UIResponder Class Reference

Contents

UIResponder Class Reference 4

Overview 4 Tasks 5 Managing the Responder Chain 5 Managing Input Views 5 Responding to Touch Events 6 Responding to Motion Events 6 Responding to Remote-Control Events 6 Getting the Undo Manager 6 Validating Commands 6 Accessing the Available Key Commands 7 Managing the Text Input Mode 7 Properties 7 inputAccessoryView 7 inputView 8 keyCommands 8 textInputContextIdentifier 9 textInputMode 9 undoManager 10 Class Methods 10 clearTextInputContextIdentifier: 10 Instance Methods 11 becomeFirstResponder 11 canBecomeFirstResponder 11 canPerformAction:withSender: 12 canResignFirstResponder 13 isFirstResponder 14 motionBegan:withEvent: 14 motionCancelled:withEvent: 15 motionEnded:withEvent: 16 nextResponder 16 reloadInputViews 17 remoteControlReceivedWithEvent: 17 resignFirstResponder 18

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Contents

targetForAction:withSender: 19 touchesBegan:withEvent: 19 touchesCancelled:withEvent: 20 touchesEnded:withEvent: 21 touchesMoved:withEvent: 22

Document Revision History 24

2013-09-18 | Copyright 2013 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.

UIResponder Class Reference

Inherits from Conforms to Framework Availability Companion guide Declared in Related sample code

NSObject NSObject (NSObject) /System/Library/Frameworks/UIKit.framework Available in iOS 2.0 and later. Event Handling Guide for iOS UIResponder.h

Handling Touches Using Responder Methods and Gesture Recognizers iAdSuite Managed App Configuration TableView Fundamentals for iOS Using NSXMLParser to parse XML documents

Overview
The UIResponder class defines an interface for objects that respond to and handle events. It is the superclass of UIApplication, UIView and its subclasses (which include UIWindow). Instances of these classes are sometimes referred to as responder objects or, simply, responders. There are two general kinds of events: touch events and motion events. The primary event-handling methods for touches are touchesBegan:withEvent: (page 19), touchesMoved:withEvent: (page 22), touchesEnded:withEvent: (page 21), and touchesCancelled:withEvent: (page 20). The parameters of these methods associate touches with their events specially e touches that are new or have changed and thus allow responder objects to track and handle the touches as the delivered events progress through the phases of a multi-touch sequence. Any time a finger touches the screen, is dragged on the screen, or lifts from the screen, a UIEvent object is generated. The event object contains UITouch objects for all fingers on the screen or just lifted from it.

2013-09-18 | Copyright 2013 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.

UIResponder Class Reference Tasks

iOS 3.0 introduced system capabilities for generating motion events, specifically the motion of shaking the device. The event-handling methods for these kinds of events are motionBegan:withEvent: (page 14), motionEnded:withEvent: (page 16), and motionCancelled:withEvent: (page 15). Additionally for iOS 3.0, the canPerformAction:withSender: (page 12) method allows responders to validate commands in the user interface while the undoManager (page 10) property returns the nearest NSUndoManager object in the responder chain. In iOS 4.0, UIResponder added the remoteControlReceivedWithEvent: (page 17) method for handling remote-control events.

Tasks
Managing the Responder Chain
nextResponder

(page 16) Returns the receiver' next s responder, or nil if it has none. (page 14) Returns a Boolean value indicating whether the receiver is the first responder. (page 11) Returns a Boolean value indicating whether the receiver can become first responder. (page 11) Notifies the receiver that it is about to become first responder in its window. (page 13) Returns a Boolean value indicating whether the receiver is willing to relinquish first-responder status. (page 18) Notifies the receiver that it has been asked to relinquish its status as first responder in its window.

isFirstResponder

canBecomeFirstResponder

becomeFirstResponder

canResignFirstResponder

resignFirstResponder

Managing Input Views

inputView

(page 8) property The custom input view to display when the object becomes the first responder. (read-only) (page 7) property The custom accessory view to display when the object becomes the first responder. (read-only) (page 17) Updates the custom input and accessory views when the object is the first responder.

inputAccessoryView

reloadInputViews

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UIResponder Class Reference Tasks

Responding to Touch Events

touchesBegan:withEvent:

(page 19) Tells the receiver when one or more fingers touch down in a view or window. (page 22) Tells the receiver when one or more fingers associated with an event move within a view or window. (page 21) Tells the receiver when one or more fingers are raised from a view or window. (page 20) Sent to the receiver when a system event (such as a low-memory warning) cancels a touch event.

touchesMoved:withEvent:

touchesEnded:withEvent:

touchesCancelled:withEvent:

Responding to Motion Events

motionBegan:withEvent:

(page 14) Tells the receiver that a motion event has begun. (page 16) Tells the receiver that a motion event has ended. (page 15) Tells the receiver that a motion event has been cancelled.

motionEnded:withEvent:

motionCancelled:withEvent:

Responding to Remote-Control Events

remoteControlReceivedWithEvent:

(page 17) Sent to the receiver when a remote-control event is received.

Getting the Undo Manager

undoManager

(page 10) property Returns the nearest shared undo manager in the responder chain. (read-only)

Validating Commands
canPerformAction:withSender:

(page 12) Requests the receiving responder to enable or disable the specified command in the user interface.

2013-09-18 | Copyright 2013 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.

UIResponder Class Reference Properties

targetForAction:withSender:

(page 19) Returns the target object that responds to an action.

Accessing the Available Key Commands

keyCommands

(page 8) property The key commands that trigger actions on this responder. (read-only)

Managing the Text Input Mode

textInputMode

(page 9) property The text input mode for this responder object. (read-only) (page 9) property An identifier signifying that the responder should preserve its text input mode information. (read-only) (page 10) Clears text input mode information from the apps user defaults.

textInputContextIdentifier

+ clearTextInputContextIdentifier:

Properties
inputAccessoryView
The custom accessory view to display when the object becomes the first responder. (read-only)
@property(readonly, retain) UIView *inputAccessoryView

Discussion The default value of this property is nil. Subclasses that want to attach custom controls to either a system-supplied input view (such as the keyboard) or a custom input view (one you provide in the inputView (page 8) property) should redeclare this property as readwrite and use it to manage their custom accessory view. When the receiver subsequently becomes the first responder, the responder infrastructure attaches the view to the appropriate input view before displaying it. This property is typically used to attach an accessory view to the system-supplied keyboard that is presented for UITextField and UITextView objects. Availability Available in iOS 3.2 and later.

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UIResponder Class Reference Properties

Declared in
UIResponder.h

inputView
The custom input view to display when the object becomes the first responder. (read-only)
@property(readonly, retain) UIView *inputView

Discussion The value of this property is nil. Responder objects that require a custom view to gather input from the user should redeclare this property as readwrite and use it to manage their custom input view. When the receiver subsequently becomes the first responder, the responder infrastructure presents the specified input view automatically. Similarly, when the view resigns its first responder status, the responder infrastructure automatically dismisses the specified view. This property is typically used to replace the system-supplied keyboard that is presented for UITextField and UITextView objects. Availability Available in iOS 3.2 and later. Declared in
UIResponder.h

keyCommands
The key commands that trigger actions on this responder. (read-only)
@property(nonatomic, readonly) NSArray *keyCommands

Discussion A responder object that supports hardware keyboard commands can redefine this property and use it to return an array of UIKeyCommand objects that it supports. Each key command object represents the keyboard sequence to recognize and the action method of the responder to call in response. The key commands you return from this method are applied to the entire responder chain. When an key combination is pressed that matches a key command object, UIKit walks the responder chain looking for an object that implements the corresponding action method. It calls that method on the first object it finds and then stops processing the event.

2013-09-18 | Copyright 2013 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.

UIResponder Class Reference Properties

Availability Available in iOS 7.0 and later. Declared in

UIResponder.h

textInputContextIdentifier
An identifier signifying that the responder should preserve its text input mode information. (read-only)
@property(readonly, retain) NSString *textInputContextIdentifier

Discussion If you redefine this property and return a string value, UIKit tracks the current text input mode for the responder. While in tracking mode, any programmatic changes you make to the text input mode are remembered and restored whenever the responder becomes active. Availability Available in iOS 7.0 and later. Declared in
UIResponder.h

textInputMode
The text input mode for this responder object. (read-only)
@property(readonly, retain) UITextInputMode *textInputMode

Discussion The text input mode identifies the language and keyboard displayed when this responder is active. For responders, the system normally displays a keyboard that is based on the users language preferences. You can redefine this property and use it to return a different text input mode in cases where you want a responder to use a specific keyboard. The user can still change the keyboard while the responder is active, but switching away to another responder and then back restores the keyboard you specified. Availability Available in iOS 7.0 and later. See Also
@property textInputContextIdentifier

(page 9)

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UIResponder Class Reference Class Methods

Declared in
UIResponder.h

undoManager
Returns the nearest shared undo manager in the responder chain. (read-only)
@property(nonatomic, readonly) NSUndoManager *undoManager

Discussion By default, every window of an application has an undo manager: a shared object for managing undo and redo operations. However, the class of any object in the responder chain can have their own custom undo manager. (For example, instances of UITextField have their own undo manager that is cleared when the text field resigns first-responder status.) When you request an undo manager, the request goes up the responder chain and the UIWindowobject returns a usable instance. You may add undo managers to your view controllers to perform undo and redo operations local to the managed view. Availability Available in iOS 3.0 and later. Declared in
UIResponder.h

Class Methods
clearTextInputContextIdentifier:
Clears text input mode information from the apps user defaults.
+ (void)clearTextInputContextIdentifier:(NSString *)identifier

Parameters
identifier

An identifier assigned to the textInputContextIdentifier (page 9) property of one of your responders. Discussion Calling this method removes any text input mode information associated with the specified identifier from the apps user defaults. Removing this information causes the responder to use the default text input mode again.

2013-09-18 | Copyright 2013 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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UIResponder Class Reference Instance Methods

Availability Available in iOS 7.0 and later. Declared in

UIResponder.h

Instance Methods
becomeFirstResponder
Notifies the receiver that it is about to become first responder in its window.
- (BOOL)becomeFirstResponder

Return Value YES if the receiver accepts first-responder status or NO if it refuses this status. The default implementation returns YES, accepting first responder status. Discussion Subclasses can override this method to update state or perform some action such as highlighting the selection. A responder object only becomes the first responder if the current responder can resign first-responder status (canResignFirstResponder (page 13)) and the new responder can become first responder. You may call this method to make a responder object such as a view the first responder. However, you should only call it on that view if it is part of a view hierarchy. If the views window property holds a UIWindow object, it has been installed in a view hierarchy; if it returns nil, the view is detached from any hierarchy. Availability Available in iOS 2.0 and later. See Also
isFirstResponder canBecomeFirstResponder

(page 14) (page 11)

Declared in
UIResponder.h

canBecomeFirstResponder
Returns a Boolean value indicating whether the receiver can become first responder.

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UIResponder Class Reference Instance Methods

- (BOOL)canBecomeFirstResponder

Return Value YES if the receiver can become the first responder, NO otherwise. Discussion Returns NO by default. If a responder object returns YES from this method, it becomes the first responder and can receive touch events and action messages. Subclasses must override this method to be able to become first responder. You must not send this message to a view that is not currently attached to the view hierarchy. The result is undefined. Availability Available in iOS 2.0 and later. See Also
becomeFirstResponder

(page 11)

Related Sample Code

Audio Mixer (MixerHost) Handling Touches Using Responder Methods and Gesture Recognizers MoviePlayer Declared in
UIResponder.h

canPerformAction:withSender:
Requests the receiving responder to enable or disable the specified command in the user interface.
- (BOOL)canPerformAction:(SEL)action withSender:(id)sender

Parameters
action

A selector that identifies a method associated with a command. For the editing menu, this is one of the editing methods declared by the UIResponderStandardEditActions informal protocol (for example, copy:).
sender

The object calling this method. For the editing menu commands, this is the shared UIApplication object. Depending on the context, you can query the sender for information to help you determine whether a command should be enabled.

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UIResponder Class Reference Instance Methods

Return Value YES if the the command identified by action should be enabled or NO if it should be disabled. Returning YES means that your class can handle the command in the current context. Discussion This default implementation of this method returns YES if the responder class implements the requested action and calls the next responder if it does not. Subclasses may override this method to enable menu commands based on the current state; for example, you would enable the Copy command if there is a selection or disable the Paste command if the pasteboard did not contain data with the correct pasteboard representation type. If no responder in the responder chain returns YES, the menu command is disabled. Note that if your class returns NO for a command, another responder further up the responder chain may still return YES, enabling the command. This method might be called more than once for the same action but with a different sender each time. You should be prepared for any kind of sender including nil. For information on the editing menu, see the description of the UIMenuController class. Availability Available in iOS 3.0 and later. Declared in
UIResponder.h

canResignFirstResponder
Returns a Boolean value indicating whether the receiver is willing to relinquish first-responder status.
- (BOOL)canResignFirstResponder

Return Value YES if the receiver can resign first-responder status, NO otherwise. Discussion Returns YES by default. As an example, a text field in the middle of editing might want to implement this method to return NO to keep itself active during editing. Availability Available in iOS 2.0 and later. See Also
resignFirstResponder

(page 18)

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UIResponder Class Reference Instance Methods

Declared in
UIResponder.h

isFirstResponder
Returns a Boolean value indicating whether the receiver is the first responder.
- (BOOL)isFirstResponder

Return Value YES if the receiver is the first responder, NO otherwise. Availability Available in iOS 2.0 and later. See Also (page 11) resignFirstResponder (page 18)
becomeFirstResponder

Related Sample Code

EADemo GeocoderDemo Declared in

UIResponder.h

motionBegan:withEvent:
Tells the receiver that a motion event has begun.
- (void)motionBegan:(UIEventSubtype)motion withEvent:(UIEvent *)event

Parameters
motion

An event-subtype constant indicating the kind of motion. A common motion is shaking, which is indicated by UIEventSubtypeMotionShake.
event

An object representing the event associated with the motion. Discussion iOS informs the first responder only when a motion event starts and when it ends; for example, it doesnt report individual shakes. The receiving object must be the first responder to receive motion events.

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UIResponder Class Reference Instance Methods

The default implementation of this method does nothing. However immediate UIKit subclasses of UIResponder, particularly UIView, forward the message up the responder chain. Availability Available in iOS 3.0 and later. See Also (page 16) motionCancelled:withEvent: (page 15)
motionEnded:withEvent:

Declared in
UIResponder.h

motionCancelled:withEvent:
Tells the receiver that a motion event has been cancelled.
- (void)motionCancelled:(UIEventSubtype)motion withEvent:(UIEvent *)event

Parameters
motion

An event-subtype constant indicating the kind of motion associated with event. A common motion is shaking, which is indicated by UIEventSubtypeMotionShake.
event

An object representing the event associated with the motion. Discussion This method is invoked when the Cocoa Touch framework receives an interruption requiring cancellation of the motion event. This interruption is something that might cause the application to be no longer active or the view to be removed from the window. The method can also be invoked if the shaking goes on too long. All responders that handle motion events should implement this method; in it they should clean up any state information that was established in the motionBegan:withEvent: (page 14) implementation. The default implementation of this method does nothing. However immediate UIKit subclasses of UIResponder, particularly UIView, forward the message up the responder chain. Availability Available in iOS 3.0 and later. See Also (page 14) motionEnded:withEvent: (page 16)
motionBegan:withEvent:

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UIResponder Class Reference Instance Methods

Declared in
UIResponder.h

motionEnded:withEvent:
Tells the receiver that a motion event has ended.
- (void)motionEnded:(UIEventSubtype)motion withEvent:(UIEvent *)event

Parameters
motion

An event-subtype constant indicating the kind of motion. A common motion is shaking, which is indicated by UIEventSubtypeMotionShake.
event

An object representing the event associated with the motion. Discussion iOS informs the responder only when a motion event starts and when it ends; for example, it doesnt report individual shakes. The default implementation of this method does nothing. However immediate UIKit subclasses of UIResponder, particularly UIView, forward the message up the responder chain. Availability Available in iOS 3.0 and later. See Also (page 14) motionCancelled:withEvent: (page 15)
motionBegan:withEvent:

Declared in
UIResponder.h

nextResponder
Returns the receiver' next s responder, or nil if it has none.
- (UIResponder *)nextResponder

Return Value The next object in the responder chain to be presented with an event for handling.

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UIResponder Class Reference Instance Methods

Discussion The UIResponder class does not store or set the next responder automatically, instead returning nil by default. Subclasses must override this method to set the next responder. UIView implements this method by returning the UIViewController object that manages it (if it has one) or its superview (if it doesnt); UIViewController implements the method by returning its views superview; UIWindow returns the application object, and UIApplication returns nil. Availability Available in iOS 2.0 and later. See Also
isFirstResponder

(page 14)

Declared in
UIResponder.h

reloadInputViews
Updates the custom input and accessory views when the object is the first responder.
- (void)reloadInputViews

Discussion You can use this method to refresh the custom input view or input accessory view associated with the current object when it is the first responder. The views are replaced immediatelythat is, without animating them into place. If the current object is not the first responder, this method has no effect. Availability Available in iOS 3.2 and later. Declared in
UIResponder.h

remoteControlReceivedWithEvent:
Sent to the receiver when a remote-control event is received.
- (void)remoteControlReceivedWithEvent:(UIEvent *)event

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UIResponder Class Reference Instance Methods

Parameters
event

An event object encapsulating a remote-control command. Remote-control events have a type of UIEventTypeRemoteControl. Discussion Remote-control events originate as commands from external accessories, including headsets. An application responds to these commands by controlling audio or video media presented to the user. The receiving responder object should examine the subtype of event to determine the intended commandfor example, play (UIEventSubtypeRemoteControlPlay)and then proceed accordingly. To allow delivery of remote-control events, you must call the beginReceivingRemoteControlEvents method of UIApplication; to turn off delivery of remote-control events, call endReceivingRemoteControlEvents. Availability Available in iOS 4.0 and later. Declared in
UIResponder.h

resignFirstResponder
Notifies the receiver that it has been asked to relinquish its status as first responder in its window.
- (BOOL)resignFirstResponder

Discussion The default implementation returns YES, resigning first responder status. Subclasses can override this method to update state or perform some action such as unhighlighting the selection, or to return NO, refusing to relinquish first responder status. If you override this method, you must call super (the superclass implementation) at some point in your code. Availability Available in iOS 2.0 and later. See Also (page 14) canResignFirstResponder (page 13)
isFirstResponder

Related Sample Code

AdvancedURLConnections AirDrop Examples

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UIResponder Class Reference Instance Methods

EADemo Simple Core Data Relationships UICatalog Declared in

UIResponder.h

targetForAction:withSender:
Returns the target object that responds to an action.
- (id)targetForAction:(SEL)action withSender:(id)sender

Parameters
action

A selector that identifies a method associated with a command.

sender

The object calling this method. For the editing menu commands, this is the shared UIApplication object. Depending on the context, you can query the sender for information to help you determine the target of the command. Return Value The object whose action method is invoked to execute the command. Discussion This method is called whenever an action needs to be invoked by the object. The default implementation calls the canPerformAction:withSender: (page 12) method to determine whether it can invoke the action. If the object can invoke the action, it returns itself, otherwise it passes the request up the responder chain. Your app should override this method if it wants to override how a target is selected. Availability Available in iOS 7.0 and later. Declared in
UIResponder.h

touchesBegan:withEvent:
Tells the receiver when one or more fingers touch down in a view or window.
- (void)touchesBegan:(NSSet *)touches withEvent:(UIEvent *)event

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UIResponder Class Reference Instance Methods

Parameters
touches

A set of UITouch instances that represent the touches for the starting phase of the event represented by event.
event

An object representing the event to which the touches belong. Discussion The default implementation of this method does nothing. However immediate UIKit subclasses of UIResponder, particularly UIView, forward the message up the responder chain. To forward the message to the next responder, send the message to super (the superclass implementation); do not send the message directly to the next responder. For example,
[super touchesBegan:touches withEvent:event];

If you override this method without calling super (a common use pattern), you must also override the other methods for handling touch events, if only as stub (empty) implementations. Multiple touches are disabled by default. In order to receive multiple touch events you must set the a multipleTouchEnabled property of the corresponding view instance to YES. Availability Available in iOS 2.0 and later. See Also (page 22) touchesEnded:withEvent: (page 21) touchesCancelled:withEvent: (page 20)
touchesMoved:withEvent:

Declared in
UIResponder.h

touchesCancelled:withEvent:
Sent to the receiver when a system event (such as a low-memory warning) cancels a touch event.
- (void)touchesCancelled:(NSSet *)touches withEvent:(UIEvent *)event

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UIResponder Class Reference Instance Methods

Parameters
touches

A set of UITouch instances that represent the touches for the ending phase of the event represented by event.
event

An object representing the event to which the touches belong. Discussion This method is invoked when the Cocoa Touch framework receives a system interruption requiring cancellation of the touch event; for this, it generates a UITouch object with a phase of UITouchPhaseCancel. The interruption is something that might cause the application to be no longer active or the view to be removed from the window When an object receives a touchesCancelled:withEvent: message it should clean up any state information that was established in its touchesBegan:withEvent: (page 19) implementation. The default implementation of this method does nothing. However immediate UIKit subclasses of UIResponder, particularly UIView, forward the message up the responder chain. To forward the message to the next responder, send the message to super (the superclass implementation); do not send the message directly to the next responder. For example,
[super touchesCancelled:touches withEvent:event];

If you override this method without calling super (a common use pattern), you must also override the other methods for handling touch events, if only as stub (empty) implementations. Availability Available in iOS 2.0 and later. See Also (page 19) touchesMoved:withEvent: (page 22) motionEnded:withEvent: (page 16)
touchesBegan:withEvent:

Declared in
UIResponder.h

touchesEnded:withEvent:
Tells the receiver when one or more fingers are raised from a view or window.

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UIResponder Class Reference Instance Methods

- (void)touchesEnded:(NSSet *)touches withEvent:(UIEvent *)event

Parameters
touches

A set of UITouch instances that represent the touches for the ending phase of the event represented by event.
event

An object representing the event to which the touches belong. Discussion The default implementation of this method does nothing. However immediate UIKit subclasses of UIResponder, particularly UIView, forward the message up the responder chain. To forward the message to the next responder, send the message to super (the superclass implementation); do not send the message directly to the next responder. For example,
[super touchesEnded:touches withEvent:event];

When an object receives a touchesEnded:withEvent: message it should clean up any state information that was established in its touchesBegan:withEvent: (page 19) implementation. Multiple touches are disabled by default. In order to receive multiple touch events you must set the a multipleTouchEnabled property of the corresponding view instance to YES. If you override this method without calling super (a common use pattern), you must also override the other methods for handling touch events, if only as stub (empty) implementations. Availability Available in iOS 2.0 and later. See Also (page 19) touchesMoved:withEvent: (page 22) touchesCancelled:withEvent: (page 20)
touchesBegan:withEvent:

Declared in
UIResponder.h

touchesMoved:withEvent:
Tells the receiver when one or more fingers associated with an event move within a view or window.

2013-09-18 | Copyright 2013 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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UIResponder Class Reference Instance Methods

- (void)touchesMoved:(NSSet *)touches withEvent:(UIEvent *)event

Parameters
touches

A set of UITouch instances that represent the touches that are moving during the event represented by event.
event

An object representing the event to which the touches belong. Discussion The default implementation of this method does nothing. However immediate UIKit subclasses of UIResponder, particularly UIView, forward the message up the responder chain. To forward the message to the next responder, send the message to super (the superclass implementation); do not send the message directly to the next responder. For example,
[super touchesMoved:touches withEvent:event];

Multiple touches are disabled by default. In order to receive multiple touch events you must set the a multipleTouchEnabled property of the corresponding view instance to YES. If you override this method without calling super (a common use pattern), you must also override the other methods for handling touch events, if only as stub (empty) implementations. Availability Available in iOS 2.0 and later. See Also (page 19) touchesEnded:withEvent: (page 21) touchesCancelled:withEvent: (page 20)
touchesBegan:withEvent:

Declared in
UIResponder.h

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Document Revision History

This table describes the changes to UIResponder Class Reference .

Date 2013-09-18 2011-03-07

Notes Added new APIs introduced in iOS 7. Added caveats about calling super for the touch-handling methods and for resignFirstResponder. Improved description of default behavior of touch- and motion-event handling methods. Added a description of the remoteControlReceivedWithEvent: method (iOS 4.0). Updated for iOS 3.2. Made minor corrections. Added descriptions of the methods added for iOS 3.0: undoManager, canPerformAction:withSender:, and the motion-handling methods. New document describing the class that defines an interface for objects responding to and handling events.

2010-08-03

2010-04-15

2010-02-25 2009-05-27 2009-03-08

2008-06-26

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