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Chapter 4
Load and Stress Analysis Lec. Lec .7
Torsion
A. Bazoune
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TORSION
https://ecourses.ou.edu/cgibin/ebook.cgi?doc=&topic=me&chap_sec=02.1&page=theory

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TORSION
Any moment vector that is collinear with an axis of a mechanical element is called a torque vector, because the moment causes the element to be twisted about that axis. A bar subjected to such a moment is also said to be in torsion. Designated by drawing arrows on the surface of the bar to indicate direction, or by drawing torque-vector arrows along the axes of twist of the bar 23-Sep-07

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PRACTICAL EXAMPLES
Transmit power from one device to another Turbine to a generator Engine to the wheels Motor to the pulley

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Assumptions
The bar is acted upon by a pure torque. The section under consideration are remote from the point of application of the load and from a change in diameter. Adjacent cross sections originally plane and parallel remain plane and parallel after twisting, and any radial line remains straight. The material obeys Hookes law.
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Fig. 4.23

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Shear Stress

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Angle of Twist
The angle of twist for a solid round bar is

=
where

Tl GJ

(4-35)

T = torque l = length G = modulus of rigidity J = polar second moment of area

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Shear Stress
For a solid round bar, the shear stress is zero at the centre and maximum at the surface. The distribution is proportional to radius given by T

and is
(4-36)

Designating r as the radius to the outer surface, we have

max =
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Tr J

(4-37)

Eq. (4-37) applies only to circular sections.

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For a solid round section,

J=

d4
32

(4-38)

where d = diameter of the bar. For a hollow round section,

J=
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32

(d

4 o

di4 )

(4-39)
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To obtain the Torque T from the power and speed of a rotating shaft, using USC units, use the following equation

H=
where

FV 2 Tn Tn = = 33,000 33,000(12) 63,025

(4-40)

H = power, hp T = torque, lb-in n = shaft speed, rev./min F = force, lb V = velocity, ft/min.

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When SI units are used, the equation is

H =T
where

(4-41)

H = power, W T = torque, N-m

= angular velocity, rad./s The torque T corresponding to the power in watts is given approximately by

T = 9.55
where n : rev./min.
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H n

(4-42)

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Torsional Stresses in NonNon-Circular CrossCross -section Members

There are some applications in machinery for noncircular cross-section members and shafts where a regular polygonal cross-section is useful in transmitting torque to a gear or pulley that can have an axial change in position. Because no key or keyway is needed, the possibility of a lost key is avoided.

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Saint Venant (1855) showed that max in a rectangular bc section bar occurs in the middle of the longest side b and is of magnitude formula

T 1.8 (4-43) 3+ b c2 b/c where b is the longer side, and a factor that is function of the ratio b/c as shown in Table of Page 139.

max =

bc 2

The angle of twist is given by Tl = bc3G

Table of Page 139.
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(4-44)

where is a function of the ratio b/c as shown in

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Example 4-8 Textbook

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Example 4-8 Textbook Contd

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Fig. 4.26a

Example 4-9 Textbook

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Example 4-9 Textbook

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Closed ThinThin-Walled Tubes (t << r)

In closed thin-walled tubes, it can be shown that the product of shear stress times thickness of the wall t is constant. Shear stress

is inversely

proportional to the wall thickness t. Total torque T on a tube

Figure 4-27

T = trds=( t) rds= t ( 2Am ) =2Am t

Where 23-Sep-07

Am is the area enclosed by the section median line.

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Solving for

gives

T 2 Am t

(4-45)

For constant wall thickness t, the angular twist (radians) per unit of length of the tube 1 is given by

1 =
where

T Lm 4 G Am 2 t

(4-46)

Lm : perimeter of the section median line

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Example 4-10 Textbook

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Example 4-11 Textbook

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Open ThinThin-Walled Sections

When the median wall line is not closed, it is to be open. Fig. 4-29 shows some examples.

Fig. 4-29 Some open thin-walled sections

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Open ThinThin-Walled Sections

Open sections in torsion, where the wall is thin, have relations derived from the membrane analogy theory as follows:

= G 1 c =
where

3T L c2

: shear stress

G : shear modulus 1: the angle of twist per unit length L : length of the median line c : wall thikness
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Example 4-12 Textbook

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