DIGITAL FUNDAMENTALS

A SYSTEMS APPROACH

THOMAS L. FLOYD

PEARSON
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CONTENTS
INTRODl ACTION 1\1 DIGITAL SYSTEMS
1-1 1-2 1-3 1^4 1-5 1-6 1-7 1-8
0.

1
7

Digital and Analog Signals and Systems 2 Binary Digits, Logic Levels, and Digital Waveforms Logic Operations 14 Combinational and Sequential Logic Functions 16 Programmable Logic 20 Fixed-Function Logic Devices 25 A System 28 Measuring Instruments 30

NUMBER AND CODES

2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 2-5 2-6 2-7 2-8 2-9 2-10 2-11 2-12

IONS, 45

The Decimal Number System 46 The Binary Number System 48 Decimal-to-Binary Conversion 52 Binary Arithmetic 55 l's and 2's Complements of Binary Numbers 58 Signed Numbers 60 Arithmetic Operations with Signed Numbers 67 Hexadecimal Numbers 74 Octal Numbers 81 Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) 84 Digital Codes 87 Error Detection Codes 94

LOGIC GATES AMD GATE COMBINATIONS 109

3-1 3-2 3-3 3^1 3-5 3-6 3-7 3-8 3-9 3-10 Introduction to Boolean Algebra 110 The Inverter 117 The AND Gate 119 The OR Gate 126 The NAND Gate 130 The NOR Gate 134 The Exclusive-OR and Exclusive-NOR Gates 138 Gate Performance Characteristics and Parameters 142 Programmable Logic 145 Troubleshooting 153

COMBINATIONAL LOGIC
4-1 4-2 4-3 4^1 4-5 4-6 4-7 4-8

173

Basic Combinational Logic Circuits 174 Boolean Expressions and Truth Tables 178 DeMorgan' s Theorems 185 The Universal Property of NAND and NOR Gates 187 Pulse Waveform Operation 189 Combinational Logic with VHDL and Verilog 192 A System 198 Troubleshooting 204

FUNCTIONS OF COMBINATIONAL
i

5-1 5-2 5-3 5-4 5-5 5-6 5-7 5-8 5-9 5-10 5-11 5-12 5-13

A System 224 Half and Full Adders 228 Parallel Adders 232 Ripple Carry and Look-Ahead Carry Adders 238 Comparators 241 Decoders 243 Encoders 252 Code Converters 255 Multiplexers (Data Selectors) 258 Demultiplexers 265 Parity Generators/Checkers 267 Logic Functions with VHDL and Verilog 270 Troubleshooting 273

LATCHES, FLIP-FLOPS, AND TIMERS

6-1 6-2 6-3 6-4 6-5 6-6 6-7 6-8

290

A System 291 Latches 295 Flip-Flops 300 Flip-Flop Operating Characteristics 313 Timers 315 Bistable Logic with VHDL and Verilog 322 Traffic Signal Control System with VHDL and Verilog Troubleshooting 331

324

SHIFT REGISTERS
7-1 7-2 7-3 7^4 7-5

352

A System 353 Basic Shift Register Operations 355 Types of Shift Registers 356 Bidirectional Shift Registers 367 Shift Register Counters 368

7-6 7-7

Security System with VHDL and Verilog Troubleshooting 377

374

COUNTERS
8-1 8-2 8-3 8-4 8-5 8-6 8-7 8-8 8-9

392

A System 393 Finite State Machines 395 Asynchronous Counters 397 Synchronous Counters 404 Up/Down Synchronous Counters 411 Cascaded Counters 414 Counter Decoding 419 Counters with VHDL and Verilog 422 Troubleshooting 425

PROGRAM MAM ,E LOGIC

9-1 9-2 9-3 9-4 9-5 9-6 9-7

439

Simple Programmable Logic Devices (SPLDs) 440 Complex Programmable Logic Devices (CPLDs) 445 Macorocell Modes 452 Field-Programmable Gage Arrays (FPGAs) 454 Programmable Logic Software 462 Boundary Scan Logic 471 Troubleshooting 479

MEMORY AND STORAGE

10-1 10-2 10-3 10-4 10-5 10-6 10-7 10-8 10-9 10-10

496

Memory System Hierarchy 497 Semiconductor Memory Basics 500 The Random-Access Memory (RAM) 505 The Read-Only Memory (ROM) 517 Programmable ROMs 522 The Flash Memory 525 Memory Expansion 530 Special Types of Memories 535 Magnetic and Optical Storage 539 Troubleshooting 545

DATA TRANSMISSION
11-1 11-2 11-3 11-4

558

Data Transmission Media 559 Methods and Modes of Data Transmission 563 Modulation of Analog Signals with Digital Data 568 Modulation of Digital Signals with Analog Data 572

11-5 11-6

Multiplexing and Demultiplexing

579 584

Effects of Transmission Media on Data Quality

SIGNAL CONVERSION AND PROCESSING 598

12-1 12-2 12-3 12-4 12-5 12-6 A System 599 604 611 620 Converting Analog Signals to Digital Analog-to-Digital Conversion Methods Digital-to-Analog Conversion Methods Digital Signal Processing 628 629 The Digital Signal Processor (DSP)

DATA PROCESSING AND C< NT] >L 644

13-1 13-2 13-3 13-4 13-5 13-6 13-7 13-8 The Basic Computer System The CPU: Basic Operation The CPU: Addressing Modes The CPU: Special Operations Programming 674 680 645 649 655 661 666 671 Practical Computer System Considerations

Operating Systems and Hardware

Microcontrollers and Embedded Systems

BUSES, NETWORKS, AND INTERFACING

14-1 14-2 14-3 14-4 14-5 14-6 14-7 Bus Basics 694 700 703 711 714 720 723 Bus Interfacing Parallel Buses

693

The Universal Serial Bus (USB) Other Serial Buses Network Topologies

Network Protocol Technologies

APPENDICES Appendix A Appendix Conversions 739 741 745 Security System Component Programs

ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED PROBLEMS GLOSSARY INDEX 785 773