH SCHOOLS.

G"

THE

By

Sir Edmund

HAND-BOOK
ALPS of SAVOY and

FOR
PIEDMONT.
6.

SWITZERLAND,
Map.
the

Head.

Post 8vo, 12*. 17-

Post 8vo, 10*.

HAND-BOOK HAND-BOOKS
A

FOR
AND MIDLAND "e.

ENGLAND"
COUNTIES;
Post 8vo.

THE
NORTH

ILLUSTRATIONS
for

to
and

NORTHERN
of

GERMANY
and Plans

SWITZERLAND.

Series

and

SOUTH

WALES,

Map.
18.

Nearly ready. THE Map.

Post

Maps
and

of the most Post 8vo. 7-

frequentedRoads, Cities,
HAND-BOOK
SOUTHERN AND

Towns,

"c.

FOR
WESTERN

ENGLAND"
COUNTIES.

HAND-BOOK
DENMARK, and Plans.

FOR NORWAY,

NORTH
and

EUROPE,
RUSSIA.

Ovo.

In

Preparation.
19.

SWEDEN,
8.

Map HAND-BOOK FOR

A Complete

Post 8vo.

LONDON"
Guide
to

PAST
Stransers
2 vols.

AND
visiting

HAND-BOOK
EAST,
the and IONIAN

FOR
CONSTANTINOPLE. 9.

MALTA ISLANDS,

AND
TURKEY,

THE
ASIA

PRESENT.
the

Metropolis.

8vo.

MINOR,

Maps.
EGYPT."
the

Post Ovo, 15*.

"

By Peter Nearly ready,

old

Cunningham.

Pout

The

Lord
him

Treasurer of

the

Lords

of the Council

HAND-BOOK
ALEXANDRIA, SINAI, and
THEBES.

FOR CAIRO,

THE

NILE,
MOUNT

first examine

to Burleigh, if any one came Licence to Travel, he would England; if he found him ignorant for
a

PYRAMIDS,
Gardner

would
first."
"

bid him

stay

at

home,

and

know

his

own

Country

By
10.

Sir

Wilkinson.

The

Compleat

Gentleman,
20.

by Henry Peucham,

Map.

l.""*.

1662.

HAND-BOOK
and FLORENCE,

FOR
SARDINIA,

NORTHERN
GENOA,
and
11.

ITALY
THE ERA, RIVI-

HAND-BOOK
in and
near

TO

THE

PICTURE
With

LERIES GAL-

VENICE, Post 8vo, 12*.

LOMBARDY,

TUSCANY.

Map.

Catalogues of the Pictures, accompanied Biographical, and by Historical, Post 8vo, 10*. Critical Notices. By Mrs. Jameson.
21.

London.

HAND-BOOK
and

FOR
the PAPAL

CENTRAL
and

ITALY
CITIES of

HAND-BOOK
WESTMINSTER each. ABBEY.

FOR

WINDSOR

AND

ROME,

ETRURIA.

Maps.

STATES, Post8vo, 15*.

Woodcuts.

Fcap. 8vo,2*.6rf.

Crttttal "jpmt0nsS 011 tije $an"--3S0ofca.

"

Mr.
The

Murray's series
useful series

of Hand-books

seem

destined

to embrace
"

all the

sights of

the

world.""

Spectator.
"

"

of Hand-books

issued by Mr.

Murray."

Examiner.

Athcnaum. The information full and satisfactory." Murray's excellent series. Compiled with great care. with satisfactory practicalinformation, well arranged, and well compressed. every They combine with long historical details, the most from descriptions and extracts accomplished travellers, unencumbered Gentleman's into these manuals." Magazine. which are not uselessly intruded unfrequently immense "An quantity of minute and useful information respectingall places of interest,presented in a plain, manner." United Service Gazette. unostentatious, and intelligible
"

Mr.

"

Well considered,

"

"

All the Atlas.

" "

information

traveller
contains

; requires

and

an supplies

answer

to every

which difficulty
resource

can

arise."" possibly the road is dull and

An

excellent

plan, and
has fallen

much
"

our
"

companion
A world
"

asleep."
"

Asiatic

in little compass, Journal.

and

is

an

amusing

when

of useful information." A
man

British

Magazine.
half the continent
the

"

"

Capital guides ! Literary Gazette. Distinguished for

the matter

may

traverse

of Europe

with

them

without

asking

question.'

the clearness

of their

arrangement,
for the

of quality

they contain, as well

as

and style

finish of the

and character of their directions,the quantity specific workmanship."" Spectator. literary

Mr.

MURRAY'S

LIST

OF

BOOKS."

Theology.

RELIGIOUS
THE
With

WORKS,
AND works

THEOLOGY,
ILLUSTRATIONS
RITUAL
of

"c.
OF
THE
the

ILLUMINATED

PRAYER-BOOK.

LITURGY
selected from the

Borders, Initials, Vignettes, Titles, "c, in gold and colours. or vellum. 8vo, cloth, morocco
"

OF

THE

CnURCH;
of
3

eminent

Divines M.A.

The noble
"

most

elaborate

copy

of the

devotional Times.

volume

and

Liturgyever executed. Christian fitting nual." ma-

Rev. Jambs
"A
most

Brogden,
valuable

17th Century. vols, post 8vo, 27*.

to every

By
brary."" li-

addition

churchman's

Bishop of Exeter's DEAN

TO New THE

Charge.
xvi.

COMBER'S
ROMAN

FRIENDLY
OP

ADVICE
ENGLAND.
A
of

CATHOLICS

CATHOLIC
Errors,
Rome. 14*. each.

SAFEGUARDS
and

against
of the

the

Edition, with Preface and Notes. D.D., Vicar of Leeds. Fcap. 8vo, 3*.
III.

By

W.

P. Hook,

Corruptions,

Novelties

Church
2 vols. 8vo,

By

Rev. James

Brogden,

M.A.

THE
ofLeods.

THREE
and Third

REFORMATIONS
Anglican.

ran, ; LutheF. Hook, D.D., Vicar

Roman,

Edition.

By W. 8vo, 3s.

" 'Catholic discourses on

Safeguards
the of
errors our

of
own
"

from

the

works

during the THE CHURCH.

of Chichester. With
an

17th

century."
OF

:' a Selection of the ablest of Rome, chosen the Church eminent divines who lived Bishop of London's Charge.

ON By
Henry Second

THE
Edward

UNITY
Manning, 8yo, Ws.Gd.

OF

xvir.

Archdeacon

THE
Notes Index.
"

BOOK

THE

CHURCH
to the

; Edition.

Edition.

containing References Southey, By Robert

Authorities, and
Sixth

LL.D.

SERMONS
LEADING
BY

ON'MANY
DOCTRINES AND
OP

OF
DUTIES

THE
TAUGnT Dean
of

8vo, 12*. I offer to those

THE

CHURCH

ENGLAND.

By

The

Norwich.

2 vols. 8vo, 2ls.

who regard with love and reverence the from their fathers, a religion which they have received brief but comprehensive record, diligently, and faithfully, conscientiously composed."" Preface.
xvni.

SCRIPTURAL
A TEST Second
OF

COINCIDENCES.
and

REMARKS
on

ON

ENGLISH

CHURCHES
subservient to

VERACITY. By Rev. J. J. Blunt. 8vo, 10*. 6"/. Edition. " has read Dr. Paley'3 Horts Paulines, will Whoever find in this volume extension of that argument, an and its Testament, conducted application to the Old and New success."" John Bull. with scarcely inferior abilityand THEIR
VII.

Rendering
and Edition. may

pious
Fourth
"

Sepulchral Memorials Christian Uses. By J.

Woodcuts.
be

H.

Markland

Fcap.
one

8vo, b'*.Gd.

This work

steps made

of the most important latelyin the restoration of a sound and efficient

regardedas
us."
"

church-systemamong

Quarterly Review.

THE
Blunt.

MOSAIC

WRITINGS.
vnr.

By
of
the

Rev. J. J. REVERENCE By GOSPEL

J. II. Markland.

xix,

Post 8vo, 6*. Qd.

DUE

TO
Third

HOLY
Edition.

PLACES.
Woodcuts.

THE
OF ST. denses. W.

ROMAUNT
JOHN From
and
;

VERSION

Fcap. 3vo,2s.
xx.

the MSS.

Zurich, S. Gilly,

the Old Waloriginallyin Use among ble, existing at Dublin, Paris, GrenoLyons. Edited, with Notes by Rev. With Facsimiles. 8vo.

BISHOP
On the

HEBER'S
Lessons,
the

PARISH
Gospel,
or

SERMONS;
2

the

D.D.

Sunday

in the Year.

Sixth Edition.
XXI.

Epistle, for every vols, post 8vo, 1G*.

THE
William

EVIDENCES
Sewell,

of

B.D., Exeter

CHRISTIANITY. Oxford. College,

"

By
Fcap. Mag. By

SERMONS
the late Bishop

PREACHED
Hebkr. Second
XXII.

IN

ENGLAND.
Gd. 8vo, i)s.

3vo, 7s.6d. "Ably and

Edition.

treated.'' satisfactorily

Gentleman's

PSALMS SUGGESTIONS
UNDER PRESENT
most
"

AND

HYMNS,
of the Church. of Walmer

TO
THEOLOGICAL
recommend

THE

STUDENT
DIFFICULTIES.
useful

Adapted
W. B.

to

the

various Solemnities

By

Holland,

M.A., Perpetual Curate

By
"

A. C. We

Tait, D.C.L. warmly

Church

volume."

Post 8vo, G*. Gd. Dr. Tait's most and State Gazette.
xt.

24mo, 1*. 6cE.

xxiii.

VISITATION ON

SERMONS
OCCASIONS.

PREACHED

VARIOUS

Preached in 1845.

during

the Visitation of the

SERMONS. Bishop of

Exeter

By C. J. Vaughan, D.D., Head Master of Harrow School. 8vo, 12*. Gd. "Dr. forcible, earnest, and are Vaughan's sermons in tone affectionate ; in moderate, but soundly scriptural
doctrine."
"

12mo, 6*.
XXIV.

THE

LAWS
and
9*. Gd.

RELATING
DAYS OF FASTING.

TO

SUNDAYS,
By
on

Morning

Post.
XII.

HOLIDAYS, Fcap. 8vo.,

E. V. Nealk

SERMONS
of HARROW Uvo, 10*. 6d.
"

SCHOOL.
sermons now

PREACHED By

in
Rev.

the

CHAPEL
D.D.

C. J.

excellent to 'Nelson "An handmaid Festivals.' ""British Magazine.

XXV.

Fasts

and

Vaughan,

or NESTORIANS, TRIBES, before us are addressed specifically With Illustrations of Scripture Prophecy. By Asahel to the boys of the public school ; and parents will fiudthem Third Edition. Fcap. 8vo, G*. Grant, M.D. a valuable family possession."" Christian Observer. The

THE

LOST

PRAYERS,
By Right
Honble. W.

FROM
xiv.

THE

LITURGY,
M.P.

" An important accession to our Church of England knowledge."

"

stores Review.

of

geographical

E. Gladstone.,

12mo,
of

2*. Gd.

XXVI.

ABSTRACT FAMILY
of turning 2*. RELIGION.
"

PRINCIPLES
By
Henry

OF

REVEALED

A THREE-LEAVED
PRAYER
;

MANUAL
bo as

arranged

to

save

the trouble

the pages backwards

and forwards,

Royal 8yo, bound,

depth,and

Contains many truth,""

Poet 8vo, 9* Gd. striking passages of great power, English Churchman, Drummond.

Mr.

MURRAY'S

LIST

OF

BOOKS."

Poetry,

tne

Drama,

A.c.

POETRY,
Lord

THE

DRAMA,
Rev.

"c.
Crabbe's Life and Works,

Byron's

Life

and

Works.

George

(variouseditions.)
i.

LIFE
Plates.

AND

8 vols.

POETICAL WORKS. EDuion.i (ILlbrarp fcap.8vo, 30*.,or half morocco,

IN
and

40*.

LIFE

AND

WORKS.
POEMS
With
Portrait

(librarp ffiDition.) Collected and arranged with Notes by Moore, Ellis, Ileber, Plates. C3s., 17 vols.fcap. 8vo. Jeffrey, Lockhart, "c.
ur

ONE

Vignette.

VOLUME. Royal

8vo, 15*.

half morocco,

90*.
II.

CAMPBELL'S
BRITISH POETS. New

SPECIMENS
Edition.

OF

THE
and

FOETICAL
CONTAINING

WORKS.

(yoefcet"Bitionj
Childe Tales Dramas. Harold.
I
,

Royal 8vo, 15*. "Rich in exquisiteexamples of English poetry, suggestive of delightful thoughts beyond any volume the language." Atlas.
"

in

1 vol. Miscellanies. 3 vols. 2 vols. 35s.

BISHOP
"c.
"

HEBER'S
Edition. Heber has bards of the

POETICAL
EUROPE"
THE

WORKS.
RED

and

Poems.
2 vols.

2 vols.

Including PALESTINE"
Third

SEA,
the

Don

Juan.

Bishop

With

Vignettes, 10 vols. 18mo, 25s.,or giltedges,

favoured

Fcap. 8vo, 7*- 6"f. taken a graceful station among day." Literary Gazette.
Portrait.
"

REV. rOEMS
With

H.

H. MILMAN'S
the
and Fall other 18*. and

POETICAL
Jerusalem
"

WORKS. Martyr
of Plates.

IN

ONE

VOLUME. Royal
8vo, 15*.

Including
Antioch 3 vols. "A
"

of

Samor, Edition.

Portraits and

Vignette.
IV.

Poems.

Second

fcap.8vo,

fine,classical, moral,

religiouspoet."

"

Literary

Gazette.

CHILDE
With
"

HAROLD'S
and

PILGRIMAGE.
WORKS
8vo, 21*. With Crown
an

IV.

(Illustrates-.)
Portrait A

OF

HORACE.

Sixty Vignette
"

Engravings.

splendid
"

work

worth

and illustrating,

worthily

trated IllusOriginal Life. By Rev. II. H. Milman. with Views, Vignettes, Coloured Borders, "c

illustrated."

Athenaeum.

8vo.

v.'

LOCKIIART'S

SPANISH
as

BALLADS;
4to, 27. 2s.
to

with

TALES
!. OlAOUR.
2. Bride
of

AND

POEMS.
6. Beppo.

Illuminated
"A
more

Titles,Borders, "c. appropriatelyas well

was

beautifullyembellished
world."
"

Abydos.

7. Mazeppa.
8. Island. 9. Parisina.

volume Review.

never

offered

the

Edinburgh

3. Corsaik. 4. Lara. 5. Siege

of

ALLAN
of Chillon.
5*.

CUNNINGHAM'S
24mo,
works 2*. 6d. of the in most
a

POEMS
and and

and

Corinth.

10. Prisoner 2 vols. 24mo,

SONGS. "The
Scottish

With

Vignettes.

tender

minstrels,

cheap
VII.

pathetic of the elegant form.""

Blackwood.

DRAMAS.
1. Manfred.
J. I 5. Two

FRAGMENTS
Foscari.
Transformed.
rertson.

IN
sees

VERSE.
feels
as a

By
scholar expresses

Lord

Ro-

Crown
author
a

8vo, Is. 6d.

and
a

Marino

Faliero.
and

6. Deformed

"The and
as

.'!.Heaven

Earth.

7. Cain.
8. Werner,

scholar

and

poet

he

and a poet, himself."

"

4. Uakdanapalus.

Times.
5s. With

With

Vignettes

2 vols. 24mo,

REJECTED
Notes

ADDRESSES. Authors, and

Fcap. 8vo, OF
6*.

by

the

Portraits

of them.

Twenty-first Edition.

CHILDE

HAROLD'S
With

PILGRIMAGE. SPECIMENS
From
VIII.

Vignette. 24mo, 2s. 6d.

ITALIAN

SONNETS By

the

most

celebrated

Rev. Charles

Strong,
VERSE

Translations. Poets, with M.A. 8vo,6*.

MISCELLANIES.
With

Vignettes.

3 vols. 24mo,
IX.

7s. Gd.
From German

TRANSLATIONS
Poems

the Swedish of

of Esaias

Tegner,

and

from

the

Schiller.

By

II. Drinkwateb

Bethune,

DON
With

JUAN.
2 vols. 24mo. 5s.

Post 8vo, 12*.

Vignettes.

ENGLISH

HEXAMETERS
John

; from Dr.

the German.
Archdeacon

"T

Mr.

Murray

alone

of Lord illustrated
or

Byron's

possesses Works, and be

the
no

Copy- Also, right edition,

"A

By Sir Hare,

Hehschell, Hawtrey, and Translations.

Whewell,
Lockhart.
2*.6rf.

Dr.

J. G.

8vo,

9*.

Verse

8vo,
XII.

otherwise,can
name on

complete

FRAGMENTS
WRITERS.

FROM
Austin.
"

GERMAN
Post 8 vo, 10*.

PROSE

exceptit bears his

the

title-page.

By Sarah delightfulvolume."

Alhenaum.

Mb.

MURRAY'S

LIST

OF

BOOKS."

Instruction.

INSTRUCTION
Mrs. Markham's

"

ENTERTAINMENT

FOR

THE

YOUNG.
ENGLAND.
Woodcuts.
it

Histories.

LITTLE HISTORY
From the First Invasion

ARTHUR'S
23rd

By
18mo,
3*.

OF

ENGLAND.
to the

Lady
"

Callcott. little

Thousand.
was

This

by the Romans,
Woodcuts.

Reign

of

History

written to write remember

and

I have

endeavoured I well first allowed

as

for a real little Arthur, tell it to an I would

what I wanted to be

Queen

Victoria. 46(ft Thousand.

12mo, 7*- 6d.

child. intelligent told when Author's

"

to read the

From

the

HISTORY Conquest by
2Mh

the

OF FRANCE. Gauls, to the Reign

Woodcuts.

History of England."
; earnest

"

of Louis-

Preface. is of the rightkind Lady Callcott's style

"

and

Philippe.

Thousand.

12mo, "]s.M.

simple."

Examiner.
IX.

HISTORY
From
3rd

OF

GERMANY.
to

CROKER'S

PROGRESSIVE
loth

GEOGRAPHY
18mo,
U. 6d.
"

the

Invasion

by Marius,

the Battle of

Leipsic. FOR
"

CHILDREN,
The

Thousand.
on

Thousand.

Woodcuts.

12mo,

7*. 6rf. best

elementarybook

the subject."

Quarterly

HISTORY
For
the

OF
of
In

ROME
and

AND

GREECE.
Persons. With

Review.

Use

Schools

Young

Woodcuts,
"Mrs.

12mo.

Preparation.
constructed
we are

HISTORY
on
a

OF

THE

LATE

WAR

Markham's Histories are plan which we think well chosen, and

With

they are recommended,

that

so as

popular,

for

they

cannot
"

be

glad to find too stroDgly

Sketches of Nelson, Wellington, and Napoleon. 2s. 6d.

18mo,

adapted for youth."

ii.

Journal

of

cation. EduAn Our

GOSPEL
Attempt
Saviour
3s. 6d.
to

STORIES
render the

FOR

CHILDREN.
of the

Chief Events

Life of Edition.

and profitable. Second intelligible

SERMONS By
Mrs. Markham.

FOR
Second
in.

Edition.

CHILDREN. Fcap 8vo,

I8mo,
3s.

FISHER'S
AND James. With
100

ELEMENTS
18mo,
3*. each.

OF

GEOMETRY

AESOP'S
A

FABLES.
Thomas

ALGEBRA.

(Published by order

New

Woodcuts
"

Version, by by Tenniel.
coarse

Rev.

of the Lords

of the Admiralty.)
XIII.

Post 8vo.

this edition is to present a better translation of the Fables which pass under the name of jEsop, so as to fit them for youth of the present illustrate age : the bibliopolicaim is to clothe and those universal in a style favourites of ancient wisdom and applica. advancement proportioned to our mechanical tion of art to popular pleasure. These ends are attained in the very handsome edition has Mr. James before us. made a judicious selection of the Fables themselves, and of the version his text : his translation is to be taken as at, once close and free; the wood engravings are among the triumphs of art." Spectator. and less
"

The

object of literary

LOUDON'S
HISTORY.
"

YEAR-BOOK
Woodcuts. 18mo,
is.

OF

NATURAL

Mrs.

Loudon

and

extensive

has begun to apply her excellent talents to the vice serknowledge of natural history, and this

of the one."
"

young;

Chambers'

Edinburgh

volume is Journal.

very

delightful

SENTENCES
By
A "The
"

FROM
16mo, 3*. 6d.

THE

PROVERBS.
For

In English, French, Italian, and German.

Lady.

Daily Use

IV.

BERTHA'S
IN ENGLAND. for every
"

JOURNAL
With
10th
'

DURING
12mo,7s.6d.

VISIT

An

design of this volume is excellent."" Atlas. excellent design." Literary Gazette.

"

varietyof Information,arranged
'

Day. reading

Thousand.

with the utmost avidity.I can scarcely take my attention from this, the best of all juvenile Rev. compilations." George Crabbe. "An excellent littlework."" Capt. Basil Hall.
am
"

Bertha

PUSS
Suited
to the tastes Speckter.

IN*BOOTS;
of Little
With and

Grown

Children. 16mo,
"

By

Otto

Illustrations.

5*.

JESSE'S
For Schools. of Animals. With

NATURAL
Anecdotes of the

HISTORY. and Instinct Sagacity

full of excellent humour." Examiner. designs and tell the story with dramatic "Complete pictures, force." Spectator. "Twelve
"

Sixth Edition.

Fcap. 8vo, 6s. 6d.

VI.

THE
The
Story Otto "A
op the

CHARMED
Little

ROE;
Brother
and

Sister.
5*.

PHILOSOPHY

IN

SPORT

IN EARNEST; Natural or Toys and Sports of Youth. Fcap. 8vo, 8*. "We know

MADE SCIENCE Philosophyinculcated by

Sixth Edition.

By
the

Speckter.

With

Illustrations.
"

16mo,

book for

kindlyremembrances."
XVII.

LiteraryGazette.

Woodcuts.

THE
A

FAIRY
and

RING
Stories

;
'

book which so charmingly blends with instruction. amusement No juvenile book has been publishedin our time more entitled to praise." Examiner.
no
"

of

other

Collection

of Tales

Illustrations by Richard Fcap. 8vo, Is. Gd.

"

With

for Young Persons. Doyle. Second Edition.

VII.

Rare lived
"

news

CROKER'S
FROM THE AVoodcuts. 16mo,

STORIES
HISTORY
5*.

FOR
ENGLAND.

CHILDREN
33rd

fairy lore.
has
a

OF

Thousand.

for young people" whole sacksful of new Nicely illustrated by Mr. Richard Doyle, who in long time FairyLand, and knows all about

it."
that

Examiner.
dozen

"Three "This skilful performance the plan of Sir Walter Scott's of Mr. Croker's suggested Tales of a Grandfather.""

humorous

children, make

QuarterlyReview.

legends, many among them pointed with wisdom which none appreciate better than entertainment up a month's of charming

quality.""Athenceum.

10

Mr.

MURRAY'S

LIST

OF

BOOKS."

School

Books,

".c.

CLASSICAL
3"r.

AND

SCHOOL

BOOKS.
GREEK

Smith's

Dictionaries.

CARMICHAEL'S
A

VERBS.

DICTIONARY
With 8vo, 36*.

of

GREEK

and

ROMAN
Sccotid

Theik

Formations,
Second

ANTIQUITIES.
Edition:
"

numerous

Woodcuts.

Defects. Irregularities, and Edition Post 8vo, 8*. 6ii.

.

to the much work wanted, will be invaluable will be most of reference as a book student, and young terly acceptable on the librarytable of every scholar."" QuarA Review.

WORKS
With
an

OF'HORACE,

Illus. Original Life. By Rev. II. H. Milman. trated with A'iews, Vignettes from the Antique Statues, Crown 8vo. Gems, Coins, Vases, and coloured borders.
VII.

SCHOOL
Woodcuts.
"

DICTIONARY
from the

OF
above work.

TIES. ANTIQUIWith
200

Abridged Square 12mo,

up in references
a

MITCHELLS'
With
"

PLAYS
Bvo.

OF
CLOUDS.

ARISTOPHANES.
10*." 2. FROGS. 15*. Mitchell's Annotated

10s. 6d. and

EnglishNotcs.
We
are

Drawn

clear and

concise

style,and

weeded

of those much so
It is
"

speculative

to confuse valuable most

Cambridge A

who the student addition to our Chronicle.

which tend matters is not far advanced.

edition

to say that Mr. not afraid of Aristophanes will form, like

an

something

epoch

in the

when completed, ship."" history of British scholar-

school

literature."

QuarterlyReview.
VIII.

PEILE'S

AESCHYLUS.
AND CUOEPHOROZ. With

DICTIONARY
and

of

GREEK
2

and

ROMAN
8vo,
36*.

THE

AGAMEMNON

BIOGRAPHY (To be "The

MYTHOLOGY.
3 vols.)

Vols.

completedin

Master Peile, D.D., Head English Notes, by T. W. of Repton School. Second Edition. 8vo, 9*. each.
" By far country."
"

only Classical Dictionary, with any pretensions in our to the Dame, language ; and, as such, it must form who come student desires to bepart of the library of every of antiquity." Atheacquainted with the mind
"

the most

useful

edition

ever

published in

this

Oxford Herald. ROMANCE

Lewis,
M.P.

THE

'LANGUAGES.
Second Edition.

nceum.

By
A NEW

G. Cornewall

8vo,

12*.

CLASSICAL
8vo.
will

DICTIONARY
and

ANCIENT OP GEOGRAPHY. This work

in the its errors,
a

BIOGRAPHY, MYTHOLOGY, In Preparation.

SUVERN'S
THE BIRDS
AND

ARISTOPHANES.
THE CLOUDS. Translated

tained subjects as are coning well. known Dictionary Lempriere, avoidits a nd supplying deficiencies, exhibiting in

comprise

the

by

same

of

W.

R. Hamilton,

F.R.S.

Post 8vo, 0*.

scholars. concise form the results of the labours of modern It will thus supply a want that has been long felt by most persons engaged in tuition.

HASE'S
Their Customs. 5*. 6d.

ANCIENT
and

GREEKS
Life, the

Public

Private from

Translated

Manners, and German. Fcap. 8vo,

"Some

work quities, appeared to be wanting on Grecian Antiwhich, without being unnecessarily diffuse, should notion

give

of the
German

MULLER'S
THE DORIC
Second "We unwearied

DORIANS ANTIQUITIES by Tufnel

admiration

; OF and THE Lewis.

of particularly

discoveries of modern scholars."" Preface.

and scholars,

HISTORY RACE. Edition.

close the

AND

Translated

ON

Maps.
volumes

2 vols. 8vo, 26*. in of

"

THE By

G. J.

PRONUNCIATION Pennington, GREEK

M.A.

OF GREEK. 8vo,7*. 6d.

the

author's

industryaudgreat knowledge."
in.

New

Monthly MATTHIAS'S GRAMMAR.

New

Magazine. BUTTMAN'S
A Critical Examination
various

LEXILOGUS

Abridged for Schools by Blomfield. by Edwards. 12mo, 3*.

;

Edition,

vised re-

Words with

of the Meaning and Etymology of Writers. lated, TransPassages in Greek Third Edition. Notes, by Fishcake. 8vo, and

INDEX
MATTHLE'S

OF
LARGER 8vo, 7*- 6d.

GREEK
GREEK

QUOTATIONS
GRAMMAR.

iu
Second

14*.
It contains a able disquisition. deeper and more criticalknowledge of Greek, more extensive research, and more than remember ever sound to we judgment, work have seen in any one before." QuarterlyReview. most
"

Edition.

"A

xv.

THE By
Henry

GREEK
Nelson

CLASSIC Coleridge,
XVI.

POETS.
M.A. Third Edition.

Fcap. 8vo, BUTTMAN'S

With all the Tenses
"

5*. 6d.

GREEK
their

VERBS

KING
Neiv

EDWARD

Vlth's

LATIN

MAR. GRAM-

Formation,
Index. Edition.

Usage, accompanied Notes, by Fishlake.

"

by

an

Meaning, and Translated, with

8vo, 7*. 6d.

Edition, revised.

12mo, 3*. 6d.

Second

Buttman's
convinced assistant

ENGLISH
Catalogue
a

contains

all those
would

prominent
prove
a luable va-

so irregularities fullyand fundamentallyinvestigated, that

designed
with

for

was

translation

of them

NOTES LATIN ELEGIACS for ; in the Art of Latin Versification, early proficients Prefatory Rules of Composition in Elegiac
W.

to

every lover and

student

of Greek

Mutre. rature."" lite-

Pre/ace.

By Rev. revised, 12rno.

Oxenham,_M.A., Second

Editiun,

12

Mr.

MURRAY'S

LIST

OF

BOOKS."

General

literature.

GENERAL
LITERARY
By
Henry "The

LITERATURE.
PROGRESSION
THEORY.
"

HISTORY
Third Edition.

OF

EUROPE,

BY

ANTAGONISM.

A
sent Pre-

Hallam-

3 vols. 8vo,36*.

which

to literaryhistory most important contribution English librarieshave received for many years." Lord Edinburgh Review.

InvolvingConsiderations touching the Position,Duties, and Destinyof Great Britain.

Lindsay. 8vo, 6*.
XVI.

By

THE By SirFrancis

EMIGRANT.

THE

STORY

OF

THE

BATTLE

OF

WATERLOO. Post 8vo, 6s. By Rev. G. R. Gleig. 'Fifth Edition. Post 8vo, 12*. " is instinct with spirit, and many This account are the is singularly spirited, volume "Sir Francis Head's touching anecdotes which add to its interest."" LiteraryJ and philosophical. A more ous vigorimaginative, nervous, Gazette. writer does not live." Times. and fascinatingB. Head.

REMARKABLE
From
" as

CRIMES By Lady
of most Law Duff collection the aware,

AND
Gordon.
criminal

TRIALS.
8vo, 12*.
cases

BRITISH
AND
2*. 6d. "The

ARMY^'AT
ORLEANS.

WASHINGTON
Post 8vo,

the German. present

as we are

NEW

By

Rev. G. R. Gleig.

The far

forms, specimen interesting

personal narrative

of an

eye-witness."" Times.

in existing

our

language.""

Magazine. SALE'S

XVIII.

BRIGADE
G. R.

IN

AFFGHANISTAN.
tha t

HAWKSTONE
A Tale
"A

;
184".

By Rev.
Third Edition.
we

Gleig.

Post 8vo, 2*. 6d.

of England

in the Year

2 vols.

8vo, 12*. fcap. and close, finished,

"One of the noblest records of militaryadventures Know."" Morning Chronicle.

XIX.

powerful composition."
THE

Spectator.

OUTLINES
FOR B.A. COLLEGES Post 8vo.

OF
AND
has

ENGLISH
SCHOOLS.

LITERATURE
By
Thomas B. Shaw,

WAYSIDE A Tale of tho CROSS. Carlist War. Post 8vo, 2*. 6d By Capt. E. A. Milman. "A spiritedand interesting littlestory."" Atheneeum.
'

LIVONIAN By TALES. Author the of to produce a useful author "The endeavoured the "Letters from Baltic." Post 8vo, 2*. 6a". It is the first Literature. attempt to Introduction English the Baltic lady write Esthoniau Talcs as "Long may questions hitherto neglected to treat in a popular manner good as these."" Atheneeum. the increased gence intelliin elementary books, but which
over

of the present age will no longer allow to be passed unnoticed." Preface.

"

BRACEBRIDGE
Irving.
" The Chronicle.

HALL.
work
ever

By

Washington
Cambridge

VISITS
WINDSOR
"A

TO
and

SPOTS
ETON.

OF

INTEREST
Jesse.

NEAR
Woodcuts.

Post8vo,6*. most charming

written.""

By

Edward

XXII.

Post 8vo, 12*.

THE

esting gatherum about interTranslated by Lady Duff Gordon. Post8vo,2*.6o". gone architectural remains, the biography of their byhave read nothiDg in fiction or in history, which "We inhabitants, country life,rural scenery, literature, has so interest."" Quarterly he."" LiteraryGazette. our natural completely absorbed history, Review.

pleasing and popular omnium

AMBER-WITCH:

Trial

for Witchcraft.

NOTES
Edition.

FROM By Henry

in Six LIFE,'
Taylor.

Essays. Second
THE

XXIII.

Post 8vo, 6*.

FRENCH
Duff

IN

ALGIERS.
Post 8vo, 2*. 6d.
and

Translated.

By Lady Henry Taylor.

Gordon.

CRITICAL

ESSAYS.' By
"

"A narrative of romantic Nor/hern Whig.

xxtv.

absorbing interest."".

Reprinted from the ON THE By

QuarterlyReview."
OF

Post 8vo.

TRANSACTIONS
PHILOSOPHY
John

OF

THE

ROYAL
With

THE

MORAL

FEELINGS.

Abercrombie, M.D. Seventh Edition.

LITERATURE. Second Series. and Plates. Vols. I. and II. 8vo, 12*. each.

OF

SOCIETY Maps

Fcap. 8vo, 4*. ON

John Cj. 6d.

THE

INTELLECTUAL
Eleventh

Abercrombie, M.D.

Edition.

POWERS. By Fcap. 8vo, THE

Periodicals.
XXV.

QUARTERLY
XXVI.

REVIEW.
ARMY

8vo,6s.
LIST.

ON
Fox

ENGLISH

ETYMOLOGIES.

By

H.

HART'S
HART'S THE

QUARTERLY
ANNUAL

8vo,5s. 8vo, 205.

Talbot, F.R.S. 8vo, 12*. "The most interesting work on the derivation of the English language which has appeared for many years.""
XII.

ARMY

LIST.

Gazette. Literary

AESOP'S
A

FABLES.

Published

ROYAL Quarterlyby NAUTICAL

NAVY* LIST.
order of the

8vo,2s. 6d. Admiralty.

New

Thomas

By Rev. Version, chiefly from the Greek. With than lOn New cuts Woodmore Jamf.s, M.A.
Crown

THE

^LMANACK, 8vo,5s.
by Order of the Admiralty.
XXX.

by Tenniel.

8vo,16*.
XIII.

Published

FAMILY
Translated. New

ARABIAN
E. W. Lane.

NIGHTS.
With Notes and
600 Woodcuts.

ROYAL ROYAL

AGRICULTURAL
XXXI.

JOURNAL. JOURNAL. LIBRARY.

Monthly.

8vo,6s.
8vo.

By

Edition.

3 vols, post 8vo, 30*.

GEOGRAPHICAL
XXXII.

ESSAYS
AND MORAL

ON

THE

CONDUCT
OF MAN.

OF By George

LIFE
Long.

NATURE

HOME

AND

COLONIAL
Published

8vo,2s.6d.

8vo, 6*. each.

Mr.

MURRAY'S

LIST

OP

BOOKS."

Natural

History,

Sporting,

".c.

13

NATURAL
PRINCIPLES
Modern Cradles

HISTORY,
or,

SPORTING,
DAYS OF
OF ATHOLL. Landseer.

"c.
IN

OF' GEOLOGY;
Edition.

the
By

DEER-STALKING
By
Third William Edition.

THE

Changes of the Earth and Lyell, F.G.S. Seventh

its Inhabitants.

FOREST' Woodcuts
"

Woodcuts.

by

Scrope, F.L.S. Crown 8vo, 20*.

8vo, 18*.
"Should be read by every one in this rising branch of Natural Journal. who
takes
"

Brief and
that

an

interest

think

History."

Jameson's

bestowed on to the luxurious

imperfect as the preceding abstract is, we it will fully justify the high praise we have this work, and induce our readers to sit down
repast from which
we

have

risen.""

Edinburgh THOUGHTS
at

Review.
and

ON

ANIMALCULES.
as

the

Invisible

World,

revealed

By
"

G. A. The

Mantell,

D.C.L.
volume

A Glimpse DAYS by the Microscope. By William Plates. Crown 10*. (id. 8vo, Landseer.
"

NIGHTS Scrope,

of

SALMON
Plates

FISHING.
by
Wilkie and

F.L.S.
42*.

Royal 8vo,

is in the highest degree of the author name is guarantee sufficient for its correct and There agreeable treatment. is no branch of science more whose interesting, none revelations are unfolds wonderful, than that which more the forms and of minute nature creatures. Dr. Mantell's idea is a happy one." Chambers' Journal.
"

object of this commendable, and the

The fisherman will find in this volume abundance of instruction in his art; the naturalist a large addition to bis knowledge ; and the general reader a fund of adventure and agreeable and exciting narrative."" The Critic.

the

small, but elegant trophy of light and lucid style relieves and carries off the technical terms in which Dr. Mantell, with a praiseworthy boldness, has not feared to explain his subject." Guardian.
us a

"The

work

before

is

MOOR
Hints
"c.

popular victory.

AND THE ; with Practical Highland Sports, River, Burn, and Loch Fishing, By John Colquhoun. Second Edition, with Flates.
on

'LOCH

8vo, 9*. dd.

"

"Unpretending, THE By GEOLOGY

G.C.S.
2 vols,

clear and
book

and practical, breathes of

does

honour

OF
royal

RUSSIA.
With
4to.

to the 'parent lake.' The and the flood, and will

the mountain

Sir R. Murchison, Tables, Woodcuts, "c.

Coloured

Map,

of his youth.""

carry the sportsman Quarterly Review.

XI.

back to the days

an epoch in THE CHASE" TURF" AND THE ROAD. developed the Nimrod. Second Edition,with Plates by Alken first broad and outlines of a new of classification, By system Gilbert. Post 8vo, 9*. 6d. capable of effecting for geology what the natural system of Jussieu had effected for botany. It is a work which must a for geologists." standard necessarily become Spectator. MAXIMS AND ON HINTS ANGLING, "The impulse given to geology by the publication of CHESS, AND SHOOTING, OTHER MATTERS. the ' Silurian System,' cannot be too highly appreciated. Richard By Penn, F.R.S. Second Edition.With 24 Plates. The author at once took his place in the foremost rank Fcap. 8vo, 5*. of geologists.But his energy did not permit. him to rest satisfied with the accomplishment of so noble a labour. "They have the air of novelty, and charm by their and to compare Determined confirm, he followed out in pregnant brevity, slysarcasm, and oilyraciness."" Qaarwhich he had so successfully terly Review. foreign lands the research commenced at home. memoirs Many admirable have resulted from his excursions ; but the crowning triumph FIELD OF FRANCE SPORTS is the great work before us." Athenceum. ; or, Hunting,

" The publication of this system The author geological research.

. .

forms has

"

"

Shooting, and
O'Connor.

Fishing

on

the Continent.

By

Roderick

Woodcuts.

12mo, 7*. Gd.

THE
ANCIENT Wilkinson.
"

PRACTICAL
ARCHITECTURE Plates.

GEOLOGY
OF
8 vo, 28s.

AND
By applied
this

IRELAND.

G.

Roy.

WILD
to

SPORTS
St.

OF
Post

THE
Svo,
0s.

HIGHLANDS.

The

value

of scientific

knowledge

when
in

By
The

Charles

John.

practical
and

purposes,

is strikingly shown
"

curious

useful volume." "The work is one architect and every

Spectator.

which must be perused with profitby Journal. engineer."" Freeman's

work is full of interest from "The beginning to end. bays and rivers team with wild fowl in winter,to say nothing of trout and salmon ; and the woods, forests, and mountains with a variety of animals, the natural history of which Salmon
more

opens

new

source

of information met with

Next

to Mr.

Scrope'sDays
have
those

THE

GEOLOGY
Phillips.

OF
I
"

YORKSHIRE.
YORKSHIRE COAST. MOUNTAINTHE

By

John

Part

THE II Plates.

Fishing, we agreeably on

to the naturalist. of Deer Stalking and no author who writes Mr.

subjects

than

St. John."" their clearness

Times. "The and

Plates.

6d. 4to, 1UU LIMESTONE DISTRICT.

Part

descriptions
power."
"

are

from worthy of Scott,

4to, 21. 12*. 6d.

Britannia.

JOURNAL
Fourth
"A

OF

NATURALIST.
Post8vo,
9s. 6d.

MUCK
A Treatise
on

MANUAL
the Nature New and
A

FOR
Value
a

FARMERS.
of Manures.

Edition, with
that in the

Woodcuts.

book

drawing-room

ought to find kingdom."

its way

into every rural

Falkner.

Edition, with

By F. Glossary of Terms.

"

QuarterlyReview.

Fcap.

8vo.

THE
A Popular Loudon.
"

NATURAL
Introduction Woodcuts.
one

SYSTEM
to

OF
8*.

PLANTS
By
Mrs.

Modern

Botany.

"A very useful book."" Lord Palmerston. " Addressed to the practicalfarmer, and written as such books ought to be." Bell's Messenger. A valuable work for farmers."" British Farmer's
"

"

Fcap. 8vo,
wishes
to

Magazine.
"
"

To any
of

who

comprehend

nature

plants,this charming volume S2"ectutor.

"

Will be read with tion." avidityfor its valuable informaand the names Herald. Farmer's be safely commended." "Of recan great value, and ought to be the pocket-companion of every farmer."" Derbyshire Courier.

It

Mr. MURRAY'S

LIST

OF

BOOKS."

Domestio

Economy.

POLITICS
A
IN

AND

STATISTICS.
THE
and

PLEA
IRELAND.

FOR By

PEASANT
AV. T. Thornton.

PROPRIETORS
Tost

COMMERCIAL
1785" 1846; with
a

POLICY
Reply
to the

OF

PITT

8vo,7*. Gd.

PEEL"

Quarterly

Review.

8vo,3s.6d.

ENGLISH By

MISRULE
Aubrey
de

AND
Veke.

IRISH

DEEDS. MISTHOUGHTS ON THE PRINCIPLES OF with TAXATION, Reference to a Property-Tax and its Exceptions. By C. Babbagb. 8vo, Is.

Post 8vo, 7s. Gd.

RICARDO'S POLITICAL WORKS. Sketch. By J. It, McCulloch. Biographical

"

With
An Index.

8vo, 16s.
and The in which high esteem these works are their increasing scarcity, have occasioned
"

held,
their

POPULAR
GENERAL G. R. Porter.

FALLACIES
INTERESTS.

REGARDING

being collected."

Economist.

Translated, with Notes, by

2s. Gd.

Fcap. 8vo,

PORTER'S
Ovo, 24s.

PROGRESS

OF

THE

NATION,
Second Edition.

In its Social and Economical

Relations.

THE
THE
2s. Gd. ;
or

SCHOOL,
CHURCH,

IN

FTS
AND

RELATIONS

TO
Ovo,

"Mr. Porter's officialposition enables him to give correct information on the multifarious topicsbrought under consideration." Chambers' Journal.
"

STATE,

CONGREGATION.

3d. Cheap Edition,

xir.

THE
And

BANKCHARTER,
respectingCurrency and Banking. Peel, Bart.,M.P. 8vo, 3*.

the State of the Law

THE ON Speech. By
a

JEWISH
Right

DISABILITIES.
W.

A
With

Hon.

E. Gladstone, M.P.

By THE

Sir Robert

Preface.

8vo, is. Gd.

xv.

FINANCIAL

CRISIS
Fourth

CONSIDERED.
8vo, Is.

By Lord Ashburton.
THE By
"

Edition.

OF THE PEOPLE. By W. E. Hook, D.D., Vicar of Leeds. Tenth Edition. 8vo, 2s. Gd.
xvr.

ON

THE

EDUCATION

REGULATION
Fullarton.
volume is
one

OF
8vo, 7*. Gd.
of great

CURRENCIES.
THE PRISON

John This

DISCIPLINE

the hands
"

of all who

Scotsman.

THE
with
Second
a

CRISIS
COMPARISON of Banking. Edition.

systems

merit, and ought to be in Francis C. Gray. 8vo, 5s. interest themselves in the subject." By "A Its calm, scientific very important and able work. tone, itsrigid and clear analysis,its practical good sense VIII. and directness,and its marked will give it great ability, AND THE CURRENCY: weight wherever itis dispassionately read.*'" Boston Daily between the English and Scotch Advertiser. By John G. Kinnear, of Glasgow.
xvi
r.

op

AMERICA.

8vo, 3*.

PARLIAMENTS
ON

AND
the

COUNCILS
I. to

OF
the Ovo, 30s.

THE

REGULATION

OF

BUILDINGS,
8vo,7s.6d.

ENGLAND. Revolution

From

nsregardsthc Health of Towns.

By AV. Hosking.

in 1088.

Reign of William By C. II. Pabry, M.D.

DOMESTIC
MRS.
founded

AND
COOKERY,
and

RURAL
IVXiss

ECONOMY.
Siambert's
Books l.
on

Needlework.

RUNDELL'S
on for

DOMESTIC Principles of Economy,

families. practically
useful

adapted
"

private

jOUi Edition.
book

Practice, and Fcap. Svo, 6s.

we ever

HAND-BOOK
A Guide
to

OF

NEEDLEWORK.

The

most

met

with."" British Critic. *** Of this work upwards

Kind of Decorative every Needlework, and Netting.Fifth Edition. AVoodcuts. Crochet, Knitting,

of 200,000 copieshave been sold.

n.

Fcap. 8vo, 6s. Gd.

work

FAMILY
Ketv Edition.
"A

RECEIPT-BOOK

;
matter."" British

"Contains a information. great deal of practical is gracefullyand well written."" Athenaum.

The

Fcap. 8vo, 5s. Gd. largequantity of trulyvaluable

III.

Critic.

CAREME'S
Translated by
W.

FRENCH
Hall. Second

COOKERY.
Edition.

PRACTICAL ON HINTS DECORATIVE NEEDLEWORK, containing minute directions as to the choice of materials, and the best methods of employing
them
Is. Gd.

Plates,8vo, 15s.

for Canvas

or

Tapestry AVork.
3.

AAroodcuts.

16mo,

FARMING
A

FOR

LADIES.

for the Poultry Yard, Dairy, and Piggery. Woodcuts. Fcap. 8vo, 8s. Intended for those who study healthful domestic economy, and has illustrations of Her Majesty's poul"" Tr y-yard. Newcastle Journal.
"

Guide

MY

KNITTING-BOOK.
AA'oodcuts.

Parts
16mo,

I. " II.
each.

55th Thousand.

Is. 6d.

4.

MY
mth

CROCHET
Thousand.

SAMPLER.
AVoodcuts.

Parts I. " II.

16mo, 2s. Gd. and Is. Gd.

GARDENING
AA ith Instructions for every

FOR
Month.

LADIES ; By Mrs. Loudon.

Sixth

Edition. Woodcuts. Fcap. 8vo, Cs. "A most useful and agreeable Manual."-Journal.

CHURCH
Salopian r
AVitli Practical Remarks AA'ith numerous

NEEDLEWORK,
on its Preparationand Arrangement. Engravings. Post 8vo, 0s. Gd.

Mb.

MURRAY'S

MONTHLY

LIBRARY.

15

Published

Price Monthly,

2s. 6d. ;

or

in

Volumes, every

alternatemonth,Post

in cloth. Svo,6s.,

THE
Printed In

HOME
type, on
the

AND
superfine paper,
of
the

COLONIAL
and

LIBRAEY,
mend recomThirtyShillings),

good

readable
original

designed to furnish of consisting partly

editions of
popular

highest Literature

day,

price.

and partly of new Works, at the lowest possible price,{an annual outlay of only Publications, it to all classes.

This Series, Voyages and Travels,Biography, comprising the and care exercised in Manners "c, and Customs, the moderation the selection of works, together with of

THE

FOLLOWING

HAVE

ALREADY

BEEN

PUBLISHED.
19.

BORROWS
" There Athenaeum.

BIBLE
taking
leave 2. of

IN
a

SPAIN.
book like

is

no

this."

"

"These

IN SPAIN. GYPSIES BORROWS attractive pages." Literary Gazette. singularly

"

20.

MELVILLE'S
in

MARQUESAS
"

BISHOP
"

One

of

JOURNAL HEBER'S books the most delightful

3.

IN INDIA. the language."

"

"

This book

is excellent

ISLANDS. first-iate." Blackwood. quite

"

21.

Quarterly Review.
"

LIVONIAN TRAVELS.
Travels."
"

TALES.
22.

By

Lady.
Athenaum.

IRBY
"Irby
Gazette. and

AND

MANGLES' Mangles' interesting

A.

We

like these Livonian

Tales much.""

Literary

THE
"Reminds

MISSIONARY
one

IN
'Vicar
23.
of

CANADA.
Wakbpikld.'"
"

of the

DRINKWATER'S
"

SIEGE
United 5.

Truly

United

Service

legend of the Magazine. MOROCCO

GIBRALTAR. Services of its day." OF

"

Morning

Post.

SALE'S
"

BRIGADE
of the noblest

IN

AFFGHANISTAN.
adventures."" military

One

records of
2-1.

HAY'S
"

AND

THE
"

MOORS.
Greenock

Morning
vertiser. Ad"

Chronicle.

new

and highly interestingwork."

6.

LETTERS
A welcome

FROM
addition to

MADRAS.
our

By
"

Lady.

store." literary

Britannia,

LETTERS
"A

FROM

series of charming

THE BALTIC. descriptions."Examiner.

"

25.

HIGHLAND
"

SPORTS.
a

By
more

Charles

St. John.
"

7-

THE
"

AMBER
so

WITCH.
our

would not desire Morning Post.

We
"

pleasant companion."

Nothing

has

absorbed
8.

interest."

Quarterly
HEAD'S
"nas

26.

Review.
'

PAMPAS
of
a

JOURNEYS.
novel."
"

all the interest

Eclectic Review.

SOUTHEY'S

CROMWELL
9.

AND
"

BUNYAN.
Yorkshireman.

27.

"Southey's admirablywritten lives."

FORD'S
"The best

book

MEREDITH'S MRS. " Impressions recorded

rarelymet LIFE
"

NEW

SOUTH

with."

"

Newcastle

and with a fidelity Courant. 10.

WALES. QuarterlyReview. simplicity SIEGES OF

"A

GATHERINGS on Spain

FROM
that has
ever

SPAIN.
appeared.""

28.

VIENNA
to

BY
29.

THE
"

TURKS.
Athenaeum.

OF
has Review.

SIR

Mr. Barrow

FRANCIS DRAKE. enriched our biographical literature."

11.

valuable contribution

history."

"

Edmburgh

SKETCHES
"

OF

GERMAN
attention." 30.
"

LIFE.
Athenaeum.

work

deserving much

FATHER
"

RIPA'S
book
as

MEMOIRS.
that has

As

curious

any
12.

appeared."
"

MELVILLE'S
"

SOUTH
after
our

SEA
own

ADVENTURES.
hearts."
"

Spectator.

companion

Times.

31.

LEWIS'
"

WEST
13.

INDIES.
Quarterly Review.

GLEIG'S
"This
account

BATTLE
is instinct with
32.

OF

WATERLOO.
"

These

highly amusing

stories.""

spirit." Literary Gazette. UP THE

"

MALCOLM'S
"

SKETCHES
of our 14.

OF

PERSIA.
Hajji Baba."

EDWARDS'
"

VOYAGE
is full of 33.

AMAZON.

Has

all the interest

amusing

friend

This book

novelty."

Athenceum.

"

Review. Quarterly

MILMAN'S ALGIERS. Whig.

"A

WAYSIDE
24.

CROSS.

FRENCH
"

IN
15.

spiritedand

little story.""Athenceum. interesting

Of romantic

and

absorbing interest."" Northern

ACLAND'S
"Must
interest

CUSTOMS
all who have
35.

OF

INDIA.
in India.
"-^

BRACEBRIDGE
"

HALL.
written by

friends

The

most
"

Irving."

charming work ever Cambridge Chronicle.

16.

Washington

Theologian.

BRITISH
A

ARMY

AT
of 36.

DARWIN'S
"

VOYAGE
Darwin

OF

NATURALIST.
"

"

The

Personal

Narrative

an

NEW ORLEANS. eye-witness." Times.

"

Mr.

is

first-rate landscape painter."

Quarterly Review. FALL

"A

RUXTON'S
OF
moderate

ADVENTURES
and adventure."
"

IN

MEXICO.

17. THE
work."" 18.

"

Full of interest

Athenaeum.

JESUITS.
Cheltenham Journal.
"

37.

candid

and

PORTUGAL
A very remarkable

AND
work."" 38.

GALLICIA. QuarterlyReview.

LORD
"

MAHON'S

very skilful and

OF LIFE CONDE. narrative," interesting Quarterly

"

LIFE
"

OF

LORD

Review.

One

of the best popular

CLIVE. biographies." Spectator,

"

16

Mr.

MURRAY'S

LIST

OF

BOOKS

IN

GENERAL

LITERATURE.

INDEX.
PAGE 1"age PAGE

Abercrombi

k's Works

11 and 12
.

Canada Godley's
Gooch
on
.

5 1

Milman's
"
"

Acland's India jEsop's Fables AgriculturalJournal

Amber Witeli
.

9 and
.

3 12 12 12

Arabian

Nights
.

12
II

Arts of the Middle Ages Finance Ashhurton on Writers Austin's German Works Babbage's

(Sir John) Works (John) Works Bell (Sir C.) on Expression Barrow's
"

11 and 2 and 2 and

14 8 14 4 5

Women Gordon's German Life Gospel Stories for Children Grant's Nestorians Gray on Prison Discipline Grote's History of Greece Halford's Essays Hallam's Histories Hamilton's Hindostan Asia Minor
.
. .

.11
. . .

9
7 14 1 12

"

Life of Gibbon Poetical AVorks Horace Wayside Cross

Canada

in Missionary

.11
land
. .

Mitchell's Aristophanes Moore's Life of Byron Muck Manual for Farmers

Muller's Dorians

3 10
G

"

.4
. .

Murchison's Geology of Russia Nautical Almanack

.

"

Aristophanes

Navy

List

Bentley'sCorrespondence
Bertha's Journal Bethune's Swedish Poetry Blunt's (Kev. J. J.) Works Journals Borneo, Brooke's Borrow's Bible in Spain Boswell's Johnson, by Croker
. . . .

"

"

11 2
9 8

nand-books

for Travellers Hawkstone, a Tale Hart's Army List

. .

7
3 5 2

.12 Bracebridge Hall 2 Brewster's Martyrs of Science 11 British Association Reports 7 Brogden's Catholic Safeguards, "c.
. . . . .

Base's Ancient Greeks Hay's Morocco Haygarth's Life in the Bush Head's (Sir F. B. ) Travels (SirG.) Travels Heber's Sermons India Poetical Works (Lord) Memoirs Hervey's
.... " . .

12 .12 10
. .

Neale on Feasts and Fasts Newbold's Malacca Newton's (Sir Isaac) Life the Chase Nimrod on
.

4 and .5
. .

3 4 12

O'Byrnb,

Oxenham's Paris' Pyrenees

Naval Latin

Biography Elegiacs

7
8 2

Parry's Parliaments Pashley's Crete

.

"

.3
. .

Peel

"

Bank on Charter Peile's ^Eschylus Pellew's Cathedral Sermons

Bubbles

from

Bunbury's
Burnes'
Burr
on

the Bruunen Cape of Good

5 3 3 11 2 8

Highland Sports
Hill's (Lord)
Life

13
2 9

Penningtonon
Penn's Maxims

Hope
. . .

...

(Sir A.) Travels

Surveying
Works
.

Historyof the late War and Holland's Psalms

Hosking
on

Hymns
. . .

Buttman's Buxton's

.10
. . .

Buildings
... .

7 12
14

(Sir Fowell) Memoirs Byron's (Lord) Life and Works

Campbell's British Poets Lord Chancellors
. .

8
2

Careme's Cookery Carmichael's Greek

14
10

Verbs
.

Houstoun's Texas Hook on Education Reformations Three Cosmos Humboldt's Travels Irby and Mangles' Public Galleries Jameson's
. " . .

.5
. .

the Greek and Hints Phillips' Geology of Yorkshi in Philosophy Sport Pitt and Peel Policy Porter's Progressof the Nation, "c.
.

Prayer-Book Illuminated
. .

7 11
4

6
3 12 1

Carnarvon's Portugal Charmed Roe Clark on Climate Greek Poets Coleridge's

.

5 9 11 .10
.

Japan
Jesse's Natural History, "c. Jesuits (Fall of ) Jocelyn's (Lord) China
. . .

9 and
. .

Colonial Comber's Crabbe's

and

Home

Library
and Loch
.

15

Moor Colquhonn's Life and

Advice to Catholics
.

13 7
8 9 2 8 4 5 4

Jones Journal

Croker's England,
"

I'oems and Geography

.

Wealth of a Naturalist Newfoundland Jukes's Cairo Ktnnear's

on
. .

.3 14
.

.13
. .

5
4 14 11 4 14

Cunningham's

Dates Darwin's Natural History Dennis' Cities of Etruria De Vere on Ireland Dieffenbach's New Zealand Domestic Cookery
. . . .

Boswell's Johnson Poems and Distances

Currency Kugler's Painting

"

6 and
. .

.5
. .

Laborde's Lambert's Letters

"

Arabia Petrrea Needlework Books

. .

Puss in Boots Quarterly Review Ranke's Histories Rejected Addresses Remarkable German Trials Ricardo's Political Works Ride to Florence Robertson's (Lord) Poems Romaunt Version of Gospel Romilly's (Sir Samuel) Life Ross's (Sir James) Voyage Royal Society of Literature Ruudell's Domestic Cookery Ruxton's Mexico Sale's (Lady) Journal
.
. . . . . "

Brigade

Layard's Nineveh
from
on

.3

Madras
the Baltic

.3
. .

.14
. .

Schroeder's Mediterranean Scrope'sDeer Stalking and Fishing 13 Sentences from the Proverbs
Sewell on Christianity Shaw's EnglishLiterature Sikhs and Affghans
.

Lewis
"

Douglas

on

Naval

Gunnery
.

.14 11
.

"

Dependencies Negro Life Romance Languages

.

14

.5

Drinkwater's Siege of Gibraltar Drummond on Religion Dudley's (Lord) Letters Durham's (Admiral) Life Eastlake the Fine Arts on Education, Minutes Edward's Voyage up the Amazon Eldon's (Lord) Life Elphinstone'sIndia Ellesmere's (Lord) Vienna English Hexameters Facts in Various Sciences Fairy Ring (The)
. . . . . .

Christian Lindsay's
"

Art
.

7
2

Antagonism
.

10 11 .12
. . . .

2 11 .14 4 2
. . . . .

Little Arthur's England Livonian Tales Loch's China Lockhart's Life of Burns Spanish Ballads
. "

.12

Sidmouth (Lord) Life of Smith's Classical Dictionaries (Dr. W.) Life Somerville on Science
"

3
. .

Physical Geography Southey's Book of the Church Cromwell and Buny;

" " "

1 1 8 11 9 14 14 5 4 13 9
y

12 Long's Essays Loudon's Gardening and Botany 14 Natural 9 History Lowe's (Sir H.) Memoirs 2 .13 Lyell on Geology
. " . . . . . . . . "

Life of Dr.

Bell
. .

Staunton's

China
. . . .

....

North

America

Family Receipt-Book Faraday's Manipulation Farming for Ladies Father Ripa's China
. .

Mahon's
"

(Lord) Histories

.11
.
.

Condi
Persia
on

and

Belisarius
. . .

5 1 2 3

Malcolm's

Stephens' Central America Russia Sterling's Italian Sonnets Strong's Sydenham's (Lord) Memoirs Ta it's TheologicalSuggestions Talbot on Etymologies Taylor'sEssays
. . . .

4 5 2

.8
. .

.3
.

Manning

America Featherstonhaugh's
Fellows'

Travels Ferguson on Women Field Sports of France

.

.11
. .

Mantell on Manual of Markham's

"

the Church Animalcules

Family Prayers
(.Mrs.)Histories
Sermons
. .

Fisher's Geometry and Algebra Ford's Spain Fortune's China French in Algiers , Fullarton on Currencies Geographical Journal Giffard's Ionian Islands
. . . . . . . .

Markland's

Marryat

on

3 .12 14 12
. .

Martineau's Matthias's Greek Grammar Maw's Maranon Mind the on Mayo

.

English Churches Pottery Holy Land

. . .

7 13 7 9 .9 7 .11
. . . . . . .

Thornton on Ireland Turnbull's Austria Twiss's Lord Eldon

.

.12 12 .14
. .

Vaughan's Visitation

Sermons

.7

Venables' Russia
Sermons .7 2 " 11 (J.) Life and Correspond. Zealand 4 Wakefield's New Wilkie's (SirDavid) Life 2 .1 Wilkinson's Egypt 4 Dalmatia .13 Geology 4 South Australia Wood's 3 Source of the Uxus Athens 3 Wordsworth's Latin Grammar .10
. .

Watt's

4 10 4 4 4 11
1

.11
. .

"

Gladstone's Family Prayers Jewish Disabilities Battle of Waterloo Gleig's Life of Lord Clive
" " "

3 7 14 12

Washington

2 12

Melville's South Seas Meredith's New South Merrifield on Ancient Milford's Norway Milman's Histories
.

"

Wales

"

Painting
. . . .

.6
. .

"

BRADBUaY

AND

EVANS,

PRINTERS,

WBITEFB1AXS.

"
"

"

Hfli

huh
nun

" J

I'Di I

^Sw