PRINCIPLES OF MATHEMATICS

Introduction to Trigonometry

SEFP

Dr Fuad Shareef

Trigonometry of acute angle / right angled triangle R

22 P 2 O 1
The ratio of PQ to OP is

1 Q 1 S

1 2

The ratio of RS to OR is Which is the same

2 2 2

1 2

Trigonometry of acute angle

T 32 R 22 P 2 O 1
3 3 2 =

...
2 1 Q
1 2

If we extend the triangle further and calculate the ratio of TU to OT We get Which is the same as before

Trigonometry of acute angle

P
e s u n e t o p Hy

Opposite

Adjacent

Q
the sine of the angle

We have a name for this ratio, we call it So, s in = O p p o s ite H y p o te u s e

We can also calculate some other ratios from this triangle

Adjacent cos = Hypoteuse
tan = Opposite Adjacent
Note that

sin tan = cos

Trigonometric ratios between 00 and 3600

Positive angle Negative angle

The signs of the three main trigonometric ratios

+
O

+ -

In the 1st quadrant : Opposite Hypotenuse Are all positive adjacent

In the 2nd quadrant : Opposite is + Hypotenuse is + adjacent -

The sign of sine, cosine and tangent are positive

The signs are: Sine + Cosine and tangent

The signs of the three main trigonometric ratios

+ -

In the 3rd quadrant : Opposite Hypotenuse + Adjacent -

In the 4th quadrant : Opposite is Hypotenuse is + adjacent +

The sign of sine and cosine are - , but tangent is +

The signs are: Sine and tangent But Cosine +

The reciprocal trigonometric ratios

In addition to the three main trigonometric ratios there are three other ratios that may be obtained from a right-angled triangle: Cosecant (called cosec for short) Secant (called sec for short) Cotangent (called cot for short)

The reciprocal trigonometric ratios

The three reciprocal trigonometric ratios are defined as follows:

1 cos ec = sin

1 s ec = cos 1 cot = tan

The positive signs of the trigonometric ratios

Sine cosec
O

All

tan cot

Cos Sec

The positive signs of the trigonometric ratios

sine cosec
O

All

tan cot

cos sec

An easy way to remember these is to remember which of the three Main trigonometric ratios are positive in each quadrant:

All Silver Tea Cups

Trigonometry of standard angles (30,45, 60)

Consider an equilateral triangle PQR of side 2. Each of its angle is 600 QS is the perpendicular bisector from Q to mid-point Of PR SQR=300
1 2
3 2

Q 300 2

2 3 P

600 1 S 1

and PS=SR=1 Then angle By Pythagoras theorem QS= 3 Then :

sin 30 =
sin 60 =

, cos 30=

3 2

, tan 30 =

1 3

, cos 60= 1 3 2 , tan 60 =

Trigonometry of standard angles (30,45, 60)

Consider an isosceles, right-angled triangle PQR In which PQ=QR=1. Angle Q=Angle R=450 By Pythagoras theorem QR= 2 Then : Q 450 1 P
1 2

450 1 R

sin 45 =

, cos 45=

1 2

, tan 45 = 1

Trigonometry of standard angles (30,45, 60)

Angles 30, 45, and 60 occur frequently in trigonometry

300 sin cos tan 1/2 3 /2 1/3

450 1/2 1/2 1

600 3 /2 1/2 3

From any angle to an acute angle

The trigonometric ratios of any angle can be expressed as a trigonometric ratio of an acute angle using the previous results For example: Cos 1250 can be calculated /expressed as follows; 125 lies in the second quadrant So, =180-125=550 But in the second quadrant cosine is negative, So, Cos 1250=- Cos 550
125

From any angle to an acute angle

Another example: Sin 4050 can be calculated /expressed as follows; 4050 lies in the first quadrant So, =405-360=450 But in the first quadrant sine is positive, So, Sin 4050= Sin 450

4050