CEE 577

Lecture #2

1/21/2013

Updated: 21 January 2013

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Lecture#2 (modelingfundamentals&massbalance)

Chapra, L1
(pp. 3-20)

Water Quality Modeling Objectives

Waste Load Allocation

todeterminetheenvironmentalcontrolsthatmustbe institutedtoachieveaspecificwaterqualityobjective focusonpointsources

X
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Evolutionofmunicipalsystems
Safewatersupply
Needrecognizedby

studiessuchasJohn Snows

WastewaterCollection
Firstjustremoval Thenneedfortreatment LaterquantifiedinWLA

Figure 1.1 from Chapra, 1997

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Objectives(cont.)
TMDL total maximum daily load Themoregeneralprocessofwasteloadassessment andcontrolinawatershed Encompassingpointsources(WLA)andnonpoint sources(LA)

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WaterQualityManagement

Figure 1.2 from Chapra, 1997

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Objectives(cont.)
Toxics Modeling

tounderstandthefateofhazardoussubstancesinthe aquaticenvironment tounderstandtheresponseofnaturalsystemtopollutant inputs

General Understanding of the Ecosystem

Errors?

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TABLE1.1 PRINCIPALPOLLUTIONPROBLEMS,AFFECTEDUSES, ANDASSOCIATEDWATERQUALITYVARIABLES(FromThomann&

Mueller,1987)
Manifestation of problem 1 Fish kills Nuisance odors, H2S "Nuisance" organisms Radical change in ecosystem 2 Disease transmission Gastrointestinal disturbance, eye irritation Water use interference Water quality problem Water quality variables

BOD NH3, org N, Low DO Fishery Organic solids (dissolved Recreation Phytoplankton, DO Ecological health oxygen) Water supply, High bacterial Total coliform bacteria, Recreation levels Fecal coliform bacteria, Fecal streptococci, Viruses Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Excessive 3 Tastes and odors-blue green algae Water supply, plant growth, Phytoplankton Recreation, Aesthetic beach nuisances, algal Ecological health (Eutrophicati mats "Pea soup" Unbalanced on) ecosystem Metals Radioactive High toxic Water supply 4. Carcinogens in water supply substances Pesticides chemical Fishery closed-unsafe toxic levels, Fishery Herbicides Toxic product Ecological health levels Ecosystem upset; mortality, chemicals reproductive impairment
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Rates
Determination of Mass Loading
Point Sources - General Concepts

W(t)=Q(t)c(t)

ImportantConversionFactors

8.34

lb liters sec Kg liters sec lb liters 5.39 2.45 3 mg ft 3 day mg ft day mg MG

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Rates(cont.)
RelatedRates Volumetricflowrate
Q=UAc
MassFluxrate

U velocity of water Ac cross-sectional area

m W Uc tAc Ac
And therefore, W=JAc
9

Refer to Example 1.2 (pg 9)

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ModelImplementations
TheModel concentration,c,isproportionaltoloading,W,by thereciprocalofanassimilationfactor,a SimulationMode c=W/a DesignModeIAssimilativeCapacity W=ac DesignModeIIEnvironmentalModification a=W/c

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TwoApproachestoModeling
EmpiricalModeling basedoninductiveapproach heavilydependentonstatisticalanalysis ofexisting data MechanisticModeling basedondeductiveapproach moredependentontheory ofunderlyingprocesses emphasizedinChaprasbook

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MassBalanceorMassInventory
Alsoknownasconservationofmass KeytomechanisticWQmodeling

Accumulation loadings transport reactions

Ifsourcesareinbalancewithsinks,massremains

constantandweareatsteadystate:

Accumulation 0
Separatemassbalanceswrittenforeachsubstance

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TypicalMechanisticModel

Loadings

Transport In
Substance A
Reactions

Transport Out

Substance B

Components
Based on: Figure 1.5 from Chapra, 1997
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System Response

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Spatial/TemporalResolution
Whenspatialortemporalconcentration differencesareimportant,systemmaybedivided intosubvolumesortimes
Segmentationistheprocessofdividingspaceand

matterintoincrements

space:1,2or3dimensions

Resolutionisthedegreetowhichspace,timeandmatter

aresegmented

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HistoricalDevelopmentofMechanistic Modeling
19251960:StreeterPhelps
DOmodeling,basedonBOD,SOD

19601970:Computerization
greatercomplexity,resolutionpossible

19701977:Biology
eutrophicationmodeling,basedonN,P,light

1977present:Toxics
partitioningofhydrophobics,complexphysical,

chemicalandbiologicaltransformations

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Evolving Issues

Figure 1.6 from Chapra, 1997

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Economicsofpollutioncontrol
Asstandardsbecomemore

strict
Costsgoup

disproportionally Errorsinjudgmentare morecostly

Figure 1.7 from Chapra, 1997

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Tonextlecture

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