Mechanical properties of corrugated composites for candidate

materials of exible wing structures

Tomohiro Yokozeki
*
, Shin-ichi Takeda, Toshio Ogasawara, Takashi Ishikawa
Advanced Composite Technology Center, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 6-13-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-0015, Japan
Received 23 March 2005; received in revised form 3 August 2005; accepted 31 October 2005
Abstract
Corrugated-form composites are expected to be very exible in the corrugation direction and sti in the direction perpendicular to the
corrugation. In this study, the corrugated composites manufactured from carbon ber plain woven fabrics draw attention as a candidate
material for exible structural components, e.g. morphing wings. In-plane stiness and strength of the original corrugated composites are
evaluated through the tensile and bending tests in both in-plane longitudinal and transverse directions. A simple analytical model for the
initial stiness of the corrugated composites is developed, and the predictions are compared with the experimental results. Moreover,
some improvements, installing of sti rod and exible rubber, are attempted for the creation of smooth aerodynamic surface and the
improvement of stiness. Mechanical properties of the modied corrugated composites are also evaluated and compared with those
of the original corrugated composites. The applicability of the corrugated composites to the exible wing structures are discussed based
on the specic stiness, longitudinal-to-transverse stiness ratio, etc.
2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: A. Fabrics; B. Mechanical properties; B. Anisotropy; Flexible wing
1. Introduction
Recent development of smart technologies, including
sensors and actuators, provides the potential to increase
aircraft system safety, aordability, and environmental
compatibility [15]. Although many aircrafts have been
designed to operate in a single ight prole, application
of smart technologies to adaptive or morphing wings
may allow the aircraft to have its shape to match the most
ecient form in a hybrid ight regime. In general, wing
structures are strongly required to be sti in order to with-
stand aerodynamic forces (especially bending loads), while
structural exibility is preferable in morphing wings. This
discrepancy makes it a great challenge to realize the morp-
hing aircraft.
One solution to this cumbersome problem is to adopt
anisotropic materials that act exible in the chord direction
and sti in the span direction. In usual ight proles, aero-
dynamically induced bending loads in the span direction
dominantly operates in the wing structures, while chord-
wise morphing inuences the aerodynamic characteristics
signicantly. One might imagine ber-reinforced rubber/
elastomer has anisotropic characteristic that shows stiness
in the ber direction and exibility in the transverse direc-
tion. However, ber-reinforced rubber/elastomer has low
resistance against compressive instability in the ber direc-
tion, and thus, low bending strength. Therefore, the
authors propose corrugated-form composites as a candi-
date for morphing wing structures.
Corrugated structures are widely used as the cores of the
sandwich structures (e.g. sandwich composites and card
board) [68]. Fig. 1 shows the corrugated-form composites
that are exible in the corrugation direction and sti in the
transverse direction to the corrugation. The corrugated
composites may be applicable to morphing wing structures
in the manner that the corrugation direction aligns to
the chord direction as shown in Fig. 2. Morphing wings
1359-835X/$ - see front matter 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2005.10.015
*
Corresponding author. Tel.: +81 422 40 3384; fax: +81 422 40 3549.
E-mail address: yokozeki@chofu.jaxa.jp (T. Yokozeki).
www.elsevier.com/locate/compositesa
Composites: Part A 37 (2006) 15781586
manufactured from the corrugated composites are expected
to withstand the bending loads in the span direction and
change shape easily in the chord direction.
In this article, feasibility study on the application of cor-
rugated composites to wing structures is carried out by
investigation of the ultra-anisotropic mechanical properties
of corrugated composites. Experimental results of the ten-
sile and bending properties of the corrugated composites
are presented in conjunction with the simple analytical pre-
diction. In addition, some modications are attempted to
the corrugated composites for the creation of smooth aero-
dynamic surface and the improvement of stiness.
Mechanical properties of the modied corrugated compos-
ites are evaluated and compared with those of the original
corrugated composites. Discussions on the applicability of
the corrugated composites to the exible wing structures
are provided.
2. Mechanical properties of corrugated composites
2.1. Experimental procedures
The material used in this study was T300-1K/RS11, car-
bon ber plain woven fabrics prepreg system. The corru-
gated composites were manufactured at 130 C for 2 h
under proprietary process (Ultracor Inc.). The nominal
wave height (h
c
) and spacing (w
c
) were set as 3 mm (see
Fig. 1). In this study, the corrugation direction (exible
direction) and the direction perpendicular to the corruga-
tion direction (sti direction) are referred to as trans-
verse and longitudinal directions, respectively. The
longitudinal and transverse modulus and strength of the
corrugated composites are evaluated by tension and bend-
ing tests in reference to Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS)
K7073 and K7074. For the transverse exural modulus,
deection of one-sided xed cantilever due to its own
Fig. 1. Corrugated composites.
flexible
(chord direction)
stiff
(span direction)
h
c
w
c
Fig. 2. Corrugated composites as exible wing structures.
T. Yokozeki et al. / Composites: Part A 37 (2006) 15781586 1579
weight was measured. The exural stiness per width, D,
can be expressed as
D
qh
c
gL
4
8d
e
1
where d
e
, q, g, and L means the measured deection at the
free end, density of corrugated composites, gravity acceler-
ation, and cantilever length, respectively. Although corru-
gated composites have non-uniform density, we assume
corrugated composites as homogeneous materials with q.
Note that q is dened as the weight divided by the apparent
volume (L h
c
width). The density of corrugated com-
posites used in this study was 163 kg/m
3
.
Longitudinal tensile specimens were 200 mm long with
40 mm rectangular aluminum end-tabs, leaving a 120 mm
gauge section. Transverse tensile specimens were 150 mm
long with 35 mm aluminum end-tabs. The aluminum tabs
were bonded to the specimens using epoxy adhesives. Ten-
sion test apparatus is shown in Fig. 3. An extensometer
(Instron Corp.) was attached to the specimen in order to
measure the strain in the longitudinal tensile test, while
the strain was measured by the crosshead displacement in
the transverse tensile test. In the longitudinal bending test,
four-point bending load was applied to the specimens using
3 mm diameter load noses. The width of the specimen and
span length were 15 mm and 120 mm, respectively. The
cantilever length in the transverse exural test was set to
be 60 mm. A laser deection sensor (LK-080, Keyence
Corp.) was used for measurement of the central deection
of the longitudinal bending specimens and the free end
deection of the transverse bending specimens. The speci-
men congurations are summarized in Table 1.
2.2. Experimental results
Stressstrain relationships of the tensile tests in longitu-
dinal and transverse directions are shown in Fig. 4. The
stress of corrugated composites is dened as the loads
divided by eective cross-sectional areas (width thick-
Fig. 3. Apparatus of tensile tests of corrugated fabrics: (left) longitudinal
and (right) transverse.
Table 1
Specimen conguration of corrugated composites
Length
(mm)
Width
(mm)
Thickness
(mm)
Gauge length
(mm)
L-tension 200 15 3.0 120
T-tension 150 15 3.0 80
L-bending 140 15 3.0 120
a
T-bending 100 15 3.0 60
b
a
Span length (length between lower supporting points).
b
Cantilever beam length.
0 0.5 1 1.5
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
strain [%]
s
t
r
e
s
s

[
M
P
a
]
0 10 20 30 40 50
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
strain [%]
s
t
r
e
s
s

[
M
P
a
]
Fig. 4. Stressstrain curves of tensile tests: (left) longitudinal and (right) transverse.
1580 T. Yokozeki et al. / Composites: Part A 37 (2006) 15781586
ness), where thickness is equal to the measured h
c
, and the
strain is nominal strain. Almost linear behaviors can be
observed in both directions, although some increase and
decrease of tangential modulus are identied in the longitu-
dinal and transverse direction, respectively. The increase of
tangential modulus in the longitudinal direction is due to
the geometric change of the woven fabrics (i.e. decrease
of undulation), which is commonly observed in the fabric
composites. During the transverse loading, microscopic
damages induced in the curved regions of the corrugated
composites cause the decrease of transverse tangential
modulus. The failure strains are about 1% in the longitudi-
nal direction and 45% in the transverse direction. Corru-
gated composites turned out to have the capacity to
extend exibly in the transverse direction.
The loaddeection curves of the longitudinal bending
tests are presented in Fig. 5. Specimens were fractured in
the vicinities of the upper load noses, which resulted in
jaggy shapes of the load curves. The bending strength
was calculated from the maximum load (P
max
) based on
the beam theory, as it is assumed that corrugated compos-
ites are treated as homogeneous beams.
Tensile and exural properties (averaged values and
standard deviations) are summarized in Table 2. Youngs
moduli of the corrugated composites were almost same as
those of plastics in longitudinal direction and rubber/elas-
tomer in the transverse direction. Longitudinal-to-trans-
verse ratios of tensile and exural moduli were about
4600 and 6800, respectively. Therefore, it was conrmed
that corrugated composites have the ultra-anisotropic
characteristics. The above-mentioned unique property of
the corrugated composites stems from the fact that mem-
brane and bending stinesses of the fabrics are related to
the loadings in the longitudinal and transverse direction,
respectively. This relationship can be checked in the sti-
ness analysis as described later.
The obtained exural strength and the tensile strength in
longitudinal direction were comparable because the former
reached more than 80% of the latter as shown in Table 2. It
can be concluded that corrugated composites have enough
resistance against bending loads in the longitudinal
direction.
As seen in Figs. 4 and 5, there are slight dierences
between the stressstrain curves and the loaddeection
curves corresponding to individual specimens. Although
the measured strengths and nonlinear behaviors at high
strain levels vary among specimens, initial moduli provide
the satisfactory reproducibility (see Table 2). The variation
in the strength can be observed in the common fabric com-
posites. In the case of corrugated composites, corrugation
geometries (i.e. wave spacing, wave height, corrugation
radius, etc.) vary locally, which results in variation of
mechanical behaviors at high strain levels. However, initial
mechanical properties can be obtained without large dis-
persion when using specimens with enough length.
3. Analysis of corrugated composites
3.1. Analytical model
Corrugated composites can be designed depending on
the corrugated appearance (e.g. wave height, wave spacing)
as well as the material to be used. A simple analytical
model is developed to predict longitudinal and transverse
stinesses of the corrugated composites. The cross-sec-
tional micrograph of the corrugated composites is shown
in Fig. 6(a), and the analytical area is dened in
Fig. 6(b). In this study, plain woven fabric composite is
treated as a homogeneous material, which has corrugated
appearance, instead of modeling of the corrugated plain
woven fabrics directly. The two-step modeling consists of
(i) evaluation of eective stiness of the plain woven
fabrics,
(ii) modeling of corrugated eective composites.
In the step (i), one-dimensional mosaic model [9], crimp
model [10], or other models [11] can be utilized in order
to predict the eective extensional (A
11
) and exural
(D
11
) stinesses of plain woven fabrics. The step (ii) is
described below.
The relationship between the parameters in Fig. 6(b) can
be expressed as
r
c

w
c
4
l
c

h
c
2

w
c
4

t
2
2
0 2 4 6 8 10
0
10
20
30
40
50
deflection [mm]
l
o
a
d

[
N
]
Fig. 5. Loaddeection curves of longitudinal bending tests.
Table 2
Measured mechanical properties of corrugated composites
Stiness (exp.) Strength (exp.) (MPa)
L-tension 4.26 (0.16) (GPa) 43.4 (6.3)
T-tension 0.92 (0.03) (MPa) 0.40 (0.02)
L-bending 14.3 (0.5) (N/m) 35.8 (2.3)
T-bending 0.0021 (0.0001) (N/m)
Values in parentheses are standard deviations (n = 5).
T. Yokozeki et al. / Composites: Part A 37 (2006) 15781586 1581
where r
c
is the curvature radius of the curved section and l
c
(P0) is half length of the straight section.
The eective properties of the corrugated composites are
formulated using the eective properties of fabrics and geo-
metric parameters. In the longitudinal direction, the eec-
tive extensional and exural properties of the corrugated
composites can be evaluated by considering the volume
fraction and the moment of inertia of the fabrics in the ana-
lytical area, respectively. Transverse eective properties can
be predicted based on Castiglianos theorem using a curved
BernoulliEuler beam as shown in Fig. 7. Note that plain
woven fabrics have equal biaxial stinesses (i.e. A
11
= A
22
and D
11
= D
22
), and this behavior is implicit in the follow-
ing formulations. Material anisotropy should be incorpo-
rated into the analytical model when treating the
corrugated composites manufactured from other fabrics.
The longitudinal Youngs modulus of the corrugated
composites, E
Le
, can be predicted from considering the
volume fraction of the fabrics or homogeneous material.
E
Leff

2pr
c
4l
c
w
c
h
c
A
11
3
For the estimation of the longitudinal exural modulus of
the corrugated composites, it is assumed that plain woven
fabrics are homogeneous and have Youngs modulus of
A
11
/t (because woven fabrics generally have small Poissons
ratios). By calculating the moment of inertia of cross-sec-
tional area, we can express the eective longitudinal exural
modulus per width of the corrugated composites, D
Le
, as
D
Leff

A
11
16l
3
c
24pl
2
c
r
c
3pr
c
4r
2
c
t
2
_ _
8l
c
12r
2
c
t
2
_ _ _ _
48r
c
4
In order to predict the transverse modulus of the corru-
gated composites, a curved BernoulliEuler beam is consid-
ered as shown in Fig. 7. Calculation of the deection or
rotation angle at the point A leads to formulation of the
transverse modulus based on Castiglianos theorem. The
deection of the point A due to transverse load P, d, can
be described as
d
1
D
11
l
3
c
3
r
c
p
4
2l
2
c
r
2
c
_ _
2l
c
r
c
_ _
_ _
P S
p
P 5
Therefore, the eective transverse Youngs modulus of the
corrugated composites, E
Te
, is expressed as
E
Teff

w
c
P
4h
c
d

w
c
4h
c
S
p
6
In the same way, the rotation angle at the point A due to
moment M, w, is
w
1
D
11
p
2
r
c
l
c
_ _
M 7
The eective transverse exural modulus per width of the
corrugated composites, D
Te
, can be expressed as
D
Teff

r
c
w
M
r
c
D
11
p
2
r
c
l
c
8
The longitudinal and transverse stinesses are explicitly
related to extensional stiness of the fabrics, A
11
, and ex-
ural stiness, D
11
, respectively. These correlations cause the
unique property of the corrugated composites.
A

P
A
M
Fig. 7. Analytical beam model for transverse properties.
Fig. 6. Cross-section of corrugated composites: (a) micrograph and (b) analytical area.
1582 T. Yokozeki et al. / Composites: Part A 37 (2006) 15781586
It is worth noting that an interesting analytical approach
is presented for corrugated beam structures using the
asymptotic expansion method by Potier-Ferry and Siad
[12]. They demonstrated that the exural modulus in the
corrugation direction is obtained assuming that the overall
curvature is given by the dierence of the rotation angle at
the period boundaries divided by the period length of the
corrugation geometry. The eective transverse exural
modulus, Eq. (8), coincides with the analytical result of
Ref. [12].
3.2. Stiness prediction
In this study, the equivalent extensional and exural
stinesses of plain woven fabrics were determined using
the one-dimensional crimp model [10] with unidirectional
composite properties listed in Table 3 (estimated using ber
and matrix properties), normalized undulation length of
0.8, and ply thickness of 0.15 mm; A
11
= 4.96 10
6
(N/m)
and D
11
= 0.0056 (N/m). Using these eective properties
of plain woven fabrics, the tensile and exural stinesses
of the corrugated composites were calculated using Eqs.
(3), (4), (6) and (8). Comparison between predicted and
experimental results is shown in Table 4, in which slight
dierences are observed between the two. As the reproduc-
ibility of the experimental stiness measurements was satis-
factory (see Table 2), the conceivable reason of this
discrepancy is due to analytical simplicity. In this study,
the eective fabric properties are applied to the estimation
of the eective stinesses of the corrugated composites (i.e.
two-step modeling). Therefore, eects of local undulation
of the fabrics and local geometric variations on the
mechanical behavior of the periodic cells of corrugated
composites are not included in the present simple model.
Although there are slight dierences between predicted
and experimental values, mechanical properties of corru-
gated composites can be simply estimated using the present
analytical model.
Mechanical properties of the corrugated composites
depend on the corrugated appearance or shape parameters
(w
c
and h
c
). In Fig. 8, predicted longitudinal/transverse ten-
sile and exural stiness is plotted as functions of wave
spacing and height using geometrical and material proper-
ties described above. We can design the stiness of the cor-
rugated composites by choosing the appropriate shape
parameters, however, there should be some limitation of
shape parameters in manufacturing (e.g. too small spacing
is not realistic). Under the situations of wing application,
higher stiness out of the designable range may be neces-
sary in the longitudinal direction. Moreover, corrugated
composites have wavy surface, which may have adverse
eect on the aerodynamic characteristics. Therefore, two
issues are considered to be solved in the application of cor-
rugated composite to wing structures. One is the lack of
stiness in the longitudinal direction, and the other is wavy
surface. In the following section, some improvements are
attempted to the corrugated composites for these problems.
4. Improvement of corrugated composites
Two improvements were attempted to the corrugated
composites; (1) installation of sti rod (e.g. unidirectional
Table 3
Material properties of unidirectional composites used for prediction
E
L
(GPa) E
T
(GPa) G
LT
(GPa) m
LT
m
TT
147 7.0 4.5 0.30 0.45
Table 4
Comparison of experimental and predicted mechanical properties
Experiment Prediction
E
L
(GPa) 4.26 4.08
E
T
(MPa) 0.92 0.80
D
L
(N/m) 14.3 11.5
D
T
(N/m) 0.0021 0.0023
0 2 4 6 8 10
1
5
10
50
100
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
E
L

[
G
P
a
]
Longitudinal Transverse
h
c
=1mm
h
c
=3mm
h
c
=5mm
h
c
=1mm
h
c
=3mm
h
c
=5mm
E
T

[
M
P
a
]
0 2 4 6 8 10
0.1
1
10
100
1000
0.1
0.5
1
5
10
w
c
[mm] w
c
[mm]
D
T

[
N

m
m
]
D
L

[
N

m
]
Longitudinal Transverse
h
c
=1mm
h
c
=3mm
h
c
=5mm
h
c
=1mm
h
c
=3mm
h
c
=5mm
Fig. 8. Predicted longitudinal and transverse stiness of corrugated composites as functions of wave spacing (w
c
) and wave height (h
c
); (left) tensile
stiness and (right) exural stiness.
T. Yokozeki et al. / Composites: Part A 37 (2006) 15781586 1583
CFRP rod) in the valley sections, and (2) one-sided lling
of exible rubber. The former is implemented in order to
improve the stiness in the longitudinal direction of the
corrugated composites, while the latter leads to the crea-
tion of smooth aerodynamic surface. Three modied spec-
imens were prepared (see Fig. 9); rod-stiened corrugated
composites (CC1), corrugated composites with one-sided
lling of rubber (CC2), and rod-stiened corrugated com-
posites with one-sided lling of rubber (CC3). Mechanical
properties of the modied corrugated composites are mea-
sured and compared with those of the original corrugated
composites (CC0). In this experiment, the emphasis is
placed on; (1) improvement of longitudinal stiness, (2)
whether the exibility in the transverse direction remains
or not, and (3) specic stiness.
4.1. Experiment
Unidirectional CFRP rods with diameter of 1 mm (Mit-
sui Kagaku Sanshi Co. Ltd.) are utilized as the sti rods,
and RTV rubber (KE45, Shin-Etsu Chemical Co. Ltd.) is
lled in the one side of the valley section of the corrugated
composites. In order to prepare CC1 and CC3 specimens,
CFRP rods were bonded to the valley sections of the cor-
rugated composites using epoxy adhesives. The measured
Youngs moduli of CFRP rod and RTV rubber were
92 GPa and 1.3 MPa, respectively.
Tensile and exural tests of the three modied compos-
ites were carried out under the condition that is same as
those described in the experimental procedure of the origi-
nal corrugated composites. In this study, it is assumed that
CFRP fabrics
CFRP fabrics
stiff rod (e.g. CFRP rod)
flexible rubber
smooth surface
CFRP fabrics
flexible rubber
smooth surface
stiff rod (e.g. CFRP rod)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Fig. 9. Modied corrugated composites: (a) original corrugated composites (CC0), (b) rod-stiened corrugated composites (CC1), (c) corrugated
composites withe one-sided lling of rubber (CC2) and (d) rod stiened corrugated with one-sided lling of rubber (CC3).
1584 T. Yokozeki et al. / Composites: Part A 37 (2006) 15781586
longitudinal moduli of CC2 are nearly equal to those of
CC0 because the modulus of lled rubber is very small
compared to the longitudinal stiness of the corrugated
composites (CC0). The longitudinal moduli of CC3 are
also assumed to be same as those of CC1. Thus, longitudi-
nal and transverse tests were conducted for CC1, while
only transverse tests were performed for CC2 and CC3.
Summary of the test results (tensile/exural stiness and
strength) is provided in Table 5. It can be concluded that
the longitudinal stiness increases due to the installation
of CFRP rods without loss of exibility in the transverse
direction. The longitudinal-to-transverse stiness ratios
and specic stiness are summarized in Fig. 10. Specic
stiness based on the exural modulus is calculated accord-
ing to the following equation:
E
L
q
_ _
flexural

12D
L
qh
3
c
9
The modied corrugated composites were found to have
excellent mechanical properties for morphing wing struc-
tures (anisotropic characteristics) as well as light weight
structures (specic stiness). One-sided lling of rubber,
which was attempted in order to create smooth aerody-
namic surface, resulted in the decrease of specic stiness.
Specic stiness will increase when thin lm is attached to
the corrugated composites instead of lling rubber. It is
concluded that installation of sti rods in the valley section
of corrugated composites is eective method in order to im-
prove the mechanical properties in the longitudinal direc-
tion without loss of exibility in the transverse direction.
Table 5
Summary of mechanical properties of modied corrugated composites
CC0 CC1 (+rod) CC2 (+rub.) CC3 (+rod + rub.)
Longitudinal tensile modulus E
L
(GPa) 4.26 22.1 (4.26)
a
(22.1)
b
Transverse tensile modulus E
T
(MPa) 0.92 2.86 2.06 5.26
Longitudinal bending modulus D
L
(N/m) 14.3 43.8 (14.3)
a
(43.8)
b
Transverse bending modulus D
T
(N/m) 0.0021 0.0035 0.0029 0.0049
Longitudinal tensile strength (MPa) 43.4 240 (43.4)
a
(240)
b
Transverse tensile strength (MPa) 0.40 0.44 0.55 0.60
Longitudinal bending strength (MPa) 35.8 141 (35.8)
a
(141)
b
Density q (Kg/m
3
) 163 493 677 813
a
Assumed to be identical to the values of CC0.
b
Assumed to be identical to the values of CC1.
Fig. 10. Comparison of stiness ratios and specic stinesses.
T. Yokozeki et al. / Composites: Part A 37 (2006) 15781586 1585
4.2. Notes on exible wing structures
Wing components are structurally rigid against aerody-
namic forces even in the case of morphing wings. Bending
moments in the span direction act primarily on the wing
components. Therefore, ultra-anisotropic materials such as
corrugated composites are appreciated for wing components
excluding the rigid wing box. In addition, rigidity in the lon-
gitudinal direction of the corrugated composites provides
excellent following capacity in the longitudinal direction of
the deformation in the transverse direction, which leads to
the reduction of the number of actuators (e.g. variable ribs).
It is shown that some improvements provide the corrugated
composites to have enough stiness in the longitudinal direc-
tion keeping the exibility in the transverse direction and the
light weight feature. Although major challenges in applica-
tion of corrugated composites to morphing wing compo-
nents still remain (e.g. shape controllability, structural
integrity under large deformation and cyclic loading, atter
and dynamic properties), the corrugated composites may be
a superior candidate for exible wing components.
5. Concluding remarks
Corrugated composites were proposed as candidate
materials for exible wing structures in relation to the
morphing aircraft technology. Mechanical properties of
the corrugated composites in the longitudinal and trans-
verse directions were evaluated through tensile and exural
tests. It was conrmed that the corrugated composites have
ultra-anisotropic characteristics (i.e. sti in the longitudinal
direction and exible in the transverse direction), and the
capacity to extend and deform exibly in the transverse
direction. A simple analytical model of the stiness of the
corrugated composites was developed, and validated by
comparing with the experimental results.
Modications for the improvement of stiness and the
creation of smooth aerodynamic surface were attempted
to the corrugated composites; (1) installation of CFRP
rod in the valley regions, and (2) one-sided lling of exible
rubber. Mechanical properties of the modied corrugated
composites were evaluated and compared with those of
the original corrugated composites. It was concluded that
longitudinal stiness increases due to the installation of
CFRP rods without loss of exibility in the transverse
direction. The modied corrugated composites turned out
to have excellent mechanical properties for morphing wing
components as well as light weight structures.
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