Q2. What is the back emf ? A.

When the motor armature continues to rotate due to motot action the armature conductor cuts te magentic flux, and therefore emf are induced in them the direction of this induced emf is such that it oppose the applied voltage therefore this is called Back emf. . Q3. Wh the !" motors are mostl gear motor ? A. Because the lo# speed motor are much more expensive than high speed motors of the same kW o$p rating. Q%. What is the suitable dc motor for electric traction ? A. !" series motor. Q&. What is the suitable dc motor for vacuum cleaner ? A. !" series motor. Q'. What is the suitable dc motor for paper making ? A. !" cumulative compound motor. Q(. What is the suitable dc motor for shearing and punching ? A. !" cumulative compound motor. Q). What #ill be the effect on the direction of rotation of dc motor if the suppl terminal are reversed ? A. *o effect because direction of the rotation changes #hen the direction of magnetic field changes. Q+. Wh series motors are preferred for traction purpose ? A. due to large starting tor,ue and slo# do#n #ith the increase the load and automaticall relieved from the heav excessive load. Q-.. /o# can the direction of the dc motor be determined ? A. B appl ing 0leming1s left hand rule . ElecticalQuestion 1: What is Electrical machine? 2lectrical machine is an electro mechanical device #hich converts input motive po#er 3 prime mover like turbine in case of generator or electrical suppl in case of dc motor4 to output motive po#er 32lectrical po#er in case of the generator or mechanical output in case of motor4. 5his uses the principle of electro magentic induction principle. Electrical Question 2: What is the advantage of DC motors over AC motors? Ans#er6 With the advert of the ac po#er generation and transmission over long distances #ith less losses using electrical transformers, dc machines #ere out ruled b the ac machines in industrial and home applications. /o#ever dc motors still exist in the industries because of some special properties of the dc machines #here ac drives have failed to attain. !" motors have some special properties such as6 /igh 7tarting 5or,ue 2xcellent speed control capabilit 0or traction applications in electrical trains and cranes motor drives re,uire to have high starting tor,ue. !" series motor has ver good starting tor,ue capabilities compared to induction motors and s nchronous motors. 7o still in present traction applications !" series motors are used

8n some applications such as paper mills and roll mills speed control of the motor drive should be accurate else the process #ill be failure. 2lectrical Question 36 What is the use of "ommutator in !" machine? Ans#er6 "ommutator is the part in !" machine that makes the difference from the ac machine. 8n !" machine the current flo# in the armature is ac. 5his current is made uni directional #ith the help of commutator. 8n ac machines slip rings are used to collect the armature current from the armature and suppl to the load. 8n !" machines this slip rings are replaced b the split rings. 7plit rings consists of 2 conductor materials separated b insulating material. 8n first half c cle the induced current #ill be taken b the split rings or commutator #hich is in one position.!uring the other half c cle #hen the induced current in the armature changes the split rings position also changes results in the delivering the unidirectional current to the external load. Electrical Question 4: Explain essential parts of DC machine? 2ssential parts of the dc machine are6 0ield 7 stem Armature "ommutator Brushes Brearings and 7haft 2lectrical Question &6 Wh field poles are laminated in !" machine ? 0ield poles of a dc machine is laminated in order to reduce the edd currents. 2dd currents are the circulating currents that are induced in the iron b the alternating magnetic field. 5hese edd currents produced #ill create a flux #hich opposes the main flux. 7o this edd current production is considered as loss in the dc machine./ence in order to reduce this edd current losses thin laminations are considered and insulating coating is provided in bet#een the laminations. 2lectrical Questions '6 !o commutator convert ac to dc or dc to ac ? "ommutator in a dc machine converts both ac to dc current and dc to ac current. "onsider the dc generator the current produced in the armature due to the electro magnetic induction is ac. /o#ever commutator converts the bi directional current to uni directional current and supplies the current the external load circuit. 8n !" motor the voltage #e appl at the terminals is dc. 5his dc current is converted to ac and suppl to the armature circuit so as to produce the rotational tor,ue. /ence "ommutator converts both ac to dc variables and dc to ac variables.

7ee all 2 photos 2lectrical Question (6 Wh armature teeth of !" machine is ske#ed ? 5he air gap length changes bet#een the slot and teeth of the armature #hen the armature is rotating under constant magnetic field. 5his results in the production of small variation in the tor,ue hence this results can be observed as small vibrations in the frame of the machine. 7o in order to avoid this vibration effect armature teeth is ske#ed. 2lectrical 8ntervie# Questions With Ans#ers 7ite contains electrical intervie# ,uestions #ith ans#ers related to dc machines, electrical transformers, po#er s stem, po#er plant, intervie# ,uestions and intervie# tips... 6 What is meant b regenerative braking? Ans#er 6 When the suppl is cut off for a running motor, it still continue running due to inertia. 8n order to stop it ,uickl #e place a load 3resistor4 across thearmature #inding and the motor should have maintained continuous field suppl .so that back e.m.f voltage is made to appl across the resistor and due to loadthe motor stops ,uickl . 5his t pe of breaking is called as 9:egenerativeBreaking9. 2lectrical intervie# ,uestion 6 Wh is the starting current high in a !" motor? Ans#er 6 8n !" motors, ;oltage e,uation is ;<2b=8a:a 3; < 5erminal voltage,2b< Back emf in >otor,8a < Armature current,:a < Armature resistance4.At starting,2b is ?ero. 5herefore, ;<8a:a, 8a < ;$:a , #here :a is ver less like ...-ohm.i.e,8a #ill become enormousl increased. 2lectrical intervie# ,uestion 6 What are the advantages of star=delta starter #ithinduction motor? Ans#er 63 -4. 5he main advantage of using the star delta starter is reduction ofcurrent during the starting of the motor. 7tarting current is reduced to 3=% times@f current of !irect online starting.324. /ence the starting current is reducedA thevoltage drops during the starting of motor in s stems are reduced. 2lectrical intervie# ,uestion 6Wh !elta 7tar 5ransformers are used forBighting Boads? Ans#er6 0or lighting loads, neutral conductor is must and hence the secondar must be star #inding. And this lighting load is al#a s unbalanced in all threephases. 5o minimi?e the current unbalance in the primar #e use delta #indingin the primar . 7o delta $ star transformer is used for lighting loads. 2lectrical intervie# ,uestion6 Wh in a three pin plug the earth pin is thickerand longer than the other pins?Ans#er6 8t depends upon :<rho l$a #here area3a4 is inversel proportional toresistance 3:4, so if 3a4 increases, : decreases C if : is less the leakage current#ill take lo# resistance path so the earth pin should be thicker. 8t is longer

2lectrical Question -6 2xplain Armature reaction in !" machine ? Ans#er6 Armature reaction is the effect of the magnetic field set up b the armature current on the distribution of the flux under the main poles of the !" machine. 2mf #ill be induced in the armature of the dc machine b the 0leming1s electromagnetic induction principle 3"onductor and magnetic field re,uired to produce emf4. As the conductors of the armature are shorted current starts flo#ing and this current #ill produce a counter magnetic filed #hich opposes the main field. 5his effect of armature flux on the main flux so as to distort or #eaken the main field flux is called armature reaction. 2lectrical Question 26 What is the effects of the armature reaction in a dc machine? Ans#er6 !ue the armature reaction the armature flux #ill have t#o impacts on the main field flux 8t partl #eakens or distorts the main field flux 8t cross magnetises or distorts the main field flux 2lectrical 8ntervie# Questions With Ans#ers 7ite contains electrical intervie# ,uestions and ans#ers. @bDective Questions and Ans#ers. 5opics includes !" machines, 8nduction machines, Eo#er s stems, control s stems, po#er electronics,po#er plant, substation,microprocessors,electrical drives... 2lectrical Question 36 2xplain the methods to reduce the armature reaction in !" machine ? Ans#er6 Armature reaction causes the distortion in the main field flux. 5his can be reduced if the reluctance of the path of cross magneti?ing filed is increased.5he armature teeth and air gap at the pole tips offer high reluctance to armature flux. 5hereb increasing the air gap armature reaction can be reduced. B special arrangements such that leading and trailing pole tips of the poles are alternativel omitted. B providing compensating #inding. "ompensating #inding #ill be in series #ith the armature #inding B providing 8nter poles #hich are placed at the geometrical neutral axis at the mid #a bet#een the main poles. 2lectrical Question %6 Wh brushes of a !" machine is slightl shifted from the neutral axis b small angle? Ans#er6 !uring no load Feometrical neutral pole 3F*E4 coincides #ith the magnetic neutral pole3>*E4. 5his poles are re,uired to place the brushes in neutral poles to collect the current from the armature #ith out the sparking effect. When the machine is loaded the >agnetic neutral pole shifts slightl b small angle due to armature reaction. 7o brushes of the dc machine is placed b slightl shifting from the neutral axis b an angle. 2lectrical Question &6 2xplain "ommutation in !" machine ? Ans#er6 "ommutator and the brushes in a dc machine are pla s a ver important role6 8t receives electrical current from the rotating armature and deliver it to the static external load in dc generator and vice verse in case of dc motor the collect the current from the terminals and deliver to the rotating armature. 5he converts generated alternative current in the armature to dc current 3Bi directional variable in to a uni directional variable4 to deliver to the load and vise verse in the case of motor operation.

:otating armature coil is connected to the commutator segments 3commutator 7egment is a part of the commutator #hich is separated #ith other segments b insulator4. Brushes #ill be in contact #ith rotating commutator segments and are stationar . When the armature is rotating under the magnetic field the current direction in the armature coil changes #hen coil of the armature passes from one pole 3 sa *orth pole4 to one pole 37outh pole4 7o in order to get uni directional current the commutator segment shifts from one brush to other #hen the armature current in the coil changes its direction. Gnder this condition the armature coil of the dc machine #ill be in short circuit condition for some period. "ommutation is defined as the process of reversal of current in the conductors of the armature as the pass through the brush axis is called commutation. "ommutation period is defined as period in #hich the armature coil of the dc machine is under short circuit condition as the commutator segment moves over the brush axis. Food commutation means no sparking at the brushes and the commutator surface remaining un effected.Bad commutation is one such #here sparks occur at the brushes and #ear and tear of the commutator material is much high. 2lectrical Questions '6 :easons for poor commutation ? Ans#er6 2mf of the armature coil undergoing commutation #ill not be ?ero because of !ue to the use of short pitched or fractional pitched #inding !ue to the variation the brush contact resistance !ue to the presence of the self inductance of the coil 7hort pitched #inding6 When the fractional pitch coil or short pitched coil is used the emf induced in coil at the time of commutation #ill not be ?ero and also #ill induce short circuit current #hen it is undergoing commutation results in #ear out of the commutator and sparks at the brushes. Brush :esistance variation6 Brush contact resistance variation results in the non linear variation in the coil #hich is undergoing the commutation. 7elf 8nductance of coil6 0or a good commutation the current direction the coil should be changed #hen the coil crosses the brush axis. !ue to 8nductance in the coil #hich oppose the change in the direction of the current #hich results in increasing the current densit at the leaving edge of the brush so sparking #ill occur. 2lectrical Question (6 2xplain ho# commutation in !" machine is improved ? B using high resistance brushes B shift of brushes B use of inter poles or commutation poles

7peed "ontrol 8n !" >achine 7peed "ontrol @ne of the most important advantages of the dc machines #hich out ruled the ac machines in industr is the abilit of the speed control of dc machine is much superior and eas compared to ac machines. 7peed of the dc machine can be controlled b 6 B appl ing the voltage to the terminals of the dc machine B introducing external resistance in the armature of the machine B var ing the flux per pole 3H4 of the machine

5he first t#o methods involve the adDustments to be done on the armature side of the dc machine #hereas the third method re,uires adDustment in the field side of the dc machine. 5herefore speed control of the dc machine are classified as armature control method and field control method. 8n armature control method the speed of the dc machine decreases as the appl ing voltage #ill be reduced on the other hand in field control method #eakens the flux per pole of the dc machine and speeds above the rated speeds are attained Armature "ontrol method of 7peed "ontrol6 8n armature control method voltage applied to the armature terminals is varied #ith out changing the field current. 7peed of the dc shunt motor b armature control can be obtained b 6 B connecting an variable external resistance in series to the armature circuit so that voltage applied to the dc machine can be varied B connecting an variable resistance in shunt to the armature circuit and other variable resistance in series to the armature shunt circuit. B providing the var ing voltage to the armature terminals. 5he voltage provided should be separate from the voltage that provide to the field circuit i4 Armature :esistance "ontrol >ethod6 8n armature resistance control method a variable resistance is connected in series to the armature circuit. When the resistance of the rheostat is increased, current flo#ing through the circuit reduces and the voltage drop at the armature is less compared to line voltage. 5hus speed of the machine reduces in proportional to the applied voltage. 5his method is emplo ed onl in applications #here speed variation is re,uired for shorter duration and not continuous. 5his is because of the larger resistance re,uired and high po#er loss during the operation at the rheostat. 2x6 printing machines, cranes, hoists

ii4 7hunt :esistance "ontrol >ethod6 Armature resistance method is simple and eas but have disadvantages as the speed not onl depends on the resistance value but also on the load current 3variation in the load during the drive operation results in the variation in the speed of the machine4. 5herefore a divertor 3shunt resistance4 is emplo ed along #ith the series resistance. 8n this method the change in the armature current 3because of the load tor,ue4 does not affect the change in the voltage across the terminals hence the speed. iii4. Armature ;oltage "ontrol6 8n this method of speed control a variable source of voltage is provided to suppl the po#er to the armature circuit. ;oltage to the field circuit should be different from the variable voltage source provided to the armature. B this method disadvantages such as poor voltage regulation and lo# efficienc in case of voltage resistance method is avoided, ho#ever this method is costlier compared to the other. 5he adDustable voltage source can be from a adDustable voltage generator or from a adDustable rectifier 0ield "ontrol >ethod of speed control6 8n !" machines #eakening of the field of the dc machine increases the speed of the dc machine and strengthening of the field #ill cause to reduction in the speed of the machine. /ence b #eakening the field of the machine speed above the rated speed can be attained. 7peeds above the rated speed can be attained b 6 Eroviding a variable resistance in series to the field circuit so that variation in the resistance value results in increase or decrease in the field of the machine resulting in the speed control. B variation in the reluctance of the magnetic circuit of the motor. B var ing the applied voltage to the field circuit of the dc motor b keeping the voltage supplied to the armature circuit constant

i4 0ield :esistance "ontrol6 8n this method variable resistance is emplo ed in series to the field circuit. As in this method #hen resistance value increases onl field #eakens. B #eakening the field speed above the normal speed can be attained ii4 :eluctance "ontrol >ethod6 5his method re,uires motor to be constructed #ith special mechanical features such that reluctance of the magnetic circuit can be changed. 5his is more expensive and rarel emplo ed iii4 0iled ;oltage "ontrol6 5his method re,uires variable voltage source #hich is different from the voltage applied to the armature circuit.