Antigens

KK 29.01.14

Immunogenicity is the ability to induce a humoral and/or cell mediated immune response:
An antigen can be more appropriately called an immunogen.

Antigenicity is the ability to combine specifically with antibodies and/or cell-surface receptors)
Although all molecules that have the property of immunogenicity also have the property of antigenicity, the reverse is not true

Proteins are the most potent immunogens, with polysaccharides ranking second Lipids and nucleic acids do not serve as immunogens unless they are complexed with proteins or polysaccharides. Immunogenicity is determined by four properties of the immunogen: its foreignness, molecular size, chemical composition and complexity, and ability to be processed and presented with an MHC molecule

Generally, the greater the phylogenetic distance between two species, the greater the structural (and therefore the antigenic) disparity between them. BSA would be expected to exhibit greater immunogenicity in a chicken than in a goat The most active immunogens tend to have a molecular mass of 100 (KDa)
Substances with a molecular mass less than 510KDa are poor immunogens

Synthetic homopolymers tend to lack immunogenicity regardless of their size

All four levels of protein organizationprimary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternarycontribute to the structural complexity of a protein and hence affect its immunogenicity Large, insoluble macromolecules generally are more immunogenic than small, soluble ones D-amino acids cannot be processed and thus are poor immunogens. Genotype of an immunized animal influences the type of immune response The gene controlling immune responsiveness is a subregion of the MHC

An insufficient dose will not stimulate an immune response either because it fails to activate enough lymphocytes or because, in some cases, certain ranges of low doses can induce a state of immunologic unresponsiveness, or tolerance A single dose of most experimental immunogens will not induce a strong response; rather, repeated administration over a period of weeks is usually required. The administration route strongly influences which immune organs and cell populations will be involved in the response. Adjuvants are substances that, when mixed with an antigen and injected with it, enhance the immunogenicity of that antigen. Aluminum potassium sulfate (alum) and Freunds incomplete adjuvant prolongs the persistence of antigen Complete Freunds adjuvant pactivates macrophages, express higher levels of class II MHC molecules and the membrane molecules of the B7 family, thus enhance T cell immune response

Epitopes are the immunologically active regions of an immunogen that bind to antigen-specific membrane receptors on lymphocytes or to secreted antibodies. Studies with small antigens have revealed that B and T cells recognize different epitopes on the same antigenic molecule
The recognition of antigens by T cells and B cells is fundamentally different

B-cell epitopes can contain sequential or nonsequential amino acids

B-cell epitopes tend to be located in flexible regions of an immunogen and display site mobility.

Complex proteins contain multiple overlapping B-cell epitopes, some of which are immunodominant