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Development of thoracic cavity Development of lung buds

Formation of larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

Maturation of lungs Applied
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End of 3rd week

Clefts appear in lateral plate mesoderm - coalesce to split solid layer into two: Parietal / somatic layer : adjacent to surface ectoderm Visceral / splanchnic layer : adjacent to endoderm

Embryo fold ventrally

End of 4th week - lateral body wall folds meet in midline fuse close ventral body wall embryonic body cavity
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During 4th week, respiratory diverticulum arise from the ventral wall of primitive foregut

Distal end of respiratory diverticulum enlarges to form lung bud

Initially, respiratory diverticulum is in open communication with foregut

Later on tracheoesophageal ridge (septum) develop which separate respiratory diverticulum from cranial part of foregut (esophagus)
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Abnormalities in partitioning of the esophagus and trachea by the tracheoesophageal septum result in esophageal atresia with or without tracheoesophageal fistulas (TEFs) 90% result in the upper portion of the esophagus ending in a blind pouch and the lower segment forming a fistula with the trachea Clinical features include excessive accumulation of saliva, or mucus in nose and mouth; episodes of cyanosis after giving milk, abdominal distension after crying

At beginning of 5th week, each of lung buds enlarges to form right & left main bronchi (primary bronchus)

Right then forms three secondary bronchi, and left two

During further development, secondary bronchi divide repeatedly forming ten tertiary (segmental) bronchi in both the right and left lungs, creating bronchopulmonary segments of adult lung

As bronchi grow, they expand laterally and caudally into primitive pleural cavity

Splanchnopleuric mesoderm develop into visceral pleura, whereas somatopleuric mesoderm into parietal pleura

Space between visceral and parietal is called pleural cavity

Pseudo glandular (6-16 weeks) Canalicular (16-26 weeks)

4 period (stages)
Saccular (26 weeks-birth) Alveolar (32 weeks-age 8 years)

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Each endodermal tubules (tertiary bronchus) further branches into 1525 terminal bronchioles

They are lined by simple columnar (like exocrine gland) epithelium and surrounded by mesoderm containing a modest capillary network

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Terminal bronchioles divide into 3 or more respiratory bronchioles

Respiratory bronchioles further branch into 3-6 alveolar ductus

Terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, and alveolar ducts are now lined by a simple cuboidal epithelium and are surrounded by mesoderm containing a prominent capillary network
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Alveolar ducts bud off terminal sacs which grow inside surrounding mesoderm

Terminal sacs are separated from each other by primary septa

Simple cuboidal epithelium within terminal sacs differentiate into Type 1 pneumocytes (thin flat) and type 2 pneumocytes (which secrete surfactant)

Terminal sacs are surrounded by mesoderm containing a rapidly proliferating capillary network, which make intimate contact with terminal sac
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Formed in saccular stage Formed by

Epithelium of types I pneumocytes (endoderm) Endothelium of capillaries (mesoderm) Basal lamina (connective tissue) between them (mesoderm)

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Terminal sacs are partitioned by secondary septa to form adult alveoli. About 20-70 million alveoli are present at birth. About 300-400 million alveoli are present by 8-years

After birth increase in size of lung is due to an increase in number of respiratory bronchioles

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Maturation of the Lungs

Pseudoglandular period 6-16 wk [1-4 months] Branching has continued to form terminal bronchioles.
No respiratory bronchioles or alveoli are present.

Canalicular period

16-26 wk [4- 6/7 months]

Each terminal bronchiole divides into 2 or more respiratory bronchioles, which in turn divide into 3-6 alveolar ducts. Terminal sacs (primitive alveoli) form, and capillaries establish close contact. Mature alveoli have welldeveloped epithelial endothelial (capillary) contacts.
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Terminal sac period

26 wk to birth [6/7- 9 months]

Alveolar period

32 weeks to childhood

Endoderm

Epithelium of respiratory tree down to alveolar epithelium, glands

Splanchnopleuric mesoderm

Cartilage Muscle Vasculature Connective tissue

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Aeration at birth Lung liquid is replaced by air Respiratory distress syndrome Due to surfactant deficiency Common in premature baby, diabetic mother
When surfactant is insufficient, the air-water (blood) surface membrane tension becomes high, bringing great risk that alveoli will collapse during expiration In these cases, the partially collapsed alveoli contain a fluid with a high protein content, many hyaline membranes, and lamellar bodies. Also known as hyaline membrane disease

Pulmonary agenesis

Complete absence of lung, its lobe, its bronchi Due to failure of bronchial bud development

Pulmonary hypoplasia Poorly developed bronchial tree Common in congenital diaphragmatic hernia, oligohydramnios (Amniotic fluid serves as a stimulus for lung development)

Abnormal divisions of the bronchial tree result in supernumerary lobules

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