Name: Delicano, Joko A.

Course & Sec : BSCOE / n56

ME303
(THERMODYNAMICS)

Instructor: Mr. Mendoza Date : March 27 2013

All system undergoes a thermodynamic process when there is some sort of energetic change within the system, generally associated with changes in pressure, volume, internal energy, temperature, or any sort of heat transfer. Types of Thermodynamic Processes There are several specific types of thermodynamic processes that happen frequently enough (and in practical situations) that they are commonly treated in the study of thermodynamics. Each has a unique trait that identifies it, and which is useful in analyzing the energy and work changes related to the process. An adiabatic process is a thermodynamic process in which there is no heat transfer(Q) into or out of the system. In other words Q = 0.An adiabatic process is generally obtained by surrounding the entire system with a strongly insulating material or by carrying out the process so quickly that there is no time for a significant heat transfer to take place. Considering unit mass of working substance and applying first law to the process Adiabatic Process Formula: U = Q W For an adiabatic process to take place, perfect thermal insulation for the system must be available. A system that expands under adiabatic conditions does positive work, so the internal energy decreases. A system that contracts under adiabatic conditions does negative work, so the internal energy increases.

adiabatic, then it is an isentropic process. Isentropic efficiency is a measure of the deviation of actual processes from the corresponding idealized ones. An isentropic process is an idealization of an actual process, and serves as a limiting case for an actual process.

Isovolumic or Isochoric Process is a constant volume process. When the volume of a system doesnt change, it will do no work on its surroundings. W = 0. Isochoric process formula : U = Q Heating gas in a closed container is an isochoric process

A throttling process is defined as a process in which there is no change in enthalpy from state one to state two, h1 = h2; no work is done, W = 0; and the process is adiabatic, Q = 0 Throttling process formula: h1 = h2 0, Q = 0 It states that an ideal throttling process is adiabatic. No work is done. There is no change in enthalpy.
,

W =

A polytropic process is a process when a gas undergoes a reversible process in which there is heat transfer, the process frequently takes place in such a manner that a plot of the Log P (pressure) vs. Log V (volume) is a straightline. Or stated in equation form PVn = a constant. An example of a polytropic process is the expansion of the combustion gasses in the cylinder of a water-cooled reciprocating engine.

An isothermal process is a constant temperature process. Any heat flow into or out of the system must be slow enough to maintain thermal equilibrium. For ideal gases, if T is zero, U = 0 Therefore, Q = W; Any energy entering the system (Q) must leave as work (W)

A quasistatic process is a thermodynamic process that happens infinitely slowly. No real process is quasistatic, but such processes can be approximated by performing them very slowly. A quasistatic process is a thermodynamic process that happens infinitely slowly. No real process is quasistatic, but such processes can be approximated by performing them very slowly. If the process is reversed the work and heat also just reverse sign. Heat lost to friction is not reversible.

An isobaric process is a constant pressure process. U, W, and Q are generally non-zero, but calculating the work done by an ideal gas is straightforward Isobaric process formula : W = PV Water boiling in a saucepan is an example of an isobar process

An isentropic process is a constant Entropy process. It is defined as a process during which the entropy remains constant. If a process is both reversible and

Reversible process is infinitely slow; system stays at equilibrium. In a reversible process the system

changes in such a way that the system and surroundings can be put back in their original states by exactly reversing the process. Changes are infinitely small in a reversible process.

The temperature in a location will always be unbearably hot or unbearably cold, never somewhere in between. In thermodynamics, a heat engine is a system that performs the conversion of heat or thermal energy to mechanical work. A heat engine typically uses energy provided in the form of heat to do work and then exhausts the heat which cannot be used to do work. Thermodynamics is the study of the relationships between heat and work. Engine efficiency of thermal engines is the relationship between the total energy contained in the fuel, and the amount of energy used to perform useful work. There are two classifications of thermal engines1. Internal combustion (gasoline, diesel and gas turbine, i.e., Brayton cycle engines) and 2. External combustion engines (steam piston, steam turbine, and the Stirling cycle engine). The efficiency of engine is defined as ratio of the useful work done to the heat provided.

Irreversible process has heat loss to friction; system has net loss of useful energy. Irreversible processes cannot be undone by exactly reversing the change to the system. All Spontaneous processes are irreversible. All Real processes are irreversible. Laws of Thermodynamics The four laws of thermodynamics define fundamental physical quantities (temperature, energy, and entropy) that characterizethermodynamic systems. The laws describe how these quantities behave under various circumstances, and forbid certain phenomena (such asperpetual motion). The four laws of thermodynamics are: o Zeroth Law -postulated the existence of equilibrium states. All parts of closed equilibrium system are in the state of internal equilibrium and heat equilibrium between each other, that means one general characteristic from all subsystems is taking place (temperature principle). First Law -the law of energy continuity. The energy can be transformed to the system by the heat. It impossible to make any work without the energy. (The perpetual mobile of the 1st order is impossible).

where, and

is the heat absorbed is the work done. Heat Pumps

Second Law -the entropy of the close system is increasing. It can be defined also through the Clausius principle: as the irreversible process of the transforming the heat from the hot body to the cold one. Third Law -(Nernst-Plank heat theorem) - the entropy of the system is going to zero if the absolute temperature is also tends to zero. Fourth law - the fourth law of thermodynamics refers any of a number of various hypothetical or postulated statements regarding either energy, matter, temperature, time, or power principles in nature.

For a Carnot machine functioning as a heat pump, the "effectiveness" is the ratio of the energy delivered to the high-temperature reservoir to the work required to force the machine around its cycle (the energy consumed and paid for):

The effectiveness of a heat pump is sometimes called the performance factor ("PF"). For heat pumps, the effectiveness is always greater than 1. Electrically powered heat pumps can make economic sense only if the effectiveness of the heat pump times the efficiency of the electrical generation and transmission process exceeds 1. Otherwise, only part of the fuel burned to produce the electricity would have to be burned to provide the heat needed.

Carnot efficiency The efficiency of an irreversible heat engine is always less than the efficiency of a reversible one operating between the same two reservoirs. hth, irrev < hth, rev The efficiencies of all reversible heat engines operating between the same two reservoirs are the same. (hth, rev)A= (hth, rev)B Both Can be demonstrated using the second law (K-P statement and Cstatement). Therefore, the Carnot heat engine defines the maximum efficiency any practical heat engine can reach up to. Thermal efficiency th=Wnet/QH=1(QL/QH)=f(TL,TH) and it can be shown that th=1-(QL/QH)=1-(TL/TH). This is called the Carnot efficiency. For a typical steam power plant operating between TH=800 K (boiler) and TL=300 K(cooling tower), the maximum achievable efficiency is 62.5%.

absolute temperature of the cold reservoir is warmer than half that of the hot reservoir. We can see that refrigeration to extremely cold temperatures is very difficult. o Refrigeration means to cool an object below its surroundings.

Basic Components of the vapour compression refrigeration system

IDEAL REFRIGERATION The vapor-compression refrigeration cycle has four components: evaporator, compressor, condenser, and expansion (or throttle) valve. The most widely used refrigeration cycle is the Ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle. In an ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle, the refrigerant enters the compressor as a saturated vapor and is cooled to the saturated liquid state in the condenser. It is then throttled to the evaporator pressure and vaporizes as it absorbs heat from the refrigerated space.

ENERGY EFFICIENCY RATIO (EER) The equipment efficiency is given as EER or kW/TR. Use for smaller capacity equipment such as Window type & Split type equipment

The ideal vapor-compression cycle consists of four processes.

kW/TR Use for large capacity equipment such as Chillers

Refrigerators For a Carnot machine functioning as a refrigerator, the "effectiveness" is the ratio of the energy removed from the low-temperature reservoir to the work required to force the machine around its cycle (the energy consumed and paid for):

The effectiveness of a refrigerator is sometimes called the coefficient of performance ("COP"). The effectiveness will be greater than 1 only if the